FKNRJSKC CB SRWE^L@ U FEDKD_K^ IWKC@ BD FEDKD_K^ U N@DSKGEJECKC
Sìtuj` cbj Srkgko` Fed cb Irkc`
Srkgko` Fed cb Irkc` prbsbdtkc` p`r Eskkn ]årbz Wby, sebdc` bj tut`r cbj lesl` bj pr`fbs`r Obsÿs K. W`lbr` Fbrdëdcbz.
V¿. G¿. cbj Sut`r/k/bs/ks?
C.
Kjuld`/k?
C.
^bvejjk. Oude` cb 7=;2
Irkc` bd Fedkdzks y N`dtkgejeckc Fknujtkc cb Suresl` y Fedkdzks „ Rdevbrseckc cb ^bvejjk
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IWKC@ BD FEDKD_K^ U N@DSKGEJECKC FKNRJSKC CB SRWE^L@ U FEDKD_K^ SWKGKO@ FED CB IWKC@ NRW^@ KNKCÅLEN@ X7=;3-7=;2\
SÌSRJ@?
BJ N@DSWKS@ CB WBDSEDI
KRS@W?
E^KKN ]BWB_ WBU SRS@W?
CW. C. OB^R^ KDS@DE@ W@LBW@ FBWDKDCB_ CB]KWSKLBDS@?
CBWBNA@ LBWNKDSEJ ËWBK CB N@D@NELEBDS@? N@D@NELEBDS@?
CBWBNA@ LBWNKDSEJ WB^RLBD? Bd j`s ÿjtel`s kû`s, abl`s vest` n`l` jk n`lpbteteveckc nrbnebdtb cb j`s lbrnkc`s y j`s kvkdnbs tbnd`jþien`s, bstëd jjbvkdc` k jks blprbsks k gusnkr dubv`s låt`c`s qub jbs pbrletkd sbiuer n`lpbtebdc` n`d jks cblës blprbsks. Cb bjj` suribd j`s n`dtrkt`s cb krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr` ` jbksedi y bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi qub pbrletb k jks blprbsks uskr ud gebd curkdtb ud cbtbrledkc` pbre`c` cb teblp` bstkgjbnec` bd bj n`dtrkt` y qub kcblës ednjuyb udk sbreb cb sbrvene` ks`nekc`s k åstb n`l` bj sbiur` cbj gebd y lkdtbdelebdt`. Jk pr`gjblëtenk cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi sb bdnubdtrk bd su råielbd ourìcen`, yk qub bj rbdtedi nkrbnb cb jbiesjkneþd bspbnìfenk, y d` sb bdnubdtrk gko` jk cesnepjedk rbiujkc`rk cbj Gkdn` cb Bspkûk. Bd bj prbsbdtb trkgko` trktkrå cb kdkjezkr su råielbd ourìcen` y jks n`dsbnubdneks cb jk kusbdnek jbiesjkneþd bspbnìfenk. ]KJKGWK^ NJKVB? N`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi8 jbiesjkneþd jbiesjkneþd bspbnìfenk8 sbrvene`s ks`nekc`s.
Irkc` bd Fedkdzks y N`dtkgejeckc Fknujtkc cb Suresl` y Fedkdzks „ Rdevbrseckc cb ^bvejjk
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
ÌDCENB
;. NK]ÌSRJ@ ;. EDSW@CRNNEÞD EDSW@CRNNEÞD KJ WBDSEDI ......................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ..................................................................... ... > ;.;. BJ N@DNB]S@ CB WBDSEDI .............................................................. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................ ........... > ........................................................................................................................... ................................................................................ .............. 2 ;.7. JK @]BWKSEVK CBJ WBDSEDI .........................................................
;.>. GEBDB^ @GOBS@ CBJ N@DSWKS@ CB WBDSEDI ............................................................ .......................................................................... .............. 1 ;.>.;. Gebdbs cb Bquep`
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;.>.7. Vbaìnuj`s ................................................................ ................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................. .......................................................... 5 ;.3. VBDSKOK^ B EDN@DVB E DN@DVBDEBDSB^ DEBDSB^ CBJ WBDSEDI .............................................................. ....................................................................... ......... ;; ;.2. NKWKNSBWÌ^SENK^ N@DSKGJB^ CBJ WBDSEDI .......................................................... ................................................................... ......... ;7 ;.6. SWKSKLEBDS@ FE^NKJ CBJ WBDSEDI BD B^]KÛK .......................................................... ;9 ;.9. AE^S@WEK CBJ WBDSEDI CBJ WBDSEDI ........................................................ .................................................................................................. .......................................... ;1 7. NK]ÌSRJ@ 7. LKWN@ D@WLKSEV@ CBJ N@DSWKS@ CB WBDSEDI ........................................ 7; .................................................................................................... .......................................... 7> 7.;. DKSRWKJB_K ORWÌCENK CBJ WBDSEDI ..........................................................
7.;.;. Bj Wbdtedi n`l` Krrbdcklebdt` Njësen`
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7.;.7. Bj Wbdtedi n`l` Krrbdcklebdt Krrbdcklebdt` ` Fedkdnebr` ............................................................ ..................................................................... ......... 79 7.;.>. Bj Wbdtedi n`l` ud N`dtrkt` Ktìpen` ............................................................. ............................................................................................ ............................... 79 7.7. WÅIELBD ORWÌCEN@ CBJ WBDSEDI ............................................................. .................................................................................................................. ..................................................... >; 7.7.;. Cbrbna`s y @gjeikne`dbs cbj Wbdtedi
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3=
7.7.>.;. L`rk bd bj nulpjelebdt`
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3;
7.7.>.7. Ednulpjelebdt` cbfedetev`
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7.7.7. L`cefenkneþd y bxtedneþd cbj Wbdtedi 7.7.>. Bj Ednulpjelebdt` bd bj Wbdtedi
7.7.>.>. Nulpjelebdt` cbfbntu`s`
7.3. BJ N@DNRW^@ CB KNWBBC@WB^ BD BJ WBDSEDI . ....................................................... 3> >. N@DNJR^E@DB^ N@DNJR^E@DB^ ............................................................... .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................... .................... 36 3. GEGJE@IWKFÌK ............................................................ .............................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................. ............................... 31 2. KDBQ@^ ........................................................ ............................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ..................................................... 2;
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
NK]ÌSRJ@ ; EDSW@CRNNEÞD EDSW@CRNNEÞD KJ WBDSEDI ;.;. BJ N@DNB]S@ CB WBDSEDI. Bj tårled` rbtedi pr`vebdb cbj vbrg` " t` rbdt " qub seidefenk kjquejkr bd edijås, y bd j`s ÿjtel`s kû`s sb ak n`dvbrtec` bd udk dubvk y ktrkntevk fþrlujk pkrk jk utejezkneþd cb j`s gebdbs qub dbnbsetkd jks blprbsks ` pkrtenujkrbs sed kcquerer jk pr`pebckc cb åst`s. ^b pubcb cbfeder bj rbdtedi n`l` ud n`dtrkt`, p`r bj qub bj njebdtb sb n`lpr`lbtb k pkikr udk nu`tk pbreþcenk curkdtb t`ck jk veibdnek cbj åstb, k nklge` cb cesfrutkr cbj us` cbj gebd curkdtb cena` pjkz`, y rbnegebdc` p`r pkrtb cb jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi, udk sbreb cb sbrvene`s ks`nekc`s kj gebd `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt` n`l` bj lkdtbdelebdt` ` bj sbiur`, n`d bj `gobt` cb qub bj njebdtb cesfrutb cbj us` cbj gebd sed dediÿd pr`gjblk curkdtb jk curkneþd cbj n`dtrkt`. ]`r tkdt` bj `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi d` bs jk kcqueseneþd cbj gebd y bj pki` cb åstb bd nþl`c`s pjkz`s ;, sed` bj us` y cesfrutb cbj gebd curkdtb cbj pbre`c` cb veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt`, `frbnebdc` n`l` kdtbre`rlbdtb abl`s lbdne`dkc` udk sbreb cb sbrvene`s ks`nekc`s kj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, n`l` bj sbiur` cbj gebd ` bj lkdtbdelebdt` cb åstb cbj qub d`rlkjlbdtb sb bdnkrik jk blprbsk pr`vbbc`rk cbj gebd. ]`r bjj` bj rbdtedi sb n`dsecbrk ud pr`cunt`-sbrvene` bd bj qub bj njebdtb, d` s`j` cesfrutk cbj us` cbj gebd, sed` kcblës, cb j`s sbrvene`s ks`nekc`s k åstb, pr`p`rne`dkc`s p`r jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi, d`rlkjlbdtb k trkvås cbj pr`vbbc`r cbj gebd. J`s sbrvene`s qub vkd ks`nekc`s k bstb n`dtrkt` s`d prbnesklbdtb jk nkrkntbrìstenk fudcklbdtkj qub cefbrbdnekd kj rbdtedi cb `trks fþrlujks cb kcqueseneþd n`l` bj jbksedi ` bj rbdt k nkr (kjquejbr cb n`rtk curkneþd), kcblës cb sus nkrkntbrìstenks fesnkjbs, fedkdnebrks y bn`dþlenks cb jks qub akgjkrbl`s lës kcbjkdtb. Jks sediujkreckcbs cb bstb tep` cb n`dtrkt`, pbrletbd k j`s njebdtbs jegbrkrsb cb jk ibsteþd cb jk n`lprk cbj gebd, cb j`s bjbvkc`s n`stbs bd j`s qub sb ednurrb n`d jk kcqueseneþd cb åst`s, jk pårceck cb n`lpbteteveckc qub sup`db pucebdc` pbrcbr `trks `p`rtudeckcbs cb edvbrseþd, y kcblës jbs pbrletb rbd`vkr j`s gebdbs kcquerec`s bd ud pbre`c` rbjktevklbdtb n`rt`, j` qub bs fudcklbdtkj bd bst`s teblp`s bd j`s qub jk veck ÿtej cb j`s gebdbs bs nkck vbz lës rbcuneck, cbgec` k jk nbjbreckc cb jks edd`vkne`dbs tbnd`jþienks. Bs p`r bjj`, p`r j` qub bstb tep` cb n`dtrkt` bs luy utejezkc` bd jk kcqueseneþd cb gebdbs n`d udk n`rtk veck ÿtej y udks nkrkntbrìstenks tbnd`jþienks d`tkgjbs n`l` bd bj nks` cb j`s kut`lþvejbs, kut`lþvejbs, `rcbdkc`rbs, f`t`n`pekc`rks,btn... f`t`n`pekc`rks,btn... D`rlkjlbdtb j`s gebdbs `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, subjbd sbr vbaìnuj`s y j`s gebdbs cb bquep`, sebdc` j`s prelbr`s j`s qub lës n`dtrkt`s cb rbdtedi kgkrnkd bd Bspkûk y bd Bur`pk 7 , jjbiëdc`sb k nrbkr jk KBW ( ks`nekneþd bspkû`jk cb rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s). Kcblës cb j`s gebdbs kdtbre`rlbdtb lbdne`dkc`s, lbdne`dkc`s, bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi pubcb trktkr `tr`s tep`s cb gebdbs n`l` pubcbd sbr bj nks` cb jks kpjenkne`dbs edf`rlëtenks, bj kjquejbr cb ud`s sbrvene`s cbtbrledkc`s prbstkc`s p`r pbrs`dks bdnkledkcks kj cbsblpbû` cb udk tkrbk, y bd j`s ÿjtel`s kû`s jk nbseþd cb j`s cbrbna`s cb us` cb jk ;
7
Bst` sunbcb bd n`dtrkt` cb Jbksedi, bd bj qub d`rlkjlbdtb sb ednjuyb udk `pneþd cb n`lprk kj fedkj fedkj cb jk veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt`, p`r j` qub sb gusnk jk fedkdnekneþd cb jk kcqueseneþd cbj gebd, ksì n`l` gbdbfenekrsb jks vbdtkoks bn`dþlenks (ka`rr`) cb jks qub cesfrutkd jks blprbsks cb Jbksedi. VBW@DK LKWSBJ, LKWÌK N@DNB]NEÞD8 WBUB^ ]KCEJJK, LKWÌK IWKNEK8 IKWNÌK ]KCWÞD, UKE_K (7==2)? Rdk Edtr`cunneþd kj Wbdtedi. ^brvene` cb ]ugjenkne`dbs cb jk Rdevbrseckc cb jks pkjlks cb Irkd Nkdkrek, p.>6.
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
fenak cbp`rtevk cb ud cbp`rtestk pkrk rbkjezkr udk knteveckc cbp`rtevk bd ud cbtbrledkc` njug. Bd jk fedkjezkneþd cb bstb tep` cb n`dtrkt`, bj njebdtb pubcb `ptkr p`r pr`rr`ikrj`, sustetuer bj gebd `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt` ` p`r n`lprkrj`. ^e `ptk p`r bdtrbikr bj gebd k jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi n`d bj `gobt` cb rbd`vkrj`, åstk tbdcrë qub vbdcbrj` bd bj lbrnkc` cb sbiudck lkd` ` rbvbdcbrj` k jk blprbsk pr`vbbc`rk cbj gebd, kj akgbr ferlkc` kdtbs jk rbn`lprk. Kntukjlbdtb bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi d` sb bdnubdtrk bxprbsklbdtb bxprbsklbdtb rbn`iec` bd jk jbiesjkneþd bspkû`jk, bs cbner, nkrbnb cb jbiesjkneþd bspbnìfenk kj n`dtrkre` qub bj n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi qub sb bdnubdtrk rbiujkc` bd jk jby 76/;511 cb 75 cb ouje`, cesnepjedk cesnepjedk b edtbrvbdneþd cb jks bdteckcbs cb nråcet`. Bj rbdtedi sb bdnubdtrk rbiujkc` bd bj tblk cbj krrbdcklebdt` cb gebdbs bd bj Nþcei` Nevej, n`dnrbtklbdtb bd bj jegr` EV cb jks `gjeikne`dbs y n`dtrkt`s, y bd pkrtenujkr, bd bj Sìtuj` EE Cb j`s n`dtrkt`s y bj Sìtuj` VE Cbj N`dtrkt` cb Krrbdcklebdt`, y tklgeåd bd jk jby qub rbiujk bj jbksedi bd dubstr` pkìs bd ud pkrtb rbfbreck k `trks l`ckjeckcbs prþxelks kj jbksedi >. Jks nkrkntbrìstenks nkrkntbrìstenks bspbnekjbs cb bstb tep` cb n`dtrkt`, ksì n`l` bj kulbdt` cb su us` y bj ednrblbdt` cb jeteie`seckc, aknbd vbr jk dbnbseckc cb jk nrbkneþd cb udk jbiesjkneþd bspbnìfenk pkrk bstb n`dtrkt` tkd pbnujekr. Kÿd bd jk kntukjeckc, seiub akgebdc` udk irkd cevbrseckc cb `pede`dbs bd rbfbrbdnek kj n`dnbpt` cb rbdtedi, y bs p`r bjj` qub kj d` bdlkrnkr bstb pr`cunt` cbdtr` cb ud råielbd bspbnìfen`, d` sb bdnubdtrk rbiujkc` y p`r tkdt` bxestbd vkne`s jbikjbs, qub bd dulbr`sks `nkse`dbs cbsblg`nkd bd pr`gjblks bdtrb jks pkrtbs edtbrvedebdtbs cbj n`dtrkt`. Bd nukjquebr nks`, jk prëntenk lbrnkdtej cb bstb tep` cb n`dtrkt` d`s jjbvk k n`dtblpjkr bj rbdtedi n`l` ud kjquejbr, kji` qub cbfebdcbd t`cks jks bdteckcbs cbj sbnt`r y qub jjbvk k j`s njebdtbs k n`dtkgejezkr selpjblbdtb ud ikst` p`r jk nu`tk, d` cbgeådc`sb rbiestrkr ud kntev` bd bj gkjkdnb bd dediÿd l`lbdt`. Ckcks jks selejetucbs qub prbsbdtk bj rbdtedi y bj jbksedi, nkgb cbstknkr kjiudks cb jks cefbrbdneks lës rbjbvkdtbs bdtrb bstks c`s feiurks n`dtrkntukjbs 3? `
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Bj jbksedi sb p`crìk n`dsecbrkr n`l` udk f`rlk cb fedkdnekneþd, fedkdnekneþ d, yk qub jk edtbdneþd cbj njebdtb bs lkdtbdbr jk pr`pebckc cbj gebd, sed blgkri`, bj rbdtedi sb p`crìk vbr n`l` udk f`rlk cb kjquejbr cbj gebd n`d ud`s sbrvene`s ks`nekc`s. Bd bj jbksedi d` sb p`crë rbkjezkr bj n`dtrkt` cb ud gebd n`d fedbs pkrtenujkrbs, pkrtenujkrbs , sebdc` `gjeikt`re` qub bj gebd bstb ks`nekc` k udk knteveckc bspbnìfenk. Rdk cb jks prednepkjbs cefbrbdneks bdtrb j`s c`s bs jk `pneþd k n`lprk qub p`sbb bj jbksedi frbdtb jk kusbdnek cb åstk bd bj rbdtedi Jk curkneþd cbj n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi subjb `snejkr bdtrb ud`s c`s kû`s pkrk j`s gebdbs lubgjbs y cebz kû`s pkrk j`s gebdbs edlubgjbs, lebdtrks qub bj rbdtedi d` tebdb ud pjkz` cbtbrledkc` y subjb `snejkr bdtrb ud` y nedn` kû`s. J`s sbrvene`s sbrvene`s qub sb rbkjezkd rbkjezkd k nkri` cb jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi, s`d jk jk prednepkj prednepkj cefbrbdnek n`d bj jbksedi, bd bj qub d`rlkjlbdtb bj njebdtb n`rrb n`d t`c`s j`s ikst`s cbrevkc`s cb bst`s sbrvene`s.
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VBW@DK LKWSBJ, LKWÌK N@DNB]NEÞD8 WBUB^ ]KCEJJK, LKWÌK IWKNEK8 IKWNÌK ]KCWÞD, UKE_K (7==2)? Rdk Edtr`cunneþd kj Wbdtedi. ^brvene` cb ]ugjenkne`dbs cb jk Rdevbrseckc cb jks pkjlks cb Irkd Nkdkrek,p.;;.
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VBW@DK LKWSBJ, LKWÌK N@DNB]NEÞD8 WBUB^ ]KCEJJK, LKWÌK IWKNEK8 IKWNÌK ]KCWÞD, UKE_K (7==2)? Rdk Edtr`cunneþd kj Wbdtedi. ^brvene` cb ]ugjenkne`dbs cb jk Rdevbrseckc cb jks pkjlks cb Irkd Nkdkrek,p.;;-;7.
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
]`r ÿjtel` nkgb cbstknkr, qub jks s`nebckcbs cb rbdtedi subjbd sbr bspbnekjestks bd j`s pr`cunt`s qub nbcbd, y j`s njebdtbs pubcbd kpr`vbnakr j`s n`d`nelebdt`s cb bstks blprbsks pkrk gbdbfenekrsb bd kspbnt`s n`l` bj lkdtbdelebdt`, ksbs`rklebdt` y vbdtkoks bn`dþlenks bd j`s cefbrbdtbs sbrvene`s ks`nekc`s kj gebd. Kcblës jks n`lpkûìks cb rbdtedi, rbkjezkd `tr`s tep`s cb `pbrkne`dbs `pbrkne`dbs bdtrb jks qub sb pubcbd cbstknkr bj lkdkiblbdt fjbbt ` kcledestrkneþd cb fj`tks y bj rbdtedi gknh? `
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;.7.
Bj lkdkiblbdt lkdkiblbdt fjbbt n`dsestb bd jk jk ibsteþd y sbiuelebdt` sbiuelebdt` cb fj`tks cb vbaìnuj`s pr`pebckc cbj njebdtb, rbkjezkdc` jk ibsteþd cb j`s sbiur`s, n``rcedkneþd n``rcedkneþd cb j`s n`dcunt`rbs, lkdtbdelebdt` lkdtbdelebdt` cb j`s vbaìnuj`s, vbdtk cb j`s vbaìnuj`s uskc`s, uskc`s, btn. , qub aknbd qub bj njebdtb pubck nbdtrkrsb bd jk ibsteþd cb su knteveckc prednepkj y ledelezkr sus n`stbs `pbrktev`s yk qub j`s vbaìnuj`s y j`s ikst`s ks`nekc`s k bjj`s s`d ibste`dkc`s p`r bxpbrt`s cb jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi. Bj rbdtedi-gknh n`dsestb n`dsestb bd jk jk kcqueseneþd kcqueseneþd cb t`ck ` pkrtb cb jk jk fj`tk cb vbaìnuj`s qub bj njebdtb bstë utejezkdc` pkrk p`stbre`rlbdtb kjquejërsbjk k n`rt` pjkz` lbcekdtb jk l`ckjeckc cb rbdtedi. Bstk l`ckjeckc tebdb udk curkneþd d`rlkjlbdtb cb ud` k trbs kû`s cbgec` k qub j`s gebdbs `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` s`d gebdbs uskc`s kdtbre`rlbdtb p`r jk blprbsk njebdtb.
@]BWKSEVK CBJ WBDSEDI.
N`l` abl`s lbdne`dkc` bd bj kpkrtkc` kdtbre`r, bj rbdtedi bd ud n`dtrkt` bd bj qub jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi nbcb bj us` cb ud cbtbrledkc` gebd kj njebdtb k nklge` cb udk nu`tk pbreþcenk curkdtb ud pbre`c` cbtbrledkc` cb teblp`, ednjuybdc` d`rlkjlbdtb bj lkdtbklebdt` y bj sbiur` cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` curkdtb jk veibdnek cb åstb, ksì n`l` `trk sbreb cb sbrvene`s ks`nekc`s kj gebd n`l` bj pki` cb elpubst`s, pubstk bd lkrnak cbj gebd,.. Bd jk `pbrkneþd cb rbdtedi kntÿkd trbs pkrtbs fudcklbdtkjbs? krrbdcktkre`, s`nebckc cb rbdtedi y pr`vbbc`r cbj gebd, qub d` bs pkrtb cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi pbr` kntÿk bd su bobnuneþd? `
Krrbdcktkre` ` njebdtb? njebdtb? Bs jk pbrs`dk fìsenk ` ourìcenk ourìcenk k jk qub jk s`nebckc s`nebckc cb rbdtedi, nbcb bj gebd `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt` n`dtrkt ` p`r ud cbtbrledkc` teblp` curkdtb bj nukj d` s`j` sb jb nbcb bj gebd, se d` qub sb jb `frbnbd ud`s cbtbrledkc`s sbrvene`s ks`nekc`s k åstb, n`lpr`lbteådc`sb kj pki` cb udk nu`tk feok curkdtb jk veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt`. Nukdc` bj `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi bs ud gebd qub sb cbstedk pkrk us` pr`fbse`dkj, jk nu`tk cb rbdtedi bs cbcunegjb fesnkjlbdtb bd su t`tkjeckc, d` `gstkdtb se bj gebd bs pkrk us` pkrtenujkr jk nu`tk d` sbrë cbcunegjb. Srkcene`dkjlbdtb s`d jks irkdcbs blprbsks jks qub utejezkd bd lky`r lbceck bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj, cbgec` k qub bstës nubdtkd n`d pbrs`dkj bspbnekjezkc` qub gusnkd j`s lbo`rbs låt`c`s qub pbrletkd ka`rrkr bd n`stbs k jk blprbsk, nubdtkd n`d lës rbnurs`s bn`dþlen`s y udk lky`r kckptkneþd kj nklge` cb j`s låt`c`s trkcene`dkjbs cb kcqueseneþd, k dubv`s låt`c`s qub pbrletkd gbdbfenekrsb k jk blprbsk. ^ed blgkri` nkck vbz lës pbqubûks y lbcekdks blprbsks, kcledestrkne`dbs pÿgjenks y pkrtenujkrbs bstëd utejezkdc` bj rbdtedi pkrk kcquerer ud gebd gko` bstk l`ckjeckc, cbgec` k jk irkd rbjbvkdnek qub bstë kcquerebdc` bstb tep` cb n`dtrkt` bd jk kntukjeckc. Kcblës, bxestb udk rkzþd bvecbdtb p`r jks qub jks irkdcbs n`lpkûìks s`d bj prednepkj `gobtev` cb jks n`lpkûeks cb rbdtedi, y bs qub bj dÿlbr` cb irkdcbs blprbsks bs luna` lbd`r qub bj cb pylbs, j` qub fknejetk n`d`nbr k j`s njebdtbs y n`dvbdnbrj`s n`dvbdnbrj`s cb jks vbdtkoks cb bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj. -2-
]årbz Wby, Eskkn
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^`nebckc cb rbdtedi? Jk s`nebckc s`nebckc cb rbdtedi n`lprk n`lprk bj gebd `gobt` `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt` k pbteneþd cbj njebdtb, p`r j` qub sb n`dvebrtb bd pr`pebtkre` cbj gebd, pkrk p`stbre`rlbdtb krrbdcërsbj` kj njebdtb. Kj n`lprkr bj `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt` ksulb t`cks jks `gjeikne`dbs qub sup`db sbr pr`pebtkre` cb åstb, `gjeiëdc`sb kj fedkj cbj n`dtrkt` qub vbdcbrj` bd bj lbrnkc` cb sbiudck lkd` n`d jks cefenujtkcbs qub sup`db, kudqub bd `nkse`dbs sb ferlk n`d bj pr`vbbc`r ud pknt` cb rbn`lprk n`d bj qub bj pr`vbbc`r n`lprkrë cb dubv` bj gebd. ]`r supubst`, jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi tklgeåd sb n`lpr`lbtb k rbkjezkr udk sbreb cb sbrvene`s kj njebdtb, n`d bj fed cb ksbiurkr bj n`rrbnt` fudne`dklebdt` cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`. D`rlkjlbdtb D`rlkjlbdtb bst`s sbrvene`s s`d bj lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd, sbiur` y ksestbdnek tåndenk bd nks` cb kvbrìk, n`d j` qub bj njebdtb pubcb bstkr trkdquej` bd nukdt` kj fudne`dklebdt` cbj gebd y jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi kulbdtk su fknturkneþd p`r jk prbstkneþd cb cena`s sbrvene`s.
Jks blprbsks cb rbdtedi qub kntÿkd bj lbrnkc` tbdebdc` bd nubdtk quebd sbk su pr`pebtkre` sb pubcbd cevecer bd nuktr` tep`s (Bxpkdseþd, 7==78Gusedbss Wbdtedi, 7==>) 2?
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N`lpkûìks edcbpbdcebdtbs ? ^`d jks n`lpkûìks qub d` pbrtbdbnbd cb f`rlk cerbntk de k j`s pr`vbbc`rbs cbj gebd de k bdteckcbs fedkdnebrks. ^`d jks prelbrks n`lpkûìks n`lpkûìks qub sb bstkgjbnebr`d bd Bspkûk bd jk cånkck cb j`s 1=, y cbgec` k sus irkdcbs edfrkbstrunturks y rbnurs`s, su irkd bxpbrebdnek bd bj lbrnkc` y v`julbd cb dbi`ne` jks aknbd jks lës n`lpbtetevks cbj lbrnkc`. ^b nkrkntbrezkd p`r `frbnbr kj njebdtb udk irkd vkrebckc cb pr`cunt`s y lkrnks kckptëdc`sb bd t`c` l`lbdt` k jks dbnbseckcbs cbj njebdtb, kcblës cbgec` k su jkrik bxpbrebdnek bd bj sbnt`r, s`d jks blprbsks lës bspbnekjezkcks bd bstb tep` cb n`dtrkt`, `frbnebdc` kj njebdtb bj lbo`r sbrvene` p`segjb pkrk qub bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` cesp`dik seblprb cb udks nkrkntbrìstenks pr`cuntevks `ptelks pkrk bj njebdtb.
Blprbsks vednujkcks k j`s fkgrenkdtbs? Wbkjezkd bj dbi`ne` cbj rbdtedi k trkvås cb su pr`pe`s bstkgjbnelebdt`s, tbdebdc` bj edn`dvbdebdtb cb su pbrfej l`d`lkrnk y jks cefenujtkcbs qub jk kckptkneþd k jks cefbrbdtbs dbnbseckcbs cb kjiud`s tep`s cb njebdtbs. Bj edtbrås cb j`s fkgrenkdtbs p`r bdtrkr bd bj lbrnkc`, sb ak pubst` cb lkdefebst` bd j`s ÿjtel`s kû`s cbgec` kj åxet` qub akd tbdec` jks blprbsks edcbpbdcebdtbs bd bj sbnt`r, jjbiëdc`sb k kjnkdzkr bd 7=;3 j`s 3=1.=52 vbaìnuj`s kcquerec`s lbcekdtb rbdtedi sbiÿd jk KBW (Ks`nekneþd bspkû`jk cb rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s). D` `gstkdtb bstb tep` cb blprbsks tebdb sbre`s pr`gjblks bd j`s pr`irklks cb fecbjezkneþd cb sus njebdtbs, yk qub vbd n`l` ud irkd dÿlbr` cb bjj`s knucbd k blprbsks edcbpbdcebdtbs pkrk rbkjezkr bj lkdtbdelebdt` cb sus vbaìnuj`s, pbrcebdc` ksì udk pkrtb cbj gbdbfene` cbj dbi`ne` cbj rbdtedi. ^ed blgkri`, d` t`c` s`d edn`dvbdebdtbs, jks n`lpkûìks vednujkcks k fkgrenkdtb d`rlkjlbdtb tebdbd ud lky`r n`d`nelebdt` cbj vbaìnuj` qub nbcbd bd rbdtedi, kj bjeledkr edtbrlbcekre`s bd bj pr`nbs` ka`rrkd bd ikst`s y pubcbd ouikr lës n`d j`s lëribdbs n`lbrnekjbs cbj pr`cunt`, kcblës cb cesp`dbr cb udk bd`rlb rbc cb n`dnbse`dkre`s n`d j`s qub n`lpbter k devbj dkne`dkj.
Blprbsks pbrtbdbnebdtb pbrtbdbnebdtbss k n`lpkûìks n`lpkûìks gkdnkreks gkdnkreks y fedkdnebrks? fedkdnebrks? ^`d blprbsks blprbsks vednujkcks cb f`rlk cerbntk n`d irup`s gkdnkre`s u `trks bdteckcbs fedkdnebrks, y qub gusnkd n`lpbdskr `frbnebdc` bstb pr`cunt`, jks pårcecks `nkse`dkcks p`r nkìck cbj dbi`ne` cb jk fedkdnekneþd y bj jbksedi. ]ubcbd sbr blprbsks l`d`lkrnk y lujtelkrnk y sb nkrkntbrezkd p`r udk gubdk nkpkneckc cb fedkdnekneþd y udk gubdk nkrtbrk cb njebdtbs, pbr` d` s`d blprbsks bspbnekjezkcks bd j`s sbnt`rbs qub `pbrkd n`d bj rbdtedi y cbgec` k bjj` pubcbd pbrcbr ktrkntev` cb nkrk k j`s njebdtbs p`tbdnekjbs. S`c` bjj`
Bd bstk nktbi`rezkneþd cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, sb rbkjezk udk lbdneþd n`d bspbnekj rbfbrbdnek kj rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s ckck su lky`r elp`rtkdnek bd bstb sbnt`r.
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
n`djjbvk jk sugn`dtrktkneþd cb nkse jk t`tkjeckc cb j`s sbrvene`s pbrcebdc` ksì lkribd cb gbdbfene` cb jk t`tkjeckc cb pr`cunt`s-sbrvene`s qub elpjenk bj rbdtedi, j` qub bd rbkjeckc elpjenk qub bjj`s d` bstëd `frbnebdc` bj pr`cunt` cerbntklbdtb k sus njebdtbs sed` k trkvås cb jk sugn`dtrktkneþd cb j`s sbrvene`s qub rbkjezkd k sus njebdtbs. Nukdc` akgjkl`s cb sugn`dtrktkneþd cb j`s sbrvene`s qub vkd k `frbnbr kj njebdtb, jks bdteckcbs fedkdnebrks tebdbs c`s `pne`dbs? sugn`dtrktkr j`s sbrvene`s n`d j`s fkgrenkdtbs ` n`d bj bspbnekjestk lujtelkrnk. Jk prelbrk `pneþd bs jk lës rbdtkgjb cb jks c`s, yk qub n`l` abl`s lbdne`dkc` kdtbre`rlbdtb bj fkgrenkdtb cesp`db cb ud lkribd n`lbrnekj lës klpje` qub jks blprbsks edcbpbdcebdtbs, yk qub bstks ÿjtelks cbgbd ednjuer bd su nu`tk bj gbdbfene` cb edtbrlbcekneþd y ibsteþd.
Blprbsks rbie`dkjbs rbie`dkjbs qub pbrtbdbnbd pbrtbdbnbd k n`lpkûìks n`lpkûìks rbdt k nkr? Bstks blprbsks blprbsks cbskrr`jjkd su knteveckc bd jk nueckc c`dcb sb ugenkd y cesp`dbd cb j`s rbnurs`s sufenebdtbs pkrk `pbrkr bd bj lbrnkc`, pbr` k jk a`rk cb bxpkdcersb n`d bstb pr`cunt` suribd cucks rbjktevks kj pr`pe` pr`cunt` y k jk bstrunturk tåndenk y aulkdk dbnbskrek pkrk bj rbdtedi qub sb trktk n`l` ud cbpkrtklbdt` lës cbdtr` cb jk `rikdezkneþd. Bst` bs cbgec` k qub klg`s pr`cunt`s trktkd bj lesl` gebd pbr` tebdbd udks nkrkntbrìstenks tåndenks y n`lbrnekjbs luy cefbrbdtbs. ^u åxet` cbpbdcb cbj sbrvene` pbrs`dkjezkc` qub prbstbd k sus njebdtbs, pbr` d` p`sbbd j`s sufenebdtbs rbnurs`s pkrk n`lpbter bd bj lbrnkc` n`d jks blprbsks kdtbre`rlbdtb lbdne`dkcks.
K jk a`rk cb bstkgjbnbr bj prelbr n`dtknt` n`d jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi, bj njebdtb pubcb p`dbrsb bd n`dtknt` k trkvås cb sus n`lbrnekjbs cb f`rlk cerbntk ` k trkvås cbj pr`vbbc`r, pecebdc` k bstb jk nbseþd cbj gebd vìk rbdtedi, p`r j` qub bj pr`vbbc`r s`jenetkrë p`stbre`rlbdtb k jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi jk n`rrbsp`dcebdtb `fbrtk qub fedkjlbdtb jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi rbleterë kj njebdtb, sebdc` åstb bj qub jk knbptb ` d`. Bd jk feiurk ;.; sb lubstrk bj pr`nbs` cbj rbdtedi c`dcb bj pr`vbbc`r cbj gebd j` vbdcb k jk s`nebckc s`nebckc cb rbdtedi, kcblës kcblës bj pr`vbbc`r pr`vbbc`r cbj sbiur` 6 kp`rtk bstb sbrvene`. ]`stbre`rlbdtb jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi, nbcb bj gebd kj njebdtb, `gjeiëdc`sb åstb kj pki` cb udk nu`tk feok curkdtb bj pbre`c` cb veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt`. Bd jk fedkjezkneþd cbj n`dtrkt` bj njebdtb pubcb `ptkr p`r rbd`vkr bj n`dtrkt` ` nkdnbjkrj`, kudqub nkgb jk p`segejeckc cb udk `pneþd k n`lprk, pbr` d` bs bj `gobtev` cb bstb tep` cb n`dtrkt`. Bd `nkse`dbs pubcb kpkrbnbr udk `pneþd cb n`lprk, qub bd dediÿd nks` tebdb bj lesl` trktklebdt` qub bd jbksedi, yk qub bd åstb, bj vkj`r rbsecukj cb jk `pneþd cb n`lprk bs pkntkc` bd bj l`lbdt` edenekj y sbrë edfbre`r kj vkj`r cb lbrnkc` yk qub akgrë sec` fedkdnekc` bd pkrtb p`r bj krrbdcktkre` k trkvås cb jks nu`tks k j` jkri` cbj pbre`c` cb n`dtrkt`, lebdtrks qub bj rbdtedi, jk `pneþd cb n`lprk sb dbi`nekrë kj fedkj cbj n`dtrkt` ` sb bstkgjbnbrë k ud prbne` cb lbrnkc`
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Bd `nkse`dbs, s`nebckcbs cb rbdtedi qub qub cesp`dbd cb ud tklkû` elp`rtkdtb, nbcbd bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` y kcblës prbstkd udk sbreb cb sbrvene`s n`l` bj ksbiurklebdt` cbj gebd, bvetkdc` ksì j`s n`stbs qub sup`db sugn`dtrktkr cena`s sbrvene`s y kulbdtkdc` n`d bjj` j`s gbdbfene`s.
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
Feiurk ;.; Bsqublk cb jk `pbrktevk cb ud n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi. rbdtedi. Fubdtb? VBW@DK LKWSBJ, LKWÌK N@DNB]NEÞD8 WBUB^ ]KCEJJK, LKWÌK IWKNEK8 IKWNÌK ]KCWÞD, UKE_K (7==2)? Rdk Edtr`cunneþd kj Wbdtedi. ^brvene` cb ]ugjenkne`dbs cb jk Rdevbrseckc cb jks pkjlks cb Irkd Nkdkrek, p.7=
;.>. GEBDB^ @GOBS@ @GOBS@ CBJ N@DSWKS@ CB WBDSEDI N`l` ab lbdne`dkc` kdtbre`rlbdtb, j`s gebdbs qub d`rlkjlbdtb s`d `gobt` cb bstb tep` cb n`dtrkt`, s`d j`s gebdbs cb bquep` ( `rcbdkc`rbs, lkquedkrek, elprbs`rks,..), sebdc` j`s cb lky`r elp`rtkdnek j`s qub p`sbbd udk veck bn`dþlenk edfbre`r kj rbst` y j`s qub sb vbd lës kfbntkc`s p`r jks edd`vkne`dbs tbnd`jþienks ` p`sbbd cefbrbdtbs pkrtbs qub sb cbtbre`rkd fënejlbdtb, dbnbsetkdc` p`r bjj` ud lkdtbdelebdt` y j`s vbaìnuj`s, sebdc` bstk ÿjtelk nktbi`rìk jk qub lky`r elp`rtkdnek tebdb cbdtr` cbj sbnt`r, jjbikdc` k kpkrbnbr jk Ks`nekneþd bspkû`jk cb rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s, nrbkck bj >= cb d`veblgrb cb ;552 y bd jk qub sb bdnubdtrkd jks prednepkjbs n`lpkûìks cb rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s cb dubstr` pkìs. ;.>.;.Gebdbs cb bquep` ^`d luna`s j`s gebdbs qub pubcbd sbr `gobt` cb bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj, pbr` s`d j`s gebdbs cb bquep` y j`s vbaìnuj`s s`d j`s lës kcquerec`s n`d bj rbdtedi, y s`d j`s lës kcquerec`s, prbnesklbdtb p`rqub p`sbbd udks nkrkntbrìstenks ecþdbks pkrk bstb tep` cb n`dtrkt`. Bst`s tep`s cb gebdbs subjbd p`sbbr udk rëpeck `gs`jbsnbdnek bn`dþlenk y kcblës bstëd n`lpubst`s p`r cefbrbdtbs n`lp`dbdtbs, n`d udk veck lbd`r qub jk t`tkjeckc cbj gebd y qub rbquebrbd cb ud lkdtbdelebdt` pkrk p`cbr fudne`dkr n`rrbntklbdtb pr`p`rne`dkdc` ud gubd rbdcelebdt` pkrk bj usukre` cbj n`dtrkt`. Jks rkz`dbs kdtbre`rlbdtb lbdne`dkcks, s`d jks qub aknbd qub j`s gebdbs cb bquep`s sbkd luy kcquerec`s lbcekdtb jk l`ckjeckc cbj rbdtedi, yk qub bs p`n` ktrkntev` kcquerer bst`s gebdbs bd pr`pebckc p`r su rëpeck `gs`jbsnbdnek, y kcblës rbquebrbd lkdtbklebdt`s y rbvese`dbs n`dteduklbdtb, j` qub sup`db lës ikst`s pkrk jk blprbsk, ksì n`l` edvbrseþd bd teblp` y pbrs`dkj pkrk ksbiurkrsb bj gubd fudne`dklebdt` cb åst`s. Cbdtr` cb j`s gebdbs cb bquep`, s`d j`s bquep`s `felëten`s (f`t`n`pekc`rks, fkx, `rcbdkc`rbs, btn.) j`s lës utejezkc`s, pbr` tklgeåd s`d `gobt` cb bstb n`dtrkt` gebdbs n`l` bj edstrulbdtkj låcen`, irÿks, nbdtrkjetks tbjbfþdenks, tbjbfþdenks, btn. -1-
SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
Cbdtr` cb bstb irup` lbrbnb bspbnekj ktbdneþd bj rbdtedi edf`rlëten` ` tbnd`jþien`, l`ckjeckc cb krrbdcklebdt` k lbce` y jkri` pjkz` qub `frbnb ud sbrvene` edtbirkj cb gebdbs n`l` bj s`ftwkrb, akrcwkrb ` bquep`s edf`rlëten`s, kcblës cb `frbnbr t`c`s j`s sbrvene`s dbnbskre`s pkrk su n`rrbnt` fudne`dklebdt` ( edstkjkneþd, sbiur`s, lkdtbdelebdt`, f`rlkneþd cbj pbrs`dkj, btn.). N`d t`c` bjj`, bj njebdtb tebdb jk p`segejeckc cb cesfrutkr cb ud gebd n`d udk rëpeck `gs`jbsnbdnek tbnd`jþienk, curkdtb bj pbre`c` bd qub åstb kp`rtk k jk blprbsk ud rbdcelebdt` n`lpbtetev` bd bj lbrnkc`, y n`d j`s sbrvene`s dbnbskre`s pkrk su n`rrbnt` fudne`dklebdt`, j` qub pbrletb k jk blprbsk nbdtrkr t`c` su bsfubrz` bd jk knteveckc prednepkj cb jk blprbsk y d` prb`nupkrsb p`r jk ibsteþd cb j`s gebdbs `gobt` cb bj rbdtedi. Kcblës bj rbdtedi pbrletb kj njebdtb rbd`vkr bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` p`r `tr` qub pr`p`rne`db udk lky`r pr`cunteveckc, yk qub j`s gebdbs n`d udk rëpeck `gs`jbsnbdnek, aknbd qub pkskc` ud cbtbrledkc` pbre`c` cb teblp`, jk blprbsk pubck pbrcbr n`lpbteteveckc bd ud lbrnkc` nuyks lbo`rks tbnd`jþienks aknbd qub sbk nkck vbz lës cefìnej `pbrkr bd åj. K l`c` cb boblpj` ud sestblk edf`rlëten` edstkjkc` bd ;515 bd udk bdteckc cb nråcet` y n`d udk nkpkneckc cbtbrledkck n`stkgk 1== lejj`dbs cb pbsbtks. Nedn` kû`s cbspuås, ud sestblk sustetutev` cbj prelbr`, pbr` n`d ud 2=% lës cb nkpkneckc n`stkgk ;1= lejj`dbs cb pbsbtks, `nkse`dkdc` lbd`s n`stbs edcerbnt`s cb lkdtbdelebdt`, bspkne`, bdbriìk, btn. 9 K cefbrbdnek cb `tr`s gebdbs, n`d j`s bquep`s edf`rlëten`s ak bxestec` jk tbdcbdnek cb sbr bj pr`pe` fkgrenkdtb bj qub krrbdckgk bj gebd kj n`dsulec`r fedkj, gebd p`r `gtbdbr udks rbdtkgejeckcbs trbs vbnbs lky`r qub bj prbne` cbj gebd ` p`r ksbiurkrsb qub bj njebdtb d` nklgekgk cb fkgrenkdtb n`d bjbvkcks pbdkjezkne`dbs bd nks` cb ednulpjelebdt` cb n`dtrkt` cbj krrbdcktkre`. N`d j`s kû`s bj lbrnkc` cbj rbdtedi edf`rlëten` sb ak cereiec` k qub bj njebdtb `gtbdik bj gebd qub lës sb koustk k sus p`segejeckcbs edcbpbdcebdtblbdtb cbj fkgrenkdtb, suriebdc` ksì jks s`nebckcbs cb rbdtedi edcbpbdcebdtb kdtbre`rlbdtb lbdne`dkcks bd bj prbsbdtb trkgko`. D`rlkjlbdtb jk curkneþd cb bstb tep` cb rbdtedi subjb sbr cb ud`s 73 ` >6 lbsbs, pbrletebdc` kj njebdtb rbd`vkr, klpjekr ` rbblpjkzkr bj gebd `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt`, b ednjus` bd kjiud`s nks`s kpkrbnebdc` udk `pneþd cb n`lprk kj fedkj cbj n`dtrkt`. ;.>.7. Vbaìnuj`s Vbaìnuj`s Bj rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s, bs bj sbnt`r lës elp`rtkdtb cb bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj y bj qub lës åxet` ak `gtbdec`. S`c` bjj` `nkse`dkc` p`r p`sbbr udks nkrkntbrìstenks qub jb aknbd ud gebd ecþdb` pkrk bj rbdtedi. Cbgec` k jk elp`rtkdnek cbj rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s, bxestbd blprbsks qub sb cbcenkd ÿdenklbdtb k j`s vbaìnuj`s, d` rbkjezkdc` p`r tkdt` rbdtedi cb gebdbs cb bquep`. ^biÿd KBW (Ks`nekneþd Bspkû`jk cb Wbdtedi cb Vbaìnuj`s), bj rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s n`dsestb bd ud n`dtrkt` cb kjquejbr p`r bj nukj jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi kcquebrb bd pr`pebckc ud vbaìnuj` pbteneþd cbj njebdtb y j` p`db bd cesp`seneþd cb åstb p`r ud pjkz` cbtbrledkc` cb teblp` y n`d t`c`s j`s ikst`s pkikc`s ednjuec`s, sbiÿd n`dtrkt`, k nklge` cb udk nu`tk feok lbdsukj. Bj njebdtb cbgb cb `nupkrsb cb bjbier bj tep` y lkrnk y l`cbj` cb vbaìnuj` qub cbsbk, bj dÿlbr` cb udeckcbs, p`stbre`rlbdtb jk curkneþd cbj n`dtrkt` y bj hej`lbtrkob kpr`xelkc` curkdtb cena` pbre`c`. Jk n`lpkûìk cb rbdtedi ksbs`rkrëd kj njebdtb s`grb bj
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FBWDKDCB_ EDIJÅ^, O. (;556)? Bj rbdtedi cb gebdbs lubgjbs, >ª bceneþd . N.K. Lbtr`p`jetkd ^.K., Lkcrec, p.>;.
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
tep` cb n`dtrkt` qub sb kckptb lbo`r k sus dbnbseckcbs ( tep` cb vbaìnuj`, sbrvene`s k nugrer p`r jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi, btn.). N`l` abl`s lbdne`dkc` kdtbre`rlbdtb, bj njebdtb cbgbrë pkikr udk nu`tk feok p`r jk cesp`seneþd cb gebd y j`s sbrvene`s ks`nekc`s k åstb cbdtr` cbj n`dtrkt`, qub prbstkrë jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi, cb l`c` qub bj njebdtb n`d`nbrë jk nu`tk feok qub cbgb pkikr curkdtb jk curkneþd cbj n`dtrkt`, y se sb pr`cunb nukjquebr kvbrìk ` elpr`vest` sbrë nugebrt` p`r jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi. Bj pki` subjb sbr lbdsukj y nugrb t`c`s j`s sbrvene`s rbfjbokc`s bd bj n`dtrkt`. Kcblës cb j`s sbrvene`s gësen`s cb lkdtbdelebdt` lkdtbdelebdt` y sbiur` cbj vbaìnuj`, bd bstk l`ckjeckc kpkrbnbd `tr` tep` cb sbrvene`s n`l` rbvese`dbs, rbpkrkne`dbs, dbulëten`s, lktrenujkneþd, elpubst` cb lktrenujkneþd y cblës ikst`s cb ibsteþd y kcledestrkneþd qub rbquebrkd bj vbaìnuj` ` fj`tk cb vbaìnuj`s n`l` bj elpubst` cb nernujkneþd. ßjtelklbdtb akd kpkrbnec` `tr`s sbrvene`s n`l` jk tkrobtk cb n`lgustegjbs, vbaìnuj` cb sustetuneþd y prb-bdtrbik, prb-bdtrbik, btn. Cbdtr` cb jk n`gbrturk cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, qubckd bxnjuecks t`cks kqubjjks n`dsbnubdneks qub surokd p`r ud lkj us` cbj vbaìnuj` y cbj d` nulpjelebdt` cb jks rbijks cb nernujkneþd n`l` jks lujtks cb trëfen`, rbpkrkne`dbs cbj vbaìnuj` p`r n`dcunneþd pbjeir`sk ` p`r d` sbiuer jks edcenkne`dbs cbj fkgrenkdtb, btn. Kcblës bj njebdtb d` tbdcrë n`gbrturk bd bj nks` cb rbkjezkr udk l`cefenkneþd bd bj vbaìnuj` sed prbvek kut`rezkneþd cb jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi, cbgebdc` cb sbr bj njebdtb bj qub nugrk j`s ikst`s cb cbsedstkjkneþd udk vbz qub fedkjenb bj n`dtrkt` 1. Jk edn`rp`rkneþd cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi k j`s vbaìnuj`s, ak pbrletec` qub jk sbiureckc cb bst`s lbo`rb, edn`rp`rkdc` jk ÿjtelk tbnd`j`iìk bd bjj`s y qub p`r tkdt` cesleduykd j`s knnecbdtbs cb nernujkneþd y jks n`dsbnubdneks cb åst`s udk vbz qub sb pr`cunbd. Kcblës n`d bj lkdtbdelebdt` lkdtbdelebdt` qub ednjuyb bj rbdtedi, sb ksbiurk cb qub jk t`tkjeckc cb j`s n`lp`dbdtbs cbj vbaìnuj` sb bdnubdtrb bd pbrfbnt` bstkc`, bvetkdc` ksì qub sb pubckd `nkse`dkr fkjj`s lbnëden`s qub pubckd `nkse`dkr ud knnecbdtb cb trëfen`. Jk KBW bd su jegr` "Bj Wbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s bd Bspkûk? udk trkybnt`rek cb åxet`" sb lbdne`dkd jks prednepkjbs njkvbs cb bstb pr`cunt`? ;. N`l`ceckc? Bj `gobtev` cbj rbdtedi bs qub bj njebdtb utejenb bj gebd y d` tbdik qub prb`nupkrsb p`r su lkdtbdelebdt` de p`r dediudk ibsteþd qub pr`vbdik cb åstb. K trkvås cb bstb sbrvene` bj njebdtb p`crë cesp`dbr cbj vbaìnuj` qub lbo`r sb kckptb k sus dbnbseckcbs seblprb ksbs`rkc` n`d j`s lbo`rbs pr`fbse`dkjbs. 7. Fjbxegejeckc? Rdk cb jks nkrkntbrìstenks fudcklbdtkjbs cbj rbdtedi bs su fjbxegejeckc, yk qub sb kckptk bd t`c` l`lbdt` k jks dbnbseckcbs cb j`s njebdtbs, bd bj l`lbdt` cb jk ferlk cbj n`dtrkt` y k jks dbnbseckcbs qub pubckd surier bd bj futur` n`l` kulbdt` cb fj`tk, l`cefenkneþd y/` klpjekneþd cbj n`dtrkt` ` sbjbnneþd cb sbrvene`s `pne`dkjbs, bdtrb `trks nubste`dbs. nubste`dbs. >. Nkpkneckc cb ibsteþd? D`rlkjlbdtb jks blprbsks cb rbdtedi cesp`dbd cb pr`fbse`dkjbs pr`fbse`dkjbs cb udk bd`rlb bxpbrebdnek qub tebdbd jk nkpkneckc cb ibste`dkr jk fj`tk cb vbaìnuj`s cbj njebdtb cb jk lbo`r f`rlk p`segjb, pbrletebdc` k åstb qub nbdtrb t`ck su ktbdneþd bd jk knteveckc prednepkj cb jk blprbsk. 3. Fedkdnekneþd? @trk nkrkntbrìstenk cbj rbdtedi bs qub bj gebd sb kjquejk d` sb n`lprk, p`r j` qub jegbrk rbnurs`s pkrk qub jk blprbsk pubck rbkjezkr `trks edvbrse`dbs, y 1
VBW@DK LKWSBJ, LKWÌK N@DNB]NEÞD8 WBUB^ ]KCEJJK, LKWÌK IWKNEK8 IKWNÌK ]KCWÞD, UKE_K (7==2)? Rdk Edtr`cunneþd kj Wbdtedi. ^brvene` cb ]ugjenkne`dbs cb jk Rdevbrseckc cb jks pkjlks cb Irkd Nkdkrek, p.>6->9.
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
kcblës n`l` jk nu`tk cb rbdtedi sb n`dtkgejezk n`l` ud ikst`, pbrletb k jk blprbsk tbdbr udk lky`r nkpkneckc cb bdcbucklebdt` y kj sbr udk nu`tk feok pbrletb rbkjezkr k jk blprbsk udk gubdk pjkdefenkneþd cb jk tbs`rbrìk. Kcblës d` kfbntk k jk setukneþd cb s`jvbdnek de k jk cb ikrkdtìk, p`r j` qub pubcb fknejetkr jk `gtbdneþd cb nråcet`s bd setukne`dbs trkdset`reks cbjenkcks, sed aknbr dbnbskrek jk cbsedvbrseþd bd lbce`s cb pr`cunneþd y lbo`rkdc` jk setukneþd cb dbi`nekneþd frbdtb k bdteckcbs gkdnkreks ` pr`vbbc`rbs. pr`vbbc`rbs. 2. Bn`d`lìk? Cbgec` k jks irkdcbs nkdteckcbs cb vbaìnuj`s qub kcquebrbd bstb tep` cb blprbsks, ksì n`l` cb sus irkdcbs n`d`nelebdt`s bd jk ibsteþd cb bstb tep` cb gebdbs, cesp`dbd cb elp`rtkdtbs cbsnubdt`s, qub p`stbre`rlbdtb trksjkckd k sus njebdtbs. 6. Elkibd? Bj n`nab cb rbdtedi subjb sbr udk abrrklebdtk cb trkgko`, qub kj p`sbbr udks nkrkntbrìstenks tbnd`jþienks kvkdzkcks, cbgec` k bj n`rt` pbre`c` cb teblp` qub tebdb bstb n`dtrkt`, pr`p`rne`dk kj njebdtb udk gubdk elkibd cb nkrk kj lbrnkc`. 9. ^biureckc? Cbgec` kj n`rt` pbre`c` cb teblp`, ksì n`l` cb j`s sbrvene`s qub aknbd qub bj vbaìnuj` `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt`, aknbd qub bj gebd tbdik bd t`c` l`lbdt` ud n`rrbnt` fudne`dklebdt` fudne`dklebdt` y aknbd k j`s vbaìnuj`s vbaìnuj`s lës sbiur`s. 1. ^`stbdegejeckc lbce`klgebdtkj? J`s vbaìnuj`s cb rbdtedi p`sbbd ud elpknt` lbce`klgebdtkj lbd`r kj rbst`, cbgec` k qub s`d rbd`vkc`s n`dteduklbdtb p`r j` qub seblprb cesp`dbd cb jks ÿjtelks edd`vkne`dbs bd bstk lktbrek, p`r j` kcblës sb rbcunbd jks blese`dbs cb iksbs n`dtkledkdtbs.
;.3. VBDSKOK^ B EDN@DVBDEBDSB^ CBJ N@DSWKS@ CB WBDSEDI. Kcblës cb jks vbdtkoks lbdne`dkcks bd bj kpkrtkc` kdtbre`r, rbjkne`dkcks rbjkne`dkcks prednepkjlbdtb n`d bj njebdtb cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, sb pubcb lbdne`dkr qub n`d bstk l`ckjeckc sb bvetkd jks p`segjbs pårcecks `nkse`dkcks p`r jk cbvkjukneþd cbj prbne` cb ud gebd bd bj lbrnkc`, qub pubcbd `nkse`dkr bd kjiudks `nkse`dbs qub bj vkj`r rbsecukj cbj gebd `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt` sbk supbre`r kj vkj`r cbj lbrnkc`, yk qub jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi rbpbrnutb kj njebdtb jk cbvkjukneþd cbj prbne` cbj lbrnkc` curkdtb bj pbre`c` cb n`dtrkt`. Bj rbdtedi d` s`j` pr`p`rne`dk vbdtkoks kj njebdtb, sed` tklgeåd k jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi y cblës pkrtbs edtbrvedebdtbs bd jk `pbrkneþd, bdtrb jks nukjbs cbstknkrbl`s jks seiuebdtbs? `
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Bj pr`vbbc`r cbj gebd n`dseiub gbdbfene`s p`r jk `pbrkneþd cb rbdtedi, yk qub vbdcb k jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi bj gebd y prbstk j`s sbrvene`s cb lkdtbdelebdt` cb åstb. Kcblës p`r bjj` bjj` bvetk bj elpki` cb j`s njebdtbs njebdtbs kj d` rbjkne`dkrsb rbjkne`dkrsb n`d bjj`s cerbntklbdtb, cerbntklbdtb, sed` k trkvås cb jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi. Jk s`nebckc s`nebckc cb rbdtedi sb gbdbfenekrë p`r jks nu`tks qub bj njebdtb njebdtb pkik p`r jk nbseþd cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` y p`r j`s sbrvene`s qub jb prbstk, ksì qub nukdt` lky`r sbk bj dulbr` cb sbrvene`s rbfjbokc`s bd bj n`dtrkt` lky`r sbrë bstk nu`tk y lës gbdbfene` `gtbdcrë jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi.
Bd nukdt` k j`s edn`dvbdebdtbs cb bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj pkrk bj njebdtb, cbstknkd j`s seiuebdtbs? seiuebdtbs?
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
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Jk cbcunneþd fesnkj cb jk nu`tk cb rbdtedi, sb pr`cunb seblprb y nukdc` bj `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` sbk cbstedkc` k udk knteveckc pr`cuntevk y d` k udk pkrtenujkr. J`s n`dtrkt`s cb rbdtedi subjbd subjbd tbdbr udks njëusujks cb rbsneseþd luy bjbvkcks, kcblës p`sbbd ud`s jìletbs cb us` cb j`s gebdbs ( hej`lbtrkob, a`rks lëquedk, btn.), qub aknbd suger jk nu`tk cb rbdtedi se sb supbrkd. Kcblës sb subjb feokr p`r n`dtrkt` j`s tkjjbrbs qub cbgb cb utejezkr bj njebdtb bd jks tkrbks cb lkdtbdelebdt` y rbpkrkne`dbs cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, cbgec` k qub jks n`lpkûìks cb rbdtedi subjbd tbdbr pkntkc` d`rlkjlbdtb bj trktklebdt` cb j`s sbrvene`s qub sb prbstkd kj gebd n`d ud ÿden` pr`vbbc`r ` udk pbqubûk nkdteckc cb åst`s, cb l`c` qub sb gbdbfenek cb elp`rtkdtbs cbsnubdt`s. Jks s`nebckcbs cb rbdtedi subjbd bxeier udk fekdzk kj prednepe` cbj n`dtrkt`, p`r nukjquebr ednecbdtb qub pucebrk tbdbr bj `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt`.
Bd nukdt` k j`s edn`dvbdebdtbs cbstknkc`s pkrk jks cblës pkrtbs edtbrvedebdtbs bd bj n`dtrkt`, cbstknkd j`s seiuebdtbs? `
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Bj pr`vbbc`r tbdcrë qub prbstkr j`s sbrvene`s bd j`s qub sb ak n`lpr`lbtec`, edcbpbdcebdtblbdtb cb su setukneþd curkdtb jk curkneþd cbj n`dtrkt`. Kcblës tbdcrë qub n`dnbcbr cbsnubdt`s k jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi bd fudneþd cbj v`julbd cb n`lprks qub rbkjenb. ]krk jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi, sup`db ud edn`dvbdebdtb ibste`dkr jk vbdtk cb j`s gebdbs udk vbz fedkjezkc` bj pbre`c` cb n`dtrkt`, jjbikdc` ednjus` k nrbkr ud cbpkrtklbdt` cbdtr` cb jk s`nebckc qub ibste`db jk vbdtk cb åst`s, b ednjus` sb bdnkrikd cb prbvese`dbs cb j`s prbne`s, pkntkr p`segjbs rbn`lprks p`r pkrtb cbj p`rvbbc`r, btn. ]`r ÿjtel`, cbstknkr bj pr`gjblk qub sup`db pkrk jks n`lpkûìks cb rbdtedi jk ibsteþd cbj sbiur` y cbj lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd, jjbiëdc`sb k nrbkr ërbks bspbnìfenks pkrk bj lkdbo` cb bst`s ksudt`s. Bd bj nks` cbj lkdtbdelebdt`, jks n`lpkûìks cb rbdtedi sb akd vest` bd jk `gjeikneþd cb edvbrter bd lktbrek cb ksbs`rklebdt` bd bj us` cb j`s gebdbs `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, y k bstkgjbnbr pbdkjezkne`dbs bd nks` cb udk edn`rrbntk y cbs`dbstk utejezkneþd cbj gebd p`r pkrtb cbj njebdtb. S`c` bjj` cbgec` k qub kj d` p`sbbr bj `gobt` y kcblës d` tbdbr qub bdnkrikrsb cb su lkdtbdelebdt`, bj njebdtb subjb cbsprb`nupkrsb cbj gebd, jjbikdc` bd `nkse`dbs k utejezkrj` cb udk f`rlk cbsn`dsecbrkck.
;.2. NKWKNSBWE^SENK^ N@DSKGJB^ CBJ N@DSWKS@ CB WBDSEDI. Cbgec` k jks nkrkntbrìstenks cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, jks blprbsks bvetkd tbdbr qub rbkjezkr ud ikst` bd pbrs`dkj, kcledestrkneþd y teblp` bd lktbrek cb n`dtkgejeckc, bd j`s qub tbdcrìkd qub ednurrer n`d `tr` tep` cb n`dtrkt`. ^biÿd bj pjkd ibdbrkj cbj n`dtkgejeckc bj rbdtedi p`crìk sbr n`dsecbrkc` n`l` ud krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr`, n`d j` qub sb tbdcrìk qub ckr cb kjtk bj kntev` bd bj gkjkdnb, y `trk pkrteck n`d bj lesl` elp`rtb bd bj pksev`, sebdc` bj lbd`r bdtrb bj vkj`r cbj kntev` krrbdckc` ` bj vkj`r kntukj cb j`s pki`s bspbrkc`s curkdtb bj pbre`c` cb veibdnek cbj krrbdcklebdt`. ]krk qub ud rbdtedi sb n`dsecbrkrk krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr` tbdcrìk qub cesp`dbr cb kj lbd`s udk cb jks seiuebdtbs nkrkntbrìstenks? Cesp`dbr cb udk `pneþd cb n`lprk, qub sb pucebrk cbcuner qub jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi fubrk k trkdsfbrer jk pr`pebckc cbj gebd kj njebdtb, qub jk curkneþd cbj n`dtrkt` n`ednecebrk ` fubrk selejkr n`d jk veck bn`dþlenk cbj gebd (d`rlkjlbdtb sb subjb t`lkr n`l` edcenkc`r bj 92% cb jk veck bn`dþlenk cbj gebd), -;7-
SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
qub bj vkj`r kntukj cb j`s pki`s qub vk k rbkjezkr bj njebdtb sup`dik jk prëntenk t`tkjeckc cbj vkj`r rkz`dkgjb cbj gebd, p`r p`sbbr udks nkrkntbrìstenks cbtbrledkcks qub aknbd qub su utejeckc qubcb rbstredieck kj njebdtb, bj njebdtb pucebrk nkdnbjkr bj n`dtrkt` sebdc` jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi jk qub nugrebrk t`c`s j`s ikst`s, j`s rbsujtkc`s cb jks fjuntukne`dbs cbj prbne` cbj gebd rbnkybrkd s`grb bj njebdtb y qub bj njebdtb pucebrk pr`rr`ikr bj n`dtrkt` n`d ud`s pki`s luy edfbre`rbs k j`s cbj lbrnkc`. ]`r jks nkrkntbrìstenks cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi lbdne`dkcks bd j`s kpkrtkc`s kdtbre`rbs, rbsujtk rbsujtk luy cefìnej cefìnej qub ud n`dtrkt` cb cb rbdtedi sbk n`dtkgejez n`dtkgejezkc` kc` p`r udk blprbsk n`l` ud krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr`, sebdc` j` lës n`dvbdne`dkj qub sbk n`dtkgejezkc` n`l` ud n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` `pbrktev`, p`r j` qub bj njebdtb k cb n`dtkgejezkr j`s ikst`s cbrevkc`s cb jks nu`tks qub ak pkikc` curkdtb ud cbtbrledkc` bobrnene`, lbcekdtb jk nubdtk 67; "Krrbdcklebdt`s y nëd`dbs" sed dbnbseckc cb qub kpkrbznk bj kntev` bd gkjkdnb yk qub d` p`sbb su pr`pebckc. Jk nu`tk cb rbdtedi tbdcrë ÿdenklbdtb ednecbdnek bd bj gkjkdnb n`d jk cesleduneþd cb tbs`rbrìk y bd bj pktrel`de` dbt` bd Wbsujtkc` cbj bobrnene`. Jk blprbsk qub n`dtrktk bj us` cbj gebd lbcekdtb ud n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`dseiub rbcuner su gur`nrknek y selpjefenkr su n`dtkgejeckc. Bd n`lpkrkneþd k jk n`lprk cb ud cbtbrledkc` cbtbrl edkc` gebd, j`s usukre`s cbj rbdtedi ka`rrkd n`dtkgejezkr j`s seiuebdtbs ksebdt`s? j`s cbrevkc`s cb jk n`lprk cbj vbaìnuj` (fknturks cb n`lprk, lktrenujkneþd, lktrenujkneþd, EVK), bj sbiur`, bj elpubst` cb nernujkneþd, kcblës cb jks n`rrbsp`dcebdtbs k jks ednecbdneks y cbj lkdtbdelebdt` cbj vbaìnuj`, vbaìnuj`, btn. Vbdtkok n`dtkgjb n`dsestbdtb bd qub, n`d bj ÿden` ksebdt` cbj pki` cb jk rbdtk, y fedkjlbdtb fedkjlbdt b j`s cbrevkc`s cb jk vbdtk cbj cbj vbaìnuj` qub, bd prednepe`, d` sb ck bd bj rbdtedi. ]`r `trk pkrtb pkrtb sb n`dseiub qub j`s gebdbs d` sb edn`rp`rbd kj edl`vejezkc`, p`r j` qub d` tebdbd qub kl`rtezkrsb, kudqub, n`l` bd bj nks` cb jks nu`tks cb kl`rtezkneþd, bj n`stb cb jk `pbrkneþd sb cestreguyk pr`p`rne`dkjlbdtb k j` jkri` cb jk veck ÿtej cbj gebd. Kcblës sb rbcunb bj rkte` cb bdcbucklebdt` (rbspbnt` kj jbksedi, k jk n`lprk k pjkz`s ` k jk fedkdnekck n`d ud pråstkl`), pubst` qub n`l` ikst`, d` ednrblbdtk bj pksev` cb jk blprbsk. Bd bj nks` cb qub udk `pbrkneþd cb rbdtedi fubrk n`dsecbrkck n`l` ud krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr`, bj njebdtb tbdcrìk qub rbfjbokr bd bj kntev` cbj gkjkdnb j`s cbrbna`s cb us` cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` p`r bj vkj`r kj n`dtkc`, qub sb kl`rtezkrë ktbdcebdc` k jk veck ÿtej cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, cbgeådc`sb rbiestrkr rbiestrkr bd bj pksev` jk cbuck t`tkj lbd`s jks nu`tks qub sb pkiubd lës bj vkj`r cb jk `pneþd cb n`lprk. Jk cefbrbdnek bdtrb klg`s elp`rtbs, bs cbner, j`s ikst`s fedkdnebr`s sb n`dtkgejezkrëd n`l` ikst`s qub sb cestreguerëd bd j`s kû`s cb curkneþd cbj n`dtrkt`. Nukdc` sb bobrnetb jk `pneþd cb n`lprk sb cbgbrë ckr cb gkok bj vkj`r cb j`s cbrbna`s cb us` cbj gebd bd bj kntev` ksì n`l` su kl`rtezkneþd knulujkck, qub pkskrëd k f`rlkr pkrtb cbj vkj`r cbj gebd kcquerec`. N`l` ab lbdne`dkc` bd bj tbrnbr përrkf` cb bstb bpìirkfb jks `pbrkne`dbs `pbrkne`dbs cb rbdtedi subjbd n`dtkgejezkrsb n`l` ud krrbdcklebdt` d` fedkdnebr` cbgec` k qub bj fed cb bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj d` subjb sbr jk kcqueseneþd kj fedkj cb n`dtrkt` cbj gebd `gobt` cb åstb. K n`dtedukneþd n`dtedukneþd vbrbl`s ud boblpj` prënten` n`d bj fed cb knjkrkr jks kd`tkne`dbs n`dtkgjbs qub ak cb rbkjezkrsb k jk a`rk cb jk `gtbdneþd cb ud cbtbrledkc` gebd lbcekdtb bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj. ;. Bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` bs udk lkquedk blg`tbjjkc`rk pkrk udk blprbsk cbcenkck k jk fkgrenkneþd cb gbgecks bdbriåtenks, sb feokd >6 rbdtks lbdsukjbs, feoëdc`sb jk fbnak cbj prelbr vbdnelebdt` bj prelbr cìk cbj lbs p`stbre`r k jk ferlk cbj n`dtrkt`. Bj elp`rtb lbdsukj bs cb ;== ₪ irkvkc` kj 1%. D` bxestb fekdzk. Jks kd`tkne`dbs n`dtkgjbs k rbkjezkr p`r jk blprbsk cb gbgecks bdbriåtenks s`d j`s seiuebdtbs? -;>-
]årbz Wby, Eskkn
k) Bj prelbr cìk cb nkck lbs, p`r bj cbvbdi` cb jk nu`tk?
;== Krrbdcklebdt`s Krrbdcklebdt `s y nëd`dbs 1,== Aknebdck pÿgjenk EVK s`p`rtkc`
-k Knrbbc`rbs p`r p`r krrbdcklebdt` krrbdcklebdt` ;=1
g) ]`r bj pki` cb jk nu`tk cb rbdtedi? ;=1 Knrbbc`rbs p`r krrbdcklebdt`
-kGkdn` n/n ;=1
n) Kj nebrrb cbj bobrnene`, trksjkc` k ]yI cb jk nu`tk cb rbdtedi? ;== ]årcecks y Ikdkdneks
-k Krrbdcklebdt`s Krrbdcklebdt`s y nëd`dbs nëd`dbs ;==
Bd bj seiuebdtb nks` bd bj qub jk `pbrkneþd cb rbdtedi sb ak njksefenkc` n`l` ud krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr`, sb n`dtkgejezkrìk cb jk seiuebdtb f`rlk?
7. Bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` bs ud n`nab pkrk udk blprbsk cbcenkck k jk n`lbrnekjezkneþd cb lubgjbs cb n`nedk, sb feokd 73 rbdtks lbdsukjbs, k ud tep` cbj 6,2% y n`d udk `pneþd cb n`lprk cb udk lbdsukjeckc. Bj n`nab sb kl`rtezk bd 6,72 kû`s, tep` cb EVK 7;% 5.
5
Boblpj` bxtrkìc` bxtrkìc` cb www.kbj.bs www.kbj.bs
-;3-
SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
N. kl`rtezkc` kl`rtezkc`
Edtbrbsbs
Nu`tk sed EVK
EVK
Nu`tk n`d EVK
;¿ Kû`
;>152,=;
;329,9>
;2>27,93
>773,=1
;1296,17
7¿ Kû`
;3172,25 ; 3172,25
279,;2
;2>27,93
>773,=1
;1296,17
^ug-t`tkj
7197=,6= =,==
;795,3=
761,69
;231,=9
@pneþd cb ;795,3= n`lprk S`tkj
>====,== feiurk 3.; Nukcr` 3.; Nukcr` cb kl`rtezkneþd cb jk nu`tk cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi. fubdtb? www.kbj.bs
Jk `pbrkneþd sb rbiestrk n`l` ud krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr` ckc` qub bj vkj`r kntukj cb j`s pki`s lìdel`s n`ednecb n`d bj vkj`r rkz`dkgjb cbj gebd cb jk `pbrkneþd. Bd j`s pki`s lìdel`s sb ak ednjuec` jk `pneþd cb n`lprk ckc` qub, p`r su elp`rtb, d` bxestb cuck rkz`dkgjb cb qub sbrë bobrnetkc` . k) J`s ksebdt`s n`dtkgjbs k jk ferlk cbj n`dtrkt` sbrìkd j`s seiuebdtbs?
>==== Bjblbdt`s cb trkdsp`rtb trkdsp`rt b bd råielbd cb krrbdcklebdt` krrbdcklebdt ` fedkdnebr` -kC. j/p p`r krrbdcklebdt` fr`. ;6;=3,55 C. n/p p`r krrbdcklebdt` krrbdcklebdt` fr`. ;>152,=;
g) ]`r bj pki` cb jks nu`tks cbj prelbr kû`?
;>152,=; C. n/p p`r krrbdcklebdt` fr`. ;329,9> Edtbrbsbs cb cbuck n/p >773,=1 Aknebdck ]ÿgjenk p`r EVK s`p`rtkc`
-kGkdn` n/n
;1296,17
n) ]`r jk c`tkneþd cb jk kl`rtezkneþd cbj bobrnene`? 3.1== Kl`rtezkneþd Edl`vejezkc` Lktbrekj
-k-
Kl`rtezkneþd Kl`rtezkne þd knulujkck knulujkck cb bjblbdt`s cb trkdsp`rtb 3.1== 3.1==
-;2-
]årbz Wby, Eskkn
c) ]`r jk rbnjksefenkneþd cb jk cbuck cb jkri` pjkz` k n`rt` pjkz`? ;3.172,25 C. j/p p`r krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr`
-k-
C. n/p p`r Krrbdcklebdt` Krrbdcklebdt`ss fedkdnebr fedkdnebr` ` ;3.172,25 ^biudc` kû`? ;3.172,25 C. n/p p`r p`r krrbdcklebdt` krrbdcklebdt` fr`. 279,;2 Edtbrbs Edtbrbsbs bs cb cbucks n`d bdteckcbs cb nråcet` nråcet` >.773,=1 Aknebdck ]ÿgjenk p`r EVK s`p`rtkc` (7;% ;2.>27,93)
-kSbs`rbrìk ;1.296,17
3.1== Kl`rtezkneþd Edl`vejezkc` Lktbrekj
-k-
Kl`rtezkneþd knulujkck knulujkck cb bjblbdt`s cb trkdsp`rtb 3.1==
;.795,3 Cbucks J/p p`r krrbdckle krrbdcklebdt` bdt` fr`.
-kC. n/p p`r krrbdcklebdt`s fr`. ;.795,3
Sbrnbr kû` (ÿjtel` cbj n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt`)? k) Kj bobrnetkr jk `pneþd cb n`lprk? ;.795,3 C. n/p p`r krrbdckl krrbdcklebdt` ebdt` fr`.
-k-
761,69 Aknebdck ]ÿgjenk EVK s`p`rtkc` (7;% x ;.795) Gkdn` n/n ;.213,=9 N`l` sb pubcb `gsbrvkr lbcekdtb j`s kdtbre`rbs boblpj`s, jks cefbrbdneks bdtrb n`dsecbrkr k udk `pbrkneþd cb rbdtedi n`l` krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr` u `pbrktev` s`d luy klpjeks, p`r j` qub bd jk rbkjeckc sb subjb bvetkr jk `pneþd cb n`lprk bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, n`d bd bj fed cb qub jks blprbsks d` n`lbtkd bj brr`r k jk a`rk cb njksefenkr bj n`dtrkt` n`l` `pbrktev` ` fedkdnebr` y jks n`dsbnubdneks qub bjj` knkrrbkrìk. -;6-
SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
;.6. SWKSKLEBDS@ FE^NKJ CBJ WBDSEDI BD B^]KÛK N`l` kdtbre`rlbdtb abl`s lbdne`dkc`, bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi jk t`tkjeckc cb jk nu`tk, d`rlkjlbdtb lbdsukj, kg`dkck p`r bj njebdtb k jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi bs cbcunegjb k bfbnt`s cbj elpubst` cb s`nebckcbs (E^) y bj elpubst` cb jk rbdtk cb jks pbrs`dks fìsenks (EW]F), seblprb y nukdc` bj njebdtb cbstedb bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` k udk knteveckc blprbskrekj ` pr`fbse`dkj. Bst` sup`db qub t`c`s j`s ikst`s cbrevkc`s cbj rbdtedi s`d cbcunegjbs, p`r boblpj` nukdc` kcquerel`s bquep`s edf`rlëten`s p`r lbcekneþd cb rbdtedi, yk qub jks nu`tks sktesfbnaks s`d p`r bj kjquejbr cb j`s `rcbdkc`rbs, qub ednjuybd su us` y lkdtbdelebdt`, n`d jks rbvese`dbs y rbpkrkne`dbs kn`rckcks p`r n`dtrkt`. Bstb kspbnt` bs udk cb jks rkz`dbs fudcklbdtkjbs p`r j` qub jks blprbsks kcquebrbd ud gebd gko` bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj, p`r j` qub bs ud` cb sus prednepkjbs l`t`rbs cb elpujs`, kj eiukj qub kdtbre`rlbdtb j` fub cbj jbksedi nukdc` cesp`dìk cb jks leslks nkrkntbrìstenks fesnkjbs, jks nukjbs fubr`d rbiujkcks p`r prelbrk vbz bd Bspkûk bd bj Wbkj Cbnrbt`-Jby ;2/;559, cb 72 cb fbgrbr`, bspbnefenkdc` qub brk cbcunegjb jk t`tkjeckc cb jk nu`tk pkikck kj eiukj qub a`y bd cìk pksk bd bj rbdtedi. Bd bj kû` ;511 jk jby 76/;511, cb 75 cb ouje`, cb cesnepjedk b edtbrvbdneþd cb jks bdteckcbs cb nråcet`, jk rbf`rlk cbj elpubst` cb s`nebckcbs y bj ]IN bd ;55= cbjeletkr`d bj råielbd ourìcen` cbj n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi, suprelebr`d jks vbdtkoks fesnkjbs y n`dtkgjbs, `gjeikdc` k j`s blprbskre`s k n`dtkgejezkr jks nu`tks cb jbksedi n`l` ud kntev` edlktbrekj. Bs bdt`dnbs nukdc` bj rbdtedi kcquebrb lky`r elp`rtkdnek yk qub lkdtbdìk jks vbdtkoks pbrcecks p`r bj jbksedi? Kusbdnek cb rbiujkneþd n`dtkgjb y bj trktklebdt` cb jks nu`tks cb rbdtedi n`l` ud kjquejbr, bs cbner, n`l` ud ikst` cbj bobrnene` p`r krrbdcklebdt`s y nëd`dbs, lbo`rkdc` kcblës n`d jk ksudneþd cbj ksbiurklebdt` y lkdtbdelebdt` p`r pkrtb cb jk n`lpkûìk cb rbdtedi. ;=. A`y bd cìk, tkdt` bj rbdtedi n`l` bj jbksedi pr`p`rne`dkd vbdtkoks fesnkjbs bd rbfbrbdnek k udk n`lprk cerbntk cb ud gebd p`r pkrtb cbj njebdtb, lebdtrks qub bd bj rbdtedi jks nu`tks qub rbkjezk bj njebdtb s`d ;==% cbcunegjbs seblprb y nukdc` bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` sb cbstedb k udk knteveckc blprbskrekj ` pr`fbse`dkj, n`d bj jbksedi bj njebdtb sb cbcunerë j`s edtbrbsbs y bj EVK qub sb pkiubd bd jk nu`tk. N`d j` qub rbspbntk k jk kl`rtezkneþd cb nkpetkj, bj njebdtb cb jbksedi sb cbcunerë akstk ud jìletb qub sbrë eiukj kj c`gjb cb jk kl`rtezkneþd cbj gebd sbiÿd tkgjks `fenekjbs. Nukdc` sb trktk cb udk blprbsk cb rbcunecks celbdse`dbs p`crìk ednjus` jjbikr kj trepjb. ]`r j` qub rbspbntk k jk `pneþd cb n`lprk, bstk d` f`rlk pkrtb cb jk nu`tk cb jbksedi y sbrìk cbcunegjb sed jìletb kjiud`;;. ]`r bstb abna`, bj jbksedi n`dstetuyb ud sestblk cb kl`rtezkneþd kdtenepkck, yk qub pbrletb kl`rtezkr bj gebd kj c`gjb ` trepjb cb vbj`neckc, elpjenkdc` bjj` elp`rtkdtbs vbdtkoks fesnkjbs kj njebdtb cb jbksedi. Nukdc` akgjkl`s cbj rbdtedi bd bj qub bj njebdtb d` cbcenk bj gebd t`tkjlbdtb k udk knteveckc pr`fbse`dkj, aky qub cefbrbdnekr qub pr`p`rneþd n`l` sb rbfjbokrìk bst` bd bj Elpubst` cb ^`nebckcbs y bd bj Elpubst` s`grb jk Wbdtk cb jks ]brs`dks Fìsenks. Bd bj nks` cbj Elpubst` cb ^`nebckcbs, bj njebdtb p`crë cbcuner jk nu`tk bd jk pr`p`rneþd bd jk qub bj gebd sbk utejezkc` bd jk knteveckc blprbskrekj, lebdtrks qub bj us` pbrs`dkj sbrë trktkc` n`l` rbtreguneþd bd bspbneb sebdc` cbcunec` n`l` ikst` cb pbrs`dkj. ]`r bjj` bj trkgkokc`r tbdcrë qub tregutkr bd bj EW]F p`r jk utejezkneþd pbrs`dkj qub ak rbkjezkc` kj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`.
;=
LKWSÌDB_ NKÛBJJK^, KD^BJL@? ^`grb bj n`dnbpt` y råielbd ourìcen` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . p.2. "Jbksedi vs. Wbdtedi . Bfbnt`s fesnkjbs "8 www.ebsp`rt.bs
;;
-;9-
]årbz Wby, Eskkn
Bd bj krtìnuj` 33.;.g cb jk jby 3=/;551, cb 5 cb ceneblgrb sb feok bj nëjnuj` cb jk rbtreguneþd bd bspbneb bd b d bj nks` cb jk utejezkneþd ` bdtrbik cb vbaìnuj`s kut`lþvejbs? `
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Bd bj supubst` cb bdtrbik, bj n`stb cb kcqueseneþd pkrk bj pkikc`r, ednjuec`s j`s tregut`s qub irkvbd jk `pbrkneþd. Bd bj supubst` cb us`, bj 7= p`r ;== kdukj cbj n`stb k qub sb rbfebrb bj përrkf` kdtbre`r. Bd nks` cb qub bj vbaìnuj` d` sbk pr`pebckc cbj pkikc`r, cena` p`rnbdtkob sb kpjenkrë s`grb bj vkj`r cb lbrnkc` qub n`rrbsp`dcbrìk kj vbaìnuj` se fubsb dubv`. Bd bj supubst` cb us` y p`stbre`r bdtrbik, jk vkj`rkneþd cb bstk ÿjtelk sb bfbntukrë tbdebdc` bd nubdtk jk vkj`rkneþd rbsujtkdtb cbj us` kdtbre`r.
Bd jk rbtreguneþd bd bspbneb d` s`j` sb ednjuyb bj us` cbj gebd, sed` bj sbiur`, j`s elpubst`s ludenepkjbs ` bj lkdtbdelebdt`, n`dstetuybdc` bj n`doudt` ud ÿden` skjkre` bd bspbneb. ]`r bj n`dtrkre` bxesterë ud ÿden` pki` bd bspbneb p`r bj n`dsul` cb nkrgurkdtb se bj gebd fubsb ud vbaìnuj` qub pkiub jk blprbsk ;7. ]`r `trk pkrtb bj EVK kj qub bstëd suobtks jks `pbrkne`dbs cb rbdtedi bs k ud tep` cbj ;6% bd jk ]bdìdsujk y Gkjbkrbs y k ud 2% bd Nkdkreks. Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi pbrletb kj njebdtb udk cbcunneþd cbj ;==% bd nks` cb qub bj gebd sb utejenb selpjblbdtb bd udk knteveckc pr`fbse`dkj y cb kj lbd`s bj 2=%, bd nks`s bd j`s qub sb kjtbrdb bj us` pr`fbse`dkj n`d bj pbrs`dkj. N`d rbspbnt` k bj nretbre` cb cbcunegejeckc bd fudneþd cb jk utejezkneþd cbj gebd, nkck blprbsk cbgbrìk tbdbr su nretbre` pr`pe` bd fudneþd cb jk utejezkneþd qub sb akik cbj cbj gebd p`r pkrtb cb jk blprbsk. Bd bj nks` cb ud trkdsp`rtestk, trkdsp`rtestk, sbrìk fënejlbdtb cbl`strkgjb qub bj vbaìnuj` bstë cbcenkc` bd su t`tkjeckc kj trkgko`, peceådc`sb cbcuner bd su t`tkjeckc bj EVK cb jk nu`tk cb rbdtedi. ^ed blgkri`, bd bj nks` cb ud cerbnt`r ibdbrkj qub pksk jk lky`r pkrtb cb su trkgko` bd jk `fenedk, sbrìk cefìnejlbdtb cbl`strkgjb qub j` usk lbrklbdtb bd pkrk bj cbskrr`jj` cb su trkgko`, y jk blprbsk cbgbrìk sbr nkpkz bd tkj nks` cb cbl`strkr bstb abna` kdtb udk p`segjb edspbnneþd cb Aknebdck. Bd j` qub sb rbfebrb k jk kl`rtezkneþd cbj gebd, bs elp`rtkdtb rbn`rckr qub bj gebd `gobt` cb rbdtedi d` bs pr`pebckc cb jk blprbsk, y qub p`r j` tkdt` d` feiurkrë bd bj gkjkdnb cb åstk y d` tbdebdc` jk `gjeikneþd cb kl`rtezkr bj gebd nbcec` p`r jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi.
;.9. AE^S@WEK CBJ WBDSEDI BD BRW@]K? EL]@WSKDNEK BD B^]KÛK. Bs elp`segjb akgjkr cb j`s `reibdbs cbj rbdtedi sed lbdne`dkr kdtbre`rlbdtb bj n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi, n`d bj qub sed cuck ak bstkc` rbjkne`dkc` cbscb sus `rìibdbs. Bj n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi surib bd D`rtbklårenk k fedkjbs cbj seij` QEQ, n`l` n`dsbnubdnek cb jk rëpeck bv`juneþd cbj lbrnkc` qub dbnbsetkgk fknejetkr jk `pbrkteveckc cb jks blprbsks ;>. Jks prelbrks n`lpkûìks cb jbksedi fubr`d j`s pr`pe`s cbpkrtklbdt`s cbpkrtklbdt`s ;7
VBW@DK LKWSBJ, LKWÌK N@DNB]NEÞD8 WBUB^ ]KCEJJK, LKWÌK IWKNEK8 IKWNÌK ]KCWÞD, UKE_K (7==2)? Rdk Edtr`cunneþd kj Wbdtedi. ^brvene` cb ]ugjenkne`dbs cb jk Rdevbrseckc cb jks pkjlks cb Irkd Nkdkrek, p.33.
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@WE@J KLKS n`dsecbrk bj kû` ;19= n`l` bj `reibd cbj n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi, rbfereådc`sb k j`s lbce`s cb trkdsp`rtb n`l` gkrn`s, j`n`l`t`rks ` vki`dbs, n`ds`jecëdc`sb, p`stbre`rlbdtb, n`d `tr`s pr`cunt`s
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
n`lbrnekjbs cb jks leslks blprbsks edcustrekjbs, ` fejekjbs cb bjjks, qub vbìkd bd bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj udk lkdbrk edtbrbskdtb cb ckr skjeck k su pr`cunneþd. Bj jbksedi, fub utejezkc` k fedkjbs cbj seij` QEQ y k prednepe`s cbj seij` QQ p`r jks n`lpkûìks cb tbjbn`ludenkne`dbs. Lës tkrcb kjiudks bdteckcbs fedkdnebrks blpbzkr`d k `pbrkr n`d bj jbksedi n`d kut`d`lìk cb j`s fkgrenkdtbs cb j`s gebdbs krrbdckc`s. Bj jbksedi brk bj låt`c` lës utejezkc` cb edvbrseþd cb jks blprbsks bd gebdbs cb bquep` bd j`s `nabdtk, cbgec` bd irkd pkrtb p`r jk jegbrtkc n`dtkgjb qub pbrletìk k jks blprbsks jk knbjbrkneþd cb jk kl`rtezkneþd cbj gebd kcquerec`, y k su trktklebdt` fesnkj, yk qub sb n`dsecbrkgk ud ikst` t`tkjlbdtb cbcunegjb. Bd bstb pbre`c` brk udk prëntenk n`lÿd rbkjezkr `pbrkne`dbs cb jbksedi cb ud pbre`c` lbd`r kj kû`, n`d j` qub sb n`dsbiuìk jk kl`rtezkneþd cbj gebd bd ud sþj` bobrnene`. @tr` tep` cb `pbrkne`dbs n`dsestìk bd bj bstkgjbnelebdt` cb kl`rtezkne`dbs cbj prbne` cbj gebd cbnrbnebdtbs, n`d bjbvkcks sulks bd j`s prelbr`s pbre`c`s n`d bj lesl` fed kdtbre`rlbdtb lbdne`dkc` ;3. Bj prelbr prbnbcbdtb cbj rbdtedi ` jbksedi `pbrktev`, tårled` n`d bj qub sb jb n`d`nb bd bj rbst` cb Bur`pk, j` bdn`dtrkl`s bd BB.RR bd ;57=, nukdc` jk n`lpkûìk Gbjj Sbjbpa`db ^ystbl sb bdn`dtrþ n`d sbreks cefenujtkcbs pkrk vbdcbr sus tbjåf`d`s y cbneceþ n`lbdzkr k krrbdckrj`s. Jk ecbk pr`dt` fub eletkck p`r `trks blprbsks n`l` EGL, yk qub kcblës jbs pbrletìk sustetuer j`s kpkrkt`s lës kdteiu`s p`r `tr`s lës vkdiukrcestks;2. Jk errupneþd cbj rbdtedi cb kut`lþvejbs bd Bspkûk bs rbjktevklbdt r bjktevklbdtb b rbnebdtb, y sb rbkjezþ cb jk lkd` cb n`lpkûìks d` bspkû`jks. Bd j`s prelbr`s kû`s bj rbdtedi, d` tuv` udk fubrtb kn`ieck p`r pkrtb cbj lbrnkc` bspkû`j, cbgec` bd pkrtb kj krrkeikc` sbdtec` cb jk pr`pebckc cbj vbaìnuj` p`r pkrtb cb j`s njebdtbs p`tbdnekjbs y k udk fkjtk cb edf`rlkneþd cbj pr`cunt`. pr`cunt`. Bd ;511, jk Jby 76/;511, cb 75 cb ouje`, cb Cesnepjedk b Edtbrvbdneþd Edtbrvbdn eþd cb jks Bdteckcbs cb Nråcet`, jk rbf`rlk cbj Elpubst` cb ^`nebckcbs y bj ]jkd Ibdbrkj N`dtkgjb bd ;55=, cbjeletkr`d bj råielbd ourìcen` cbj n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi, suprelebr`d jks vbdtkoks fesnkjbs y n`dtkgjbs, sb `gjeiþ k j`s blprbskre`s k n`dtkgejezkr jks nu`tks cb jbksedi n`l` kntev` edlktbrekj. Bs bdt`dnbs nukdc` sb n`dstetuybd blprbsks cbcenkcks k `pbrkne`dbs cbj rbdtedi, suriebdc` ksì ud dubv` pr`cunt` qub rbudìk jks nkrkntbrìstenks cbj jbksedi? Kusbdnek cb rbiujkneþd n`dtkgjb, y bj trktklebdt` n`l` ikst` cb jk nu`tk, lbo`rkdc` kcblës bj pr`cunt` n`d sbrvene`s n`lpjblbdtkre`s n`l` bj lkdtbdelebdt`, bj ksbiurklebdt` cbj gebd, bj pki` cb elpubst`s, btn. @pbrkne`dbs qub yk akgìkd bstkc` rbkjezkdc` kjiud`s fkgrenkdtbs cb pr`cunt`s edf`rlëten`s y `felëten`s n`l` Nkd`d, Qbr`x, EGL, A]. ;6 Jks blprbsks pe`dbrks bd bj lbrnkc` bspkû`j fubr`d jk a`jkdcbsk Jbksb ]jkd, ] jkd, cbj irup` KGD Klr`, jk jìcbr bur`pbk, qub n`lbdzþ k `pbrkr bd Bspkûk bd ;512 y Cekj ^pkdek pbrtbdbnebdt pbrtbdbnebdtb b kj irup` gretëden` Gkrnjkys Gkdh akstk oude` cb 7=== jk bstkc`udecbdsb Abrtz Jbksed CG-Nkrpjkd cbj irup` kjblëd Cbutsnab Gkdh y Kves Jbksb cbj irup` bstkc`udecbdsb Ibdbrkj Bjbntren Nkpetkj. Jk prelbrk bspkû`jk fub Aespklbr Wbdtedi,k Wbdtedi,k trkvås cb Kut` jdtbrjbksedi, cbj kdteiu` Gkdn` Nbdtrkj Aespkd` Klbrenkd` (Aespklbr N`rp`rkneþd Fedkdnebrk ;55= ;55= pi. ;2) ]`stbre`rlbdtb j`s irkdcbs irup`s fedkdnebr`s sb kûkcebr`d k j`s fkgrenkdtbs cb bquep`s edf`rlëten`s y cb kut`lþvejbs,, kulbdtkdc` ksì jk n`lbrnekjezkneþd kut`lþvejbs n`lbrnekjezkneþd cb bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj. n`dtrkntukj. Ksì G^NA, GGV, Kribdtkrek y Jk Nkexk bdtrb jks lës irkdcbs p`sbbd cerbntk ` edcerbntklbdtb bdteckcbs cb rbdtedi Bstks bdteckcbs sb kirupkr`d pkrk f`rlkr jk ,
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n`l` lëquedks cb n`sbr b, ednjus` tbjåf`d`s. Bj jbksedi, l`ckjeckcbs, fudne`dklebdt` y n`lpkrkneþd n`d `trks `pne`dbs . Bcene`dbs Cbust`, Gejgk`, p.;;. ;3 LKWSÌD LKWSÌDB_, ËDIBJ (7==7)? Jk trkdseneþd cbj jbksedi fedkdnebr` kj jbksedi `pbrktev`-Wbdtedi °Rdk n`dsbnubdnek cb jks lbcecks cb p`jìtenk bn`dþlenk0 ,Bj nks` cbj sbnt`r cb jk kut`l`neþd bd Bspkûk, ;51;-7=== . Lkcrec. ;2 ;6
Bj rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s bd Bspkûk? Rdk trkybnt`rek trkybnt`rek cb åxet`, KBW y Aejj & Hd`wjt`d, Hd`wjt`d, Lkcrec, @ntugrb 7==9. LKWSÌDB_ NKÛBJJK^, KD^BJL@? ^`grb bj n`dnbpt` y råielbd ourìcen` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . p.3.
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
Ks`nekneþd Bspkû`jk cb Wbdtedi, cbgec` k jk dbnbseckc dbnbseckc cb cefudcer jks nkrkntbrìstenks nkrkntbrìstenks cb ;9 bstb pr`cunt`-sbr pr`cunt`-sbrvene` vene` . ^b pubcb cbner qub cbscb bstb l`lbdt`, bj rbdtedi ak tbdec` udk rëpeck bxpkdseþd bd bj lbrnkc` bspkû`j, yk qub bd ;553 bj v`julbd cb fj`tk cb rbdtedi sb setukgk bd 71.7>> udeckcbs y bd bj kû` 7=;3 akd sec` 3=1.=52 udeckcbs sbiÿd jk Ks`nekneþd bspkû`jk cb rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s, d` `gstkdtb sb bdnubdtrk kÿd p`r cbgko` cb pkìsbs n`l` Wbed` Rdec`, Frkdnek y A`jkdck, j`s nukjbs s`d lbrnkc`s pe`dbr`s bd bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj bd bj lbrnkc` bur`pb`. Jk Ks`nekneþd Bspkû`jk cb Wbdtedi KBW, sb fudcþ bd @ntugrb cb ;552, bstk ks`nekneþd tebdb n`l` `gobtev` bj cbskrr`jj` cbj sbnt`r cbj rbdtedi bd dubstr` pkìs y kcblës, n`jkg`rk n`d jk kcledestrkneþd pkrk qub jk jbiesjkneþd sb kcbnub kj dubv` sbrvene` y servb n`l` edtbrn`dbxeþd bdtrb j`s cefbrbdtbs n`jbntev`s cbcenkc`s kj rbdtedi. Bd jk kntukjeckc bs jk ks`nekneþd lës rbprbsbdtktevk cbj sbnt`r bd dubstr` pkìs y cbscb su nrbkneþd ak n`dsbiuec` cevbrs`s j`ir`s bd sus n`dvbrskne`dbs n`d jk kcledestrkneþd;1? ;. K trkvås cb jks ibste`dbs cb BNKSWK kdtb jks kut`reckcbs cb jk RB bd Grusbjks sb ak n`dsbiuec` qub bj sbnt`r sb n`ds`jecb n`l` usukre` fedkj, n`d j` nukj p`r jby, lbcekdtb bj dubv` rbijklbdt` cb cestreguneþd cb vbaìnuj`s, pubcb jjbvkr k nkg` sed rbstrenneþd kjiudk, nukdtks n`lprks trkdsfr`dtbrezks n`dsecbrb `p`rtud`, kcblës cb `trks vbdtkoks elpjìnetks bd bstk n`dceneþd cb usukre` fedkj. (Wbijklbdt` NB ;3==/7==7, cb >; cb Ouje`). 7. Bquepkrkneþd cb jk fesnkjeckc cb n`dtrkt` cb kjquejbr n`d bj cb n`lprk cb ud vbaìnuj`? EVK?
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Jks d`rlks veibdtbs akstk ;511 elpbcìkd jk cbcunneþd cbj EVK bd kqubjj`s vbaìnuj`s qub d` fubrkd k sbr cbstedkc`s bxnjusevklbdtb pkrk us` pr`fbse`dkj ` blprbskrekj. Jk l`cefenkneþd cb jk jby cbj EVK (jby 3=/;511), qub k pkrter cb ;555 pubckd cbcunersb fesnkjlbdtb j`s vbaìnuj`s bd bj p`rnbdtkob qub sb cbcequbd k jk knteveckc blprbskrekj, pucebdc` rbnupbrkrsb cbscb ud lìdel` cb 2=%, akstk bj ;==% cbj EVK. EW]F?
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Bd nukdt` k jk vkj`rkneþd cbj vbaìnuj` n`l` rbtreguneþd n`l` bspbneb pkrk bj us` pkrtenujkr cb ud blpjbkc`, akstk ;555 bxestìk ud trktklebdt` cesnreledkt`re` cbpbdcebdc` cb qub bj vbaìnuj` fubrk kcquerec` p`r jk blprbsk ` n`lprkc`. Bd bj prelbr nks`, jk vkj`rkneþd cb jk rbtreguneþd bd bspbnebs sb bstkgjbnìk kpjenkdc` ud ;2% s`grb bj n`stb cb kcqueseneþd cbj vbaìnuj`8 y , bd bj nks` cb j`s vbaìnuj`s kjquejkc`s, jk rbtreguneþd bd bspbneb sb bstkgjbnìk bd fudneþd cbj prbne` cb krrbdcklebdt`. Jk dubvk Jby cbj EW]F (;511), bjeledþ cenak cesnreledkneþd fknejetkdc` ud nretbre` cb vkj`rkneþd ÿden`. Cb f`rlk qub, k pkrter cb ;555, jk vkj`rkneþd sb bstkgjbnb kpjenkdc` ud 7=% s`grb bj n`stb cb kcqueseneþd cbj vbaìnuj`, se jk blprbsk j` kcquebrb, y s`grb bj prbne` n`l` dubv` cbj vbaìnuj`, se j` kjquejk. >. ]udt` cb rbfbrbdnek y n`dsujtk pkrk bj sbnt`r cb jk kut`l`neþd? ]krk bj ^bnt`r cb jk kut`l`neþd bspkû`j, jk KBW sb ak n`dvbrtec` bd udk ks`nekneþd cb rbfbrbdnek y n`dsujtk k jk a`rk cb t`lkr dubvks edenektevks. Nukdc` kdkjezkl`s bj n`dtbxt` bur`pb` jk setukneþd, s`d pkìsbs n`l` Wbed` Rdec`, Kjblkdek ` Frkdnek, tkdt` j`s pe`dbr`s cb bstb sbnt`r n`l` j`s qub kntukjlbd kntukjlbdtb tb vkd bd ;9
Kjiud`s kut`rbs cbfebdcbd qub bj rbdtedi bs ud pr`cunt`-sbrvene`, cbgec` k jk elp`rtkdnek cb j`s sbrvene`s qub prbstkd jks bdteckcbs cb rbdtedi, sbrvene`s qub s`d jk prednepkj cefbrbdnek n`d `tr`s n`dtrkt`s cb kcqueseneþd cb gebdbs, y qub oudt` n`d jks nkrkntbrìstenks n`dtkgjbs y fesnkjbs, s`d su prednepkj vbdtkok n`lpbtetevk. ;1 www.kb-rbdtedi.bs
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
nkgbzk, bd nukdt` kj v`julbd cb jk fj`tk cb vbaìnuj`s bd rbdtedi. Bst`s pkìsbs kij`lbrkd bd t`rd` kj 9=% cbj lbrnkc` bur`pb`, sebdc` Wbed` Rdec` bj pkìs n`d bj lbrnkc` cb rbdtedi lës lkcur`. Bd nukdt` k j`s cestedt`s gebdbs qub pubcbd sbr `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, jk prednepkj l`ckjeckc l`ckjeckc ak sec` seblprb bj rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s. [uezës, n`l` lbdne`dkd j`s bxpbrt`s cbgec` k qub jks nkrkntbrìstenks cb bstb tep` cb gebd sb kckptkd k jk pbrfbnneþd n`d j`s sbrvene`s pr`p`rne`dkc`s p`r bj rbdtedi. Cbdtr` cb j`s vbaìnuj`s sb bdnubdtrkd j`s turìsl`s, j`s nkle`dbs, jks nkgbzks trknt`rks y jks furi`dbtks cb lës cb 7 S l. ]LK, sebdc` j`s prelbr`s j`s vbaìnuj`s s`grb j`s qub sb rbkjezkd lës cbj 2=% cb j`s n`dtrkt`s cb rbdtedi;5.
NK]ÌSRJ@ 7 LKWN@ D@WLKSEV@ CBJ N@DSWKS@ CB WBDSEDI
Bd jk seiuebdtb pkrtb cbj prbsbdtb trkgko` kg`rcbl`s jk pr`gjblëtenk cbj råielbd ourìcen` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi bd Bspkûk, yk qub kntukjlbdtb bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi d` bstë n`dsecbrkc` ud pr`cunt` fedkdnebr` p`r j` qub d` sb bdnubdtrk gko` jk cesnepjedk rbiujkc`rk y bj n`dtr`j cbj Gkdn` cb Bspkûk, n`l` `nurrb bd bj nks` cbj jbksedi qub sb bdnubdtrk rbiujkc` bd jk jby 76/;511 cb 75 cb ouje`, cesnepjedk b edtbrvbdneþd cb jks bdteckcbs cb nråcet`. Bj rbdtedi sb bdnubdtrk rbiujkc` bd bj tblk cbj krrbdcklebdt` cb gebdbs bd bj Nþcei` Nevej, n`dnrbtklbdtb bd bj jegr` EV cb jks `gjeikne`dbs y n`dtrkt`s, y bd pkrtenujkr, bd bj Sìtuj` EE Cb j`s n`dtrkt`s y bj Sìtuj` VE Cbj N`dtrkt` cb Krrbdcklebdt`, bd jk jby qub rbiujk bj jbksedi bd dubstr` pkìs bd ud pkrtb rbfbreck k `trks l`ckjeckcbs prþxelks kj jbksedi 7= y, p`r supubst`, bd j`s n`dtrkt`s bspbnìfen`s qub ferlkd jks n`lpkûìks cb rbdtedi n`d sus njebdtbs. Jks nkrkntbrìstenks bspbnekjbs cb bstb tep` cb n`dtrkt`, ksì n`l` bj kulbdt` cb su us` y bj ednrblbdt` cb jeteie`seckc, aknbd vbr jk dbnbseckc cb jk nrbkneþd cb udk jbiesjkneþd bspbnìfenk pkrk bstb n`dtrkt` tkd pbnujekr. ]krk n`lprbdcbr bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, Lkrtìdbz Nkûbjjks bd su trkgko` s`grb bj n`dnbpt` y råielbd ourìcen` s`grb bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, akgjk cb j`s edtbrbsbs cb jks pkrtbs qub edtbrvebdbd bd bj n`dtrkt`, sbiÿd bj netkc` kut`r bjj` d`s pbrleterë bstkgjbnbr jks bxpbntktevks cb jks pkrtbs, n`dnrbtkdc` ksì sus v`judtkcbs n`dtrkntukjbs y jk nkusk cbj n`dtrkt`. ]brletebdc` p`stbre`rlbdtb cbtbrledkrkr jk dkturkjbzk ourìcenk cb j`s n`dtrkt`s cb rbdtedi y bj råielbd ourìcen` k bst`s kpjenkgjbs. `
Edtbrås cb jk blprbsk usukrek?
Jk edtbdneþd cbj njebdtb cb ud rbdtedi, d` vk sbr jk cb kcquerer jk pr`pebckc cbj gebd `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt`, sed` uskrj` curkdtb bj pbre`c` cb veibdnek y kcblës d` tbdbr qub prb`nupkrsb n`d su lkdtbdelebdt`, ksbiurklebdt`, ksì n`l` j`s rebsi`s tånden`s cb su `gs`jbsnbdnek. Kcblës bd jk kntukjeckc, jk irkd n`lpbteteveckc cb j`s lbrnkc`s, aknb lës edtbrbskdtb pkrk jks blprbsks bj abna` cb p`cbr rbd`vkr bj gebd bd pbre`c`s n`rt`s cb teblp`, n`d j` qub pubcb lkdtbdbr jk n`lpbteteveckc n`d sus n`lpbtec`rbs. ;5
7=
VBW@DK LKWSBJ, LKWSBJ, LKWÌK N@DNB]NEÞD8 N@DNB]NEÞD8 WBUB^ ]KCEJJK, LKWÌK LKWÌK IWKNEK8 IKWNÌK IKWNÌK ]KCWÞD, UKE_K (7==2)? Rdk Edtr`cunneþd kj Wbdtedi. ^brvene` cb ]ugjenkne`dbs cb jk Rdevbrseckc cb jks pkjlks cb Irkd Nkdkrek, p.65. VBW@DK LKWSBJ, LKWÌK LKWÌK N@DNB]NEÞD8 WBUB^ ]KCEJJK, LKWÌK IWKNEK8 IKWNÌK ]KCWÞD, UKE_K (7==2)? Rdk Edtr`cunneþd kj Wbdtedi. ^brvene` cb ]ugjenkne`dbs cb jk Rdevbrseckc cb jks pkjlks cb Irkd Nkdkrek, p.;;.
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
Nukdc` akgjkl`s cb gebdbs n`d udk `gs`jbsnbdnek tbnd`jþienk rbjktevklbdtb n`rtk, n`l` bs bj nks` cb j`s `rcbdkc`rbs, bj rbdtedi bs gkstkdtb ÿtej yk qub d` s`j` pbrletb nklgekrj`s nukdc` qubckd `gs`jbt`s, sed` kcblës d`s pbrletb kntukjezkrj`s cb l`c` qub redckd n`rrbntklbdtb curkdtb bj pbre`c` cb veibdnek. S`c`s j`s sbrvene`s cb kntukjezkneþd y lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd vkd ednjuec`s cbdtr` cb jk nu`tk cb rbdtedi, ksì kj kntukjezkr bj gebd ` l`cefenkrj` jk nu`tk cb rbdtedi ednjuerë jks edstkjkneþd cb j`s dubv`s n`lp`dbdtbs, s`ftwkrb, btn. Bd j`s nks`s bd bj qub bj njebdtb cb rbdtedi kcquebrk gebdbs cb `gs`jbsnbdnek lbcek, n`l` bd bj nks` cbj pr`cunt` bstrbjjk cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, bj kut`lþvej, bj rbdtedi pbrletb cbsprb`nupkrsb cbj lkdtbdelebdt`, yk qub bj blprbskre` cb rbdtedi tebdb n`dtrktkc`s bst`s sbrvene`s n`d tbrnbr`s? j`s nklge`s cb knbetb, rbpkrkne`dbs, pkrtbs cbj sbiur` bd tkjjbrbs `fenekjbs cb jks lkrnks, btn. Ednjus` bd `nkse`dbs, bs jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi jk bdnkrikck cb jjbvkr j`s vbaìnuj`s u `tr`s gebdbs k j`s tkjjbrbs, n`rrebdc` n`d bj ikst` cb jk rbpkrkneþd ` nukjquebr `tr` sbrvene` qub sb rbkjenb kj gebd. N`l` abl`s lbdne`dkc` kdtbre`rlbdtb bd bj prbsbdtb trkgko`, j`s njebdtbs qub kcquebrbd ud gebd lbcekdtb bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, rbcunbd gkstkdtb su gur`nrknek y jk n`dtkgejeckc. Jk vbdtkok n`dtkgjb rbsecb bd tbdbr qub n`dtkgejezkr s`j` ud ikst` p`r jk nu`tk cb rbdtedi, pbrleteådc`jb p`sbbr udk lky`r nkpkneckc cb bdcbucklebdt` kj d` tbdbr qub n`dtkgejezkr bd bj gkjkdnb bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, yk qub d` bs cb su pr`pebckc, sed` cb jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi. Fedkjlbdtb, cbstknkr qub jk nu`tk cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi pbrletb rbkjezkr udk lbo`r prbveseþd cb j`s fjuo`s cb tbs`rbrìk, yk qub bs udk nu`tk d`rlkjlbdtb feok, y kcblës kj ednjuer lkdtbdelebdt` bjeledk j`s p`segjbs elprbvest`s qub pubckd surier, j` qub lbo`rk bj n`dtr`j prbsupubstkre`. Kcblës cb gbdbfenekrsb cb j`s cbsnubdt`s qub jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi p`sbb p`r su bjbvkc` v`julbd cb knteveckc n`d j`s pr`vbbc`rbs cb j`s gebdbs. `
Edtbrbsbs cb jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi?
Bj prednepkj `gobtev` cbj blprbskre` cb rbdtedi, bs qub bj njebdtb n`dtrktb bj lky`r dÿlbr` cb sbrvene`s p`segjbs, cb l`c` qub su fknturkneþd kulbdtb y kcblës ednrblbdtb su lkribd n`lbrnekj. ^`d lunaks jks blprbsks cb rbdtedi qub cerbntklbdtb rbkjezkd j`s sbrvene`s cb lkdtbdelebdt`, ksbiurklebdt`, btn. N`d j` qub sb ka`rrkd j`s ikst`s cb sugn`dtrktkneþd cb bst`s sbrvene`s n`d tbrnbr`s, kulbdtkdc` ksì sus edirbs`s t`tkjbs p`r j`s sbrvene`s prbstkc`s kj njebdtb. Kcblës n`dtreguyb pkrk jk rbgkok cbj prbne` cb jk `pbrkneþd cb rbdtedi qub jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi d` tbdik qub ednjuer bd bj vkj`r cb us` cbj gebd bj vkj`r rbsecukj cb åstb, j` qub sup`db udk vbdtkok n`lpkrktevk n`d `tr`s lbce`s cb kcqueseneþd cb gebdbs. Bstk bxnjuseþd sb ck p`rqub, kj fedkjezkr bj n`dtrkt`, jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi prbtbdcb nbcbr cb dubv` bj gebd k `tr` njebdtb ` rbvbdcbrj` bd bj lbrnkc` cb sbiudck lkd`. Bd nukdt` k jk rbvbdtk, bd lujtetuc cb `nkse`dbs jks blprbsks cb rbdtedi ferlkd pknt`s cb rbn`lprk cb j`s gebdbs n`d j`s pr`vbbc`rbs cb åst`s, j`s qub jbs pr`p`rne`dk jk sbiureckc cb bsk vbdtk bd jk fedkjezkneþd cbj n`dtrkt`. Bst` bs gkstkdtb ktrkntev` s`grbt`c` bd gebdbs n`d udk rëpeck `gs`jbsnbdnek, j`s qub kj fedkjezkr bj n`dtrkt` pubcbd sup`dbr ud pr`gjblk pkrk jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi, qub d` subjb c`ledkr bstb lbrnkc`. ]`r `trk pkrtb jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi pubcb ibdbrkr lës gbdbfene`s lbcekdtb jk l`cefenkneþd cb j`s n`dtrkt`s bxestbdtbs n`d j`s njebdtbs, kckptkdc` bj gebd k jks dubvks bxeibdneks tbnd`jþienks ` gebd bd pr`cunt`s n`d udk nbjbreckc tbnd`jþienk luy kvkdzkck, sustetuerj`s p`r `tr`s gebdbs n`d udk tbnd`j`iìk lës kvkdzkck 7;.
7;
]`r boblpj`? ud n`dtrkt` sb ferlk pkrk >6 lbsbs p`r ud elp`rtb cb ;= lej bur`s8 nukdc` jjbik bj lbs ;1, se sb ferlk udk l`cefenkneþd cbj n`dtrkt`, bj blprbskre` cb rbdtedi pubcb kûkcer 2 lej bur`s cb
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
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Edtbrås cb jk blprbsk pr`vbbc`rk?
Jk blprbsk qub pr`vbb kj blprbskre` cb rbdtedi (fkgrenkdtb, pr`vbbc`r lky`restk, b ednjus` led`restk), d` bs pkrtb cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, kudqub edtbrvebdb bd su bobnuneþd, vbdcebdc` bj `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt` k jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi, y n`l` abl`s vest` bd bj kpkrtkc` kdtbre`r, bd lujtetuc cb `nkse`dbs prbstk bj sbrvene` cb lkdtbdelebdt` kj gebd y j` rbn`lprk k jk fedkjezkneþd cbj n`dtrkt`, n`d bj `gobt` cb vbdcbrj` bd bj lbrnkc` cb sbiudck lkd`. ^eblprb qub jk blprbsk pr`vbbc`rk y bj blprbskre` cb rbdtedi sbkd bdteckcbs cestedtks, kqubjjk `gtebdb udk vbdtkok fedkdnebrk elp`rtkdtb, kj bjeledkr j`s pki`s k 5= þ ;7= cìks, frbnubdtbs bd jks n`lprkvbdtks k pjkz`s, ksì n`l` kj cesleduer bj rebsi` cb l`r`seckc, ckc` qub bs bj blprbskre` cb rbdtedi quebd pkik tkjbs gebdbs kj pr`vbbc`r, kj n`dtkc` ` k pjkz`s ikrkdtezëdc`sb bj n`gr` cb jk t`tkjeckc cb jk vbdtk. Bd prelbr juikr jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi rbkjezk ud bstuce` cb j`s rebsi`s cb eds`jvbdnek cbj njebdtb, bvetkdc` rbkjezkr jk `pbrkneþd se bxestb p`segejeckcbs cb qub bj njebdtb d` sb akik nkri` cb jks nu`tks bstkgjbnecks bd bj n`dtrkt`. Jk blprbsk pr`vbbc`rk sb gbdbfenek cb jk sbrebckc y jk nbjbreckc bd j`s trëletbs n`d bj njebdtb cb jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi. Kcblës, jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi rbkjezk nklpkûks pugjenetkreks cb j`s gebdbs, j` qub kyuck k ednrblbdtkr jks vbdtks cb sus pr`cunt`s k jk blprbsk pr`vbbc`rk, kp`ykdc` k sus pr`peks nklpkûks cb pugjeneckc. Bj edene` cb j`s pki`s k jk blprbsk pr`vbbc`rk sb subjb ckr bd ud pjkz` cb ;2 cìks cbscb jk nbjbgrkneþd cbj n`dtrkt`. ]`r `trk pkrtb, jk blprbsk pr`vbbc`rk fecbjezk kj njebdtb usukre`, yk qub bj blprbskre` cb rbdtedi subjb n`dnbrtkr, n`l` abl`s vest` kdtbre`rlbdtb, n`d bstk bj lkdtbdelebdt` cb j`s bquep`s qub k kqubjjk jb n`rrbsp`dcb. ]`r `trk pkrtb, ckc` qub bj rbdtedi subjb elpjenkr jk rbd`vkneþd cb bquep`s `gs`jbt`s p`r `tr`s dubv`s, tkj rbd`vkneþd sb rbkjezk d`rlkjlbdtb n`d bj lesl` pr`vbbc`r (j` qub bd `nkse`dbs sb prbvå bd bj n`dtrkt` lkrn` bdtrb bj pr`vbbc`r y bj blprbskre` cb rbdtedi). ]`r ÿjtel` cbstknkr, qub kj d` tbdbr qub rbkjezkr udk fedkdnekneþd cb jk vbdtk cb sus pr`cunt`s curkdtb > ` 3 lbsbs, jk blprbsk pr`vbbc`rk, cesp`db cb lky`r jequecbz qub p`crë utejezkr bd ednrblbdtkr sus edvbrse`dbs, kulbdtkr su pr`cunneþd ,btn. S`c` bjj` jb pbrleterë cesp`dbr cb ud lkribd lky`r cb sus jìdbks cb nråcet` ` ka`rrkr kvkjbs y sus n`dseiuebdtbs n`stbs fedkdneb f edkdnebr`s. r`s.
7.; DKSRWKJB_K ORWÌCENK CBJ N@DSWKS@ CB WBDSEDI Jk cbtbrledkneþd cb jk dkturkjbzk ourìcenk cbj n`dtrkt`, bs bsbdnekj pkrk n`dnrbtkr su råielbd ourìcen`, tkdt` bj elpbrktev` n`l` bj supjbt`re`. ]krk bjj`, y k fkjtk cb d`rlks ourìcenks qub bxpjìnetklbdtb bxpjìnetklbdtb rbiujbd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, rbdtedi, cbgbl`s ktbdcbr d` sþj` k jk cbd`ledkneþd cbd`ledkneþd qub jks pkrtbs akd ckc` ckc` kj n`dtrkt`, n`dtrkt`, sed`, s`grb t`c`, t`c`, kj seidefenkc` seidefenkc` ourìcen`-bn`dþlen` ourìcen`-bn`dþlen` qub jks pkrtbs prbtbdcbd ckrjb, klpkrkcks klpkrkcks bd bj prednepe` cb kut`d`lìk cb jk v`judtkc cbj krtìnuj` ;722 cbj Nþcei` Nevej (seblprb suobt` kj elpbre` cb jk jby, jk l`rkj y bj `rcbd pÿgjen`), ktbdcebdc` kj njkusujkc` s`nekjlbdtb tìpen` cbj lesl`, ksì n`l` k jks sbdtbdneks oucenekjbs qub akd rbsubjt` n`dfjent`s rbfbrbdtbs k j`s n`dtrkt`s cb jbksedi `pbrktev`, cb rbdtedi , y kj n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi fedkdnebr`, ckck jk frbnubdtb bxestbdnek cb n`dtrkt`s bd j`s qub bs cefìnej cestediuer bdtrb udk u `trk dkturkjbzk y jk n`dstkdtb n`lpkrkneþd bdtrb bjj`s 77. lktbrekj p`r ud dubv` pbre`c` cb >6 lbsbs. Ksì, bj njebdtb seiub pkikdc` jk leslk nu`tk lbdsukj, y jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi fknturk 2 lej bur`s lës cb lktbrekj y sbrvene`s. Gkskc` bd jk pugjeneckc cb jk blprbsk ES Wbdtedi . 77 LKWSÌDB_ NKÛBJJK^, KD^BJL@? ^`grb bj n`dnbpt` y råielbd ourìcen` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . p.73.
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
]krk n`lprbdcbr jk pr`gjblëtenk qub p`sbb bj råielbd ourìcen` cb bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj, vkl`s k n`lbdzkr kg`rckdc` jk pr`gjblëtenk qub bxestb kj rbkjezkr udk cbfedeneþd cb bstb n`dtrkt`, ksì n`l` bdnukcrkrj` cbdtr` cb ud lkrn` ourìcen` bspbnefen`. ]krk bjj` blpbzkrbl`s bstucekdc` vkreks sbdtbdneks, bd jks qub sb trktk bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi cb f`rlk cefbrbdtb, sebdc` cbfedec` bd jk lky`r pkrtb cb jks sbdtbdneks n`l` ud n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` lbrnkdtej cb n`sk lubgjb ` krrbdcklebdt` blprbskrekj, ckc` qub s`d n`dtrkt`s nbjbgrkc`s bd jk lky`r pkrtb cb jks `nkse`dbs, bdtrb blprbskre`s bd bj sbd` cb su knteveckc. D` bxestbd jeletkne`dbs bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi qub elpjequbd udk pr`aegeneþd kj n`dsulec`r pkrtenujkr cb kcquerer ud gebd k trkvås cb bstk l`ckjeckc, pbr` jks nkrkntbrìstenks cbj rbdtedi, ksì n`l` jks vbdtkoks fesnkjbs, n`dtkgjbs y bn`dþlenks bd ibdbrkj qub rbp`rtk kj blprbskre` jk kcqueseneþd cb ud gebd p`r bstb pr`nbcelebdt`, bd juikr cbj blpjb` cb jk n`lprkvbdtk ` cbj kjquejbr usukj, vbdtkoks qub d` bxestbd bd nklge` pkrk bj n`dsulec`r pkrtenujkr. Kjiudks sbdtbdneks sbdtbdneks vkd lës kjjë cb cb jk cbd`ledkneþd cbd`ledkneþd y cbfedbd bd bd pkrtb bj n`dtbdec` n`dtbdec` cbj n`dtrkt`, bd `nkse`dbs pkrk cefbrbdnekrj` cbj jbksedi fedkdnebr`, bd `trks `nkse`dbs pkrk ecbdtefenkrj` n`d bj jbksedi `pbrktev`, ` krrbdcklebdt` `pbrktev` 7>, sebdc` jk ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Lkcrec, cb ;2 cb oude` cb ;559, bd jk Wbvestk Bur`pbk cb Cbrbna` , ;559, pëi. 7973 jk qub kferlk qub bd bj rbdtedi "k cefbrbdnek cb j` qub sunbcb bd bj jbksedi, jk bdteckc krrbdckc`rk d` rbkjezk fudneþd lbcekc`rk y fedkdnebrk, sed` qub nbcb tblp`rkjlbdtb j`s bquep`s lbcekdtb udks nu`tks qub rbtreguybd bxnjusevklbdtb bj us`, sed kdtenepkr bj prbne`, pubs jk fedkjeckc bs krrbdcktenek y d` ud lbce` cb kcqueseneþd cb j`s gebdbs". Bd bj lesl` sbdtec`, ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb @rbdsb dÿl. 3=3/7==7 (^bnneþd 7ª), cb ;1 ceneblgrb, ORW ORW 7==>Z 91726, jk sbdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Jk N`ruûk, d ¿ 13/7==9, cb 79 cb lkr z`, KN 7==9Z;26;. Jk sbdtbdnek cbj Sregudkj ^uprbl`, dÿl. ;;/7=== (^kjk cb j` Nevej), cb ;5 cb bdbr`, bd Wbpbrt`re` cb Ouresprucbdnek Krkdzkce 7===Z;>5. Bd ud `getbr centk, ecbdtefenk bj rbdtedi n`l` jbksedi `pbrktev`, cefbrbdneëdc`j` cbj jbksedi fedkdnebr`. Ksì bd bj jbksedi `pbrktev` - ‚rbdtedi “- ‚jk s`nebckc cb jbksedi , ksulb bj rebsi` cb jk edvbrseþd, yk qub su fedkjeckc bs nbcbr ÿdenk y bxnjusevklbdtb bj us` cb j` kcquerec`, sebdc` bjjk jk prednepkj rbsp`dskgjb cbj kntev` kcquerec` “. Jk sbdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Nkdtkgrek dÿl. >1=/7==3 (^bnneþd ;ª), cb 79 sbpteblgrb, ORW 7==3Z 716672, cestediub bj jbksedi cbj ‚jbksedi `pbrktev`- rbdtedi “. Jk ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Kstureks dÿl. 761/7==3 (^bnneþd ;ª), cb ;> ouje`, ORW 7==3Z ;56661, ecbdtefenk kj rbdtedi n`d bj jbksedi `pbrktev`, lbdne`dkdc` jk ^bdtbdnek cbj Sregudkj ^uprbl` cb ;= cb kgrej cb ;51;, qub sbûkjk qub bd bj ‚jbksedi `pbrktev` “ ‚j k
bdteckc krrbdckc`rk kfr`dtk bj rebsi` tånden` prbstkdc` j`s sbrvene`s cb lkdtbdelebdt` y ksestbdne k“ k“ . Kdtbs cb bstks sbdtbdneks, jk sbdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj _krki`zk, cb ;3 cb ceneblgrb cb ;55>, bd Krkdzkce Nevej ;55>Z7>99, cefbrbdneþ bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi , cb j`s cb jbksedi `pbrktev` y jbksedi fedkdnebr`,
kudqub, n`l` pubcb `gsbrvkrsb, jks cbfedene`dbs d` knjkrkd jk cefbrbdnek bdtrb j`s c`s prelbr`s n`dtrkt`s? ‚ K) K) Wbdtedi. Bd bstb nks` bj fedkdnekc`r bs ud n`lbrnekdtb qub p`sbb udk fj`tk cb gebdbs cb su pr`pebckc y j`s nbcb k tbrnbr`s bd kjquejbr pkrk qub sb servkd cb bjj`s, sebdc` febj bxp`dbdtb cb bstk feiurk j`s krrbdcklebdt`s cb vbaìnuj`. G) Jbksedi `pbrktev`. Bd su vertuc sb nbcb bd us` ud utejjkob sed `pneþd cb n`lprk fedkj, s`p`rtkdc` bj krrbdckc`r jks cbprbnekne`dbs, elpubst`s y ikst`s cb n`dsbrvkneþd, n`rrbsp`dcebdc` kj krrbdcktkre` bj pki` cb j`s sbiur`s, nkrgurkdtbs y bxnbs` cb rbn`rrec`. N) Jbksedi fedkdnebr`. Bd bstb nks`, ourìcenklbdtb bj gebd bs pr`pebckc cb jk s`nebckc pbr` sb pr`cunb kj fedkdnekc` (quebd s`p`rtk t`c` ikst`) ud trkspks` elp`rtkdtb cb su sustkdnek bn`dþlenk, bd jk f`rlk qub yk sb ak vest `“. 7>
LKWSÌDB_ NKÛBJJK^, KD^BJL@? ^`grb bj n`dnbpt` y råielbd ourìcen` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . p.;>.
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
Jk sbdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj Gkrnbj`dk (^bnneþd 3ª), cb 71 lkrz` 7==;, sbûkjk qub bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi bs "ud krrbdcklebdt` blprbskrekj, bd bj qub jk bdteckc krrbdckc`rk, d` rbkjezk jk fudneþd lbcekc`rk de fedkdnebrk, sed` qub nbcb tblp`rkjlbdtb bj gebd, lbcekdtb udks nu`tks qub d` rbtreguybd bxnjusevklbdtb bj us`, pubs jk fedkjeckc bs krrbdcktenek sebdc` p`r tkdt` jks prednepkjbs `gjeikne`dbs cb jks pkrtbs jk cb bdtrbik cbj `gobt` y bj pki` cbj prbne` bd quå n`dsestb jk n`dtrkprbstkneþd cbj krrbdcktkre`", bs cbner d` trktk kj rbdtedi n`l` ud selpjb krrbdcklebdt`, yk qub bd bj lesl` fudcklbdt` ourìcen` sb kûkcb qub bd jk leslk fbnak sb susnregeþ ud n`dtrkt` cb sbrvene`s n`lpjblbdtkre`s y kcene`dkjbs cb lkdtbdelebdt`, lkdtbdelebdt`, rbpkrkneþd, ksestbdnek tåndenk y sbiur`s, j` qub elpjenk qub bj rbdtedi d` d` sþj` bs bj n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` krrbdcklebdt` netkc` sed` qub edn`rp`rk kcblës `tr`s n`lpjblbdtkre`s n`lpjblbdtkre`s cb sbiur` y prbstkneþd cb sbrvene`s. Jk sbdtbdnek cbj Ouzikc` cb ]relbrk Edstkdnek cb ^kdtkdcbr,(Dÿl. >), cb >; cb lky` cb 7==> cbfedb bj rbdtedi ` ‚krrbdcklebdt` blprbskrek j“, n`l` bj n`dtrkt` qub ‚tebdb p`r `gobt` jk kcqueseneþd p`r jk krrbdckc`rk cb gebdbs prbveklbdtb prbveklbdt b bspbnefenkc`s bspbnefen kc`s p`r bj krrbdcktkre` krrbdcktkr e` pkrk sbiuecklbdtb nbcbr su us` kquåj k åstb, p`r teblp` y prbne` nebrt`, kg`dkgjb lbcekdtb lbdsukjeckcbs, sed `pneþd cb n`lprk fedkj y n`d `gjeikt`rek cbv`juneþd cb j` krrbdckc` kj fedkjezkr bj n`dtrkt` “. Bstk sbdtbdnek d`s lbdne`dk qub bj krrbdckc`r d` tebdb p`rqub sbr bj pr`pebtkre` cbj gebd bd bj l`lbdt` cb ferlk cbj n`dtrkt`, sed` qub sb n`lpr`lbtb k n`lprkrj` p`r bdnkri` bxprbs` cbj krrbdcktkre`. @trks sbdtbdneks nkjefenkd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`l` ud krrbdcklebdt` selpjb n`d lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`. Jk ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj ]r`vednekj cb Kstureks dÿl. ;25/7==3 (^bnneþd (^bnneþd 2ª), cb 75 kgrej, nkjefenk kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`l` ‚n`dtrkt` lbrnkdtej qub edtbirk jks nkrkntbrìstenks bsbdnekjbs cbj krrbdcklebdt` cb n`sks y cb jk prbstkneþd cb sbrvene`s, p`r nukdt` sb ksbiurk bj lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd nbcec`, sebdc` cbfedec` n`l` kqubj n`dtrkt` p`r bj qub udk cb jks pkrtbs sb `gjeik k nbcbr k jk `trk bj us` cb ud gebd, p`r teblp` cbtbrledkc`, k nklge` cbj pki` cb ud prbne`, sebdc` cb nubdtk cbj krrbdckc`r bj lkdtbdelebdt`“. Jk sbdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Kstureks dÿl. 7>9/7==3 (^bnneþd 6ª), cb ;= oude`, qub lbdne`dk qub ‚edtbirkd ksì bstb n`dtrkt`, oudt` k jks
`gjeikne`dbs pr`peks cbj krrbdcklebdt`, cb nbseþd tblp`rkj cb us` cbj gebd lbcekdtb prbne`, `trks pr`peks cb jk prbstkneþd cb sbrvene`s, p`r nukdt` bs n`dsustkdnekj kj lesl` jk ksudneþd cbj lkdtbdelebdt` cb j`s gebdbs nbcec`s p`r bj krrbdckc`r ` blprbsk cb rbdtedi, j` qub n`djjbvk bd jk prëntenk jk rbpkrkneþd cb j`s lesl`s curkdtb t`ck jk veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt`, ikrkdtezkdc` su pbrlkdbdtb cesp`degejeckc kj krrbdcktkre`, cb kaì qub sb ednjuyk su rbblpjkz` p`r `tr` selejkr, gebd cb l`c` cbfedetev` ` lebdtrks curb bj krrbij` cbj prelbr`". Klgks sbdtbdneks akgjkd cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`l` ud n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt`, bd bj qub sb ednjuyb kcblës bj lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd curkdtb bj pbre`c` cb veibdnek, pbr` d` lbdne`dk `tr`s sbrvene`s n`l` bj ksbiurklebdt` ` bj pki` cb elpubst`s ks`nekc`s kj gebd, qub subjbd prbstkr jks s`nebckcbs cb rbdtedi k sus njebdtbs. ]`r tkdt`, jk ouresprucbdnek d` vbrefenk se d`s bdn`dtrkl`s kdtb ud n`dtrkt` qub cbgb sbr trktkc` n`l` ud lbr` krrbdcklebdt` selpjb y, p`r tkdt`, cbdtr` cb su lkrn` ourìcen`, n`l` ud jbksedi `pbrktev`, yk qub vkreks sbdtbdneks akgjkgkd cbj rbdtedi sed cefbrådnekj` cb åstb, ` d`s bdn`dtrkl`s kdtb ud dubv` n`dtrkt` d` ugenkc` bd dediÿd tep` jbikj bxestbdtb, kudqub pubck pjkdtbkr kfedeckcbs n`d kjiÿd ` kjiud`s n`dtrkt`s prbbxestbdtbs. ]`r j` qub akgjkrìkl`s cb ud n`dtrkt` lext`. ]`r t`c` bjj`, vbl`s n`dvbdebdtb n`lpkrkr bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, bd prelbr juikr, n`l` l`ckjeckc cb krrbdcklebdt` njësen` y p`stbre`rlbdtb n`d bj n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi.
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
7.;.;. Bj n`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi n`l` Krrbdcklebdt` Njësen`. Bd prelbr juikr, pkrbnb kcbnukc` blpbzkr n`lpkrkdc` bj rbdtedi n`d bj n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` njësen`, pkrk bdnukcrkr bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj cbdtr` cbj lkrn` ourìcen` cb udk feiurk f eiurk n`dtrkntukj tepefenkck. tepefenkck. Kjiud`s kut`rbs, sbûkjkd qub bd ud n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` njësen`, bj krrbdckc`r sb `gjeik k nbcbr bj us` cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, ksì n`l` cb ksbiurkrsb cbj lkdtbdelebdt` cb cena` gebd, n`d bj `gobtev` cb qub p`sbk jks nkrkntbrìstenks þptelks pkrk su fudne`dklebdt`. ]`r tkdt` sbiÿd kut`rbs n`l` CB D@VK ` CB JK NRB^SK WRSB, tkdt` bj jbksedi `pbrktev` n`l` bj rbdtedi, cbgbd sbr bdnukcrkc`s bd bj lkrn` jbikj cbj krrbdcklebdt` njësen`. CB JK NRB^SK WRSB sbûkjk qub tkdt` cbscb ud pudt` cb vestk bn`dþlen` n`l` cbscb udk pbrspbntevk ourìcenk, de bj n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi `pbrktev` y cbj rbdtedi trkdsnebdcbd jk bstrunturk y jk fedkjeckc cbj krrbdcklebdt` cb n`sks njësen`. Kûkcebdc` qub jk cefbrbdtb tbrled`j`iìk uskck pkrk bst`s n`dtrkt`s, sb cbgb lës gebd kj cbsb` cb nkjefenkr bn`dþlenklbdtb setukne`dbs cbj trëfen` lbcekdtb cbd`ledkne`dbs kgrbvekcks rbn`d`necks p`r t`c`s, qub k udk cefbrbdnek ourìcenk sustkdnekj 73. ]krk kjiud`s kut`rbs n`l` FBWDËDCB_ FBWDËDCB_, qub sbûkjk qub bd gksb k n`rtk curkneþd n`dsbnubdtb ksudneþd cbj rebsi` cbrevkc` cb jk n`lprk cbj `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, bj jbksedi `pbrktev` ` rbdtedi, d` bs lës qub ud n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` njësen`, lebdtrks qub GW@^BSK ]@DS cbfedb kj rbdtedi n`l` ud sbrvene` kselejkgjb kj krrbdcklebdt`. Bs nebrt` qub se d`s nbûel`s k bst`s kut`rbs, qub trktkd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi cbscb udk pbrspbntevk cbj krrbdcklebdt` cb n`sks, bd bj qub bj krrbdckc`r sb bdnkrik cb jk nbseþd cbj gebd curkdtb ud pbre`c` cb teblp` y ksbiurk ud lkdtbdelebdt` gësen` cb åstb, tebdb sbdtec` bdnukcrkr kj rbdtedi bd bj lkrn` ourìcen` cbj krrbdcklebdt` njësen`. Ka`rk gebd cbgec` kj irkd pbs` cb j`s sbrvene`s bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, rbsujtk cefìnej, trktkr cena` n`dtrkt` n`l` ud lbr` krrbdcklebdt` cb n`sks. Jk prbstkneþd cb sbrvene`s n`dstetuybd bj dÿnjb` fudcklbdtkj cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, d` sebdc` bxnbsev` kferlkr qub, cbscb bj pudt` cb vestk cbj pr`vbbc`r, gebd n`l` cb jks blprbsks qub irkvetkd bd su þrgetk, jk nbseþd cbj gebd n`dstetuyb ud abna` sbnudckre` k jk prbstkneþd cb t`c` udk pkd`pjek cb sbrvene`s `pbrktev`s ksulec`s n`l` bjblbdt` cbtbrledkdtb cb t`ck jk `pbrkneþd 72. Nukdc` trktkl`s bj edtbrås cb jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi kdtbre`rlbdtb, sbûkjëgkl`s qub jk prbstkneþd cb j`s sbrvene`s brk jk nkrkntbrìstenk cefbrbdnekc`rk cb bstb n`dtrkt`, ednjus` bjbvkdc` su elp`rtkdnek kj cb krrbdcklebdt` cbj gebd, cbgec` k qub p`segjblbdtb n`dstetuyk udk pkrtb lës elp`rtkdtb cb jk nu`tk s`p`rtkck p`r j`s njebdtbs. ^`grb jks cefenujtkcbs qub pjkdtbk bj abna` cb `t`rikr lky`r elp`rtkdnek k jk nbseþd cbj `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt` ` jk prbstkneþd cb j`s sbrvene`s, nkgb rbskjtkr jk n`lpjboeckc qub rbsecb bd cbfeder kj rbdtedi n`l` ud dbi`ne` tìpen` kj qub sb jb akd edtr`cunec` l`cefenkne`dbs ` se d`s bdn`dtrkl`s kdtb ud dbi`ne` ktìpen`, bd qub sb akykd utejezkc` nkrkntbrìstenks pr`peks cb `tr`s n`dtrkt`s pkrk n`dstetuerj`76. Bd j` qub sb rbfebrb k jk prbstkneþd cb sbrvene`s, bj krt. ;223, 7¿ Nn, cenb qub bs `gjeikneþd cbj krrbdckc`r bd jk n`sk `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` "t`cks jks rbpkrkne`dbs dbnbskreks k fed cb n`dsbrvkrj` bd bstkc` cb sbrver pkrk bj us` kj qub ak sec` cbstedkc`". Jk cefenujtkc vebdb bd qub jk cbfedeneþd d` cbok njkr` qub tep`s cb rbpkrkne`dbs s`d jks dbnbskreks y se sb rbfebrb k gebdbs qub rbquebrbd ud bsnks` lkdtbdelebdt`. Kcblës bd jk cbfedeneþd sb d`s pjkdtbk ud n`dnbpt` cb lkdtbdelebdt` lës pksev` qub bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, bd bj qub bj lkdtbdelebdt` sb jb rbkjezk cb f`rlk pbreþcenk, d` s`j` p`rqub bj 73
CB JK NRB^SK WRSB , Wbfjbxe`dbs bd t`rd` kj jbksedi,...., net., pp. 2>9 y 2>1. A@WSK N@WWBEK WKLÌWB_, ]KRJ@ DRD@ (7==5)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi (Kdëjeses ourìcen` bd bj n`dtbxt` cb j`s kntukjbs edstrulbdt`s cb fedkdnekneþd) . Wkte` Jbies, ^kjklkdnk-N`elgrk, p.;2=. 76 KJGKJKCBO@ (7==; )? Cbrbna` Nevej, E, Edtr`cunneþd y pkrtb ibdbrkj, cbnel`quedtk bceneþd . Jegrbrìk G`sna, Gkrnbj`dk. 72
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
gebd d` fudne`db n`rrbntklbdtb. ]`r j` qub bj n`dnbpt` cb rbpkrkne`dbs lbdne`dkc` bd bj Nþcei` Nevej, d` pkrbnb p`cbrsb kpjenkr k j`s gebdbs cb rëpeck `gs`jbsnbdnek, yk qub d` sb rbfjbok ud tep` cb lkdtbdelebdt` qub p`ckl`s cbd`ledkr "kntev`" , bs cbner, ud lkdtbdelebdt` pbreþcen` qub ksbiurb qub bj gebd pr`p`rne`dk ud devbj þptel` cb pr`cunteveckc kj njebdtb, j` qub sb subjb cbd`ledkr lkdtbdelebdt` prbvbdtev`. Bd jk ouresprucbdnek tklgeåd p`cbl`s vbr cefbrbdneks bdtrb bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi y bj n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` njësen`. Ksì jk sbdtbdnek cb jk kucebdnek pr`vednekj cb Ëvejk cb ;5 cb lky` cb 7==3, cenb qub jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi sb n`lpr`lbtb k prbstkr udk sbreb cb sbrvene`s, bd j`s qub sb ednjuyb bj fknejetkr bj us` cbj gebd `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt`, bj lkdtbdelebdt`, bj ksbiurklebdt`, btn. Bstk sbdtbdnek bquepkrk jk nbseþd cbj gebd, kj cb j`s cblës sbrvene`s qub prbstk jk n`lpkûìk cb rbdtedi, cefbrbdnekdc` k bstb n`dtrkt` cbj krrbdcklebdt` krrbdcklebdt` selpjb. ]`r ÿjtel` jk ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Kstureks cbj 75 cb kgrej, d`s cenb qub bs `gjeikneþd cb jk n`lpkûìk cb rbdtedi, nebrt` tep` cb rbpkrkne`dbs y s`grbt`c` bj lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd, jjbikdc` ednjus` k lbdne`dkr qub bj njebdtb pubcb rbnjklkrj` k jk n`lpkûìk bd nks` cb qub d` j` prbstb. ]`r tkdt` bstk sbdtbdnek cefbrbdnek bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`d bj krrbdcklebdt` njësen`, bd nukdt` k qub bd bj ÿjtel`, d` bs `gjeikt`re` qub bj krrbdckc`r rbkjenb nebrt` tep` cb rbpkrkne`dbs y luna` lbd`s bj lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd. 7.;.7. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi n`l` Krrbdcklebdt` Fedkdnebr` Nukdc` n`lpkrkl`s bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`d bj cb jbksedi, `gsbrvkl`s qub kut`rbs n`l` N@EJJ@S edtr`cunbd kj rbdtedi cbdtr` cbj lkrn` d`rlktev` cbj jbksedi bd t`cks sus l`ckjeckcbs, kjbikdc` qub bd BB.RR, jk c`ntredk trktk bj jbksedi, rbdtedi y jbksbgknh, vebdc` bdtrb bjjks tkd sþj`, vkrebckcbs suriecks cbj lesl` pr`nbs` ourìcen` cbstedkc` k nugrer jk leslk dbnbseckc bn`dþlenk. Bj lesl` kut`r rbfebrb qub udk vbz qub bstks nktbi`rìks pbrseiubd dbnbseckcbs sblbokdtbs, sbrìk krtefenekj qubrbr aknbr cefbrbdtbs nktbi`rìks. WRBCK ]ÅWB_, rbfebrb qub kj utejezkr bj tårled` jbksedi, j` aknb pkrk rbfbrersb n`dnrbtklbdtb kj jbksedi fedkdnebr` y d` k `trks l`ckjeckcbs, n`l` bj jbksedi `pbrktev`, rbdtedi ` jbksb gknh. Kcblës, cevbrsks cbnese`dbs cbnese`dbs cb nkrëntbr oucenekj, trktkd kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`l` ud tep` cb jbksedi kj eiukj qub bj jbksedi `pbrktev`. Ksì, jk sbdtbdnek cbj ourkc` cb prelbrk edstkdnek cb ^kdtkdcbr cb >; cb Lky` cb 7==> cenb? "N`dtrkt` cb Jbksedi cbj qub bj rbdtedi bs bspbnekjeckc". Jk sbdtbdnek cbj tregudkj suprbl` cb ;5 cb bdbr` cb 7===, bd jk qub sb sbûkjk qub bd jk sbdtbdnek rbnurreck sb cestediub bstk l`ckjeckc cb jbksedi fedkdnebr`, cbj jbksedi `pbrktev`-rbdtedi. 79 Njkrklbdtb, jks kfedeckcbs bd bj pjkd ibdbkjþien` cb n`dtrkt`s qub pr`vebdbd cbj dÿnjb` cbj "jbksedi", n`l` bj rbdtedi ` bj krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr` s`d bvecbdtbs, pbr` su fedkjeckc cb dbi`ne` sb ak ec` cefbrbdnekdc`, cb tkj f`rlk qub kntukjlbdtb f`rlkd l`ckjeckcbs n`dtrkntukjbs edcbpbdcebdtbs. Kntukjlbdtb nukdc` akgjkl`s cb jbksedi, d`s rbfbrel`s lës kj jbksedi fedkdnebr`, qub k su l`ckjeckc `pbrktevk lës kfìd kj rbdtedi, p`r j` qub rbsujtk luy cefìnej knuûkr klg`s n`dtrkt`s bd bj lesl` råielbd ourìcen`. 7.7.> Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi n`l` ud N`dtrkt` Ktìpen` Kj bxnjuer kj rbdtedi cbdtr` cbj lkrn` d`rlktev` cb ud n`dtrkt` tìpen` n`l` bj cbj krrbdcklebdt` njësen` ` bj jbksedi, d`s qubck trktkr bj rbdtedi n`l` ud n`dtrkt` ktìpen` qub d` sb bdnukcrk cbdtr` cb dediÿd lkrn` jbikj bxestbdtb ` lext` qub p`sbb nkrkntbrìstenks cb vkre`s n`dtrkt`s. Jk sbdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Nkdtkgrek dÿl. >1=/7==3 (^bnneþd ;ª), cb 79 sbpteblgrb,1; nkrkntbrezk kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`l` ud n`dtrkt` n`dsbdsukj, 79
A@WSK N@WWBEK WKLÌWB_, ]KRJ@ DRD@ (7==5)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi (Kdëjeses ourìcen` bd bj n`dtbxt` cb j`s kntukjbs edstrulbdt`s cb fedkdnekneþd) . Wkte` Jbies, ^kjklkdnk-N`elgrk, p.;6;.
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
gejktbrkj, `dbr`s`, n`dlutktev`, cb kcabseþd, ktìpen` y lbrnkdtej, qub edtbirk jks nkrkntbrìstenks bsbdnekjbs cbj krrbdcklebdt` cb n`sks y udk prbstkneþd cb sbrvene`s, p`r nukdt` sb ksbiurk bj lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd nbcec`. Kcblës cb rbs`jvbr ud supubst` cb n`dtrkt` n`d n`dcene`dbs n`dcene`dbs ibdbrkjbs. Bj rbdtedi, n`l` n`dtrkt` n`dsbdsukj n`dsbdsukj bj rbdtedi sb pbrfbnne`dk pbrfbnne`dk p`r jk lkdefbstkneþd lkdefbstkneþd cbj knubrc` cb jks pkrtbs sed dbnbseckc cb udk f`rlk n`dnrbtk. D` `gstkdtb, bd jk prëntenk, ckck jk n`lpjboeckc y jk ednjuseþd cb n`dcene`dbs ibdbrkjbs qub sup`db, j`s n`dtrkt`s cb rbdtedi subjbd rbkjezkrsb p`r bsnret`, cbgec` bd irkd pkrtb k jk fubrzk cbj suobt` ourìcen` bn`dþlenklbdtb lës fubrtb, d`rlkjlbdtb jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi, cb elp`dbr jks n`dcene`dbs bsbdnekjbs cbj n`dtrkt`. Nukdc` sb bdtebdck jk suobneþd cb kjiud`s n`dtrkt`s kj Nþcei` Nevej, jk f`rlk bsnretk sbrë `gjeikt`rek, pkrk jk pr`tbnneþd cbj njebdtb71. ]`r `trk pkrtb, tkj y n`l` cbtbrledk bj krt. ;223 cbj N.n, "bj krrbdckc`r bstkrë `gjeikc` k bdtrbikr jk n`sk `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` kj krrbdcktkre`". ^ebdc` p`r tkdt` jk `gjeikneþd cbj krrbdckc`r n`dtrkntukj y d` prbn`dtrkntukj bd nks` cb ednulpjelebdt`. ^b cbfedb kj rbdtedi, n`l` ud n`dtrkt` d` f`rlkj, pbr` d`rlkjlbdtb bsnret`, bs cbner, nukdc` akgjkl`s cbj f`rlkt` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, kntukjlbdtb jk lky`rìk cb jks n`lpkûìks cb rbdtedi subjbd utejezkr j`s n`dtrkt`s kut`rezkc`s p`r jk CIWD cb 72 cb Ouje`, qub n`dsecbrk qub tkjbs n`dtrkt`s akd cb edsnregersb prbveklbdtb prbveklbdtb bd bj Wbiestr` cb Gebdbs Lubgjbs, nkrbnebdc` cb vkjecbz bd nks` cb d` nulpjer bstb rbqueset`. ]`r j` qub sb subjb utejezkr n`dtrkt`s n`d udks njëusujks sblbokdtbs, p`r j` qub sb pubcb cbner qub bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi p`sbb ud f`rlkt` "tep`" kc`ptkc` p`r jk rbetbrkneþd bd su us`. Bd jk nbjbgrkneþd bst`s n`dtrkt`s, bj krrbdcktkre` subjb rbleter udk pr`pubstk kj krrbdckc`r, cbdtr` cb j`s jìletbs qub elpjkdtk bstb ÿjtel` 75. ]`stbre`rlbdtb bj krrbdcktkre` bdvekrë jk pr`pubstk fedkj errbv`nkgjb p`r pkrtb cbj krrbdcktkre`, bs cbner, bj njebdtb p`crë knbptkr ` cbdbikr jks n`dcene`dbs elpubstks p`r jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi, d` dbi`nekrjks. Bj rbdtedi bs ud n`dtrkt` gejktbrkj cbscb bj pudt` cb vestk ourìcen`, yk qub bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi rbiujk bxnjusevklbdtb j`s cbrbna`s y `gjeikne`dbs cbj krrbdckc`r y bj krrbdcktkre`, krrbdcktkr e`, qub s`d j`s ferlkdtbs. ferlkdt bs. D` `gstkdtb, cbscb ud pjkd` bn`dþlen` pubcb sbr gejktbrkj ` trejktbrkj, sbiÿd bj blprbskre` cb rbdtedi sbk cestreguec`r ` fkgrenkdtb cb j`s gebdbs krrbdckc`s, bd nuy` nks` sbrë gejktbrkj, ` se j` qub aknb bs n`lprkr bj gebd pkrk nbcbrj` bd krrbdcklebdt` kj krrbdcktkre`, sbrë trejktbrkj, yk qub jk bdtrbik cbj gebd jk rbkjezk cerbntklbdtb bj pr`vbbc`r cbj gebd, qub kcblës pubcb akgbr sec` bjbiec` p`r bj krrbdcktkre`, bd bj supubst` cbj rbdtedi cb lbcekneþd. Kcblës, bd bj l`lbdt` cb bobnuneþd cb j`s sbrvene`s kpkrbnbd dubv`s suobt`s, lunaks vbnbs prbvest`s yk bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, tkjbs n`l` jks blprbsks ksbiurkc`rks ` jks prbstkc`rks cb sbrvene`s cb lkdtbdelebdt` y rbpkrkneþd, sebdc` jks blprbsks cb rbdtedi jks qub subjbd ednjuerjks bd bj n`dtrkt`, cb bstk f`rlk f `rlk sb gbdbfenekd cb cbsnubdt`s. Cbscb bj pudt` cb vestk cb jks prbstkne`dbs, bj rbdtedi bs ud n`dtrkt` `dbr`s`, yk qub tkdt` jk nbseþd cbj us` n`l` jks prbstkne`dbs k jks qub sb `gjeik jk n`lpkûìk krrbdcktkrek, sb n`lpbdskd n`d bj prbne` qub sktesfknb bj krrbdcktkre` >= y venbvbrsk. Bs nebrt` qub bd kjiudks cb bstks prbstkne`dbs d` bxestb udk pr`p`rneþd cb `dbr`seckc cerbntklbdtb vednujkck n`d bj pki` cb jk nu`tk, n`l` bs bj nks` cb jks rbpkrkne`dbs bxnbpne`dkjbs. ^ed blgkri`, bxestb `dbr`seckc bd bj l`lbdt` qub d` bxestb dediÿd bspìretu cb irktetuc bd jk rbjkneþd n`dtrkntukj >;. Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, d`rlkjlbdtb bs ud n`dtrkt` n`dlutktev`, bd nukdt` bd jk lky`rìk cb j`s n`dtrkt`s, jks prbstkne`dbs cb klgks pkrtbs bstëd bstkgjbnecks cbscb ud prednepe`, y s`d n`d`necks p`r klgks pkrtbs. ]br` bd kjiudks cb sus prbstkne`dbs, prbstkne` dbs, bj 71
Krtìnuj` 6, d¿; cbj Nþcei` Nevej. Bd j`s n`dtrkt`s cb rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s, bj te p` cb n`nab, jks lkrnks, ud hej`lbtrkob lëxel` kdukj, btn. >= LKWSÌDB_ NKÛBJJK^, KD^BJL@? ^`grb bj n`dnbpt` y råielbd ourìcen` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . p. >3. >; ^b prbsup`db qub klgks pkrtbs rbnegbd prbstkne`dbs, k nklge` cb kp`rtkr kjiÿd tep` cb n`lpbdskneþd k jk `trk pkrtb, cb j` qub sb cbcunb bj junr` bd bj n`dtrkt`. 75
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
rbdtedi p`sbb ud nebrt` nkrëntbr kjbkt`re`. ]`r boblpj`, bj lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` sb rbkjezk cb lkdbrk pbreþcenk, cb f`rlk qub kj edene` cbj n`dtrkt`, bstb abna` bs n`d`nec` p`r klgks pkrtbs. Ka`rk gebd, bd bj nks` cb p`segjbs rbpkrkne`dbs p`r kvbrìk ` p`r kjiÿd ednecbdtb, bj rbdtedi p`sbb ud nkrëntbr kjbkt`re`, cbgec` k qub s`d setukne`dbs ednebrtks qub d` sb pubcbd ksbiurkr bd bj edene` cbj n`dtrkt`. ]`r j` qub bj njebdtb cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, pkik udk nu`tk p`r ud`s sbrvene`s qub s`d n`d`nec`s k jk ferlk cbj n`dtrkt`, y p`r `tr`s qub cbpbdcbd cb j`s kn`dtbnelebdt`s cb ud futur`, qub k jk ferlk cbj n`dtrkt` s`d ednebrt`s. N`l` n`dtrkt` cb kcabseþd, n`l` abl`s vest` kdtbre`rlbdtb, bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi `pbrktev` bj blprbskre` cb rbdtedi elp`db bj n`dtbdec` cbj n`dtrkt` y jk blprbsk usukrek sb jeletk k knbptkrj`. Bd bj rbdtedi cb lbcekneþd bj blprbskre` cb rbdtedi, cbspuås cb rbneger jk `fbrtk prbsbdtkck p`r bj futur` krrbdcktkre` bd vertuc cb ud l`cbj` prbveklbdtb rbckntkc` p`r bj blprbskre` cb rbdtedi prbsbdtk kj njebdtb ud l`cbj` n`dtrkntukj rbckntkc` udejktbrkjlbdtb, ibdbrkjlbdtb d` dbi`nekgjb y qub bj njebdtb cbgb knbptkr ` rbnakzkr, se gebd jks nkrkntbrìstenks cbj gebd krrbdckc` s`d bstkgjbnecks p`r bj usukre` (d`rlkjlbdtb cb bdtrb jks `pne`dbs qub jb `frbnb bj blprbskre` cb rbdtedi). Bj qub sbk ud n`dtrkt` cb kcabseþd pbrletb jk kpjenkneþd cb jk Jby cb N`dcene`dbs Ibdbrkjbs cb n`dtrktkneþd, n`dtrktkneþd, bd bspbnekj bd nukdt` k su edtbrprbtkneþd, edtbrprbtkneþd, se gebd d` bdtbdcbl`s qub sbk kpjenkgjb bj Wbkj Cbnrbt` Jbiesjktev` ;/7==9, cb ;6 cb d`veblgrb, qub kprubgk bj tbxt` rbfudcec` cb jk Jby pkrk jk Cbfbdsk cb j`s N`dsulec`rbs y Rsukre`, de sequebrk bd lktbrek cb dujeckc cb njëusujks kgusevks, yk qub j`s krrbdcktkre`s krrbdcktkr e`s s`d blprbskre`s nuy` n`dsul` bs edcustrekj, edcustrekj, p`r p`r j` qub qubckd qubckd fubrk cb jk n`gbrturk cb jk d`rlk 1>. Bd nukjquebr nukjquebr nks`, jk pr`tbnneþd cbj cbj blprbskre` krrbdcktkre` krrbdcktkre` sb n`dsbiuerë n`dsbiuerë p`r vìk cb j`s krtìnuj`s ;726 y ;721 cbj Nþcei` Nevej (pubs subjbd sbr njëusujks qub cbokd bd udk p`seneþd c`ledkdtb kj krrbdckc`r, n`dtrkreks k jk gubdk fb n`dtrkntukj p`r cbsbquejegre` cb jks prbstkne`dbs) >7. Bj trkt` cbj rbdtedi n`l` ud n`dtrkt` nkrbdtb cb tepeneckc jbikj bd j`s `rcbdklebdt`s ourìcen`s kntukjbs, d`s aknb vbr qub bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj cesp`db cb kut`d`lìk prevkck >>, sbiÿd bj prednepe` cb jegbrtkc n`dtrkntukj, bd bj qub klgks pkrtbs bstepujkd jks njëusujks cbj n`dtrkt`, seblprb y nukdc` cenaks njkusujks d` sbkd n`dtrkreks k jks jbybs, k jk l`rkj, de kj `rcbd pÿgjen` >3. Bd nukdt` k jk tepeneckc cb j`s n`dtrkt`s, s`d vkre`s kut`rbs j`s qub sbûkjkd qub kÿd sb lkdtebdb bj cbrbna` r`lkd` cb jk tepeneckc, udk vbz qub udk feiurk n`dtrkntukj pksk k sbr n`d`neck>2. ABWDKDCB_ IEJ sbûkjk qub bj rbdtedi bs ud n`dtrkt` ktìpen` cb irkc` lbce`, qub sup`db udk n`lgedkneþd cb tep`s n`dtrkntukjbs >6, kj eiukj qub CB D@VK qub cbfebdcb qub j`s n`dtrkt`s cbgbd sbr rbn`dcunec`s k l`ckjeckcbs n`dtrkntukjbs bxestbdtbs k trkvås cb jk cbtbrledkneþd cb jk prbstkneþd prbvkjbnebdtb y jk kgs`rneþd, bs cbner, bstb kut`r sbûkjk qub j`s n`dtrkt`s cbgbd bdnukcrkrsb cbdtr` cbj lkrn` jbikj cb j`s n`dtrkt`s nuyks nkrkntbrìstenks nkrkntbrìstenks lës sb ksblbobd k jks suyks. N`d t`c` bst` rbsujtk elp`segjb d` rbn`d`nbr jk bxestbdnek cb l`ckjeckcbs n`dtrkntukjbs, qub cbgec` k sus nkrkntbrìstenks ÿdenks y bspbnekjbs d` pubcbd sbr bdnukcrkc`s cbdtr` cb dediÿd n`dtbxt` ourìcen` bxestbdtb. S`c`s bst`s n`dtrkt`s suribd n`l` n`dsbnubdnek cb jk ednbskdtb gÿsqubck cb jk s`nebckc, qub kj d` bdn`dtrkr bd jks l`ckjeckcbs n`dtrkntukjbs bxestbdtbs jk n`gbrturk cb nebrtks dbnbseckcbs, nbjbgrkd >7
LKWSÌDB_ NKÛBJJK^, KD^BJL@? ^`grb bj n`dnbpt` y råielbd ourìcen` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . p. >3. ^biÿd bj prednepe` cb kut`d`lìk prevkck, jks pkrtbs n`dtrktkdtbs p`crëd prbsnedcer cb l`jcbs jbikjbs, ` l`cefenkrj`s cb tkj l`c` qub pubckd nrbkr dubvks feiurks n`dtrkntukjbs. >3 Krtìnuj` ;722, Nþcei` Nevej. >2 ]REI GRESWKR, O.( ;591)? Fudcklbdt`s cb Cbrbna` Nevej, S`l` EE, V`julbd E, C`ntredk Ibdbrkj cbj N`dtrkt` . G`sna, Gkrnbj`dk, p. 335. >6 Kj eiukj qub j`s n`dtrkt`s lext`s, qub p`sbbd jks nkrkntbrìstenks cb vkre`s n`dtrkt`s. >>
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
dbi`ne`s ourìcen`s nuyks njëusujks, bd nebrtk lbceck, s`d rbsujtkc` cb dubvks `pbrkne`dbs bn`dþlenks, n`l` bd su cìk pksþ n`d n`dtrkt`s n`l` bj jbksedi fedkdnebr` ` bj fknt`redi. Nukdc` sb kdkjezkd cbtbdecklbdtb j`s cefbrbdtbs n`dtrkt`s cb blprbsks `pbrkne`dbs y n`dtrkt`s pugjenetkc`s pugjenetkc`s n`l` rbdtedi, rbdtedi, sb `gsbrvk `gsbrvk qub j`s j`s cefbrbdtbs n`dtrkt`s n`lpkrtbd ud njkusujkc` cevbrs`, pbr` sblbokdtbs bd nukdt` k j`s cbrbna`s y `gjeikne`dbs qub p`sbbd jks pkrtbs edtbrvedebdtbs. ]`r tkdt`, p`cbl`s cbner qub bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi bs ud n`dtrkt` s`nekjlbdtb tìpen` >9. Bstk tb`rìk, tklgeåd p`crìk sbr bxtrkìck cb jk sbdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Nkdtkgrek dÿl. >1=/7==3 (^bnneþd ;ª), cb 79 sbpteblgrb, ORW 7==3Z 716672, kferlk? kferlk? "Bj rbdtedi rbdtedi d` bs ud n`dtrkt` ktìpen` s`nekjlbdtb". Bd jk prëntenk n`tecekdk, kcledestrkne`dbs pÿgjenks y pkrtenujkrbs nbjbgrkd n`dtrkt`s cb rbdtedi, n`d ud n`dtbdec` n`dtrkntukj a`l`iådb` y ibdbrkjezkc`. Oudt` k jk tepeneckc d`rlktevk ‚sb akgjk cb udk tepeneckc s`nekj, pkrk aknbr rbfbrbdnek k kqubjj`s n`dtrkt`s qub tebdbd p`r gksb jks n`dnbpne`dbs c`ledkdtbs bd jk n`dnebdnek s`nekj cb udk åp`nk y sb edcevecukjezkd edcevecukjezkd p`r `grk cb jk c`ntredk y jk ouresprucbdnek, sebdc` sebdc` s`nekjlbdtb tìpen`s kqubjj`s n`dtrkt`s qub, kudqub nkrbznkd cb udk cesnepjedk d`rlktevk n`dskirkck bd jk jby, p`sbbd udk rbetbrkneþd bd `rcbd k su kpkreneþd n`l` fbdþlbd` s`nekj, cb lkdbrk qub jk rbetbrkck nbjbgrkneþd jbs c`tk cb ud ‚d`lbd eures“ p`r bj qub s`d n`d`nec`s y cb udk cesnepjedk qub sb n`dskirk p`r vìk ouresprucbdnekj “ (^K] Ier`dk 7 cb oude` cb ;557). Jk prëntenk s`nekj, j`s j`s us`s cbj n`lbrne`, cefbrbdnekd bstk feiurk cb `trks selejkrbs n`l` bj jbksedi? "Kselesl` bd jk sbdtbdnek rbnurreck sb cestediub bstk l`ckjeckc cb jbksedi fedkdnebr`, cbj jbksedi `pbrktev` - rbdtedi- bd bj nukj jk s`nebckc cb jbksedi ksulb bj rebsi` cb jk edvbrseþd, yk qub su fedkjeckc bs nbcbr ÿdenk y bxnjusevklbdtb bj us` cb j` kcquerec`" (^S^ ;5 cb bdbr` cb 7===) “. Bstk sbdtbdnek akgjk cb trktkr kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`l` s`nekjlbdtb tìpen`, bs cbner, jk tepeneckc cb bstb n`dtrkt` surib cbgec` k su us` rbetbrkc` p`r pkrtb cb jk s`nebckc y p`r vìk ouresprucbdnekj. Jk ouresprucbdnek vk c`tkdc` kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi cb ud råielbd ourìcen` pr`pe`, qub yk abl`s lbdne`dkc` kdtbre`rlbdtb sb vk l`jcbkdc` lbcekdtb bj us` cb bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj p`r pkrtb cb jk s`nebckc. ]`r ÿjtel`, jk sbdtbdnek cbfedb kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`l` ud n`dtrkt` lbrnkdtej, bst` sb bxpjenk p`r bj abna` cb qub n`l` abl`s lbdne`dkc` kdtbre`rlbdtb, jk lky`rìk cb jks bdteckcbs cb rbdtedi, s`d blprbsks n`d t`c` ud bdtrklkc` blprbskrekj pkrk ksbiurkrsb bj junr` junr` k trkvås cbj cbj krrbdcklebdt` cb gebdbs p`r p`r bstk l`ckjeckc, y j`s usukre`s s`d blprbsks qub gusnkd jks vbdtkoks n`dtkgjbs, bn`dþlenks y fesnkjbs cb jks qub yk abl`s akgjkc` kdtbre`rlbdtb bd bj prbsbdtb trkgko`. Jks blprbsks qub kcquebrbd ud gebd k trkvås cb bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj, gusnkd `gtbdbr ud gbdbfene` edtr`cuneådc`j` bd su knteveckc pr`cuntevk, cb kcledestrkneþd ` bd j`iìstenk, cb l`c` qub sb gbdbfeneb cbj fudne`dklebdt` cb cena` gebd. Bd nukdt` k jk nu`tk qub jk blprbsk cbgb kg`dkr k jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi, sb n`dtkgejezkrë n`l` ud ikst` cbj bobrnene` qub bj njebdtb jjbvkrë k jk nubdtk cb rbsujtkc`s, n`l` ud ikst` lës cbj bobrnene`. Nukdc` ktbdcbl`s k jk fedkjeckc cbj n`dtrkt`, bstë njkr` qub klgks pkrtbs gusnkd gbdbfene` cb åj. ]`r udk pkrtb jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi nbcb bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` y prbstk ud`s sbrvene`s k nklge` cb udk rbtreguneþd bd f`rlk cb nu`tk pbreþcenk qub kg`dkrë bj >9
Jk tepefenkneþd s`nekj cbj tårled` bs `gvek bd bj sbnt`r qub n`lbrnekjezk bj pr`cunt`, n`l` abl`s n`lpr`gkc` n`d bj bstuce` cb ;= cefbrbdtbs njkusujkc`s cb n`dtrkt`s cb krrbdcklebdt` blprbskrekj? N`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` k pjkz` feo` cb Wkdh Qbr`x Wbdtedi ^.K.8 N`dtrkt` cb kjquejbr cb L@Q Wbdtedi Egårenk ^.K.8 N`dtrkt` cb kjquejbr cb vbaìnuj`s sed n`dcunt`r cb Jbksb ]jkd8 N`ludenkneþd edtbrdk cb Gkdnkok s`grb bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi8 N`dtrkt` lkrn` cb krrbdcklebdt` y ibsteþd cb sbrvene`s cb j`s vbaìnuj`s GGVK Fedkdzek Kut` Wbdtedi8 N`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` cb Gkdsknkr Kut`rbdtedi8 N`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` s`grb vbaìnuj`s cb ^k D`strk cb Wbdtedi, ^.K.8 N`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` s`grb gebdbs lubgjbs cb ^k D`strk cb Wbdtedi, ^.K.8 N`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr` (jbksedi) cb ^k D`strk cb Edvbrse`dbs, Bstkgjbnelebdt` Fedkdnebr` cb Nråcet`, ^.K.8 N`dtrkt` cb kjquejbr (rbdt k nkr) cb Dkte`dkj Ktbsk. Skj tepefenkneþd s`nekj ak sec` rbn`d`neck bxpjìnetklbdtb bd jks sbdtbdneks cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Nkdtkgrek, d ¿ >1=/7==3, cb 79 cb sbpteblgrb, KN 7==3Z716672 y cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Gkrnbj`dk, d ¿ 6;6/7==6, cb 5 cb d`veblgrb, ORW 7==9Z321. LKWSÌDB_ NKÛBJJK^, KD^BJL@? ^`grb bj n`dnbpt` y råielbd ourìcen` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, p.6.
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
njebdtb, y bstb ÿjtel` p`r p`r su pkrtb, edtr`cunerë bj `gobt` `gobt` cb gebd bd jk blprbsk blprbsk n`d bj fed cb `gtbdbr gbdbfene`s bn`dþlen`s n`d su utejezkneþd cbdtr` cb jk bstk. Ksì jk sbdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Kstureks dÿl. ;25/7==3 (^bnneþd 2ª), cb 75 kgrej, nkjefenk kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`l` ‚n`dtrkt` lbrnkdtej qub edtbirk jks nkrkntbrìstenks bsbdnekjbs cbj krrbdcklebdt` cb n`sks y cb jk prbstkneþd cb sbrvene`s, p`r nukdt` sb ksbiurk bj lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd nbcec`, sebdc` cbfedec` n`l` kqubj n`dtrkt` p`r bj qub udk cb jks pkrtbs sb `gjeik k nbcbr k jk `trk bj us` cb ud gebd, p`r teblp` cbtbrledkc`, k nklge` cbj pki` cb ud prbne`, sebdc` cb nubdtk cbj krrbdckc`r bj lkdtbdelebdt`“. Kûkcb jk sbdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Kstureks dÿl. 7>9/7==3 (^bnneþd 6ª), cb ;= oude`, qub ‚edtbirkd ksì bstb n`dtrkt`, oudt` k jks `gjeikne`dbs pr`peks cbj krrbdcklebdt`, cb nbseþd tblp`rkj cb us` cbj gebd lbcekdtb prbne`, `trks pr`peks pr`peks cb jk prbstkneþd cb sbrvene`s, p`r nukdt` bs n`dsustkdnekj kj lesl` jk ksudneþd cbj lkdtbdelebdt` cb j`s gebdbs nbcec`s p`r bj krrbdckc`r ` blprbsk cb rbdtedi, j` qub n`djjbvk bd jk prëntenk jk rbpkrkneþd cb j`s lesl`s curkdtb t`ck jk veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt`, ikrkdtezkdc` ikrkdtezkdc` su pbrlkdbdtb cesp`degejeckc cesp`degejeckc kj krrbdcktkre`, krrbdcktkre`, cb kaì qub sb ednjuyk su rbblpjkz` p`r `tr` selejkr, gebd cb l`c` cbfedetev` ` lebdtrks curb bj krrbij` cbj prelbr` “. Lkdtbdelebdt` qub sb edtbirk bd jk leslk dkturkjbzk cbj n`dtrkt` tìpen` cb rbdtedi. J`s sbrvene`s n`lpjblbdtkre`s ednjuybd tklgeåd bj pki` cb j`s sbiur`s p`r pkrtb cbj krrbdckc`r >1. 7.7. WÅIELBD ORWÌCEN@ CBJ N@DSWKS@ CB WBDSEDI N`l` yk abl`s n`lbdtkc` bd bj prbsbdtb trkgko`, bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi nkrbnb cb ud råielbd ourìcen` bspbnefen`, y bstë rbiec` bd prelbrk edstkdnek p`r bj prednepe` cb kut`d`lìk prevkck, bd bj qub jks pkrtbs edtbrvedebdtbs bd bj n`dtrkt` tbdcrëd jegbrtkc pkrk pkntkr jks njëusujks cbj n`dtrkt`, seblprb y nukdc` sb rbspbtbd jk jby, l`rkj y `rcbd pÿgjen` >5. Bd cbfbnt` cb pknt` bxprbs` bdtrb jks pkrtbs, sb rbierë p`r jks cesp`sene`dbs ibdbrkjbs pkrk jks `gjeikne`dbs y n`dtrkt`s lbrnkdtejbs y supjbt`reklbdtb p`r bj Cbrbna` N`lÿd, cb n`df`rleckc n`d bj krtìnuj` 2= cbj Nþcei` cb N`lbrne` 3=, yk qub tbdebdc` bd nubdtk qub bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi sb nkjefenk n`l` ud n`dtrkt` lbrnkdtej, yk qub n`l` abl`s lbdne`dkc` kdtbre`rlbdtb, bstë d`rlkjlbdtb nbjbgrkc` bdtrb blprbskre`s blprbskre`s qub gusnkd, p`r udk pkrtb edtr`cuner bj gebd k su knteveckc pr`cuntevk, ` p`r `trk nbcbr bj gebd y rbkjezkr nebrtks prbstkne`dbs k nklge` cb udk rbn`lpbdsk bn`dþlenk. Ksì qub jk cbd`ledkneþd cbj rbdtedi n`l` ud n`dtrkt` lbrnkdtej bs luy elp`rtkdtb k jk a`rk cb cbtbrledkr udk d`rlktevk udk d`rlktevk kpjenkgjb kj lesl` 3;. Ksì, k fkjtk cb rbijks s`grb krrbdcklebdt` blprbskrekj, jb sbrëd kpjenkgjbs jks d`rlks cb j`s krtìnuj`s 2= y seiuebdtbs cb cena` Nþcei`, prbvestks pkrk t`c`s j`s n`dtrkt`s lbrnkdtejbs. Jk kpjenkneþd cb j`s krtìnuj`s 2= k 6> bs rbjbvkdtb, bd tkdt` qub bstkgjbnbd pbnujekreckcbs n`d rbspbnt` k jk d`rlktevk nevej bd lktbrek cb njëusujks pbdkjbs, tårled`s cb irknek bd bj nulpjelebdt` cb jks `gjeikne`dbs, bxeiegejeckc cb cena` nulpjelebdt` ` l`r`seckc bd bj lesl` 37. Nkrbnebdc` cb cesp`sene`dbs pkrk bj krrbdcklebdt` bj lesl`, abl`s cb knucer kj krrebdc` cb n`sks prbvest` bd bj Nþcei` , n`dnrbtklbdtb bd bj jegr` EV cb jks `gjeikne`dbs y n`dtrkt`s, y bd pkrtenujkr, bj tetuj` EE cb j`s n`dtrkt`s y bj VE cbj n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt`. Bj nukj n`lpjblbdtkr n`lpjblbdtkrë ë bd jk prëntenk j` d` pkntkc` p`r jks pkrtbs, >1
^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Ëvejk dÿl. 11/7==3 (^bnneþd ;ª), cb ;5 lky`, KN 7==3Z 5;3. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Gkrnbj`dk, cb ;2 cb d`veblgrb cb 7==6, ORW 7==6Z;;>>93. >5 Krtìnuj` ;722 cbj Nþcei` Nevej. 3= Bj Krtìnuj` 2= cbj Nþcei` cb N`lbrne` sb cenb? "J`s n`dtrkt`s lbrnkdtejbs, bd t`c` j` rbjktev` k sus rbqueset`s, l`cefenkne`dbs, bxnbpne`dbs, edtbrprbtkneþd y bxtedneþd y k jk nkpkneckc cb j`s n`dtrktkdtbs, sb rbierëd bd t`c` j` qub d` sb akjjb bxprbsklbdtb bstkgjbnec` bd bstb Nþcei` ` bd Jbybs bspbnekjbs, p`r jks rbijks ibdbrkjbs cbj Cbrbna` n`lÿd". 3; LKWSÌDB_ NKÛBJJK^, KD^BJL@? ^`grb bj n`dnbpt` y råielbd ourìcen` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi p. >9. 37 LKWSÌDB_ NKÛBJJK^, KD^BJL@? ^`grb bj n`dnbpt` y råielbd ourìcen` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi , p.>9.
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
bstkdc` kcleteck p`r jk c`ntredk su kpjenkneþd kj krrebdc` cb n`sks qub nkrbznk cb rbiujkneþd bspbnìfenk, n`l` bd bj nks` cb kut`lþvejbs ` gebdbs cb bquep`, kud nukdc` bj Nþcei` sb rbfebrb kj cb fednks 3>. Nukdc` d`s rbfbrel`s kj nþcei` nevej, bj jbiesjkc`r trktk " j`s krrbdcklebdt`s cb fednks rÿstenks y urgkdks", p`r j` qub sb p`crìk pbdskr qub bstks d`rlks trktkd bxnjusevklbdtb k j`s gebdbs edlubgjbs, qubckdc` bxnjuec`s j`s gebdbs lubgjbs s`grb j`s lky`retkreklbdtb rbnkb bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi. D` `gstkdtb, bj n`doudt` cb d`rlks kpjenkgjbs k j`s gebdbs edlubgjbs pkrbnbd sbr kpjenkgjbs k j`s gebdbs lubgjbs sbiÿd bj krtìnuj` ;232 qub lbdne`dk? " J`s gebdbs fudiegjbs qub sb n`dsulbd n`d bj us` d` pubcbd sbr `gobt` cb bstb n`dtrkt`", p`r j` qub sb pubcb pbdskr bd jk kcleseþd cb j`s gebdbs lubgjbs curkcbr`s 33. ]`r tkdt`, p`cbl`s cbner qub kntukjlbdtb bxestb ud råielbd ourìcen` kpjenkgjb kj krrbdcklebdt` cb gebdbs bd ibdbrkj, qub d` sbpkrk j`s gebdbs edlubgjbs cb j`s lubgjbs, tbdebdc` bstb ÿjtel` udks nkrkntbrìstenks bspbnekjbs qub aknbd dbnbskre` ud råielbd ourìcen` edcbpbdcebdtb. Bd nukdt` kj krrbdcklebdt` cb j`s gebdbs lubgjbs, bstë njkr` qub bs ud sbnt`r bd pjbdk bxpkdseþd, n`d n`dtrkt`s n`l` bj rbdtedi, y qub pkrbnb oustefenkrsb jk dbnbseckc cb udk d`rlktevk qub rbiujb jk nbseþd tblp`rkj cb bstb tep` cb gebdbs n`d n`dtrkt`s n`l` bj rbdtedi, qub cbgec` k su ktepeneckc," aknb qub d` pubcbd sbrjb t`tkjlbdtb cb kpjenkneþd kjiudks d`rlks cbj Nþcei` Nevej bd pudt` kj krrbdcklebdt` cb n`sks bd ibdbrkj, t`ck vbz qub bstëd n`dfeiurkcks cb ud l`c` prbp`dcbrkdtb pkrk bj krrbdcklebdt` cb fednks rÿstenks y urgkdks" 32. Bs p`segjb ecbdtefenkr bd bj Nþcei` Nevej, bd t`c` nks`, kjiud`s prbnbpt`s nkpknbs cb n`dnbcbr cb n`dnbcbr, n`d jks cbgecks kckptkne`dbs, ud råielbd supjbt`re` kpr`pekc` kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi. Bs j` qub `nurrb n`d bj krt.;22> qub cbtbrledk jk kpjenkneþd kj krrbdcklebdt` cb jks cesp`sene`dbs s`grb bj skdbklebdt` prbvestk pkrk jk n`lprkvbdtk bd bj krt.;393, sebdc` p`segjb jk bxbdneþd cbj skdbklebdt` p`r bvenneþd, kn`rcb n`d bj krt.;392 N.n36. Bd bstb nks` d` sbrë vekgjb udk "prbtbdseþd cb n`dtedukr n`grkdc` jks rbdtks p`r pkrtb cbj krrbdckc`r, sed prbouene` cb jk rbnjklkneþd qub pubck f`rlujkr kj pr`vbbc`r cbj gebd 39. ^b cbgbrë ktbdcbr tklgeåd kj krt.;313 s`grb bj skdbklebdt` p`r cbfbnt`s `nujt`s bd bj gebd krrbdckc` 31. @trks cesp`sene`dbs kpjenkgjbs kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, s`d jks cb j`s krtìnuj`s ;223 35, rbspbnt` k jks rbpkrkne`dbs cbj gebd `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt`, qub bj krrbdckc`r cbgb rbkjezkr k cena` gebd, bd qub jk ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb cb @rbdsb cbj ;1 cb 7==7 (ORW 7==>/91726), s`grb j`s cbfbnt`s cbtbntkc`s bd udk nbdtrkjetk tbjbfþdenk krrbdckck lbdne`dk? " Cbdtr` cbj rbdtedi jks `gjeikne`dbs ksulecks p`r jk krrbdckc`rk, cb n`df`rleckc kj krt. ;223 cbj N.n. s`d jks cb bdtrbikr bj gebd krrbdckc`, aknbr bj åj jks 3>
KJKGKR LKWSÌ, JKRWK8 EWEKWSB, KED@K (7=;2)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . Rdeckc Bcet`rekj Edf`rlkneþd Bn`dþlenk ^.J. attp?//www.bxpkdse`d.n`l 33 KJGKJKCBO@? Cbrbna` Nevej . net, p. 672, d`tk 5. 32 LBCEDK CB JBLR^? N`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi.. ., net., p.169. 36 Bj krt.;392 N.n. cenb?"Sbdcrë juikr jk bvenneþd nukdc` sb prevb kj n`lprkc`r, p`r sbdtbdnek ferlb y bd vertuc cb ud cbrbna` kdtbre`r k jk n`lprk, cb t`c` ` pkrtb cb jk n`sk n`lprkck. Bj vbdcbc`r rbsp`dcbrë cb jk bvenneþd kudqub dkck sb akyk bxprbskc` bd bj n`dtrkt`. J`s n`dtrktkdtbs, sed blgkri`, p`crëd kulbdtkr, cesleduer ` supreler bstk `gjeikneþd jbikj cbj vbdcbc`r."8 net., A@WSK N@WWBEK WKLÌWB_, ]KRJ@ DRD@ (7==5)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi (Kdëjeses ourìcen` bd bj n`dtbxt` cb j`s kntukjbs edstrulbdt`s cb fedkdnekneþd) . Wkte` Jbies, ^kjklkdnk-N`elgrk, p.7>1. 39 ]ÅWB_ JÞ]B_, N`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi,..., rbdtedi,..., net., p.>==. 31 Bj krt.;313 N.n. cenb? "Bj vbdcbc`r bstkrë `gjeikc` kj skdbklebdt` p`r j`s cbfbnt`s `nujt`s qub tuvebrb jk n`sk vbdceck, se jk aknbd elpr`pek pkrk bj us` k qub sb jk cbstedk, ` se cesleduybd cb tkj l`c` bstb us` qub, cb akgbrj`s n`d`nec` bj n`lprkc`r, d` jk akgrìk kcquerec` ` akgrìk ckc` lbd`s prbne` p`r bjjk8 pbr` d` sbrë rbsp`dskgjb cb j`s cbfbnt`s lkdefebst`s ` qub bstuvebrbd k jk vestk, de tklp`n` cb j`s qub d` j` bståd, se bj n`lprkc`r bs ud pbret` qub, p`r rkzþd cb su `fene` ` pr`fbseþd, cbgìk fënejlbdtb n`d`nbrj`s". 35 Bj krtìnuj` ;223 cenb ?Bj krrbdckc`r bstë `gjeikc`? `gjeikc`? ;. K bdtrbikr kj kj krrbdcktkre` krrbdcktkre` jk n`sk `gobt` `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt`. 7. K aknbr bd bjjk curkdtb bj krrbdcklebdt` t`cks jks rbpkrkne`dbs rbpkrkne`dbs dbnbskreks k fed cb n`dsbrvkrjk bd bstkc` cb sbrver pkrk bj us` k qub ak sec` cbstedkck. >. K lkdtbdbr kj krrbdcktkre` bd bj i`nb pknìfen` cbj krrbdcklebdt` p`r t`c` bj teblp` cbj cbj n`dtrkt`.
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
rbpkrkne`dbs n`rrbsp`dcebdtbs y lkdtbdbr kj krrbdcktkre` bd bj i`nb pknìfen` cb jk n`sk krrbdckck8 p`r su pkrtb bj krrbdcktkre` ak cb sktesfknbr jk rbdtk, ak cb uskr jk rbdtk n`d jk n`rrbsp`dcebdtb cejeibdnek y , bd su nks`, akgrë cb sktesfknbr j`s ikst`s cb jk bsnreturk" y bj krt. ;222 d.7 2= qub cbtbrledk udk utejezkneþd cbj `gobt` krrbdckc` n`l` ud cejeibdtb pkcrb cb fklejek, bs cbner, n`d jk cejeibdnek cbj a`lgrb lbce`. Bd bstb sbdtec` bj krt. ;222 sb rbfebrb k udk lkjk utejezkneþd cbj `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, qub nkusb cbfbnt`s bd bj `gobt` cefbrbdtbs k j`s pr`v`nkc`s p`r bj us` d`rlkj cbj gebd. ^b cbgbrë ktbdcbr kcblës, k j`s krtìnuj`s ;26> "s`grb jk rbsp`dskgejeckc cbj krrbdcktkre` cbj cbtbre`r` ` pårceck cbj gebd", bj ;263 "s`grb jk rbsp`dskgejeckc cbj cbtbre`r` nkuskc` p`r pbrs`dks cb su nksk", bj ;221 rbpkrkne`dbs uribdtbs, ;26; cbv`juneþd y bstkc` cb n`dsbrvkneþd cbj gebd, ;262 "se bj krrbdcklebdt` sb ak abna` p`r teblp` cbtbrledkc`, n`dnjuyb bj cìk prbfeokc` sed dbnbseckc cb rbqubrelebdt`" y ;226 ednulpjelebdt` y rbsneseþd. Bd n`dtrkstb n`d j` kdtbre`r, sb tebdbd qub tbdbr bd nubdtk jks jbybs qub rbiujkd bj krrbdcklebdt` cb gebdbs y sbrvene`s bd bj nkpìtuj` EEE, bd nukdt` k j`s sbrvene`s qub s`d prbstkc`s kj njebdtb p`r pkrtb cb jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi. Bs cefìnej bdnukcrkr j`s sbrvene`s rbkjezkc`s bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, cbdtr` cb bstb lkrn` d`rlktev` qub rbiujk bsbdnekjlbdtb j`s n`dtrkt`s p`r `grks y sbrvene`s, qub tebdbd p`r `gobt` bj "rbsujtkc`", yk qub bd bj rbdtedi sb tebdb n`l` fedkjeckc "jk prbstkneþd cb sbrvene`s bd sì lesl`s". Ksì bd j`s sbrvene`s n`l` jk ibsteþd cb fj`tks, bj ksbiurklebdt`, rbspkjc` fesnkj y n`dtkgjb, ibsteþd cb elpubst`s cb lktrenujkneþd ` ksestbdnek bd nkrrbtbrk, d` sb tebdb bd nubdtk ud rbsujtkc` `gobtev`, sed` jk knteveckc cereieck k bjj` 2;. Sklgeåd bd jk d`rlktevk qub rbiujk bj jbksedi ` krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr` bd Bspkûk, kpkrbnb ud kpkrtkc` rbfbrec` k `trks l`ckjeckcbs prþxelks kj jbksedi. Bd bstb kpkrtkc` sb trktk kj rbdtei n`l` " ud krrbdcklebdt` nkrkntbrezkc` p`rqub su `gobt` s`d gebdbs lubgjbs d` n`dsulegjbs, d`rlkjlbdtb pr`cunt` cbj cbskrr`jj` edcustrekj y tånden`, y p`rqub bj prbne` nebrt` qub ak cb sktesfknbr kj krrbdcktkre` d` sb cbtbrledk d`rlkjlbdtb sþj` p`r jk curkneþd cbj lesl`, sed` tklgeåd kj teblp` cb blpjb` cb j`s gebdbs. Kj fedkj cbj n`dtrkt` sþj` nkgb jk cbv`juneþd ` jk prþrr`ik". Cbgec` k jk elp`rtkdnek cbj sbiur` bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, sb cbgb tbdbr bd nubdtk jk d`rlktevk cb jks l`ckjeckcbs cb sbiur` qub ckd bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi. Wbspbnt` kj sbiur` cb nkuneþd bj krtìnuj` 61 cb jk JN^ cbtbrledk qub "bj ksbiurkc`r sb `gjeik, bd nks` cb ednulpjelebdt` p`r bj t`lkc`r cbj sbiur` (krrbdcktkre`) cb kjiudk cb sus `gjeikne`dbs jbikjbs ` n`dtrkntukjbs, k edcbldezkr kj ksbiurkc` (krrbdckc`r) k tìtuj` cb rbskrnelebdt` ` pbdkjeckc j`s ckû`s pktrel`dekjbs sufrec`s, cbdtr` cb j`s jìletbs bstkgjbnec`s bd jk jby ` bd bj n`dtrkt`". Lebdtrks qub bj n`dtrkt` cb sbiur` cb rbsp`dskgejeckc nevej, p`r `trk pkrtb sb `gjeik kj ksbiurkc`r k "nugrer bj rebsi` qub sb gksk bd jk p`segejeckc cb ednurrer bd rbsp`dskgejeckc frbdtb k tbrnbr`s", n`d jk `gjeikneþd cb kj pki` cb j`s ckû`s y prbouene`s pr`cunec`s. Bd bj ëlget` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi sb subjbd nbjbgrkr n`dtrkt` k t`c` rebsi` qub ednjuybd j`s ckû`s pr`pe`s. Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, vebdb usukjlbdtb rbfbrec` k vbaìnuj`s cb l`t`r. Bd bstb sbdtec`, nkgb cbstknkr qub bj krrbdckc`r vebdb suobt` k udk d`rlktevk bspbnìfenk pkrk bstb `gobt`, bd n`dnrbt`, jk Jby ;6/19 cb >= cb ouje` s`grb @rcbdkneþd cb Srkdsp`rtbs Sbrrbstrbs, cbcenk bj Nkpìtuj` VE cbj Sìtuj` EV, krtìnuj`s ;>> k ;>9, kj krrbdcklebdt` cb vbaìnuj`s (l`cefenkc`s p`r Jby 72/7==5, cb 77 cb ceneblgrb). Jks cesp`sene`dbs cb jk Jby rbjktevks k jks n`dcene`dbs bxeiegjbs kj krrbdckc`r vebdbd cbskrr`jjkcks 2=
Bj krtìnuj` ;222 cenb? Bj krrbdcktkre` bstë `gjeikc`? ;. K pkikr bj prbne` cbj krrbdcklebdt` krrbdcklebdt` bd j`s tårled`s tårled`s n`dvbdec`s. 7. K uskr cb jk n`sk krrbdckck krrbdckck n`l` ud cejeibdtb pkcrb cb fklejek, cbstedëdc`jk kj us` pkntkc`8 y, y, bd cbfbnt` cb pknt`, kj qub sb edfebrk cb jk dkturkjbzk cb jk n`sk krrbdckck sbiÿd jk n`stulgrb cb jk tebrrk. >. K pkikr j`s j`s ikst`s qub `nkse`db `nkse`db jk bsnreturk cbj n`dtrkt`.
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JBSB CBJ WÌ@, O@^B LKDRBJ (7==6)? Cbrbna` cb `gjeikne`dbs. Krkzkdce, ]klpj`dk, net. p. 71>.
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
rbijklbdtkreklbdtb p`r bj Wbkj Cbnrbt` 121/53, qub selpjefenk bj kdtbre`r ;7;;/5= bd nukdt` k jk bxeibdnek cb åstb ÿjtel` cb `gtbdbr kut`rezkneþd kcledestrktevk pkrk bj krrebdc` s`grb nkck ud` cb j`s vbaìnuj`s8 bstkgjbnebdc` ud ÿdenk kut`rezkneþd 27. ^b ak cb tbdbr bd nubdtk j` cespubst` bd jk rbiujkneþd cbj Elpubst` s`grb jk Wbdtk, bd nukdt` k jk tregutkneþd cb rbdcelebdt`s pr`nbcbdtbs cb knteveckcbs blprbskrekjbs ` pr`fbse`dkjbs, sebdc` cbcunegjbs jk nu`tks n`l` ikst` cbj bobrnene`, ksì n`l` bd bj ëlget` cbj Elpubst` cb ^`nebckcbs, bd bj Elpubst` s`grb bj Vkj`r Kûkcec`, bd nukdt` k jk n`lpbdskneþd cbj sktesfbna` n`l` pkrtb cb jk nu`tk. S`c` bjj` tbdebdc` bd nubdtk, qub jk rkzþd cbj nrbnebdtb åxet` cb bstb n`dtrkt` ak sec` jks vbdtkoks fesnkjbs y n`dtkgjbs qub p`sbb bstb n`dtrkt` n`d rbspbnt` k jks cblës l`ckjeckcbs cb kcqueseneþd cb gebdbs. Bd bj prelbr nks`, sb bstkgjbnb pkrk j`s gebdbs ud pbrì`c` n`dtkgjb cb kl`rtezkneþd, cb l`c` qub bj cbsblg`js` abna` bd su n`lprk d` sb cbcunb n`l` ikst`, sed` qub sb ak cb cestreguer k j` jkri` cb t`c` bj pbre`c` cb kl`rtezkneþd, nukdc`, rbkjlbdtb, yk sb ak cbsblg`jskc` bj prbne`8 bd bj nks` cbj kjquejbr ` rbdtedi, t`c` bj cbsblg`js` abna`, bst` bs, bj elp`rtb pkikc` bd n`dnbpt` cb nu`tks, sb cbcunb n`l` ikst`.2> Bd nukdt` kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi nuy` njebdtb bs ud pkrtenujkr ( Wbdtedi cb N`dsul`) akgrë qub tbdbr bd nubdtk jk jby cb cbfbdsk cb j`s n`dsulec`rbs, edtbirëdc`sb cbdtr` cb jk d`rlktevk qub rbiujk j`s cefbrbdtbs tep`s cb n`dsulec`r qub kpkrbnbd bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi? Bj n`dsulec`r cb gebdbs y bj n`dsulec`r cb sbrvene`s. 7.>.; Cbrbna`s y @gjeikne`dbs cbj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi Bd bj prbsbdtb kpkrtkc` sb lbdne`dkrkd y bxpjenkrkd grbvblbdtb j`s cbrbna`s y `gjeikne`dbs cb jks pkrtbs edtbrvedebdtbs bd j`s n`dtrkt`s cb rbdtedi, bdtbdcebdc` jk bxestbdnek cb ud n`dtrkt` tep`, bj nukj n`dtebdb ud n`doudt` cb d`rlks tìpenks bd udk feiurk s`nekjlbdtb knbptkck gko` bstk cbd`ledk cbd`ledkneþd. neþd. Bd j`s Kdbx`s p`crbl`s bdn`dtrkr ud boblpj` cb ud n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi tìpen`. ;. @gjeikne`dbs cbj krrbdckc`r `
Kcqueseneþd cbj gebd
D`rlkjlbdtb, jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi kcquebrb bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` p`r `rcbd bxprbsk cbj krrbdcktkre`. Jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi d` tebdb p`rqub sbr jk pr`pebtkrek cbj gebd qub nbcb, sebdc` p`segjb jk kcqueseneþd cbj gebd lbcekdtb krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr`, n`d pbrles` p`r pkrtb cb su bfbntev` pr`pebtkre` cb nbseþd tblp`rkj k tbrnbr` 23. ]`r `trk pkrtb, jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi pubcb suibrer jk kcqueseneþd cb ud cbtbrledkc` gebd qub sb koustb k jks dbnbseckcbs cbj njebdtb, n`l` `nurrb n`d bj sbrvene` cb ibsteþd cb fj`tks. Nukdc` sb pr`cunb jk `rcbd cb kcqueseneþd cbj gebd k jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi, sb subjb bstkgjbnbr udk njëusujk pbdkj, bd nks` cb qub bj njebdtb cbsestk bj knubrc` udk vbz qub jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi yk augebrk kcquerec` bj gebd. Sklgeåd ak cb n`dsecbrkrsb bj teblp` cb bdtrbik cbj gebd p`r pkrtb cbj krrbdckc`r, yk qub ud teblp` cb bspbrk cblksekc` jkri`, pubcb pr`v`nkr pr`gjblks pkrk bj njebdtb. Bd lunaks `nkse`dbs, bj teblp` cb bdtrbik d` cbpbdcb bd prelbrk edstkdnek cb jk blprbsk cb rbdtedi, sed` cbj fkgrenkdtb cbj gebd, qub pubcb sufrer pr`gjblks tånden`s qub rbtrksbd jk bdtrbik cbj gebd.
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KJKGKR LKWSÌ, JKRWK8 EWEKWSB, KED@K (7=;2)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . Rdeckc Bcet`rekj Edf`rlkneþd Bn`dþlenk ^.J. attp?//www.bxpkdse`d 2> KJKGKR LKWSÌ, LKWSÌ, JKRWK8 JKRWK8 EWEKWSB, KED@K (7=;2)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . Rdeckc Bcet`rekj Edf`rlkneþd Bn`dþlenk ^.J. attp?//www.bxpkdse`d 23
]ÅWB_ JÞ]B_? Bj N`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . net., p. 759.
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
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Bdtrbik cbj gebd y pbrles` cb utejezkneþd tblp`rkj
Jk bdtrbik cbj gebd bs bj knt` k trkvås cbj nukj bj krrbdcktkre` kcquebrb jk rbspbntevk p`sbseþd cbj gebd, trks edcenkneþd cb juikr y fbnak p`r bj krrbdckc`r lbcekdtb "d`tk cb cesp`degejeckc", edeneëdc`sb bdt`dnbs jk veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt` p`r bj pjkz` n`dvbdec` 22 Bstk pubstk k cesp`seneþd pubcb tbdbr juikr lbcekdtb jk bdtrbik lktbrekj, se sb trktk cb ud vbaìnuj` ` gebd cb bquep` qub p`sbk bd su akgbr bj nbcbdtb, ` gebd lbcekdtb jk nbseþd cbj knnbs` kj lesl`, nukdc` ak sec` kcquerec` bxprbsklbdtb pkrk bj nbse`dkre`26. Bj nbcbdtb, n`l` abl`s lbdne`dkc` bd bj kpkrtkc` kdtbre`r, d` ak cb sbr `gjeikt`reklbdtb bj pr`pebtkre` cbj gebd nbcec`, gkstkdc` n`d qub nubdtb n`d ud cbrbna` rbkj s`grb bj lesl` qub jb akgejetb pkrk su nbseþd bd krrebdc`. K bstb pkrtenujkr sb rbfebrb bj Wbkj Cbnrbt` 121/53 pkrk bj rbdtedi cb kut`lþvejbs, nukdc` cesp`db? " ]krk ]krk bj `t`riklebdt` cb jks kut`rezkne`dbs cb krrbdcklebdt` cb vbaìnuj`s sed n`dcunt`r, sbrë dbnbskre` qub jk pbrs`dk, fìsenk ` ourìcenk, s`jenetkdtb nulpjk j`s seiuebdtbs rbqueset`s? g) Cesp`seneþd cbj dÿlbr` lìdel` cb vbaìnuj`s bd pr`pebckc ` bd råielbd cb krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr` cbcenkc`s k jk knteveckc cb krrbdcklebdt` sed n`dcunt`r qub cbtbrledb bj Ledestr` cb @grks ]ÿgjenks, Srkdsp`rtbs y Lbce` Klgebdtb, bd fudneþd cb jks nernudstkdneks n`dnurrbdtbs bd bj lbrnkc`". Bj lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd bd n`dcene`dbs þptelks cb us` ` Bstk `gjeikneþd cbj krrbdckc`r bs p`r j` ibdbrkj lës klpjek qub jk cespubstk bd bj krtìnuj` ;223 ; 223 cbj Nþcei` Nevej, se sb ak pkntkc` pknt kc` bj lkdtbdelebdt` lkdtbdeleb dt` k nkri` cbj krrbdckc`r, n`l` d`rlkjlbdtb sb aknb bd j`s n`dtrkt`s cb rbdtedi. Bd bstb nks`, bj krrbdckc`r ksulb bj n`stb cb jks rbpkrkne`dbs tbdebdc` ednjuecks pebzks y lkd` cb `grk, tkdt` cb jks `rcedkreks p`r rbveseþd pbreþcenk n`l` p`r kvbrìk, se gebd bj krrbdcktkre` cbgb pr`nurkr lkdtbdbr bj lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd cbdtr` cb j` pkntkc`. D`rlkjlbdtb bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, bj krrbdckc`r d` nugrb bj ckû` sufrec` p`r bj lkj us` cbj gebd p`r pkrtb cbj krrbdcktkre`, n`l` bd bj nks` cb ud knnecbdtb, nuy`s ikst`s sbrëd k nkri` cbj krrbdcktkre`. Bd ÿjtelk edstkdnek, se bj supubst` cb abna` d` augebrk bstkc` prbvest` p`r bj njkusujkc` pkntkc`, ` åstb d` fubrk cb kpjenkneþd p`r d` akgbrsb n`dsecbrkc` edn`rp`rkcks kj n`dtrkt` cb kcabseþd, bd vertuc cb j` cespubst` bd jk Jby 9/51 cb ;> cb kgrej s`grb N`dcene`dbs Ibdbrkjbs cb jk N`dtrktkneþd (d` sbrëd cb kpjenkneþd jks prbvese`dbs prbvese`dbs s`grb dujeckc cb njëusujks, p`r trktkrsb cb n`dtrktkdtbs qub d` tebdbd jk n`dceneþd cb n`dsulec`rbs)8 bd bstb nks`, sb akgrë cb bstkr k j` cespubst` bd bj krtìnuj` ;223 bd nukdt` k jk `gjeikneþd cb rbpkrkr, y kj krtìnuj` ;22> qub cbnjkrk kpjenkgjbs kj n`dtrkt` jks cesp`sene`dbs s`grb skdbklebdt`8 p`r tkdt`, bj krrbdcktkre` pubcb bxeier kj krrbdckc`r jk rbpkrkneþd, y bd nks` cb ednulpjelebdt`, `ptkr p`r jk rbs`juneþd n`d edcbldezkneþd cb ckû`s, k qub sb rbfebrb bj krtìnuj` ;226, ` gebd p`r bj bobrnene` cb jks knne`dbs rbcaeget`rek ` bstelkt`rek k qub sb rbfebrb bj krtìnuj` ;316 cbj lesl` nubrp` jbikj8 rbsujtkc` qub cb jk prelbrk sbrë jk cbv`juneþd cb j` pkikc`, sed edcbldezkneþd, y cb jk sbiudck, jk rbgkok se `ptk p`r jk n`dtedukneþd cb jk veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt`29. ` Lkdtbdbr kj krrbdcktkre` bd bj i`nb pknìfen` cbj gebd p`r t`c` bj teblp` qub curb bj n`dtrkt`
22
FBWDËDCB_, JRNK^ (;559) ? N`lbdtkre`s kj Nþcei` Nevej y N`lpejkne`dbs F`rkjbs (S. QQ. V@J. ;¿-K U ;¿-G)? Krtìnuj`s ;237 k ;217 Cbj Nþcei` Nevej (7 V`js.) (>ª BC). Bcet`rekj cb Cbrbna` Wbudecks ^.K., Lkcrec, net., p. 769. 26 KJKGKR LKWSÌ, LKWSÌ, JKRWK8 JKRWK8 EWEKWSB, KED@K (7=;2)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . Rdeckc Bcet`rekj Edf`rlkneþd Bn`dþlenk ^.J. attp?//www.bxpkdse`d 29
KJKGKR LKWSÌ, LKWSÌ, JKRWK8 JKRWK8 EWEKWSB, KED@K (7=;2)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . Rdeckc Bcet`rekj Edf`rlkneþd Bn`dþlenk ^.J. attp?//www.bxpkdse`d
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
Bstk cesp`seneþd prbvestk bd bj krtìnuj` ;223 n`grk veibdnek bd su rbjkneþd n`d bj krtìnuj` ;22> bd rbfbrbdnek kj skdbklebdt` p`r bvenneþd, bd pkrtenujkr se n`dsecbrkl`s qub bj krrbdckc`r pubcb `stbdtkr jk p`sbseþd bd vertuc cb ud n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi, n`d rbsbrvk cb c`lede` k fkv`r cb su nbcbdtb8 se gebd kj trkdsfbrersb sþj` bj us` cbj gebd kj krrbdcktkre`, jk nubsteþd qubckrìk s`june`dkck lbcekdtb bj rbblpjkz` cbj lesl` n`d `tr` cb su leslk bspbneb y nkjeckc, ` gebd lbcekdtb jk rbs`juneþd cbj n`dtrkt` n`d kg`d` cb ckû`s y pbrouene`s, se j` `tr` d` fubrk p`segjb. Bd vertuc cb pknt`, jks blprbsks cb rbdtedi subjbd `frbnbr udk sbreb cb sbrvene`s rbjkne`dkc`s n`d bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, n`d j` qub bj krrbdcktkre` d` tebdb qub prb`nupkrsb cb jk ibsteþd cbj gebd y pubcb cbcenkrsb k jks knteveckcbs cb su blprbsk. D`rlkjlbdtb sb rbkjezkd jk ibsteþd cb fj`tks, suledestr` cb nkrgurkdtb, ibsteþd cbj pki` cb elpubst`s, btn. `
@gjeikne`dbs kcledestrktevks bd bj ëlget` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s21
N`df`rlb kj Wbkj Cbnrbt` ;7;;/;55=, cb 71 cb sbpteblgrb l`cefenkc` p`r Wbkj Cbnrbt` 5;5/7=;=, cb ;6 cb ouje`, p`r bj qub sb kprubgk bj Wbijklbdt` cb jk Jby cb @rcbdkneþd cb j`s Srkdsp`rtbs Sbrrbstrbs, pkrk bj bobrnene` cb jk knteveckc cb krrbdcklebdt` sed n`dcunt`r cb vbaìnuj`s kut`lþvejbs cb lës cb trbs rubcks sbrë dbnbskrek jk `gtbdneþd cb kut`rezkneþd kcledestrktevk, jk nukj sb `t`rikrë rbfbreck k jk blprbsk krrbdckc`rk sed n`dcene`dkr bj v`julbd cb knteveckc pbrleteck de j`s vbaìnuj`s n`dnrbt`s n`d qub jk leslk akyk cb jjbvkrsb k nkg` cbgebdc` `t`rikrsb bd fkv`r cb t`cks jks blprbsks qub j` s`jenetbd y qub nulpjkd j`s rbqueset`s bxeiegjbs. Cena`s rbqueset`s n`lprbdcbd jk cesp`seneþd cb, kj lbd`s, ud j`nkj u `fenedk cbcenkc` k jk knteveckc cb krrbdcklebdt`, n`d d`lgrb ` tìtuj` rbiestrkc`, kgebrt` kj pÿgjen` sþj` n`lpktegjb n`d jk knteveckc cb nklge` cb l`dbck8 cesp`seneþd, k tìtuj` cb pr`pebckc ` krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr`, cbj dÿlbr` lìdel` cb vbaìnuj`s cbcenkc`s k jk knteveckc cb krrbdcklebdt` qub cbtbrledb bj Ledestr` cb F`lbdt`8 d` supbrkneþd cb j`s jìletbs cb kdteiúbckc cb j`s vbaìnuj`s qub, bd su nks`, cbtbrledb bj Ledestr` cb F`lbdt`8 susnrepneþd cb j`s sbiur`s cb rbsp`dskgejeckc nevej p`r ckû`s qub rbsujtbd `gjeikt`re`s n`df`rlb k jk jbiesjkneþd veibdtb8 cesp`seneþd cb ikrkobs ` juikrbs cb kpkrnklebdt` nukdc` ksì j` bxeok jk Kcledestrkneþd n`lpbtbdtb8 j`s n`dtrkt`s cbgbrëd nbjbgrkrsb bd j`s j`nkjbs u `fenedks cb jk blprbsk krrbdckc`rk, se gebd su f`rlkjezkneþd y jk bdtrbik bfbntevk cb j`s vbaìnuj`s k j`s usukre`s p`crëd jjbvkrsb k nkg` bd ud juikr cefbrbdtb, cena`s n`dtrkt`s p`crëd kselesl` sbr nbjbgrkc`s bd jks cbjbikne`dbs qub jk blprbsk krrbdckc`rk tbdik bd a`tbjbs, kibdneks cb vekobs, n`lpjbo`s turìsten`s ` nbdtr`s selejkrbs seblprb qub nulpjkd sus lesl`s rbqueset`s8 tbdbr bxpubst`s kj pÿgjen` j`s prbne`s cbj krrbdcklebdt` bd jks n`dcene`dbs qub sb cbtbrledbd kcledestrktevklbdtb. 7.@gjeikne`dbs cbj krrbdcktkre` (njebdtb). `
]ki` cb jk rbdtk
Bj pki` cb jk rbdtk rbkjezkc` p`r bj njebdtb, d`rlkjlbdtb sb cbrevk tkdt` cb jk nbseþd cbj gebd, bs cbner, p`r tbdbr bd cesp`seneþd bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, y p`r jk rbkjezkneþd cb j`s pbrtedbdtbs sbrvene`s ks`nekc`s kj gebd p`r pkrtb cb jk s`nebckc cb rbdtedi. ]`r j` qub jk nu`tk cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi subjb sbr udk nu`tk ÿdenk n`dstetueck p`r klg`s prbnbpt`s, sebdc` d`rlkjlbdtb udk nu`tk lbdsukj ` trelbstrkj. Kcblës bj njebdtb tebdb jk `gjeikneþd cb pkikr j`s ikt`s cb n`dstetuneþd cbj n`dtrkt`. Bd nks` cb elpki`, ckrë juikr k jk rbs`juneþd n`d rbstetuneþd cbj gebd y kg`d` cb ckû`s y pbrouene`s pkrtb cbj krrbdcktkre`. D`rlkjlbdtb bj l`dtkdtb cb bstk edcbldezkneþd bs eiukj k jks rbdtks qub sb cbvbdiubd akstk jk bxperkneþd cbj pjkz` pkntkc`, cbscb bj l`lbdt` bd bj qub sb pr`cunb bj prelbr elpki`. ]br` kcblës bs 21
KJKGKR LKWSÌ, JKRWK8 EWEKWSB, KED@K (7=;2)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . Rdeckc Bcet`rekj Edf`rlkneþd Bn`dþlenk ^.J. attp?//www.bxpkdse`d
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
frbnubdtb bj bstkgjbnelebdt` cb udk njëusujk pbdkj, qub rbiujb j`s bfbnt`s cbj ednulpjelebdt` cbdtr` cbj ëlget` prevkc` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi.
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Rskr ceje ibdtbl bdtb cb jk n`sk nbce ck cbsted ëdc` jk kj us` p kntkc`
"Bj krrbdcktkre` nueckrë cejeibdtblbdtb cejeibdtblbdtb cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, d` kguskdc` bd bj us` cbj lesl`". Rdk kntukneþd n`dtrkrek, p`crìk jjbvkr k jk bx`dbrkneþd cb jks `gjeikne`dbs cbj krrbdckc`r, bd nukdt` kj lkdtbdelebdt` y rbpkrkneþd cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, pucebdc` jjbikr k jk edl`vejezkneþd cbj gebd ` k jk edcbldezkneþd p`r ckû`s y pbrouene`s k nkri` cbj krrbdcktkre`25. Bj krt. ;222 cbj N.n. cenb qub " bj krrbdcktkre` bstë `gjeikc` k uskr cb jk n`sk krrbdckck n`l` ud cejeibdtb pkcrb cb fklejek, cbstedëdc`jk kj us` pkntkc`8 y, bd cbfbnt` cb pknt`, kj qub sb edfebrk cb jk dkturkjbzk cb jk n`sk krrbdckck sbiÿd jk n`stulgrb cb jk tebrrk". Bstb krtìnuj` cbtbrledk qub bj krrbdcktkre` cbgbrë uskr bj gebd n`l` se fubrk cb su pr`pebckc curkdtb bj pbre`c` cb veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt`, jjbiëdc`sb k bstkgjbnbr bd kjiud`s n`dtrkt`s jk `gjeikneþd cb utejezkneþd cbj gebd, nukdc` jk d` utejezkneþd pubcb pbroucenkr su veck bn`dþlenk ` su fudne`dklebdt` 6=. Bd bj nks` cb vbaìnuj`s, sb ak cb n`dtkr n`d kut`rezkneþd kcledestrktevk pkrk su utejezkneþd. K bstb rbqueset` sb rbfebrb bj krtìnuj` ;91 cbj Wbijklbdt` kdtbre`rlbdtb lbdne`dkc`, y subjb elp`dbrsb bd f`rlk cb njëusujk kj krrbdcktkre`. 7.7.7 L`cefenkneþd y Bxtedneþd cbj N`dtrkt` N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi N`l` abl`s lbdne`dkc` kdtbre`rlbdtb, bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi sb pubcb n`dsecbrkr n`l` ud n`dtrkt` n`d udk tepefenkneþd s`nekj. ^biÿd ]KRJ@ DRD@ A@WSK, jk p`segejeckc cb l`cefenkneþd cb jks njëusujks cbj n`dtrkt` curkdtb bj pbre`c` cb veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt` bs udk cb jks prednepkjbs nkrkntbrìstenks cb jk tepefenkneþd s`nekj. Rdk cb jks p`segejeckcbs cb l`cefenkneþd, bs jk trkdsleseþd cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, bs cbner, jk nbseþd cb jk rbjkneþd `gjeikt`rek ` p`seneþd n`dtrkntukj cbj krrbdckc`r ` krrbdcktkre`. Bd bj nks` cb nbseþd nbseþd cbj n`dtrkt` p`r cbfudneþd ` ednkpkneckc ednkpkneckc cb udk pkrtb cbj n`dtrkt`, d`rlkjlbdtb sb bxtediuerìk jk rbjkneþd n`dtrkntukj. ]krk qub jk nbseþd cbj n`dtrkt` fubrk p`segjb, sbrìk dbnbskre` jk kut`rezkneþd cbj nbcbdtb, seblprb y nukdc` jks l`cefenkne`dbs qub sb pr`cuobrkd p`r jk nbseþd cbj n`dtrkt` d` kfbntkrkd k jks n`dcene`dbs kdtbre`rlbdtb bstkgjbnecks bd bj n`dtrkt`. Rd boblpj` pubcb sbr bd nks` cb nbseþd cb n`dtrkt` p`r pkrtb cbj krrbdcktkre` k `trk bdteckc qub d` fubrk j` sufenebdtblbdtb s`jvbdtb n`l` pkrk ksbiurkr jks n`dcene`dbs kdtbre`rlbdtb bstkgjbnecks, j` qub p`crìk n`djjbvkr kj elpki` cb jks nu`tks. Ksì nukdc` jks sb bstkgjbnebrkd udks n`dcene`dbs n`dcene`dbs n`dtrkntukjbs bspbnìfenks qub pucebrkd jeletkr bj n`dtrkt` k jks pkrtbs edenekjlbdtb ferlkdtbs, d` sbrë p`segjb jk nbseþd. Bs n`lÿd qub bd j`s n`dtrkt`s cb rbdtedi sb bstkgjbznk udk njëusujk p`r jk nukj bj krrbdcktkre` d` pubck bobrnbr jk nbseþd cb sus cbrbna`s y `gjeikne`dbs n`dtrkntukjbs k udk tbrnbrk pbrs`dk kobdk kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, skjv` n`dsbdtelebdt` cbj krrbdckc`r qub p`crë bobrnbr bsk nbseþd, seblprb y nukdc` sus n`dcene`dbs bn`dþlen`blprbskrekjbs j` `gjeiubd, gkstkdc` n`d qub n`ludequb kj krrbdcktkre` bd jk fbnak cb nbseþd ` sugr`ikneþd. Sklgeåd sbrë p`segjb, jk sustetuneþd cbj `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` curkdtb bj pbrì`c` cb veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt`, seblprb y nukdc` cenak sustetuneþd d` kjtbrb jks n`dcene`dbs edenekjbs cbj n`dtrkt`. Ksì bs n`lÿd jk sustetuneþd tblp`rkj cbj gebd, nukdc` åstb sufrebrk kjiudk kvbrìk qub rbquerebrk cb ud teblp` cb rbpkrkneþd qub pucebrk kfbntkr kj krrbdcktkre` bd su dbi`ne`. Kcblës, d`rlkjlbdtb sb bstkgjbnb bd bj n`dtrkt` jk p`segejeckc cb sustetuer bj gebd p`r `tr` cb jks leslks nkrkntbrìstenks, seblprb y nukdc` 25
A@WSK N@WWBEK WKLÌWB_, ]KRJ@ DRD@ (7==5)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi (Kdëjeses ourìcen` bd bj n`dtbxt` cb j`s kntukjbs edstrulbdt`s cb fedkdnekneþd) . Wkte` Jbies, ^kjklkdnk-N`elgrk, p.>96. 6= KVV, N`dtrkt`s Lbrnkdtejbs, S. EE . net, p.;35.
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
cena` gebd sufrebrk ud ckû` errbpkrkgjb ` nuy` krrbij` supusebrk ud n`stb cblksekc` bjbvkc`. Bd bstb kspbnt` j` ÿden` qub aky qub ikrkdtezkr bs jk sustetuneþd cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` p`r `tr` n`d udks nkrkntbrìstenks rkz`dkgjblbdtb eiukjbs ` supbre`rbs, pbrletebdc` kj krrbdcktkre` sbiuer n`d jk knteveckc qub bstkgk rbkjezkdc` n`d cena` gebd sed kjtbrkr su dbi`ne`. Nkgb jk p`segejeckc cb kulbdtkr ` cesleduer jk curkneþd prbveklbdtb kn`rckck curkdtb jk veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt`, bstkgjbneådc`sb d`rlkjlbdtb udk njëusujk lbcekdtb jk nukj, k pkrter cb ud cbtbrledkc` pjkz` bj krrbdcktkre` tbdcrë jk p`segejeckc cb l`cefenkr bj pjkz` edenekj bstkgjbneådc`sb udks dubvks n`dcene`dbs prbveklbdtb pkntkcks. Kcblës sb p`crëd kulbdtkr ` cesleduer kjiud` cb j`s sbrvene`s prbveklbdtb pkntkc`s lbcekdtb n`dtrkt`, n`l` `nurrb p`r boblpj` bd bj n`dtrkt` cb sbiur` puceådc`sb l`cefenkr pkrk lbo`rkr jks n`dcene`dbs cbj ksbiurkc`. Bs udk l`cefenkneþd luy ibdbrkjezkck bd j`s n`dtrkt`s cb rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s, jk l`cefenkneþd cbj dÿlbr` cb hejþlbtr`s kn`rckc`s bdtrb jks pkrtbs. ]`r ÿjtel` nkgb lbdne`dkr jks l`cefenkne`dbs l`cefenkne`dbs qub pubcbd kn`dtbnbr bd jk rbdtk, cbgec` kj cbtbre`r` cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, qub pubck kjtbrkr sus prbstkne`dbs pkrk bj krrbdcktkre`. Nukdc` jks l`cefenkne`dbs cbj n`dtrkt` kjtbrkd kspbnt`s fudcklbdtkjbs, n`l` bs bj nks` cbj `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` ` jk rbdtk qub cbgb pkikr bj njebdtb, pkrbnb sbr ud edcene` cb jk bxtedneþd cb cena` n`dtrkt` pkrk jk n`dstetuneþd cb ud dubv` n`dtrkt`. Bd nukdt` k jks nkusks cb bxtedneþd cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, kj eiukj qub bd jk ibdbrkjeckc cb j`s n`dtrkt`s, pubcbd tbdbr juikr p`r vkreks nkusks n`l` bj lutu` cesbds` ` knubrc` bxtedtev`, jk n`dfuseþd, jk rbs`juneþd, bj pbrbnelebdt` cbj gebd, bj trkdsnurs` cbj pjkz` kn`rckc` y bj cbsestelebdt` 6;. Bd bj nks` cb pbrbnelebdt` cbj gebd, s`d vkreks jks nkusks qub pubcbd ckr juikr k jk bxtedneþd, pucebdc` rbkjezkrsb p`r sedebstr` t`tkj cb gebd, p`r j` qub bj krrbdcktkre` cbgbrë pkikr jks rbdtks akstk bj l`lbdt` qub bj krrbdckc`r rbnegk jk edcbldezkneþd cb jk n`lpkûìk ksbiurkc`rk. Kcblës setukne`dbs n`l` bj aurt` y bj r`g`, pubcbd sup`dbr jk bxtedneþd cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, lbdne`dkdc` bj krtìnuj` ;261 cbj Nþcei` Nevej "^e sb pebrcb jk n`sk krrbdckck ` kjiud` cb j`s n`dtrktkdtbs fkjtk kj nulpjelebdt` cb j` bstepujkc`, sb `gsbrvkrë, rbspbntevklbdtb, j` cespubst` bd j`s krtìnuj`s ;.;17 67 y ;.;1>6> y bd j`s ;.;=; y ;.;73". ^e bj ckû` sufrec` elpjequb udk rbpkrkneþd edvekgjb ` se bj `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` cbok cb bxester d` tebdb sbdtec` qub bj cbuc`r cb jk prbstkneþd seik `gjeikc` 63. ^biÿd bj prednepe` ::rbs pbret c`led`44, bd nks` cb pbrbnelebdt` cbj gebd bs bj pktrel`de` cbj krrbdckc`r bj qub sb kfbntkc`, yk qub bs ud kntev` bd su pr`pebckc y tbdcrë qub s`p`rtkr j`s edabrbdtbs rebsi`s y bvbdtukjbs pbrouene`s. Bs j` qub sb bstepujk bd dulbr`sks `nkse`dbs bd j`s n`dtrkt`s cb rbdtedi, lbcekdtb udk njëusujk n`l` jk qub seiub? " S`cks jks rbpkrkne`dbs, sustetune`dbs, rbvese`dbs y ikst`s rbjkne`dkc`s n`d bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` sbrëd k nubdtk y rebsi` cbj krrbdckc`r, quebd sb rbsp`dskgejezk cb nukjquebr cbtbre`r`, yk sbk pkrnekj ` t`tkj pkrk su rbpkrkneþd ` bvbdtukj sustetuneþd, k fed cb qub curkdtb bj pbrì`c` cb veibdnek, bj krrbdcktkre` pubck tbdbr ksbiurkc` bj sbrvene` qub jb prbstb bj `gobt` cb bstb n`dtrkt`".
6;
A@WSK N@WWBEK WKLÌWB_, ]KRJ@ DRD@ (7==5)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi (Kdëjeses ourìcen` bd bj n`dtbxt` cb j`s kntukjbs edstrulbdt`s cb fedkdnekneþd) . Wkte` Jbies, ^kjklkdnk-N`Ìlgrk, p.3=;.
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[ubckrë bxtediueck jk `gjeikneþd qub n`dsestk bd bdtrbikr udk n`sk cbtbrledkck nukdc` åstk sb pbrcebrb ` cbstruybrb sed nujpk cbj cbuc`r y kdtbs cb akgbrsb åstb n`dstetuec` bd l`rk. 6> ^eblprb qub jk n`sk sb augebsb pbrcec` bd p`cbr cbj cbuc`r, sb prbsulerë qub jk pårceck `nurreþ p`r su nujpk y d` p`r nks` f`rtuet`, skjv` prubgk bd n `dtrkre`, y sed pbrouene` cb j` cespubst` bd bj krtìnuj` ;.=56. 63 A@WSK N@WWBEK N@WWBEK WKLÌWB_, WKLÌWB_, ]KRJ@ DRD@ (7==5)? (7==5)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi (Kdëjeses ourìcen` ourìcen` bd bj n`dtbxt` cb j`s kntukjbs edstrulbdt`s cb fedkdnekneþd). Wkte` Jbies, ^kjklkdnk-N`elgrk, p.3=7.
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
Nukdc` bstkl`s kdtb ud n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi edcerbnt`, bs bj krrbdcktkre` bj qub ksulb cenak `gjeikneþd y p`r tkdt` bj n`dtrkt` qubckrë bxtediuec` bd bj l`lbdt` bd qub bj `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` d` bxestk, n`l` bd bj nks` cb sedebstr` t`tkj cbj gebd, aurt` ` ednbdce`. Cbgb sbûkjkrsb, qub kdtb jk pårceck cb jk n`sk `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, sed nujpk ` l`rk cbj usukre` y sed p`segejeckc cb rbblpjkz`, bj n`dtrkt` qubck bxtediuec` 62. D` nrbbl`s qub fubrk vëjeck udk njëusujk qub elpecebrk tkj bxtedneþd, jjbikdc` k bstkgjbnbr qub bj usukre` cbgbrìk sbiuer kg`dkdc` j`s nëd`dbs, kudqub bj gebd augebrk pbrbnec` p`r nkusks qub d` jb fubrkd k åj elputkgjbs 66. Bd kjiud`s n`dtrkt`s, sb jjbik k bstkgjbnbr qub bj usukre` cbgbrë sbiuer pkikdc` jks nu`tks cb rbdtedi, kudqub bj gebd akyk pbrbnec` p`r nkusks kobdks k åj. Bd bstb tep` cb n`dtrkt`s y njëusujks, bd j`s qub jk nkrik qub sup`db jk pårceck cbj gebd pubcb sbr ktreguegjb kj krrbdckc`r ` kj krrbdcktkre`. Bstk nubsteþd sb ugenk bd bj n`dnbpt` cb jegbrtkc n`dtrkntukj, cbj qub abl`s akgjkc` kdtbre`rlbdtb, bd krrbij` kj prednepe` cb kut`d`lìk prevkck. Bst` tebdb sbdtec` nukdc` akgjkl`s cbj rbdtedi bdtrb blprbsks, bd c`dcb jk nkpkneckc bn`dþlenk cb nkck pkrtb oubik ud pkpbj luy elp`rtkdtb bd bj bstkgjbnelebdt` cb cenaks nkriks. D` `gstkdtb, d` tebdb sbdtec` bd bj rbdtedi cb n`dsul`, cbgec` k jk ìdfelk nkpkneckc dbi`nekc`rk cbj krrbdcktkre` 69. K bstb rbspbnt` sb pr`dudnek jk ^bdtbdnek cbj Ouzikc` cb ]relbrk Edstkdnek cb ^kdtkdcbr, (Dÿl. >), cb >; cb lky` 7==>, s`grb bj rbdtedi cb bquep`s edf`rlëten`s? " (...) n`dsbrvkdc` bj krrbdckc`r jk pr`pebckc cb j`s gebdbs y nbcebdc` su us` kj krrbdcktkre`, jk rbsp`dskgejeckc p`r su us` nkuskc`s k tbrnbr`s, akrë cb rbnkbr s`grb bj krrbdckc`r, cb n`df`rleckc n`d bj krt.;5=> cbj Nþcei` Nevej ( JBI ;115, 79), knneþd cb rbsp`dskgejeckc cerbntk s`grb bj krrbdckc`r8 bvbdtukjeckc pkrk jk nukj subjb bj krrbdckc`r n`dtrktkr udk pþjezk cb sbiur` k su n`stk-pubs bs bj fkv`rbnec` p`r bjj`-, pucebdc` y sebdc` frbnubdtb bxtbdcbrsb tkj ksbiurklebdt` k j`s nks`s cb pårceck ` sustrknneþd cb jk n`sk". Bd dubstrk `pedeþd, bj prednepe` cb kut`d`lìk prevkck oubik ud pkpbj fudcklbdtkj bd bj bstkgjbnelebdt` cb jks njëusujks cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, y kcblës cbpbdcebdc` cbj tep` cb n`dtrkt` y jks pkrtbs edtbrvedebdtbs jks rbsp`dskgejeckcbs cbj pki` cb sbiur`, n`l` lbdne`dk jk sbdtbdnek kdtbre`r, rbnkbrëd s`grb udk pkrtb u `trk. D`rlkjlbdtb bd jk prëntenk j`s ikst`s cb sbiur` n`rrbrëd k nkri` cbj krrbdcktkre` y jk rbsp`dskgejeckc p`r pårceck ` sedebstr` cbj gebd k nkri` cbj krrbdckc`r. Rdk cb jks prednepkjbs nkusks cb bxtedneþd cb j`s n`dtrkt`s bd ibdbrkj, bs bj trkdsnurs` cbj pjkz` kn`rckc` p`r jks pkrtbs bd cena` n`dtrkt` ( Krt. ;262 N.n 61) . Nukdc` sb pr`cunb cenak setukneþd, nkgbd trbs p`segejeckcbs qub yk vel`s kdtbre`rlbdtb bd jk `pbrktevk cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi? `
Jk bxtedneþd cbj n`dtrkt` y cbv`juneþd cbj gebd kj krrbdckc`r.
Jk bxtedneþd cbj n`dtrkt n`dtrkt` ` y kcqueseneþd cbj gebd p`r pkrtb cbj krrbdcktkre` lbcekdtb bj bobrnene` cb jk `pneþd cb n`lprk. `
Wbd`vkneþd ` prþrr`ik cbj n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt`, lbcekdtb j` bstepujkc` lbcekdtb jks njëusujks cbj n`dtrkt` (Krt. ;262 cbj Nþcei` Nevej) 65. `
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LBCEDK CB JBLR^ ? N`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . net., pp. 5=3, 5=2. LBCEDK CB JBLR^? N`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi . net., p. 5=7.
66 69
A@WSK N@WWBEK WKLÌWB_, ]KRJ@ DRD@ (7==5)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi (Kdëjeses ourìcen` bd bj n`dtbxt` cb j`s kntukjbs edstrulbdt`s cb fedkdnekneþd). Wkte` Jbies, ^kjklkdnk-N`elgrk, p.3=5. 61 "^e bj krrbdcklebdt` sb ak abna` p`r teblp` cbtbrledkc`, n`dnjuyb bj cìk prbfeokc` sed dbnbseckc cb rbqubrelebdt`". 65 "^e bj krrbdcklebdt` sb ak abna` p`r teblp` cbtbrledkc`, n`dnjuyb bj cìk prbfeokc` sed dbnbseckc cb rbqubrelebdt`".
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
Uk kg`rckl`s jk pr`gjblëtenk cb jk cbv`juneþd cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` kj krrbdckc`r, bd bj qub cbgìk vbdcbr cena` gebd bd bj lbrnkc` cb sbiudck lkd`, rbquerebdc` bd kjiudks `nkse`dbs k j`s lesl`s fkgrenkdtbs pkrk tkj fed. Bd nukdt` k jk `pneþd cb n`lprk, d` subjb edn`rp`rkrsb bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, yk qub n`l` abl`s lbdne`dkc` bd dulbr`sks `nkse`dbs, bj fed cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi d` bs fedkdnekneþd cb jk kcqueseneþd cbj gebd, sed` bj us` y cesfrutb cbj gebd curkdtb jk veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt`. D` `gstkdtb bs p`segjb edn`rp`rkr jk `pneþd cb n`lprk, nklgekdc` n`d bjj` kjiud`s kspbnt`s cbj n`dtrkt` n`l` su n`dtkgejezkneþd 9=. ^biÿd bj krtìnuj` ;266 cbj Nþcei` Nevej "se kj tbrledkr bj n`dtrkt`, pbrlkdbnb bj krrbdcktkre` cesfrutkdc` quednb cìks cb jk n`sk krrbdckck n`d kquebsnbdnek cbj krrbdckc`r, sb bdtebdcb qub aky tënetk rbn`dcunneþd p`r bj teblp` qub bstkgjbnbd j`s krtìnuj`s ;.299 y ;.21;, k lbd`s qub akyk prbnbcec` rbqubrelebdt`". Bs cbner k lbd`s qub bj krrbdckc`r ceik j` n`dtrkre`, bj n`dtrkt` sb bdtebdcb rbd`vkc`, pucebdc` bj krrbdcktkre` cesfrutkr cbj gebd y cb j`s sbrvene`s bstepujkc`s kdtbre`rlbdtb, bd ud dubv` n`dtrkt` n`d jks leslks n`dcene`dbs. Jk rbd`vkneþd cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, d`rlkjlbdtb bstë bstepujkck bd udk njëusujk, c`dcb sb bstkgjbnb ud pbre`c` curkdtb bj nukj cenak rbd`vkneþd pubcb sbr n`dv`nkck p`r bj usukre`. Bd j`s n`dtrkt`s k n`rt` pjkz`, bd j`s qub bj krrbdcktkre` cesp`db cbj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` pkrk udk cbtbrledkck knteveckc n`d ud teblp` edcbfedec`, sbrë p`segjb qub åstb tbrledb n`d jk rbjkneþd n`dtrkntukj nukdc` cenak knteveckc akyk fedkjezkc`. Bd nukdt` k j`s n`dtrkt`s k lbce` ` jkri` pjkz`, j` lës akgetukj bs qub kj tbrledkr jk veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt`, bj krrbdcktkre` cbvubjvk bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` kj krrbdcktkre` ` bobrzk jk `pneþd cb n`lprk kcquerebdc` ksì cena` gebd. D` `gstkdtb, bs p`segjb jk rbd`vkneþd cbj n`dtrkt` seblprb y nukdc` ksì j` cbsbbd jks pkrtbs edtbrvedebdtbs bd bj n`dtrkt`. Fedkjlbdtb kg`rckrbl`s bj cbsestelebdt` udejktbrkj cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, bd bj qub udk cb jks pkrtbs cbsesterë cbj tkj n`dtrkt`, j` qub elpjenk bj nbsb cb sus bfbnt`s kdtbs cb jk tbrledkneþd feokck edenekjlbdtb 9;. Bstk p`segejeckc bstë nkse jeletkck bd bxnjusevk kj krrbdcktkre`, qub cbgbrë d`tefenkrj` p`r bsnret` kj krrbdckc`r, d`rlkjlbdtb d`rlkjlbdtb k pkrter cb j`s sbes lbsbs ` ud kû` cbj edene` cbj n`dtrkt` y n`d ud pjkz` cb kdtbjkneþd k jk fbnak cb cbsestelebdt` cb bdtrb trbedtk ` sbtbdtk cìks. Kcblës bj krrbdcktkre` tbdcrë jk `gjeikneþd cb edcbldezkr kj krrbdckc`r p`r ud vkj`r bquevkjbdtb bquevkjbd tb kj >=% ` 2=% cb jks rbdtks qub tbdcrìk qub pkikr bj krrbdcktkre` bd nks` cb nulpjer n`d bj pjkz` bstepujkc` bd bj n`dtrkt`. Cb bstk f`rlk bj krrbdckc`r p`crë ikrkdtezkr bd pkrtb jk edvbrseþd rbkjezkck bd bj `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt`, ksì n`l` `tr`s ikst`s qub sb cbrevbd cbj cbsestelebdt` cbj n`dtrkt`, n`l` pubcbd sbr edcbldezkne`dbs p`r n`dtrktkne`dbs cb sbrvene`s kj pr`vbbc`r. 7.7.> Bj Ednulpjelebdt` bd bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi Nukdc` sb bstkgjbnbd jks njëusujks cb ud n`dtrkt`, sb pjkdtbk bj nulpjelebdt` n`l` jk n`dsbnubdnek dkturkj, p`r j` qub k pre`re sb prbsup`db jk pjbdk bobnuneþd cbj n`doudt` cb cbrbna`s y `gjeikne`dbs qub bd bjjks rbsecbd. 9=
Uk vel`s bd bj kpkrtkc` cb jk n`dtkgejezkneþd cbj rbdtedi, n`l` sb n`dtkgejezkgk n`l` ud ikst` cbj bobrnene`, d` `gstkdtb jk `pneþd cb n`lprk ouikgk ud pkpbj fudcklbdtkj bd n`dtkgejezkr bstb n`dtrkt` n`l` ud krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr`, n`dsecbrkdc` bj gebd n`l` ud kntev` cb jk blprbsk usukre`. 9; CÌB_-]ENK_@? Fudcklbdt`s cbj Cbrbna` Nevej ]ktrel`dekj, EE . net., p. 5=>, n`dsecbrk jk cbdudnek ` cbsestelebdt` udk " fknujtkc cb bobrnene` bdtbrklbdtb jegrb". Bd nks` cb qub klgks pkrtbs knubrcbd jk bxtedneþd cbj vednuj` n`dtrkntukj sb trktk cb cbsestelebdt` lutu` ` lutu` cesbds`, n`l` knubrc` cb v`judtkcbs (p. 5=3). Bd jk p.5=6 bj kut`r rbsulb nukjbs s`d jks nkrkntbrìstenks qub jk rbjkneþd ourìcenk cbgb tbdbr pkrk cbsester bj n`dtrkt`, bd bj nks` cb qub tkj setukneþd d` bstå prbvestk p`r jk jby ` bd cena` n`dtrkt`. Nf. tg. DEBS@ NKW@J, N`dcene`dbs Ibdbrkjbs bd j`s n`dtrkt`s gkdnkre`s cb nråcet` y pr`tbnneþd cbj n`dsulec`r,...., net., p.232 ss.
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
^ed blgkri`, nukdc` kjiud` cb j`s suobt`s qub edtbrvebdbd bd bj n`dtrkt`, d` seiub bj pjkd bstkgjbnec` bd åj, suribd jks edsktesfknne`dbs cbj knrbbc`r p`r bj cbskoustbs bdtrb jks prbvese`dbs bstkgjbnecks bd bj knt` n`dstetutev` y bj n`lp`rtklebdt` rbkjezkc` p`r bj cbuc`r, bs cbner, bj ednulpjelebdt` n`dtrkntukj 97. Kj edtr`cuner bj ednulpjelebd ednulpjelebdt` t` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, rbdtedi, vbl`s dbnbskre` dbnbskre` netkr y kdkjezkr kdkjezkr jks cefbrbdtbs l`ckjeckcbs qub sb pubcbd `reiedkr n`d jk nbjbgrkneþd cb ud n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi? bj rbtkrc` ` l`rk, bj nulpjelebdt` cbfbntu`s` y bj ednulpjelebdt` cbfedetev` 9>. 7.>.>.; L`rk bd bj nulpjelebdt` Bs jk l`ckjeckc cb ednulpjelebdt` qub n`dsestb bd bj rbtrks` bd bj nulpjelebdt` cb jks `gjeikne`dbs n`dtrkntukjbs cb jks qub sb `gjeiþ edenekjlbdtb bj cbuc`r, sebdc` kÿd p`segjb bj nulpjelebdt` cb åstks y kcblës rbsujtkdc` sktesfknt`reks pkrk bj knrbbc`r. ^biÿd bj Krt. ;;== cbj N`dnurrbd bd l`rk j`s `gjeikc`s k bdtrbikr ` k aknbr kjiudk n`sk cbscb qub bj knrbbc`r jbs bxeok oucenekj ` bxtrkoucenekjlbdtb bj nulpjelebdt` cb su `gjeikneþd. D` sbrë, sed blgkri`, dbnbskrek jk edtelkneþd cbj knrbbc`r pkrk qub jk l`rk bxestk? ;. Nukdc` jk `gjeikneþd ` jk jby j` cbnjkrbd ksì bxprbsklbdt bxprbsklbdtb. b. 7. Nukdc` cb su dkturkjbzk y nernudst nernudstkdneks kdneks rbsujtb qub jk cbseidkneþd cb jk åp`nk bd qub akgìk cb bdtrbikrsb jk n`sk ` aknbrsb bj sbrvene`, fub l`tev` cbtbrledkdtb pkrk bstkgjbnbr jk `gjeikneþd. Bd jks `gjeikne`dbs rbnìpr`nks dediud` cb j`s `gjeikc`s ednurrb bd l`rk se bj `tr` d` nulpjb ` d` sb kjjkdk k nulpjer cbgecklbdtb j` qub jb ednulgb. Cbscb qub ud` cb j`s `gjeikc`s nulpjb su `gjeikneþd, blpebzk jk l`rk pkrk bj `tr`. Bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, d`s bdn`dtrkrbl`s kdtb l`rk cbj krrbdckc`r, nukdc` d` n`j`nk bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` ` prbstk ud cbtbrledkc` sbrvene` bd bj teblp` bstkgjbnec` pkrk tkj fed bd bj n`dtrkt`93. Bd bj nks` cb qub bj krrbdckc`r rbnkeik bd l`rk cbgec` k tbrnbrks pkrtbs n`d jks qub tebdb n`dtrktkc`s cevbrs`s sbrvene`s, jk rbsp`dskgejeckc p`r cenak l`rk seblprb sbrë elputkgjb k åstb, cbgec` k qub bs bj qub tebdb jk rbsp`dskgejeckc cb nulpjelebdt` frbdtb kj krrbdcktkre`. Bst` pubcb `nurrer, p`r boblpj` nukdc` bj krrbdckc`r sb n`lpr`lbtb k cbv`jvbr bj gebd bd ud cbtbrledkc` pbre`c` cb teblp` bd nks` cb kvbrìk, y bj pr`vbbc`r sb rbtrksk bd jk bdtrbik cbj gebd kj krrbdckc`r. Bd bstb nks`, bxestbd n`dtrkt`s bd j`s qub bj krrbdcktkre` p`crë pr`nbcbr k jk rbsneseþd cb åstb k pkrter cb ud dÿlbr` cb cìks cb l`rk. Wbspbnt` k jks setukne`dbs bd jks qub bj krrbdcktkre` pubcb ednecer bd l`rk, cbstknkrìkd bj rbtrks` bd bj pki` cb jks nu`tks cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi ` bd nks` cb rbtrkskrsb bd jk bdtrbik cbj gebd udk vbz n`dnjuec` bj pbrì`c` cb veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt`.
97
Nukjquebr fkjtk cb rbkjezkneþd, rbkjezkneþd errbiujkr, cbfbntu`sk ` edn`lpjbtk cb jks prbstkne`dbs ` n`dcuntks ksulecks n`dtrkntukjlbdtb. Bd cbfedetevk, nukjquebr cbskoustb cb jk rbkjeckc n`d bj n`dtrkt`. (fubdtb? attp?//www.upf.bcu/crbtnevej/Ppcf/lktPfbrdkdc`/nevejc`s>.pcf). attp?//www.upf.bcu/crbtnevej/Ppcf/lktPfbrdkdc`/nevejc`s>.pcf). 9> ^`grb bj Kdtenepkt`ry D`d-]brf`rlkdnb kdij`skoþd, Edstetut` ourìcen` qub sb ktebdcb kj "rebsi` cb ednulpjelebdt`", n.f KDCWBR WKLÌWB_, "ednulpjelebdt` kdtenepkc`? rbiujkneþd bd j`s prednepe`s cb cbrbna` n`dtrkntukj bur`pb` y s`june`dbs k jk vestk cbj Nþcei` Nevej bspkû`j", bd gksbs cb ud cbrbna` n`dtrkntukj bur`pb`, KKVV, Vkjbdnek, Serkdt j` gjkdna,7==>, p. >>> ss. 93 A@WSK N@WWBEK WKLÌWB_, ]KRJ@ DRD@ (7==5)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi (Kdëjeses ourìcen` bd bj n`dtbxt` cb j`s kntukjbs edstrulbdt`s cb fedkdnekneþd). Wkte` Jbies, ^kjklkdnk-N`elgrk, p.37>.
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
Bd nukdt` k jks n`dsbnubdneks cb jk l`rk, bd prelbr juikr, bj cbuc`r l`r`s` cbgb rbskrner kj knrbbc`r j`s ckû`s y pbrouene`s nkuskc`s p`r bj rbtrks` (krtìnuj` ;;=; cbj `gjeikte`des ? bj cbuc`r rbsp`dcb Nþcei` Nevej). Bd sbiudc` juikr, jk jjklkck pbrpbtukte` `gjeikte`des cb jk elp`segejeckc s`grbvbdeck, ednjus` se `nurrb p`r nks` f`rtuet` ` fubrzk lky`r (krtìnuj`s ;=56.> y ;;17 cbj Nþcei` Nevej).Jk l`rk nbsk nukdc` sb nulpjb jk `gjeikneþd, nukdc` bj knrbbc`r n`dnbcb udk prþrr`ik kj cbuc`r, nukdc` bj knrbbc`r ednurrb bd l`rk (se rbnakzk edoustefenkcklbdtb bj pki`), y bd jks `gjeikne`dbs rbnìpr`nks, nukdc` ednurrb bd l`rk tklgeåd jk `trk pkrtb (n`lpbdskneþd cb jk l`rk). Bd t`c`s bjj`s pbrsestbd j`s bfbnt`s pr`cunec`s lebdtrks bxesteþ jk l`rk. Jk purik cb jk l`rk (nbsb cb j`s bfbnt`s yk pr`cunec`s) tebdb juikr sþj` nukdc` bj knrbbc`r rbdudnek k aknbr vkjbr j`s cbrbna`s cbrevkc`s cb jk l`rk 92. 7.7.>.7 Ednulpjel E dnulpjelebdt` ebdt` Cbfedetev Cbfedetev` ` D`s bdn`dtrkl`s kdtb bj ednulpjelebdt` cbfedetev`, nukdc` jk rbkjezkneþd cb jk `gjeikneþd p`r pkrtb cbj cbuc`r, yk d` rbsujtk sktesfknt`rek pkrk bj knrbbc`r. Bstk setukneþd sb pubcb vbr bd bj nks` cb qub bj cbuc`r cb jk `gjeikneþd sb cbl`rb cblksekc` bd su rbkjezkneþd ` p`r nukjquebr `trk nkusk qub d` sktesfkik kj knrbbc`r. Bst` `nurrb nukdc` "jk cbseidkneþd cb jk åp`nk bd qub akgìk qub bdtrbikrsb jk n`sk ` aknbrsb bj sbrvene`, fub l`tev` cbtbrledkdtb pkrk bstkgjbnbr jk `gjeikneþd"(Krt. ;;;= N.n), bs cbner nukdc` jk prbstkneþd cbj sbrvene` ` bdtrbik cbj gebd d` sktesfknbd kj knrbbc`r bd udk fbnak cefbrbdtb k jk bstepujkck bd bj n`dtrkt` p`r l`tev` oustefenkc`. ]ubcb `nurrer bd bj nks` cb qub sb vkyk k rbkjezkr udk `grk n`d bj gebd y bd l`lbdt` cb edene`, åstb d` sb tbdik k cesp`seneþd pr`v`nkdc` bj rbtrks` bd jk edenekneþd y jks pbrtedbdtbs n`dsbnubdneks. N`d rbspbnt` kj krrbdcktkre` pubcbd sup`dbr setukne`dbs cb ednulpjelebdt` cbfedetev` cb ud n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi bj elpki` cb jks nu`tks cbj n`dtrkt`, d` cbv`jvbr bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` k jk fedkjezkneþd cbj pbrì`c` cb veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt`, jk utejezkneþd cbj gebd p`r `tr` suobt` d` bspbnefenkc` bd bj n`dtrkt`, btn. 7.>.>.> Nulpjele Nulpjelebdt` bdt` Cbfbntu`s` D`s bdn`dtrkl`s kdtb nulpjelebdt` cbfbntu`s` nukdc` bj cbuc`r ak nulpjec` pudtukjlbdtb n`d su `gjeikneþd y k pbskr cb bjj`, d` sb sktesfknb j`s edtbrbsbs cbj knrbbc`r. Bstk l`ckjeckc cb ednulpjelebdt` nkrbnb cb lktbrekjezkneþd bspbnìfenk bd jk d`rlktevk veibdtb, kj sbr lës rbnebdtb qub jks kdtbre`rbs. ^þj` bj krtìnuj` ;;66 cbj N.n pjkdtbk kjiudk gksb kj rbspbnt`. ^ebdc` n`dsecbrkck cbdtr` cbj ednulpjelebdt` cbfedetev` ` trktkck p`r bj jbiesjkc`r cb ud l`c` kesjkc` pkrk nkck tep` n`dtrkntukj. ^ed blgkri` bs `gve` qub bj nulpjelebdt` cbfbntu`s` sb trktk cb udk cesnrbpkdnek bdtrb j`s edenekjlbdtb bstkgjbnec` lbcekdtb n`dtrkt` y jk prbstkneþd rbkjezkck p`r bj cbuc`r, d` udk `leseþd tblp`rkj ` cbfedetevk cb jk `gjeikneþd. ]ubcbd n`dstetuer nks`s cb nulpjelebdt` cbfbntu`s` jk bdtrbik cb ud gebd cefbrbdtb kj kn`rckc` bd bj njkusujkc` cbj n`dtrkt`, bj nulpjelebdt` cb jks prbstkne`dbs cb lkdtbdelebdt` y rbpkrkneþd cb ud l`c` edcbgec` pr`v`nkdc` ud lkj fudne`dklebdt` cbj gebd blpb`rkdc` cbspuås su rbdcelebdt` pkrk bj krrbdcktkre`, btn. Bd j`s nks`s c`dcb bj nulpjelebdt` cbfbntu`s` d` elpjequb ud ckû` j` sufenebdtblbdtb irkvb pkrk pr`v`nkr jk rbneseþd cbj n`dtrkt` sb pjkdtbkrë jk bxeibdnek cb 92
Lkdukj cb Cbrbna` Nevej . GKJJB^SBW@^ CB J@^ WÌ@^, LKWÌK? attp?//www.edf`cbrbna`nevej.bs/7=;7/=9/l`rk-cbj-cbuc`r.atlj, attp?//www.edf`cbrbna`nevej.bs/7=;7/=9/ l`rk-cbj-cbuc`r.atlj, Cbrbna` Nevej, 7=;7/7=;2.
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Fubdtb?
SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
udk edcbldezkneþd cb ckû`s y pbrouene`s kn`lpkûkck cb jk prubgk cb j`s ckû`s, n`d jk pbrtedbdtb rbjkneþd bdtrb bj nulpjelebdt` cbfbntu`s` y j`s ckû`s suriec`s kj gebd 96. Nukdc` bj krrbdckc`r d` rbkjezk n`rrbntklbdtb udk rbpkrkneþd kj gebd `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt` bj krrbdcktkre` p`crë bxeier jk rbcunneþd pr`p`rne`dkj cb jk nu`tk cb rbdtedi, eiukjlbdtb sb p`crë kpjenkr bd bj nks` cb qub j`s sbrvene`s prbstkc`s s`grb bj gebd d` lkdtbdikd kj gebd n`d jks nkrkntbrìstenks n`dvbdecks bd n`dtrkt`. ]KRJ@ DRD@ A@WSK bd rbfbrbdnek k jks n`dsbnubdneks cbj ednulpjelebdt` bd ibdbrkj cb jks `gjeikne`dbs cbj krrbdcktkre`, s`grb t`c` p`r bj elpki` cb jks nu`tks, lbdne`dk qub pubcbd prbvbdersb c`s p`segejeckcbs n`l` fknujtkcbs k bjbnneþd cbj krrbdckc`r? nulpjelebdt` n`lpujsev` n`d pårcecks cb gbdbfene` cbj pjkz`, ` gebd jk rbs`juneþd cbj n`dtrkt` y jk cbv`juneþd cbj gebd y pkrtb cb jks rbdtks d` vbdnecks, kcblës, bd klg`s nks`s, cb jk n`rrbsp`dcebdtb edcbldezkneþd p`r pårcecks y ckû`s. Lebdtrks qub nukdc` sb `ptk p`r bj nulpjelebdt` n`lpujsev` cb ud n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, sb subjb bxeier bj pki` cb jks nu`tks yk vbdnecks y d` pkikcks gebd n`l` bj pki` kdtenepkc` cb jk t`tkjeckc cb jks nu`tks kud d` vbdnecks, pbrsestebdc` pbrsestebdc` bj n`dtrkt` bd vei`r akstk jk fbnak bxestbdtb (njëusujk cb vbdnelebdt` kdtenepkc` ` pårceck cbj kpjkzklebdt` cbj prbne`). 7.3. N@DNRW^@ CB KNWBBC@WB^ BD JK ^@NEBCKC ^@ NEBCKC CB WBDSEDI99 Bd bj Nkpìtuj` EEE cbj Sìtuj` EEE cb jk JN, sb rbiujkd j`s bfbnt`s cb jk cbnjkrkneþd cb n`dnurs` s`grb j`s n`dtrkt`s, d` rbiujëdc`sb bxprbsklbdtb j`s bfbnt`s bd jk cbnjkrkneþd cb n`dnurs` kdtb ud n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt`, p`r j` qub aky qub pkrter cb j`s krts. 6; y 67 cb jk JN, c`dcb sb bstkgjbnb bj råielbd ibdbrkj s`grb jk lktbrek, cestediuebdc` c`s supubst`s cefbrbdtbs. Bj prelbr` cb bs`s supubst`s bs qub bd bj l`lbdt` cb jk cbnjkrkneþd cb n`dnurs` udk cb jks pkrtbs augebrk nulpjec` ìdtbirklbdtb sus `gjeikne`dbs y jk `trk tuvebrk pbdcebdtb bj nulpjelebdt` t`tkj ` pkrnekj cb jks rbnìpr`nks k su nkri`. Bd bstb nks`, bj n`dtrkt` d` sb pubcb rbs`jvbr v`judtkreklbdtb p`r dediudk cb jks pkrtbs y bj nråcet` ` jk cbuck qub n`rrbsp`dck kj cbuc`r cbnjkrkc` bd n`dnurs` sb ednjuerë, sbiÿd pr`nbck, bd jk lksk kntevk ` bd jk lksk pksevk cbj cbj n`dnurs` (krt. 6;.; JN). JN). Bd t`c` nks`, bj n`dtrkt` n`dtrkt` d` sb pubcb rbs`jvbr rbs`jvbr v`judtkreklbdtb p`r dediudk cb jks pkrtbs n`dtrktkdtbs p`r bj sþj` abna` cb jk cbnjkrkneþd cb n`dnurs`. ^þj` sb pubcb rbs`jvbr, nukdc` sb trktb cb n`dtrkt`s cb trknt` sunbsev`, p`r ednulpjelebdt`, tkdt` p`stbre`r n`l` kdtbre`r k jk cbnjkrkne cbnjkrkneþd þd cb n`dnurs` (krt. 67.; JN). D` `gstkdtb j` cespubst` bd bj përrkf` kdtbre`r, jk kcledestrkneþd n`dnurskj, bd nks` cb suspbdseþd, ` bj n`dnurskc`, bd nks` cb edtbrvbdneþd, p`crëd s`jenetkr jk rbs`juneþd cbj n`dtrkt` se j` bstelkrkd n`dvbdebdtb kj edtbrås cbj n`dnurs`. Bj sbnrbtkre` oucenekj netkrë k n`lpkrbnbdnek kdtb bj oubz kj n`dnurskc`, k jk kcledestrkneþd n`dnurskj y k jk `trk pkrtb bd bj n`dtrkt` y, cb bxester knubrc` bd nukdt` k jk rbs`juneþd y sus bfbnt`s, bj oubz centkrë kut` cbnjkrkdc` rbsubjt` bj n`dtrkt` cb n`df`rleckc n`d j` kn`rckc`. Bd `tr` nks`, jks cefbrbdneks sb sustkdnekrëd p`r j`s trëletbs cbj ednecbdtb n`dnurskj y bj oubz cbnecerë knbrnk cb jk rbs`juneþd, kn`rckdc`, bd su nks`, jks rbstetune`dbs qub pr`nbckd y jk edcbldezkneþd qub akyk cb sktesfknbrsb n`d nkri` k jk lksk. Nukdc` sb trktb cb jk rbs`juneþd cb n`dtrkt`s cb krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr`, y k fkjtk cb knubrc` bdtrb jks pkrtbs, n`d jk cblkdck ednecbdtkj sb kn`lpkûkrë tkskneþd pbrenekj edcbpbdcebdtb cb j`s gebdbs nbcec`s qub bj oubz p`crë tbdbr bd nubdtk kj feokr jk edcbldezkneþd (krt. 6; JN).
96
U_[REBWC@ S@J^KCK, ^estblk cb rbsp`dskgejeckc nevej, n`dtrkntukj y b xtrkn`dtrkntukj,..., net., p. ;3=. ^B[RBEWK, KC@JF@8 IKCBK, BDWE[RB8 ^KNWE^SËD, FBWDKDC@7==1)? Jk n`dtrktkneþd gkdnkrek . Cyheds`d, p.52; y ss.
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
Nrbbl`s qub j` kdtbre`rlbdtb lbdne`dkc`, d` bs jk kpjenkgjb kj n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` y, p`r tkdt`, kj rbdtedi, yk qub bd bstb n`dtrkt` d` sb pubcb bdtbdcbr qub bj krrbdckc`r akyk nulpjec` ìdtbirklbdtb sus `gjeikne`dbs n`d jk bdtrbik bd us` cb jk n`sk, sed` qub sb trktk cb ud n`dtrkt` n`d `gjeikne`dbs rbnìpr`nks pbdcebdtbs cb nulpjelebdt` nulpjelebdt ` p`r klgks pkrtbs, supubst` kj qub sb rbfebrb bj krt. 6;.7 JN. Kudqub bj krrbdckc`r augebrk bdtrbikc` bj gebd, d` seidefenk qub nulpjk n`d bj n`doudt` cb prbstkne`dbs k jks qub sb bdnubdtrk `gjeikc`, p`rqub kcblës cb bsk bdtrbik, cbgb lkdtbdbr kj usukre` bd bj i`nb pknìfen` cbj gebd (Iþlbz Lbdc`zk, Lª., "Bfbnt`s cbj n`dnurs` s`grb j`s n`dtrkt`s...", net., p. 71=2. EC.? "]rbstkne`dbs kdtbre`rbs kj n`dnurs`...", net., p. ;7=. Lkrtìdbz Fj`rbz, K., "N`lbdtkre` kj krtìnuj` 6; cb jk Jby N`dnurskj", net., p. ;;79). K t`c` j` kdtbre`r aky qub kûkcer qub bd bj rbdtedi, bj krrbdckc`r tebdb qub nulpjer n`d jk `gjeikneþd cb lkdtbdelebdt` qub edn`rp`rk prbstkne`dbs qub dbnbskreklbdtb sb tebdbd qub ckr k j` jkri` cb jk curkneþd cbj n`dtrkt`, lkdtbdebdc` bd t`c` l`lbdt` bj gebd bd `ptelks n`dcene`dbs. Bd bstb supubst`, bj n`dtrkt` bd prednepe` n`dtedÿk pubs "Jk cbnjkrkneþ cbnjkrkneþd d cb n`dnurs`, p`r sì s`jk, d` kfbntkrë k jk veibdnek cb j`s n`dtrkt`s" y jks prbstkne`dbs k qub bstë `gjeikc` bj n`dnurskc` sb rbkjezkrëd n`d nkri` k jk lksk (^b rbkjezkrëd n`d nkri` k jk lksk jks prbstkne`dbs cbgecks n`d p`stbre`reckc k jk cbnjkrkneþd cb n`dnurs`. Jks cbgecks n`d kdtbre`reckc k jk cbnjkrkneþd cb n`dnurs` tbdcrëd jk n`dsecbrkneþd cb nråcet` `rcedkre`, dudnk jk n`dsecbrkneþd cb nråcet` n`d prevejbie` bspbnekj n`l` tebdbd j`s nråcet`s p`r nu`tks cb krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr` -krt. 5=.;.3¿ JN-, yk qub bj rbdtedi d` bs ud n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr`. Bd bstb sbdtec` ^bdtbdnek cbj Ouzikc` Lbrnkdtej d¿> cb Gkrnbj`dk cb 79 cb fbgrbr` cb 7==6). ^ed blgkri`, bd bstb nks`, sb pubcb rbs`jvbr v`judtkreklbdtb bj n`dtrkt`, yk qub n`l` abl`s lbdne`dkc` kdtbre`rlbdtb, "jk kcledestrkneþd n`dnurskj, bd nks` cb suspbdseþd, ` bj n`dnurskc`, bd nks` cb edtbrvbdneþd, p`crëd s`jenetkr jk rbs`juneþd cbj n`dtrkt` se j` bstelkrkd n`dvbdebdtb kj edtbrås cbj n`dnurs`". D` `gstkdtb, se jks pkrtbs d` sb p`dbd cb knubrc` bd jk rbs`juneþd "jks cefbrbdneks sb sustkdnekrëd p`r j`s trëletbs cbj ednecbdtb n`dnurskj y bj oubz cbnecerë knbrnk cb jk rbs`juneþd, kn`rckdc`, bd su nks`, jks rbstetune`dbs qub pr`nbckd y jk edcbldezkneþd qub akyk cb sktesfknbrsb n`d nkri` k jk lksk". J` kdtbre`r seidefenk qub jk rbs`juneþd v`judtkrek sb p`crë s`jenetkr p`r jk pkrtb n`dnurskck y d` p`r jk `trk pkrtb(krrbdcktkre`), qub se d` aky knubrc`, bj oubz p`crë cbnecer jk rbs`juneþd pbr` tklgeåd p`crë cbnecer jk d` rbs`juneþd cbj n`dtrkt`, tbdebdc` bd nubdtk qub kj rbs`jvbr bj n`dtrkt` tklgeåd bstë n`dsecbrkdc` j`s edtbrbsbs cbj krrbdcktkre`, qub qubckd dubvklbdtb pr`tbiec`s se tbdbl`s bd nubdtk qub bj oubz ak cb feokr jks rbstetune`dbs qub pr`nbckd y udk edcbldezkneþd k fkv`r cbj krrbdcktkre`, qub ak cb sktesfknbrsb n`d nkri` k jk lksk cbj n`dnurs`. S`cks bstks prbnkune`dbs rbqubrecks pkrk qub `pbrb jk rbs`juneþd v`judtkrek, n`lpbdskd bj pbrouene` qub sb pubck `nkse`dkr kj krrbdcktkre` nukdc` bj krrbdckc`r sb cbnjkrk bd n`dnurs`, yk qub kÿd nukdc` bj krrbdcktkre` tbdik edtbdneþd cb pkikr jks nu`tks, bj gebd jb pubcb sbr krrbgktkc` se jk pkrtb bj krrbdckc`r ` jk kcledestrkneþd n`dnurskj s`jenetk jk rbs`juneþd v`judtkrek cbj n`dtrkt`. ]rbnesklbdtb bstk setukneþd qub sb n`dsecbrk bd nebrtk lbceck edoustk pkrbnb qub bs j` qub ak jjbvkc` k n`dsecbrkr qub d` sb jb pubcb kpjenkr kj krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr` bj råielbd n`rrbsp`dcebdtb k j`s n`dtrkt`s n`d `gjeikne`dbs rbnìpr`nks pbdcebdtbs cb nulpjelebdt` p`r klgks pkrtbs (Lkrtìdbz W`skc`, O., "Bj jbksedi fedkdnebr` l`gejekre` bd jk Jby 77/7==>, cb 5 cb ouje`, n`dnurskj", bd Wbvestk cb Cbrbna` N`dnurskj y ]krkn`dnurskj", 7, 7==2, p. 757). ^e sb n`dsecbrk, n`l` aknb bj kut`r, qub bj n`dtrkt` sþj` bstë pbdcebdtb cb bobnuneþd p`r pkrtb cbj krrbdcktkre`, sb jb kpjenkrìk bj krt. 6;.; JN y bj krrbdckc`r n`dnurskc` d` p`crìk pbcer jk rbs`juneþd v`judtkrek cbj n`dtrkt`, skjv` qub augebsb ednulpjelebdt` p`r pkrtb cbj krrbdcktkre`. ^ed blgkri`, d`s`tr`s nrbbl`s qub bj krrbdcktkre` sb bdnubdtrk sufenebdtblbdtb sufenebdtblbd tb tutbjkc` kÿd nukdc` sb nkjefequb bj n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr` (jk leslk s`juneþd vkjb pkrk bj krrbdcklebdt` n`lÿd) n`l` n`dtrkt` n`d `gjeikne`dbs rbnìpr`nks pbdcebdtbs cb nulpjelebdt` p`r klgks pkrtbs, yk qub kÿd nukdc` bd bstb nks` bj krrbdckc`r n`dnurskc` ` jk kcledestrkneþd n`dnurskj pubck pbcer jk rbs`juneþd -33-
SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
cbj n`dtrkt`, y d` sb jjbiub k ud knubrc`, bj oubz cbnecerë se aky ` d` rbs`juneþd cbj n`dtrkt`, prbsbrvkc` seblprb bd prelbr juikr j`s edtbrbsbs cbj krrbdcktkre`, se gebd tklgeåd tbdcrìk bd nubdtk j`s edtbrbsbs cbj krrbdckc`r k qub udk vbz cbnjkrkc` bd n`dnurs` d` tbdik qub sbiuer aknebdc` frbdtb k jks n`dteduks prbstkne`dbs y cbsblg`js`s qub pubcb rbqubrer bj n`dtedu` lkdtbdelebdt` y rbpkrkneþd cbj gebd. ]`r `trk pkrtb, n`l` abl`s vest`, se bj oubz cbnecb jk rbs`juneþd, sb tbdcrìk qub aknbr frbdtb n`d nkri` k jk lksk k jks rbstetune`dbs y k jk edcbldezkneþd qub augebrk feokc` pkrk n`lpbdskr kj krrbdcktkre` p`r d` p`cbr sbiuer utejezkdc` bj gebd y bst` akrë qub bj krrbdckc`r (` j`s kcledestrkc`rbs n`dnurskjbs) sb j` pebdsbd c`s vbnbs kdtbs cb pbcer jk rbs`juneþd cbj n`dtrkt`. Bd bstb sbiudc` supubst`, tklgeåd sb kpjenk jk rbs`juneþd p`r ednulpjelebdt` ednulpjelebdt` cbj krt. 67 JN, yk qub bstb prbnbpt` sb rbfebrb tkdt` k j`s n`dtrkt`s n`d `gjeikne`dbs rbnìpr`nks pbdcebdtbs cb nulpjelebdt` p`r klgks pkrtbs n`l` k j`s n`dtrkt`s cb trknt` sunbsev` ` cb curkneþd y klgks n`sks bstëd prbsbdtbs bd bj n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt`. N`l` bj n`dtrkt` cb krrbdck krrbdcklebdt` lebdt` d` sþj` bs ud n`dtrkt` n`d `gjeikne`dbs rbnìpr`nks pbdcebdtbs cb nulpjelebdt` (bd nuy` nks` sþj` nkgb jk rbs`juneþd cbj n`dtrkt` p`r ednulpjelebdt` p`stbre`r k jk cbnjkrkneþd cb n`dnurs`) sed` tklgeåd ud n`dtrkt` cb trknt` sunbsev`, nkgrë jk rbs`juneþd cbj n`dtrkt` tkdt` p`r ednulpjelebdt` p`stbre`r n`l` kdtbre`r k jk cbnjkrkneþd cb n`dnurs` (krt. 67.; JN). Jk knneþd rbs`jut`rek sb bobrnetkrë kdtb bj oubz cbj n`dnurs` y sb sustkdnekrë p`r j`s trëletbs cbj ednecbdtb n`dnurskj (krt. 67.7 JN).^e gebd "Kudqub bxestk nkusk cb rbs`juneþd, bj oubz, ktbdcebdc` kj edtbrås cbj n`dnurs`, p`crë kn`rckr bj nulpjelebdt` cbj n`dtrkt`, sebdc` k nkri` cb jk lksk jks prbstkne`dbs cbgecks ` qub cbgk rbkjezkr bj n`dnurskc`" (krt. 67.>)".Kn`rckck jk rbs`juneþd cbj n`dtrkt` qubckrëd bxtediuecks jks `gjeikne`dbs pbdcebdtbs cb klgks pkrtbs. Bd nukdt` k jks `gjeikne`dbs `gjeikne`d bs vbdnecks , sb ednjuerë bd bj n`dnurs` bj nråcet` qub n`rrbsp`dc n`rrbsp`dck k kj knrbbc`r qub augebrk nulpjec` sus `gjeikne`dbs n`dtrkntukjbs, se bj nulpjelebdt` cbj n`dnurskc` fubrk kdtbre`r k jk cbnjkrkneþd cbj n`dnurs`8 se fubrk p`stbre`r, bj nråcet` cb jk pkrtb nulpjec`rk sb sktesfkrë n`d nkri` k jk lksk n`dnurskj. Bd t`c` nks`, bj nråcet` n`lprbdcbrë bj rbskrnelebdt` cb j`s ckû`s y pbrouene`s qub pr`nbck" (krt. 67.3 JN). @trk nubsteþd k tbdbr bd nubdtk sbrìk se kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, n`l` krrbdcklebdt` qub bs, jb bs kpjenkgjb bj krt. 65 JN, rbjktev` k jk rbakgejetkneþd cb n`dtrkt`s cb kcqueseneþd n`d prbne` kpjkzkc`. Jk kpjenkneþd cb tkj prbnbpt` ak sec` cbfbdceck pkrk bj krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr` p`rqub pubcb n`dsecbrkrsb ud n`dtrkt` cb kcqueseneþd cb gebdbs lubgjbs ` edlubgjbs n`d n`dtrkprbstkneþd ` prbne` kpjkzkc`, qub bs bj supubst` kj qub sb rbfebrb bj krt. 65 JN, p`rqub jk kpjenkneþd cb bstb prbnbpt` kj krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr` d` sup`db dediÿd pbrouene` pkrk bj krrbdckc`r fedkdnebr` yk qub åstb vbrë ìdtbirklbdtb sktesfbna` su nråcet` y p`rqub bstk s`juneþd n`dnubrck n`d jk fedkjeckc cbj prbnbpt` qub bs `frbnbr t`cks jks lbcecks p`segjbs kj cbuc`r pkrk jk skjvkiukrck cb jk knteveckc blprbskrekj ` pr`fbse`dkj, sed lbd`snkgkr j`s cbrbna`s cbj knrbbc`r 91. ^e bst` bs ksì, jk leslk s`juneþd p`crìk vkjbr pkrk bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, n`l` n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` qub bs, nukdc` jjbvb edn`rp`rkck udk `pneþd cb n`lprk, yk qub bd bstb nks`, sb jb pubcb ktreguer k bstb n`dtrkt` jk leslk fedkjeckc kcquesetevk qub kj jbksedi fedkdnebr`. Lës cefìnej sbrìk kriulbdtkr jk rbakgejetkneþd cbj rbdtedi sed `pneþd cb n`lprk, bd gksb k su nkrëntbr krrbdcktene`, bd bj krt. 9= JN, rbfbrec` k jk rbakgejetkneþd cbj n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` urgkd` (^`grb bj ëlget` cb kpjenkneþd cb bstb prbnbpt`, vec. Nrbsp` Kjjuå, F., "N`lbdtkre` kj krtìnuj` 9= cb jk Jby N`dnurskj", bd N`lbdtkre`s k jk Jbiesjkneþd 91
(LKWSÌDB_ W@^KC@, O., "Bj jbksedi fedkdnebr`...", net., pp. 71;, 717, 753 y 752. Ikcbk ^`jbr, B., "N`lbdtkre` kj krtìnuj` 65 cb jk Jby N`dnurskj", bd N`lbdtkre`s k jk jbiesjkneþd n`dnurskj -Jby 77/ 7==> pkrk jk Wbf`rlk N`dnurskj-. S`l` E, cereiec` p`r ]RJIKW B_[RBWWK, O., JBCB^LK KJ@D^@, N.8 RWBGK, KJ@D^@, K. 8 KJN@NBW IKWKR, I. Lkcrec, 7==3, p. 922. LKWÌD JÞ]B_, L. I., "N`lbdtkre` kj krtìnuj` 65 cb jk Jby N`dnurskj", bd N`lbdtkre` k jk Jby N`dnurskj, n``rcedkc` p`r GBWN@VES_ W@CWÌIRB_-NKD@, W@CWÌIRB_-NKD@, W. V`j. E. Krts. ; k ;;2, Lkcrec, 7==3, pp. 1=1, 1=5).
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
N`dnurskj, S`l` EE, cereiec` p`r ^ëdnabz-Nkjbr`, O. y Iuejkrtb Iuteårrbz, V., Vkjjkc`jec, 7==3, p. ;>2=. I`dzëjbz Ikrnìk, O. L., "N`lbdtkre` kj krtìnuj` 9= cb jk Jby N`dnurskj", bd N`lbdtkre`s k jk Jbiesjkneþd N`dnurskj -Jby 77/7==> y 1/7==> pkrk jk Wbf`rlk N`dnurskj- S`l` E. Cers. ]ujikr Bzqubrrk, O., Kj`ds` Jbcbslk, N., Kj`ds` Rrbgk, K. y Kjn`nbr Ikrku, I., Lkcrec, 7==3, p. 96=. Vkjpubs Vkjpubstk tk Ikstkledzk, B., "N`lbdtkre` kj krtìnuj` 9= cb jk Jby N`dnurskj", bd N`lbdtkre`s k jk Jby N`dnurskj, cereiec`s p`r N`rcþd L`rbd`, F., net., p. 23;. Lkcrkz`, O., "N`lbdtkre` kj krt. 9= cb jkJby N`dnurskj", bd N`lbdtkre` k jk Jby N`dnurskj, S`l` E, cereiec` p`r W`o`, K., Gbjtrëd, B., net., p. ;711).@gveklbdtb bj rbdtedi nbjbgrkc` bd j`s c`s kû`s kdtbre`rbs k jk cbnjkrkneþd cb n`dnurs`, se bs pbroucenekj pkrk jk lksk kntevk, pubcb sbr rbv`nkc` lbcekdtb bj bobrnene` cb jks knne`dbs cb rbedtbirkneþd p`r pkrtb cb jk kcledestrkneþd n`dnurskj `, sugsecekreklbdtb, p`r pkrtb cb j`s knrbbc`rbs (krts. 9; k 9> JN). Fedkjlbdtb, aky qub tbdbr bd nubdtk qub bj krrbdckc`r bd bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi pubcb akgbr kcquerec` bj gebd prbveklbdtb cb ud tbrnbr` pr`vbbc`r, k j`s bfbnt`s cb p`cbr jubi` trkdsleterj` kj usukre`. ]ubs gebd, se bsb tbrnbr pr`vbbc`r nkb bd n`dnurs` kdtbs cb bdtrbikr bj gebd, p`crìk rbs`jvbr bj n`dtrkt` (krt. 6;.7) y bsk bvbdtukj rbs`juneþd rbs`juneþd p`crìk jjbvkr n`dsei` jk rbs`juneþd cbj rbdtedi se åstb yk sb augebrk f`rlkjezkc`, p`r d` p`cbr bdtrbikr kj usukre`-krrbdcktkre` bj gebd `gobt` cbj n`dtrkt`. ^e, p`r bj n`dtrkre`, bj pr`vbbc`r nkb bd n`dnurs` cbspuås cb bdtrbikr bj gebd, d` bstkrìkl`s kdtb ud n`dtrkt` pbdcebdtb cb nulpjelebdt` p`r klgks pkrtbs y, bd n`dsbnubdnek, p`r kpjenkneþd cbj krt. 6;.; JN bj pr`vbbc`r, bd prednepe`, d` p`crìk rbs`jvbr bj n`dtrkt` n`dnjuec` n`d bj krrbdckc`r y, p`r tkdt`, bj n`dnurs` cbj pr`vbbc`r d` kfbntkrìk kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi nbjbgrkc` bdtrb krrbdckc`r y krrbdcktkre`-usukre`. >. N@DNJR^E@DB^ Bd prelbr juikr bd nukdt` k jk nkrkntbrìstenks tåndenks cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, d`s iustkrìk rbskjtkr jk elp`rtkdnek cb j`s sbrvene`s qub prbstk jk bdteckc cb rbdtedi, qub jb jjbvkd k `gtbdbr ud`s lky`rbs gbdbfene`s. ]`r bjj`, sb p`crìk bquepkrkr su elp`rtkdnek k jk cb jk selpjb bdtrbik cbj gebd, yk qub bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi d` tbdcrìk sbdtec` sed bst`s sbrvene`s, qub sed cuck, s`d su nkrkntbrìstenk cefbrbdnekc`rk n`d rbspbnt` k jks cblës l`ckjeckcbs l`ckjeckc bs cb kcqueseneþd. ]`r bstk rkzþd, jks blprbsks cb rbdtedi trktkd cb prbstkr jk lky`r nkdteckc cb sbrvene`s p`segjbs ks`nekc`s kj gebd, kulbdtkdc` ksì su gbdbfene` k trkvås cb jk nu`tk cb rbdtedi. N`l` abl`s lbdne`dkc` bd bj prbsbdtb j`s sbrvene`s lës nkrkntbrìsten`s s`d bj cb lkdtbdelebdt` y ksbiurklebdt` cbj gebd, pbr` kcblës pubcbd bdn`dtrkrsb edfedeckc cb sbrvene`s ks`nekc`s kj gebd n`l` jk ibsteþd bd bj pki` cb tksks cb lktrenujkneþd b elpubst` cb nernujkneþd, ksestbdnek bd nkrrbtbrk y nksn` urgkd`, tkrobtk n`lgustegjb, btn. ]`r t`c` bst`, p`crìkl`s cbd`ledkr kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`l` ud "pr`cunt`-sbrvene`", bquepkrkc` klgks prbstkne`dbs bd nukdt` k su elp`rtkdnek pkrk jk n`dtedueckc cbj dbi`ne`. Nukdc` akgjkl`s cb jk elp`rtkdnek y bv`juneþd cb bstb n`dtrkt`, tkj y n`l` abl`s lbdne`dkc` bd bj prbsbdtb trkgko`, cbstknk jk bv`juneþd qub sufreþ bd ;511 irkneks k j`s jìletbs qub sb bstkgjbnebr`d s`grb jks vbdtkoks fesnkjbs y bn`dþlenks cbj n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi, qub akstk bj l`lbdt` p`sbìk lky`r elp`rtkdnek qub bj rbdtedi. Bd jk kntukjeckc, bstks vbdtkoks fesnkjbs y bn`dþlenks s`d udks cb jks prednepkjbs l`tevkne`dbs qub jjbvkd k j`s njebdtbs k kcquerer bj gebd lbcekdtb bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj. Skdt` bj dÿlbr` cb vbaìnuj`s kcquerec`s p`r bstk l`ckjeckc, n`l` jks prbstkne`dbs rbkjezkcks p`r jks s`nebckcbs cb rbdtedi akd vkrekc` gkstkdtb cbscb bdt`dnbs, ksì bd ;553 bj dÿlbr` cb vbaìnuj`s bd rbdtedi brk cb 717>> udeckcbs y bd 7=;3 ak sec` cb 3=1=52 udeckcbs. ^ed cuck, jks vbdtkoks fesnkjbs y bn`dþlenks cb jks qub cesp`db bj rbdtedi, jb akd kyuckc` gkstkdtb bd bstb cbskrr`jj`. Bstks vbdtkoks s`d jk cbcunegejeckc cbcunegejeckc cb jk nu`tk cb rbdtedi bd su t`tkjeckc, nukdc` bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt` sb utejezk pkrk bj cbskrr`jj` cb udk knteveckc pr`fbse`dkj, pr`fbse`dkj, y bj trkt` n`dtkgjb cb jk nu`tk n`l` ud ikst` cbj bobrnene`, bvetkdc` ksì tbdbr qub n`dtkgejezkrj` n`l` ud kntev`, n`d j`s rebsi`s qub bjj` elpjenk. -36-
SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
]`r t`c` bjj`, nrbbl`s qub bj rbdtedi d` bs bquepkrkgjb k `trks l`ckjeckcbs n`dtrkntukjbs n`l` bj krrbdcklebdt` njësen` ` bj krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr`. Nukdc` n`lpkrkl`s bj rbdtedi n`d bj krrbdcklebdt` njësen`, bstë gkstkdtb njkr` qub p`sbbd nkrkntbrìstenks luy cefbrbdtbs, bd prelbr juikr p`r bj gebd `gobt` cb n`dtrkt`, yk qub bd bj rbdtedi sb kcquebrbd bd lky`r lbceck gebdbs lubgjbs d` fudiegjbs qub dbnbsetkd cb ud lkdtbdelebdt` y qub subjbd p`sbbr udk cbprbnekneþd knbjbrkck n`l` bd bj nks` cb j`s bquep`s edf`rlëten`s ` j`s vbaìnuj`s, y p`r `trk pkrtb n`l` knkgkl`s cb lbdne`dkr, jk irkd elp`rtkdnek cb j`s sbrvene`s ks`nekc`s kj gebd bd bj n`dtrkt` rbdtedi j` cefbrbdnekd cb t`c`s jks cblës l`ckjeckcbs cb kcqueseneþd cb gebdbs. Bd nukdt` k su n`lpkrkneþd n`d bj krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr`, sed cuck su prednepkj cefbrbdnek bs jk f edkjec edkjeckc kc cb klg`s n`dtrkt`s, sebdc` jk cbj rbdtedi bj us` y cesfrutb cbj gebd curkdtb jk veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt` y jk cbj jbksedi ` krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr` jk cb jk fedkdnekneþd cb jk kcqueseneþd cb gebd, d` `gstkdtb, bstk cefbrbdnek pubcb d` bxester nukdc` bj rbdtedi p`sbb `pneþd cb n`lprk. Cenak `pneþd, oubik ud pkpbj fudcklbdtkj k jk a`rk cb nkjefenkr bj n`dtrkt` n`l` rbdtedi ` jbksedi, n`d jks n`dsbnubdneks n`dtkgjbs y bn`dþlenks qub bjj` seidefenkrìk, p`r j` qub bd jk lky`rìk cb j`s n`dtrkt`s cb rbdtedi sb bvetk jk `pneþd cb n`lprk n`d bj fed cb bvetkr p`segjbs brr`rbs brr`rbs bd jk nkjefenkneþd nkjefenkneþd cb j`s n`dtrkt`s. n`dtrkt`s. ]`r t`c` bjj` sb ak cb nkjefenkr kj rbdtedi n`l` ud n`dtrkt` ktìpen` y lext`, qub nkrbnb cb jbiesjkneþd bspbnìfenk y nuy` råielbd ourìcen` kntukj, sb bdnubdtrk cbdtr` cb jks d`rlktevks ourìcenks cb cefbrbdtbs n`dtrkt`s kntukjlbdtb tepefenkc`s, n`l` bj n`dtrkt` cb krrbdcklebdt` njësen` bd bj Nþcei` Nevej y jk Jby qub rbiujk bj n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi bd dubstr` pkìs bd bj kpkrtkc` cb `trks f`rlks n`dtrkntukjbs prþxelks kj jbksedi, y bd bj nukj jk dbi`nekneþd cb jks njëusujks cbj n`dtrkt` bdtrb jks pkrtbs edtbrvedebdtb, oubik ud pkpbj fudcklbdtkj k trkvås cbj prednepe` cb kut`d`lìk prevkck. Kcblës, bs ud n`dtrkt` n`d bj qub bj usukre` gusnk uskr bj gebd tblp`rkjlbdtb, sed jk ksudneþd cbj lkdtbdelebdt` cb cena` gebd de cb j`s rebsi`s qub pubcb elpjenkr su pr`pebckc. Fedkjlbdtb lbdne`dkr, jk dbnbseckc cb jk bxestbdnek cb ud råielbd ourìcen` bspbnefen` pkrk bstb n`dtrkt` cbgec` k jks nkrkntbrìstenks bspbnekjbs lbdne`dkcks lbdne`dkcks kdtbre`rlbdtb, y kj kulbdt` cb jk kcqueseneþd cb gebdbs k trkvås cb bstk l`ckjeckc n`dtrkntukj, qub aknb vbr kud lës, jks nkrbdneks d`rlktevks ` vkne`s jbikjbs qub sb lubstrkd kj bdlkrnkr bstb n`dtrkt`, cbdtr` cbj råielbd ourìcen` cb `trks l`ckjeckcbs tepefenkcks kntukjlbdtb, pr`v`nëdc`sb ud irkd kulbdt` bd j`s jeteie`s rbjkne`dkc`s n`d bstb n`dtrkt`.
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]årbz Wby, Eskkn
Gegje`irkfìk Netk cb trkgko`s prbsbdtkc` s bd n`dirbs` s, o`rdkcks…?
LKWSÌDB_ NKÛBJJK^, KD^BJL@ ? "^`grb bj n`dnbpt` y råielbd ourìcen` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi" . Rdevbrseckc Dkne`dkj cb Bcunkneþd k Cestkdnek, RDBC? Fknujtkc cb Cbrbna` 7=;=. LKWSÌD LKWSÌDB_, ËDIBJ (7==7)? " Jk Jk trkdseneþd Jbksedi fedkdnebr` kj Jbksedi @pbrktev`-Wbdtedi, °Rdk n`dsbnubdnek cb jks lbcecks cb p`jìtenk bn`dþlenk0? Bj nks` cbj sbnt`r cb jk kut`l`neþd bd Bspkûk, ;51;-7=== ". Rdevbrseckc N`lpjutbdsb cb Lkcrec. CB JK NRB^SK WRSB, O.L. (7=;=)? "Bj n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi ` krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr`? 3= kû`s cbspuås." Netk cb jegr` ?
KJGKJKCBO@ KJGKJKCBO@ IKWNÌK, LKDRBJ (7==; )? Cbrbna` Nevej, E, Edtr`cunneþd y pkrtb ibdbrkj, cbnel`quedtk bceneþd. Jegrbrìk G`sna, Gkrnbj`dk. KLKS ^KJK^ @WE@J (;515)? Jbksedi L`ckjeckcbs Fudne`dklebdt` y n`lpkrkneþd n`d `trks `pne`dbs. Cbust` ^.K Bcene`dbs, Gejgk`. CEB_-]ENK_@, JRE^ (7=;3)? Fudcklbdt`s cbj Cbrbna` Nevej ]ktrel`dekj (S`l` E.) (6ª BC). ^.j Nevetks Bcene`dbs, Bspkûk . Bj rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s bd Bspkûk? Rdk trkybnt`rek cb åxet`, KBW y Aejj & Hd`wjt`d, Lkcrec, @ntugrb 7==9. FBWDËDCB_ EDIJÅ^, O. (;556)? Bj rbdtedi cb gebdbs lubgjbs, >ª bceneþd . N.K. Lbtr`p`jetkd ^.K., Lkcrec. FBWDËDCB_, JRNK^ (;559) ? N`lbdtkre`s kj Nþcei` Nevej y N`lpejkne`dbs F`rkjbs (S. QQ. V@J. ;¿-K U ;¿-G)? Krtìnuj`s ;237 k ;217 Cbj Nþcei` Nevej (7 V`js.) (>ª BC).
Bcet`rekj cb Cbrbna` Wbudecks ^.K., Lkcrec. A@WSK N@WWBEK WKLÌWB_, ]KRJ@ DRD@ (7==5)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi (Kdëjeses ourìcen` bd bj n`dtbxt` cb j`s kntukjbs edstrulbdt`s cb fedkdnekneþd) fedkdnekneþd) . Wkte` Jbies, ^kjklkdnk-N`ìlgrk. JBSB CBJ WÌ@, O@^B LKDRBJ (7==6)? Cbrbna` cb `gjeikne`dbs. Krkzkdce, Krkzkdce, ]klpj`dk. LKWSÌD LKWSÌDB_, ËDIBJ (7==7)? Jk trkdseneþd cbj jbksedi fedkdnebr` kj jbksedi `pbrktev`-Wbdtedi `pbrktev`-Wbdtedi °Rdk n`dsbnubdnek cb jks lbcecks cb p`jìtenk bn`dþlenk0 ,Bj nks` cbj sbnt`r cb jk kut`l`neþd bd Bspkûk, ;51;-7=== . Lkcrec.
LBCEDK CB JBLR^, LKDRBJ (7==2)? Cbrbna` Nevej EE? @gjeikne`dbs y n`dtrkt`s ( V@J EE)? N`dtrkt`s bd pkrtenujkr. Cejbx ^.J, Lkcrec. Fudcklbdt`s cb Cbrbna` Nevej, S`l` EE, V`julbd E, C`ntredk ]REI GRESWKR, O. ( ;591)? Fudcklbdt`s Ibdbrkj cbj N`dtrkt`. G`sna, Gkrnbj`dk.
^B[RBEWK, KC@JF@8 IKCBK, BDWE[RB8 ^KNWE^SËD, FBWDKDC@ (7==1)? Jk n`dtrktkneþd gkdnkrek . Bcet`rekj Cyheds`d ^.J., (;ª BC). VBW@DK LKWSBJ, LKWÌK N@DNB]NEÞD8 WBUB^ ]KCEJJK, LKWÌK IWKNEK8 IKWNÌK ]KCWÞD, UKE_K (7==2)? Rdk Edtr`cunneþd kj Wbdtedi. ^brvene` cb ]ugjenkne`dbs cb jk Rdevbrseckc cb jks pkjlks cb Irkd Nkdkrek U_[REBWC@ S@J^KCK, LKWEKD@ (7==7)? ^estblk Cb Wbsp`dskgejeckc Nevej N`dtrkntukj U Bxtrkn`dtrk Bxtrkn`dtrkntukj. ntukj. Bcet`rekj CyHeds`d ^.J. -31-
SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
Netk cb krt ìnu j` bd prbd sk c eiet kj (Edtbrd (Edtbrd bt) ?
KJKGKR LKWSÌ, JKRWK8 EWEKWSB, KED@K (7=;2)? "Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi", Rdeckc Bcet`rekj Edf`rlkneþd Bn`dþlenk ^.J., attp?//www.bxpkdse`d.n`l/cenne`dkre`bn`d`len`/n`dtrkt`-cb-rbdtedi.atlj. GKJJB^SBW@^, LKWÌK (7=;7/7=;2)? "Lkdukj cb Cbrbna` attp?//www.edf`cbrbna`nevej attp?//www.edf`cbrbna`nevej.bs/7=;7/=9/l`rk-cb .bs/7=;7/=9/l`rk-cbj-cbuc` j-cbuc`r.atlj, r.atlj, Cbrbna` Nevej,
Nevej".
NKDSKJK]EBCWK KWBDK^ LKWE@ (7=;2)? "Bj Wbdtedi", Cekre` Bxpkdseþd. attp?//www.bxpkdse`d.n`l/cenne attp?//www.bxpkdse`d.n`l/cenne`dkre`-bn`d `dkre`-bn`d`len`/rbdted `len`/rbdtedi.atlj i.atlj
Netk c b d` rl ks o urìcen ks ?
^bdtbdnek cb jk jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj ]r`vednekj cb Kstureks dÿl. ;25/7==3 ;25/7==3 (^bnneþd 2ª), cb 75 kgrej, nkjefenk kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`l` "n`dtrkt` lbrnkdtej qub edtbirk jks nkrkntbrìstenks bsbdnekjbs cbj krrbdcklebdt` krrbdcklebdt` cb n`sks y cb jk prbstkneþd cb sbrvene`s". ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Kstureks dÿl. 7>9/7==3 (^bnneþd 6ª), cb ;= oude`. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Kstureks cbj 75 cb kgrej, d`s cenb qub bs `gjeikneþd cb jk n`lpkûìk cb rbdtedi, nebrt` tep` cb rbpkrkne`dbs y s`grbt`c` bj lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Kstureks dÿl. 761/7==3 (^bnneþd ;ª), cb ;> ouje`, ORW 7==3Z ;56661. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Ëvejk dÿl. 11/7==3 (^bnneþd ;ª), cb ;5 lky`, KN 7==3Z 5;3. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj Gkrnbj`dk (^bnneþd 3ª), cb 71 lkrz` 7==;, sbûkjk qub bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi bs "ud krrbdcklebdt` blprbskrekj". ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Gkrnbj`dk, cb ;2 cb d`veblgrb cb 7==6, ORW 7==6Z;;>>93. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Nkdtkgrek dÿl. >1=/7==3 (^bnneþd ;ª), cb 79 sbpteblgrb, ORW 7==3Z 716672 nkrkntbrezk kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`l` ud n`dtrkt` n`dsbdsukj, gejktbrkj, gejktbrkj, `dbr`s`, n`dlutktev`, cb kcabseþd, kcabseþd, ktìpen` y lbrnkdtej. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Jk N`ruûk, d ¿ 13/7==9, cb 79 cb lkrz`, KN 7==9Z;26;. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj _krki`zk, cb ;3 cb ceneblgrb cb ;55>, bd Krkdzkce Nevej ;55>Z7>99, ;55>Z7>99, cefbrbdneþ bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi , cb j`s cb jbksedi `pbrktev` y jbksedi fedkdnebr`. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb cb @rbdsb cbj ;1 cb 7==7 (ORW 7==>/91726), s`grb j`s cbfbnt`s cbtbntkc`s bd udk nbdtrkjetk tbjbfþdenk krrbdckck lbdne`dk. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb @rbdsb, cb ;1 cb 7==7 (ORW 7==>/91726), s`grb j`s cbfbnt`s cbtbntkc`s bd udk nbdtrkjetk tbjbfþdenk krrbdckck lbdne`dk. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb @rbdsb dÿl. 3=3/7==7 (^bnneþd 7ª), cb ;1 ceneblgrb, ORW 7==>Z 91726. ^bdtbdnek cbj Ouzikc` cb ]relbrk Edstkdnek cb ^kdtkdcbr,(Dÿl. >), cb >; cb lky` cb 7==> cbfedb bj rbdtedi ` ‚krrbdcklebdt` blprbskrek j“. -35-
]årbz Wby, Eskkn
^bdtbdnek cbj ourkc` cb prelbrk edstkdnek cb ^kdtkdcbr cb >; cb Lky` cb 7==> cenb? "N`dtrkt` cb Jbksedi cbj qub bj rbdtedi bs bspbnekjeckc". ^bdtbdnek cbj Sregudkj ^uprbl`, dÿl. ;;/7=== (^kjk cb j` Nevej), cb ;5 cb bdbr`, bd Wbpbrt`re` cb Ouresprucbdnek Krkdzkce 7===Z;>5. ^bdtbdnek cbj Sregudkj ^uprbl` cb ;= cb kgrej cb ;51;, qub sbûkjk qub bd bj ‚jbksedi `pbrktev`“ ‚j k bdteckc krrbdckc`rk kfr`dtk bj rebsi` tånden` prbstkdc` j`s sbrvene`s cb lkdtbdelebdt` lkdtbdelebdt` y ksestbdne k“ k“ .
Wbkj Cbnrbt` ;7;;/;55=, cb 71 cb sbpteblgrb l`cefenkc` p`r Wbkj Cbnrbt` 5;5/7=;=, cb ;6 cb ouje`, p`r bj qub sb kprubgk bj Wbijklbdt` cb jk Jby cb @rcbdkneþd cb j`s Srkdsp`rtbs Sbrrbstrbs.
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
Kdbx`s N@DSWKS@ CB WBDSEDI WBRDEC@^ C`d ..., ibrbdtb cb jk blprbsk ..., n`dstetueck bd bsnreturk pÿgjenk `t`rikck kdtb C`d ..., D`tkre` cb ..., b edsnretk bd bj Wbiestr` Lbrnkdtej n`d fbnak cb ... cb ... cb ..., jegr` ..., t`l` ..., f`je` ..., n`d NEF dÿl. ..., y n`d c`leneje` s`nekj bd ..., nkjjb ..., n`d p`cbrbs cb rbprbsbdtkneþd n`df`rlb k bsnreturk pÿgjenk kut`rezkck p`r C`d ..., D`tkre` cb ... n`d fbnak cb ... cb ... cb ..., k pkrter cb ka`rk krrbdckc`r, cb udk pkrtb8 C`d ..., ibrbdtb cb jk blprbsk ..., n`dstetueck bd bsnreturk pÿgjenk pÿgjenk `t`rikck kdtb C`d ..., D`tkre` cb ..., b edsnretk bd bj Wbiestr` Lbrnkdtej n`d fbnak cb ... cb ... cb ..., jegr` ..., t`l` ..., f`je` ..., n`d NEF dÿl. ..., y n`d c`leneje` s`nekj bd ..., nkjjb ..., n`d p`cbrbs cb rbprbsbdtkneþd n`df`rlb k bsnreturk pÿgjenk kut`rezkck p`r C`d ..., D`tkre` cb ... n`d fbnak cb ... cb ... cb ..., k pkrter cb ka`rk krrbdcktkre`, cb `trk pkrtb8 Knubrckd nbjbgrkr bj prbsbdtb N@DSWKS@ CB WBDSEDI, cb knubrc` n`d jks seiuebdtbs, B^SE]RJKNE@DB^ E. Jk blprbsk ... bdtrbik bd krrebdc` k jk blprbsk ... jk lkquedkrek cb su pr`pebckc bspbnefenkck bd bj kdbx` ; cbj prbsbdtb n`dtrkt` pkrk (bspbnefenkr jk fedkjeckc), sed qub jk leslk pubck sbr utejezkck pkrk fedbs cestedt`s sed kut`rezkneþd bxprbsk cb jk blprbsk krrbdckc`rk. EE. Jk blprbsk krrbdcktkrek edspbnne`dk jk lkquedkrek n`dferlkdc` qub sb bdnubdtrk bd pbrfbnt` bstkc` pkrk bj us` kj qub vk k sbr cbstedkck. EEE. Bj prbsbdtb n`dtrkt` n`lebdzk bj cìk cb a`y, fedkjezkdc` bd fbnak cb ... cb ... cb .... EV. Bj prbne` cbj krrbdcklebdt` bs cb ... bur`s qub sb frknne`dk bd ... lbdsukjeckcbs, kg`dkdc` jk blprbsk ... k jk blprbsk krrbdckc`rk jk nkdteckc cb ... lbdsukjbs, bd j`s nedn` prelbr`s cìks nkck lbs, edirbskdc` cenak sulk bd jk nubdtk qub jk blprbsk ... tebdb kgebrtk bd jk Bdteckc Gkdnkrek ..., sunurskj ..., dÿlbr` cb nubdtk .... V. ]`r bj prbsbdtb n`dtrkt` jk blprbsk ... bdtrbik k jk blprbsk krrbdckc`rk krrbdckc`rk jk nkdteckc cb ... bur`s bd ikrkdtìk cbj nulpjelebdt` cb jks `gjeikne`dbs. Cenak sulk sb rbedtbirkrë nukdc` jk blprbsk krrbdcktkrek cbvubjvk jk lkquedkrek bd gubd bstkc`, akgebdc` nulpjec` su `gjeikneþd cbj pki` cb jks rbdtks. VE. Jk blprbsk krrbdckc`rk sb `gjeik kj lkdtbdelebdt` cb jk lkquedkrek, sbiur`s b elpubst`s. Nukdc` jk rbpkrkneþd rbquebrk cb ud lìdel` cb ... cìks, jk blprbsk krrbdckc`rk sb `gjeik k rbblpjkzkr jk lëquedk p`r `trk cb selejkrbs nkrkntbrìstenks tblp`rkjlbdtb tblp`rkjlbd tb akstk qub q ub fedkjenb jk rbpkrkneþd, ` cbfedetevklb cbfedetevklbdtb. dtb. VEE. Jk blprbsk krrbdckc`rk sb `gjeik k jk bvenneþd y skdbklebdt` p`r vene`s `nujt`s. VEEE. ^e jk blprbsk krrbdcktkrek ednulpjb su `gjeikneþd cb pki` cb jks rbdtks, jk blprbsk krrbdckc`rk p`crë bxeierjks lkdtbdebdc` jk veibdnek cbj n`dtrkt` ` p`crë pbcer jk rbs`juneþd cbj lesl` n`d jk rbstetuneþd cb jk lkquedkrek y bxeiebdc` bj pki` cb jks nkdteckcbs cb jks rbdtks vbdnecks. EQ. ]krk rbs`jvbr nukjquebr nubsteþd cbrevkck cbj prbsbdtb n`dtrkt` jks pkrtbs sb s`lbtbd bxprbsklbdtb bxprbsklbdtb k j`s Sregudkjbs cb ..., n`d rbdudnek cbj fubr` pr`pe`. N`df`rlbs, ferlkd bj prbsbdtb n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi, p`r cupjenkc` y k ud s`j` bfbnt`, C`d ..., n`l` ibrbdtb cb jk blprbsk ..., y C`d ..., n`l` ibrbdtb cb jk blprbsk .... Bd ... k ... cb ... cb .... -2;-
]årbz Wby, Eskkn
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SFI-FEN@. Bj N`dtrkt` cb Wbdtedi.
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SFI-FEN@. Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi
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SFI-FEN@. Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi
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Kpbjjec` Kpbjjec`, D`lgrb cbj kjuld`/k
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SFI-FEN@. Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi
Gegje`irkfìk …? Netk cb trkgko`s trkgko`s p rrbsb bs bdtkc`s dtkc`s bd nn`d `d irbs`s, o`rdkcks
Kdsbjl` Lkrtìdbz Nkûbjjks ? "^`grb bj n`dnbpt` y råielbd ourìcen` cbj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi" . Rdevbrseckc Dkne`dkj cb Bcunkneþd k Cestkdnek, RDBC? Fknujtkc cb Cbrbna` 7=;=. Ëdibj Lkrtìd Lkrtìdbz (7==7)? " Jk Jk trkdseneþd Jbksedi fedkdnebr` kj Jbksedi @pbrktev`Wbdtedi, °Rdk n`dsbnubdnek cb jks lbcecks cb p`jìtenk bn`dþlenk0? Bj nks` cbj sbnt`r cb jk kut`l`neþd bd Bspkûk, ;51;-7=== ". Rdevbrseckc N`lpjutbdsb cb Lkcrec. O`så Lkrìk cb jk Nubstk Wutb (7=;=)? "Bj n`dtrkt` cb jbksedi ` krrbdcklebdt` fedkdnebr`? 3= kû`s cbspuås." Netk cb jegr` ?
Kc`jf` ^bquberk8 ^bquberk8 Bdrequb Ikcbk8 Ikcbk8 Fbrdkdc` ^knrestëd (7==1)? Jk n`dtrktkneþd gkdnkrek . Bcet`rekj Cyheds`d ^.J., (;ª BC). Ëdibj Lkrtìd Lkrtìdbz (7==7)? Jk trkdseneþd cbj jbksedi fedkdnebr` kj jbksedi `pbrktev`Wbdtedi °Rdk n`dsbnubdnek cb jks lbcecks cb p`jìtenk bn`dþlenk0 ,Bj nks` cbj sbnt`r cb jk kut`l`neþd bd Bspkûk, ;51;-7=== . Lkcrec.
Bj rbdtedi cb vbaìnuj`s bd Bspkûk? Rdk trkybnt`rek cb åxet`, KBW y Aejj & Hd`wjt`d, Lkcrec, @ntugrb 7==9. O. Fbrdëdcbz Edijås (;556)? Bj rbdtedi cb gebdbs lubgjbs, >ª bceneþd. N.K. Lbtr`p`jetkd ^.K., Lkcrec. Junks Fbrdëdcbz (;559) ? N`lbdtkre`s kj Nþcei` Nevej y N`lpejkne`dbs F`rkjbs (S. QQ. V@J. ;¿-K U ;¿-G)? Krtìnuj`s ;237 k ;217 Cbj Nþcei` Nevej (7 V`js.) (>ª BC). Bcet`rekj cb Cbrbna` Wbudecks ^.K., Lkcrec. Jues Cebz-]enkz` (7=;3)? Fudcklbdt`s cbj Cbrbna` Nevej Nevej ]ktrel`dekj (S`l` E.) (6ª BC). ^.j Nevetks Bcene`dbs, Bspkûk . Lkdubj Kjgkjkcbo` Ikrnìk (7==; )? Cbrbna` Nevej, E, Edtr`cunneþd y pkrtb ibdbrkj, cbnel`quedtk cbnel`quedtk bceneþd. Jegrbrìk G`sna, Gkrnbj`dk. Nevej EE? @gjeikne`dbs y n`dtrkt`s ( V@J EE)? Lkdubj Lbcedk cb Jblus (7==2)? Cbrbna` Nevej EE? N`dtrkt`s bd pkrtenujkr. Cejbx ^.J, Lkcrec.
Lª n`dnbpneþd Vbr`dk Lkrtbj8 Lª Irknek Wbybs ]kcejjk8 Ukezk Ikrnìk ]kcrþd (7==2)? Rdk Edtr`cunneþd kj Wbdtedi. ^brvene` cb ]ugjenkne`dbs cb jk Rdevbrseckc cb jks pkjlks cb Irkd Nkdkrek Lkrekd` Uzquebrc` S`jskck (7==7)? ^estblk Cb Wbsp`dskgejeckc Nevej N`dtrkntukj U Bxtrkn`dtrkntukj. Bcet`rekj CyHeds`d ^.J. ]kuj` Dud` A`rtk N`rrbek Wklìrbz (7==5)? Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi (Kdëjeses ourìcen` bd bj n`dtbxt` cb j`s kntukjbs edstrulbdt`s cb fedkdnekneþd) . Wkte` Jbies, ^kjklkdnkN`ìlgrk. ]uei Guetrku O.( ;591)? Fudcklbdt`s cb Cbrbna` Nevej, S`l` EE, V`julbd E, C`ntredk Ibdbrkj cbj N`dtrkt` . G`sna, Gkrnbj`dk. Gkrnbj`dk. O`sb Lkdubj Jbtb cbj Wì` (7==6)? Cbrbna` cb `gjeikne`dbs. Krkzkdce, ]klpj`dk. ]klpj`dk.
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Kpbjjec` Kpbjjec`, D`lgrb cbj kjuld`/k
@re`j Klkt ^kjks (;515)? Jbksedi L`ckjeckcbs Fudne`dklebdt` y n`lpkrkneþd n`d `trks `pne`dbs. Cbust` ^.K Bcene`dbs, Gejgk`.
Netk cb krt ìnu j` bd prbd sk ce iet kj (Edtbrdbt) ?
Jkurk Kjkgku Lkrtì, Ked`k Erekrtb (7=;2)? "Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi", Rdeckc Bcet`rekj Edf`rlkneþd Bn`dþlenk ^.J., attp?//www.bxpkdse`d.n`l/cenne`dkre`bn`d`len`/n`dtrkt`-cb-rbdtedi.atlj. Lkrìk Gkjjbstbr`s (7=;7/7=;2)? "Lkdukj cb Cbrbna` attp?//www.edf`cbrbna`nevej attp?//www.edf`cbrbna`nevej.bs/7=;7/=9/l`rk-cbj .bs/7=;7/=9/l`rk-cbj-cbuc`r.atlj, -cbuc`r.atlj, Cbrbna` Nevej, Lkre` Nkdtkjkpebcrk Krbdks (7=;2)? "Bj Wbdtedi", Cekre` attp?//www.bxpkdse`d.n`l/cenne` attp?//www.bxpkdse`d.n`l/cenne`dkre`-bn`d`l dkre`-bn`d`len`/rbdtedi.atlj en`/rbdtedi.atlj
Nevej".
Bxpkdseþd.
Netk c b d` rl ks ou rìcen ks ?
^bdtbdnek cb jk jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj ]r`vednekj cb Kstureks dÿl. ;25/7==3 ;25/7==3 (^bnneþd 2ª), cb 75 kgrej, nkjefenk kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`l` "n`dtrkt` lbrnkdtej qub edtbirk jks nkrkntbrìstenks bsbdnekjbs cbj krrbdcklebdt` cb n`sks y cb jk prbstkneþd cb sbrvene`s". ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj ]r`vednekj cb Kstureks dÿl. 7>9/7==3 7>9/7==3 (^bnneþd 6ª), cb ;= oude`. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Kstureks cbj 75 cb kgrej, d`s cenb qub bs `gjeikneþd cb jk n`lpkûìk cb rbdtedi, nebrt` tep` cb rbpkrkne`dbs y s`grbt`c` bj lkdtbdelebdt` cbj gebd. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Kstureks dÿl. 761/7==3 (^bnneþd ;ª), cb ;> ouje`, ORW 7==3Z ;56661. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Ëvejk dÿl. 11/7==3 (^bnneþd ;ª), cb ;5 lky`, KN 7==3Z 5;3. 5;3. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj Gkrnbj`dk (^bnneþd 3ª), cb 71 lkrz` 7==;, sbûkjk qub bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi bs "ud krrbdcklebdt` blprbskrekj". ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Gkrnbj`dk, cb ;2 cb d`veblgrb cb 7==6, ORW 7==6Z;;>>93. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Nkdtkgrek dÿl. >1=/7==3 (^bnneþd ;ª), cb 79 sbpteblgrb, ORW 7==3Z 716672 nkrkntbrezk kj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi n`l` ud n`dtrkt` n`dsbdsukj, n`dsbdsukj, gejktbrkj, gejktbrkj, `dbr`s`, n`dlutktev`, n`dlutktev`, cb kcabseþd, kcabseþd, ktìpen` y lbrnkdtej. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb Jk N`ruûk, d ¿ 13/7==9, cb 79 cb lkrz`, KN 7==9Z;26;. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj _krki`zk, cb ;3 cb ceneblgrb cb ;55>, bd Krkdzkce Nevej ;55>Z7>99, cefbrbdneþ bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi , cb j`s cb jbksedi `pbrktev` y jbksedi fedkdnebr`. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb cb @rbdsb cbj ;1 cb 7==7 (ORW 7==>/91726), s`grb j`s cbfbnt`s cbtbntkc`s bd udk nbdtrkjetk tbjbfþdenk krrbdckck lbdne`dk. ^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb @rbdsb, cb ;1 cb 7==7 (ORW 7==>/91726), s`grb j`s cbfbnt`s cbtbntkc`s bd udk nbdtrkjetk tbjbfþdenk krrbdckck lbdne`dk.
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SFI-FEN@. Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi
^bdtbdnek cb jk Kucebdnek ]r`vednekj cb @rbdsb dÿl. 3=3/7==7 (^bnneþd 7ª), cb ;1 ceneblgrb, ORW 7==>Z 91726. ^bdtbdnek cbj Ouzikc` cb ]relbrk Edstkdnek cb ^kdtkdcbr,(Dÿl. >), cb >; cb lky` cb 7==> cbfedb bj rbdtedi ` ‚krrbdcklebdt` krrbdcklebdt` blprbskrekj“. ^bdtbdnek cbj ourkc` cb prelbrk edstkdnek cb ^kdtkdcbr cb >; cb Lky` cb 7==> cenb? "N`dtrkt` cb Jbksedi cbj qub bj rbdtedi bs bspbnekjeckc". ^bdtbdnek cbj Sregudkj ^uprbl`, dÿl. ;;/7=== (^kjk cb j` Nevej), cb ;5 cb bdbr`, bd Wbpbrt`re` cb Ouresprucbdnek Krkdzkce 7===Z;>5. ^bdtbdnek cbj Sregudkj ^uprbl` cb ;= cb kgrej cb ;51;, qub sbûkjk qub bd bj ‚jbksedi `pbrktev` “ ‚j k bdteckc krrbdckc`rk kfr`dtk bj rebsi` tånden` prbstkdc` j`s sbrvene`s cb lkdtbdelebdt` y ksestbdne k“ k“ .
Wbkj Cbnrbt` ;7;;/;55=, cb 71 cb sbpteblgrb l`cefenkc` p`r Wbkj Cbnrbt` 5;5/7=;=, cb ;6 cb ouje`, p`r bj qub sb kprubgk bj Wbijklbdt` cb jk Jby cb @rcbdkneþd cb j`s Srkdsp`rtbs Sbrrbstrbs.
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SFI-FEN@. Bj n`dtrkt` cb rbdtedi
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