Pitanja iz engleskog jezika (gramatika) za maturu 1. The Definite Article 2. The Indefinite Article 3. Ordinal and Cardinal Numbers 4. The Present Simple Tense 5. The Present Continuous Tense 6. The Present Perfect Tense 7. Present Tenses 8. Comparison of Adjectives 9. Possessive Pronouns 10. Possesssive Adjectives 11. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives 12. Relative Clauses 13. The Simple Past Tense 14. The Past Contininuous Tense 15. The Past Perfect Tense 16. Expressing Future 17. The structure HAVE SOMETHING DONE 18. The structure USED TO 19. Modals 20. The Passive Voice 21. Indirect Speech – Speech – Statements 22. Indirect Speech – Speech – Questions, Orders 23. Conditional Sentences 24. Irregular Plurals 25. Saxon Genitive (Possessive “S”) 26. Prepositions (place, time) 27. The plural of nouns 28. Countable and Uncountable Nouns 29. Questions – Questions – word order 30. SOME/ANY/MUCH/MANY
Question no. 1: DEFINITE (odredjeni) ARTICLE: "THE" upotrebljavamo ispred imenica koje smo pominjemo po drugi put odnosno imenica koje smo uveli clanom A. I saw a lovely girls yesterday - the girls I saw lives in my neighbourhood. Kada zelimo nesto posebno da naglasimo ili ispred imenica koje pocinju samoglasnikom ili nemim H, clan THE se izgovara kao Idi:I Upotrebljava se: 1. Ispred punih naziva drzava: The United States of America, The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, The United Kingdom (ali samo ENGLAND, AMERICA, RUSSIA, ITALY.....) izuzetak (The Netherlands, The Hague - grad uz koji takodje stoji clan) 2. ispred superlativa prideva: the best, the most attractive, the closest 3. ispred planinskih lanaca, reka, mora, okeana, grupa ostrva: The Bahamas, The Alps, The Danube, the Adriatic Sea, The Atlantic Ocean (ali ne i ispred pojedinacnih planina: ETNA, EVEREST, gradova: CAIRO, NYC, ostrva: SICILY, CORSICA, regiona: EUROPE, TEXAS) 4. when there is only ONE OF something - dakle ispred stvari/objekata koji su jedinstveni (the sky, the environment..) The earth goes around the sun and the moon goes round the earth. The longest river in the world is.... 5. ispred "SAME": Those two photographs are the same, we don't speak the same language 6. obicno kazemo THE RADIO ali TELEVISION (bez THE) 7. ispred prideva da oznacimo celu grupu ljudi koji su opisani datim pridevom: the black, the pretty, the intelligent, the old
Question no. 2: 1. INDEFINITE (neodredjeni) ARTICLE: "A" stoji ispred brojivih imenica u jednini koje pocinju SUGLASNIKOM ili samoglasnikom koji se izgovara kao SUGLASNIK. e.g. a book, a car, a uniform "AN" se upotrebljava ispred brojivih imenica u jednini kada one pocinju samoglasnikom ili nemim "H" e.g. an apple, an hour, an aeroplane Prevodimo ga kao JEDAN,a,o ili NEKI,a,o Neodredjeni clan upotrebljavamo: 1. kada nesto pominjeno po prvi put - I saw a lovely girl yesterday 2. u uzvicnim recenicama tipa - Such a crazy night, What a beautiful day 3. u izrazima tipa: once a week, two times a month, twice a year 4. umesto broja 1: a hundred, a kilo, a minute 5. ispred imenica koje oznacavaju zanimanje: my Mum is a doctor and my Dad is a judge. My brother is a lawyer.
Question no. 3: BROJEVI: Cardinal: 1,2,3,4.....i Ordinal: first, second, third, fourth, fifth.....Kod CARDINAL Nos. reci da da stotina: hundred, thousand, million nemaju mnozinu (u situacijama kada ispred njih sledi broj- Npr. FOUR MILLION people, FIVE THOUSAND dollars, a nastavak za mnozinu "s" se dodaje na imenicu koja sledi iza HUNDRED,
THOUSAND, MILLION...) i da se za jednu stotinu, hiljadu...umesto broja ONE koristi clan A: A MILLION, A HUNDRED...ORDINAL NUMBERS: Kod broja 1,2 i 3 imamo specificne nastavke 1 - st; 2- nd; 3 - rd (first, second i third) dok se kod svih ostalih brojeva dodaje nastavak "TH". Redne brojeve koristima za izrazavanje redosleda, ispred njih se obicno nalazi odredjeni clan "THE" - THE FIRST WEEKEND IN MAY i kod pisanja datuma: November 5th, 2010. To bi bilo ono osnovno - sto je sasvim dovoljno.
Question No. 4: THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE - I play football Koristi se za radnju koja se obicno desava svaki dan Tvorba: Potvrdan oblik: SUBJEKAT + GLAGOL Negativan oblik: SUBJEKAT+ don’t / doesn’t + GLAGOL Upitan oblik: Do / does + SUBJEKAT + GLAGOL?
Priloske oznake:every day, sometimes, usually, always, never, ever, all day
Question no. 5: THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (sada šnje trajno vreme) - I am speaking Present participle se pravi dodavanjem glagolu nastavka "-ing". Međutim, ponekad moramo malo promeniti reč, verovatno udvostručiti ili izostaviti jedno slovo. - Ako se glagol završava na: suglasnik - naglašeni vokal-suglasnik zadnje slovo se udvostručava – run – running - Ako glagol završava na ie, mijenjamo ie u y – lie – lying - Ako glagol završava na vokal + suglasnik + e, izostavljamoe: - come – coming Present Continuous Tense (sadašnje trajno vreme) se upotrebljava: - da označi radnju koja se vrši u vremenu kada o njoj govorimo – I am learning English now - međutim, radnja se ne mora odvijati tačno sada, ali se dešavala nešto ranije i možda će se dešavati posle trenutka kada o njoj govorimo – she is reading a book - da označi radnju čije je trajanje neprekidno, i tada se obično upotrebljavaju prilozialways, constantly, forever itd - You are always complaining about your mother - da se izrazi radnja koja je već isplanirana i desiće se u budućnosti: I'm meeting my girlfriend tonight.
Question No. 6: THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE - I have played football
PPT se koristi za radnju koja e desila i završila u prošlosti, ali ne znamo kada i za radnjukoja se desila, ali se nije završila Tvorba: Potvrdan oblik: SUBJEKAT + have / has + GLAGOL (-d/-ed ili 3. kolona) Negativan oblik: SUBJEKAT + have/has + not + GLAGOL (-d/-ed ili 3. kolona) Upitan oblik: Have / has + SUBJEKAT + GLAGOL (-d/-ed ili 3. kolona)
Question No. 7: PRESENT TENSES -
Present Simple (prosto sadašnje vreme) – I choose Present Perfect (složeno sadašnje vreme) – I have chosen Present Continous (sadašnje trajno vreme) – I am choosing Present Perfect Continuous (sadašnje svršeno trajno vreme) - I have been choosing
Question no. 9: Za razliku od PRISVOJNIH PRIDEVA koji UVEK stoje uz imenicu, prisvojne zamenice (MINE, YOURS, HIS, HERS, OURS, THEIRS) se koriste bez imenica. Npr. That's not my coat (prisv. pridev) - It's mine! ili Their garden (prisv. pridev)is much bigger than ours (prisv. zamenica)! Upitnu rec WHOSE mozemo da koristimo SA ili BEZ IMENICA: Whose coat is that? ili Whose is that coat? REWRITE THE SENTENCES WITH POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 1. That's my newspaper 2. Her hair looks better than your hair 3. That dog looks like our dog 4. Is that bike your bike? 5. That car isn't her car –
Question No. 10: POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (prisvojni pridevi) Prisvojni pridevi određuju imenice (my sister, his book, their house).Prisvojni pridevi imaju sledeće oblike: - I – my - It – its - You – your - We – our - He – his - You – your - She – her - They – their
Questions No. 8 i 11: COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES/IRREGULAR COMPARISON -Postoje tri stepena komparacije: positive, comparative, superlative. - Kada želimo da upoređujemo dve stvari, onda koristimo komparativni stepen prideva. U ovom slučaju iza
prideva UVEK stoji "than", a zatim ono s čime se upoređuje. npr. My nose is smaller than yours. The Danube is more beautiful than The Thames. - Kada želimo da kažemo kako je nešto naj - onda koristimo superlativni stepen prideva. U ovom slučaju ispred prideva UVEK stoji član "the". npr. Mary has the most beautiful hair in the classroom. John is the biggest fan of Michael Jackson. - Kratkim pridevima dodajemo nastavak -er u komparativu ili - est u superlativu. U nekim slučajevima se poslednji suglasnik duplira (bigger, redder; the biggest, the reddest,...) a ako se pridev završava sa "y" ono se pretvara u i (prettier, earlier; the prettiest, the earliest,...) - Dugačkim pridevima (sa dva ili više slogova) ne dodajemo nastavke ali ispred prideva pišemo "more" u komparativu ili "most" u superlativu (more intelligent; the most delicious,...) Ukoliko su dve osobine izrazene u ISTOM stepenu onda koristimo konstrukciju "AS + ADJ. + AS" ili "NOT AS + ADJ. + AS" My eyes aren't as good as yours. Npr. She is as beautiful as her mother. He is as tall as his grandfather. U slucaju negacije koristimo konstrukciju "NOT SO + ADJ. + AS" Npr. She is not so beautiful as her mother He is not so tall as his grandfather - Postoje i pridevi čija je komparacija nepravilna, a to su: GOOD - BETTER - THE BEST BAD - WORSE - THE WORST MUCH/MANY - MORE - THE MOST LITTLE - LESS - THE LEAST FAR - FARTHER/FURTHER - THE FARTHEST/FURTHEST OLD - OLDER/ELDER - THE OLDEST/ELDEST
Question no. 12: RELATIVE CLAUSES su recenice koje su povezane/zdruzene RELATIVNIM ZAMENICAMA (Relative Pronouns). RELATIVNE ZAMENICE su: WHO, (WHOM), WHICH, THAT, WHAT Npr. The man was Welsh. He won the prize. The man WHO won the prize was Welsh. Za ljude upotrebljavamo zamenicu WHO, a za stvari WHICH. Zamenicu THAT upotrebljavamo i za ljude i za stvari (safe option). Npr. There's the man WHO/THAT sold me my bike She said a word WHICH/THAT I didn't hear. Kada je relativna zamenica OBJEKAT koji stoji iza glagola, mozemo da je izostavimo iz recenice - Npr. I phoned a man. The man THAT I phoned spoke Spanish ili The man I phoned spoke Spanish
Kada je relativna zamenica na mestu subjekta, ne mozemo da je izostavimo. Npr. A man phoned me. The man THAT/WHO phoned me spoke Greek ( NE MOZE The man phoned me spoke Greek) WHAT koristimo umesto "THE THING(S) WHICH/THAT or ANYTHING THAT" uz glagole u jednini. Npr. Have you got WHAT you need for your journey? (=...."the things that you need") I'm sorry about what happened. Neki glagoli uz sebe imaju predlog. Npr. look at, listen to, live in.... Kada je relativna zamenica objekat takvih glagola imamo dve opcije: 1. zadrzimo predlog uz glagol - Npr. The woman smiled. I was looking at her - The woman WHOM/THAT I was looking at smiled 2. da predlog stavimo ISPRED relativne zamenice WHOM/WHICH Npr. The woman at WHOM I was looking smiled.
A, RELATIVNE CLAUSES mogu biti DEFINING I NON-DEFINING. Evo i primera: 1. My son, who lives in New York, is arriving today. 2. My son who lives in New York is arriving today. U prvom slucaju radi se o NON-DEFINING Relative Clause (to je poput "umetnute recenice" na srpskom, tj. radi se o usputnoj, dodatnoj informaciji koja ne menja znacenje recenice. Kod prve recenice mozemo zakljuciti da zena ima SAMO jednog sina koji, by the way, zivi u NY, ali ono sto je bitno je da on stize danas. Takva recenica se UVEK odvaja zarezima. U drugom slucaju radi se o DEFINING Relative Clause sto znaci da zena ima 5 sinova ali upravo onaj koji zivi u New York-u, a ne neki od preostale cetvorice stize danas. Ispred relativne zamenice ne stavljamo zarez i ne odvajamo je time od ostatka recenice.
Question No. 13: THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE - I played football Past simple se koristi za izricanje radnje koja se desila I zavrsila u proslosti. Imamo tacno vreme. Nepravilni glagoli se napamet uce. Tvorba: Potvrdan oblik: SUBJEKAT + GLAGOL (-d/-ed ili 2. kolona) Negativan oblik: SUBJEKAT + didn’t + GLAGOL Upitni oblik: Did + SUBJEKAT + GLAGOL? Priloske oznake: last…, the day before yesterday, yesterday, ago…
Question no. 14: THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (prošlo trajno vreme) Past Continuous Tense (Prošlo trajno vreme) se gradi od glagola TO BE u Past Simple Tense-u (Prostom prošlom vremenu), tj. was/were i present participle-a (sadašnjeg participa) glavnog glagola Past Continiuos Tense se koristi za: - Radnju koja je u prošlo vreme duže trajala – She was reading a book all day yesterday - Dve radnje koje su se u prošlom vremenu paralelno dešavale – While I was watching TV my sister was doing homework - Prošlu radnju koja je duže trajala, a prekinuta je nekom drugom prošlom radnjom. Ta radnja se izražava prostim proš.oblikom, past stimple – I was watching TV when the telephone rang Glagoli koji se ne koriste u Present Continuous Tense-u, ne koriste se ni u Past Continuous Tense-u. Umesto njih se obično koristi glagol u Past Simple Tense-u Potvrdan oblik – I was working Upitan oblik – Was I working? Odričan oblik – I was not (wasn’t working)
Question no. 15: PAST PERFECT TENSE (davno prošlo vreme) Past Perfect Tense (Davno prošlo vreme) se gradi od pomoćnog glagola TO HAVE u Past Simple Tense -u (prošlom prostom vremenu), tj. had i past participle-a (prošlog participa) glavnog glagola. The Past Perfect Tense (Davno prošlo vreme) se upotrebljava za ; - Radnju koja se završila pre neke druge prošle radnje - She suddenly found that she had lost her camera - The Past Perfect Tense se upotrebljava u zavisnim rečenicama uz after. Takođe se mogu pojaviti i prilozi when i because. - After we had reached the top, we began to feel tired Potvrdan oblik: I had (I’d) worked Upitan oblik: Had I worked? Odričan oblik: I had not (hadn’t) worked
Question No. 16: EXPRESSING FUTURE: Postoje tri osnovna nacina za izrazavanje buducnosti na engleskom jeziku: 1."GOING TO" konstrukcija - koristimo je kada buducnost mozemo da predvidimo u sadasnjem trenutku tj. kada je neka future situation is starting or is clearly on the way. Npr. Look - it is going to rain! Takodje, upotrebljavamo je kada zelimo da pricamo o svojim NAMERAMA, tj. stvarima koje smo odlucili da
uradimo i tada je cak mozemo prevesti kao "nameravam da...." Npr. I am not going to take a holiday this year - Ove godine ne nameravam da uzmem godisnji! 2. PRESENT CONTINIOUS - koristimo ga za izrazavanje buducnosti kada sa sigurnoscu govorimo o planovima koji ce se realizovati u tacno odredjeno vreme ili na tacno odredjenom mestu. Npr. I am starting a new job next week. We are playing basketball tomorrow at 5! 3. WILL + infinitive - kada nesto PREDVIDJAMO, MISLIMO, NAGADJAMO ili ZNAMO o buducnosti Npr. I think it will snow tomorrow. When will you know your exam results? - WILL upotrebljavamo i kada nesto OBECAVAMO, SLAZEMO SE ili ODBIJAMO Npr. OK, I really W ILL start studying English! (I hope you all will!) She won't speak to me! This pen won't write! I'll phone you! - WILL koristimo i kada neku odluku donesemo iznenada na licu mesta Npr. That's the phone - I'll answer it! What will you have? Hmmmm, I'll have a coke! ***Posle I i WE umesto WILL moze se koristiti i SHALL bez promene po znacenje ***Ponekad i PRESENT SIMPLE mozemo upotrebiti za buducnost - iskljucivo kada govorimo o RASPOREDU voznje, PROGRAMU u bioskopu, pozoristu Npr. Our train leaves at 8.10. What time does the film start? It starts at 8.00.
Question No. 17: HAVE SOMETHING DONE Koristimo kada zelimo da neko drugi uradi nesto za nas Npr. The roof of Jill's house was damaged in a storm, so she arranged for somebody to repair it. Yesterday a workman came and did the job. JILL HAD THE ROOF REPAIRED YESTERDAY. (organizovala je da to neko uradi umesto nje) JILL REPAIRED THE ROOF (sama ga je popravila) I HAD MY HAIR CUT! I jos jedan odlican primer: Did Ann make the dress herself or DID SHE HAVE IT MADE? Obratite paznju na red reci: past participle (III kolona ili -ED npr. repaired, made, cut) je uvek iza objekta (the roof, the dress ili hair) Umesto HAVE SMTH. DONE mozemo koristiti i GET SMTH. DONE (po americki) Npr. When are you going to get the roof repaired? I think you should get your hair cut. Ponekad HAVE SMTH DONE ima drugacije znacenje, npr. kao u sledecoj recenici: George had his nose broken in a fight Have you ever had your passport stolen - u ovim recenicama se NARAVNO NE RADI o tome da je neko namerno organizovao da mu nos bude slomljen ili pasos ukraden. Kod ovih primera HAVE SMTH. DONE oznacava da se nesto desilo nekome tj. da su osobe ili stvari pretrpele nesto.
Question No. 18: The structure USED TO Npr. Dennis stopped smoking two years ago. He doesn't smoke any more, but he USED TO SMOKE. He USED TO SMOKE 40 cigarettes a day. - konstrukciju USED TO upotrebljavamo za radnju koja je u proslosti bila uobicajena, redovno se desavala ali se vise ne desava. - koristimo je i da bismo izrazili nesto sto je nekada bilo tacno/istina, ali ne vise Npr. This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema. I used to think he was unfriendly but now I realise he's a very nice person. "I USED TO DO SOMETHING" je proslost, a sadasnji oblik ne postoji. Ne mozemo reci I USE TO!!!! Umesto toga u sadasnjosti koristimo Present Simple. Npr. he used to smoke (past) there used to be....(past) he smokes (present) there is.....(present) Pitanje postavljamo na uobicajeni nacin koristeci pomocni glagol DID (you) USE TO....? npr. Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child? NE SMETE MESATI " I used to" sa "I am used to..." I used to live alone / I am used to living alone Nekada sam ziveo sam / Navikao sam da zivim sam
Question no. 19: MODALS PRESENT – PAST Can – Could May – Might Must – Had to Shall – Should Will – Would
Can, may i must su modalni glagoli I nemaju will formu 1. imaju formu samo za past simple I present simple 2. nemaju nastavak –s u trecem licu jednine 3. upitni oblik se dobija inverzijom I negativnom formom dodavanjem -not
Question No. 20: Passive Voice Njega koristimo kada je neka radnja vec uradjena, tj kada se nesto vec desilo. Subjekat iz prve recenice u drugoj prelazi u objekat a nije bitno ko vrsi radnju, npr:
-They stole my bike. --> The bike is stolen. Radi se o biciklu, i nije bitno ko je to uradio. Subjekat + oblik glagola to be + Past Participle ( 3. kolona ili nepravilni glagoli ) Upitne recenice, inverzijom. -Was the bike stolen?
Question No. 21 & 22: INDIRECT SPEECH Kada ponavljamo nešto što je neko rekao, možemo doslovno da navedemo njegove reči: He said: "I like it." She asked: " Is it ready?" john said:" Bring me my coat, please." Ovakav način ponavljanja tuđih reči naziva se upravni ili direktni govor. Međutim, ako ne navodimo doslovno ono što je neko rekao, već to ponavljamo svojim rečima mi pri tom činimo izvesne izmene. Ovakav način ponavljanja tuđih reči naziva se neupravni ili indirektni govor. STATEMENTS Većina ovih izmena su uslovljene logikom situacije i sreću se i u drugim jezicima. Zbog promene lica koje govori i vremena na koje se radnja odnosi, nastaju sledeće promene: I - he/she you - he/she/I we - they you ( množina) - they/we here - there this/these - that/those yesterday - the day before/the previous day tomorrow - the next day/the following day next week - the next week/the following week today - that day (ili se izostavlja) tonight - that evening/that night ago - before (ili se izostavlja) (-days ago) - (-days before) Kada je glagol kojim počinje rečenica u indirektnom govoru u prošlom vremenu u sledećoj rečenici ili rečenicama, menjaju se prema pravilima o slaganju vremena u engleskom a rečenice se mogu spojiti veznikom that. - "I will never believe such a thing". He said that he would never believe such a thing.” Kada je glagol kojim se počinje rečenica u indirektnom govoru u prezentu, sadašnjem perfektu, ili futuru vremena u sledećoj rečenici ili rečenicama ne menjaju se. - Tom says:"I'm wrong" Tom says that he is wrong.
QUESTIONS Ako se indirektnim govorom saopštava tuđe pitanje, onda se umesto glagola koji izražava prost iskaz mora upotrebiti glagol koji izražava pitanje, tj. umesto glagola say ili tell upotrebljavaju se glagoli ask,inquire,wonder ili want to know. Upitne rečenice u kojima u direktnom govoru nema nikakve upitne reči u indirektnom vezuju se za glavnu rečenicu veznicima if (sa li) iliwhether[i]. - "Are you staying in this hotel?" Tom asked me if/whether I was staying in that hotel. Primedba: a) Red reči u indirektnim pitanjima isti je kao u potvrdnoj rečenici, tj. nema inverzije kao u direktnom pitanju. b) U pitanjima koja počinju nekom upitnom reči - [i]who, when,which,why, what, how,itd.- ova reč spaja rečenicu kojom počinje indirektni govor sa sledećom.
Question No. 23: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1.
kondicional - realna mogućnost (budućnost) – If it rains I will stay at home - I will tell Mary if I see her postoji realna mogućnost da će se uzrok ispuniti UZROK + POSLEDICA
2. kondicional – neverovatna mogućnost (budućnost) – If I married Mary I would be happy – If I won the lottery I would by a car ne postoji realna mogućnost da će se uzrok ispuniti 3. kondicional – bez mogućnosti (prošlost) - If I won the lottery, I would have bought a car - If I had seen Mary I would have told her Ne postoji nikakva šansa da se uzrok I posledica ispune
Question No. 24: IRREGULAR PLURALS
Iako obično dodajemo -s na kraju imenica da napravimo množinu neke imenice u engleskom jeziku imaju nepravilne završetke. 1. grupa u kojoj su imenice u množini različite (kliknite na reč da čujete izgovor) mouse - mice foot - feet tooth - teeth goose - geese louse - lice man – men
2. grupa u kojoj su imenice u množini iste fish - fish (ribe - kada se koristi "fishes" najčešće se misli na nekoliko različitih vrsta) sheep - sheep (ovce) deer - deer (jeleni)
Question No. 25: POSSESSIVE "S" - koristimo kada pricamo o ljudima i zivotinjama, a NE i stvarima da bi izrazili pripadanje, iskustvo, porodicne/prijateljske odnose ili delove tela. Npr. Ann's purse Ann's English lesson Ann's husband Ann's friend Ian's leg my dad's book (not the book of my dad), BUT the roof of the house (not the house's roof), the top of my desk (not the desk's top) IZRAZAVA PRIPADANJE, ISKUSTVO, ODNOSE ili delove tela - Kod imenica u jednini dodajemo 's - Npr. My son's car, the cat's leg - Kod vecine imenica u mnozini dodajemo samo ' - Npr. Those boys' passports, the babies' toys, our wives' stories - Kod imenica cija mnozina se ne zavrsava sa "S" dodajemo 's - most children's poems, three men's names, the people's voices - Mozemo imati vise od jednog POSSESSIVE oblika zajedno Npr. John's mother's cat, Hellen's boss's car, My father's seceretary's sister's baby ****Kada se imenica ili ime zavrsavaju na "S" onda mozemo dodata samo apostrof Npr. JESUS' faith
Question No. 26: PREPOSITIONS ZA MESTO: Kao predlog za mesto AT služi da odredi mesto gde se nešto dešava. - at the football match (na fudbalskoj utakmici) - at school (u školi) at the desk, at the traffic lights Kao predlog za mesto IN se koristi za gradove i države - in France - in London in the world, in the pircture Kada se koristi za mesto ON znači “na” - on the chair - on the roof Predlog to se koristi da označi pravac kretanja. Koristi se uz glagole kretanja. - go to work (ići na posao) - run to the office (trčati do kancelarije)
Kada idemo od jednog do drugog mesta koristimo from...to - We travel from Novi Sad to Budapest - by bus, by car.. opposite – naspram, prekoputa next to- pored, odmah do beside - pored between- između on the corner of- na uglu
in front of- ispred behind- iza under- pod below- ispod above - iznad
ZA VREME Kao predlog za vreme at se koristi za izražavanje sati i tačno datog vremena. - at 11 pm (u 11 sati uveče) - at noon (u podne) - at midnight (u ponoć) Predlog in se kao predlog za vreme koristi za označavanja meseci i godina, kao i ispred delova dana. - in May (u maju) - in 1987 (1987. godine) - in summer (u leto) - in the morning (ujutru) Predlog on se može koristiti da označi vreme dešavanja radnje i to onda kada se govori o danima. Mogu se navoditi dani u nedelji, delovi dana ali i datumi. - on Monday (u ponedeljak) - on Sunday evening (u nedelju uveče) - on 21st November (21. novembra)
Question No. 27: PLURAL OF NOUNS. Mnozinu imenica gradimo dodavanjem nastavka - S (boy-boys, book - books), -ES (ukoliko se imenica zavrsava na S, SH, CH, X: bus-buses, church-churches, bush - bushes, box - boxes i tada se izgovara IZ). - ukoliko se imenica zavrsava na Y- ono se prevara u I i dodaje se nastavak -ES (cherry - cherries, berryberries, candy - candies) !!!!!! (osim ukoliko tom Y ne prethodi samoglasnik kao u recima boy, toy, bay, money) - nastavak -S se izgovara kao S iza bezvucnih suglasnika, kao u recima (looks, pits, knots, turnips) - nastavak -S se izgovara kao Z iza bezvucnih suglasnika, kao u recima (bags, heads, lambs, curls) Neke imenice imaju nepravilnu mnozinu (POGLEDAJTE VASU SKRIPTU str. 46) E.g. A woman - two WOMEN, A MAN - MEN, AN OX - ten OXEN, A CHILD - five CHILDREN, A FOOT - FEET, A GOOSE - GEESE, A MOUSE - MICE, THIS - THESE, THAT THOSE, TOOTH - TEETH
Question No. 28: COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS: Imenice se dele na brojive i nebrojive. E.G. I eat a banana every day; I like bananas (BANANA je brojiva imenica) I eat rice every day; I like rice (RICE je nebrojiva imenica) Brojive imenice mogu biti u jednini (banana) ili mnozini (bananas) i one oznacavaju things koje mozemo
prebrojati. Dakle, one banana, two bananas, five bananas.... CAR, BEACH, TOWEL, CITY, RIVER, BATTERY, ACCIDENT, UMBRELLA, STUDENT, SONG (primeri brojivih imenica) Nebrojive imenice imaju samo jedan oblik (rice) i oznacavaju things koje ne mozemo brojati. Ne mozemo reci one rice, two rices MUSIC, FREEDOM, LOVE, SPHAGETTI, FLOUR, SUGAR, BREAD, MILK su primeri nebrojivih imenica uglavnom se radi o gradivnim i abstraktnim imenicama. Kada je rec o gradivnim, mozemo ih "izbrojati" tako sto cemo ih upakovati u neki CONTAINER ili im dodati meru (kg, g, liter....) E.g. A spoonful of sugar, two spoonfuls of sugar, five kilos of flour, a loaf of bread, three bottles of milk....... Ispred brojivih imenica u jednini mozemo upotrebiti NEODREDJENI clan A/AN: a school, a uniform, an apple. Brojive imenice u jednini NE MOGU STAJATI SAME (ispred njih MORA biti clan: I want a banana, There's been an accident) Brojive imenice u mnozini MOGU stajati same: I like bananas, Accidents happen Nebrojive imenice mogu stajati same:It was bad luck, we haven't got enough water Clan A/AN ne koristimo uz nebrojive imenice: ne govorimo A SAND, A MUSIC ali zato kazemo A PIECE OF MUSIC, A BAG OF SAND Uz obe vrste imenica, dakle i brojive i nebrojive moze da stoji SOME i ANY e.g. We sang some songs, We didn't buy any milk We listened to some music, We didn't buy any bread. Ovo pitanje mozete dopuniti ponekim izuzetkom iz sveske. A, da se podsetimo....postoje imenice koje su u nasem jeziku BROJIVE sto nije slucaj i u engleskom. Imenice koje se uvek nalaze u jednini su ADVICE, KNOWLEDGE, INFORMATION, FURNITURE, PASTA. Uz njih uglavnom stoji SOME ili PIECE OF...
Question No. 29: WORD ORDER Postoje: 1. YES/NO questions: AM I?, HAVE YOU?, CAN SHE? DO YOU? DID HE? DOES IT? Ova pitanje UVEK pocinju sa pomocnim glagolom koji stavljamo ispred subjekta. Na ova pitanja OBAVEZNO odgovaramo sa YES/NO zatim ponovimo subjekat i pomocni glagol. Npr. The taxi is coming - Is the taxi coming? Yes, it is. Will the train be late? - No, it won't Can you pay? - Yes, I can Has Ann arrived? - No, she hasn't Do you want to go to the cinema? - Yes, I do 2. Pitanja koja pocinju sa upitnim recima, a to su: WHERE, WHEN, WHY, WHO Na ova pitanja obicno odgovaramo punom recenicom. Red reci je isti kao i kod YES/NO questions s tim da upitnu rec stavljamo na pocetak recenice. Npr. When is the taxi coming? Why has Ann arrived? Who do you want to go to the cinema with? - Kada pitanje pocine sa HOW obicno iza sledi pridev ili prilog How old is your sister? How tall are you? How fast can you run?
- Kod nekih pitanja koja pocinju sa WHAT iz sledi imenica Npr. WHAT time is the film? What size are you? What colour are your eyes? - Kada se upitne reci WHO i WHAT nalaze u funkciji subjekta, iza njih nema pomocnog glagola DO/DOES/DID Npr. Who (subject) phoned? Mike phoned. Who (object) did you see? I saw Mike. What happened? Something terrible happened. What did he say? He said something terrible. - PREDLOGE with, at, for to obicno stavljamo na kraj pitanja Npr. Who did you go out with? What are you looking at? Where do you come from?, Where shall I sent the letter to? Who is the letter for?
Question No. 30: SOME / ANY SOME: se koristi uz potvrdne izjave, ponude, zahteve i kod pitanja kada se očekuje odgovor "da". affirmative statements, offers, requests and in questions when you expect the answer "yes". ANY: se koristi uz odrične izjave i pitanja. negative statements, questions. - Have you got ANY bananas? No, we haven't got ANY. - But we've got SOME oranges. Do you want SOME? MUCH / MANY MUCH: se koristi uz nebrojive imenice. uncountable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.) MANY: se koristi uz brojive imenice. countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.) - How MUCH money have you got? - How MANY dollars have you got?
