English Literature (Study Materials)
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hv‡e e‡j Avkv ivwL| G¸‡jv wcÖ ›U Ki‡j †`L‡eb GKUv ev `y BUv eB‡qi g‡Zv Kv‡jKkvb n‡e| ZvQvov †Kv‡Ukv‡bi Rb¨ GB I‡qemvBUwU wfwRU Ki‡Z cv‡ib: www.brainyquote.com wb‡Pi dvBj¸‡jv BCS Spotlight MÖ æc †_‡K WvDb‡jvW K‡i wbb : 1. List of Noble Prize Winners in English Literature https://www.facebook.com/groups/bcsspotlight/1625592251013242/ 2. Important Literary Works https://www.facebook.com/groups/bcsspotlight/1618636491708818/ 3. English Period, Literary Works, Characters, Quotation, Nobel Laureate etc. https://www.facebook.com/groups/bcsspotlight/1545963488976119/ 4. Literary Terms, Quotations, Important Literary Works etc. https://www.facebook.com/groups/bcsspotlight/1548495505389584/ 5. Books and Writers https://www.facebook.com/groups/bcsspotlight/1548577738714694/ 6. 50 MCQ on English Literature https://www.facebook.com/groups/bcsspotlight/1548820622023739/
Basic Terminology: Drama Asides
brief comments by an actor who addresses the audience but is assumed not to be heard by the other characters on the stage.
Dialogue
the lines spoken by the characters
Drama
literature written to be performed
Dramatic Irony
a situation that depends on the audience s knowing something that a character has not realized, or on one character s knowing something
Harmartia
other characters do not know Aristotle s term for the tragic flaw in characters that eventually causes
Monologue
their downfall in Greek tragedy. extended speech by one character
Props
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short for properties, --the pictures, furnishings, historical nuances, and so on, that provide the stage s background “
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Soliloquy
a speech in which a character, alone on the stage, addresses himself or herself; it is a dramatic means of letting the audience know the character s thoughts and feelings. ’
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Stage Directions
words in a dramatic script--generally italicized--that define an actor s (apart from his/her dialogue) actions, movements, attitudes and so forth throughout the play
Tragedy
a type of drama--as opposed to comedy--that depicts the causally related events that lead to the downfall of the protagonist (in classic tragedy this person should be of unusual moral, intellectual, or social stature)
Unities
rules (originating from Aristotle) that require a dramatic work to be unified in terms of its time, place, and action: one day (twenty-four hours) one major action
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one setting
Basic Terminology: Novel and Short Story Novel
Short Story
Plot
an extended narrative in prose. Typically the novel relates to a series of events or follows the history of a character or group of characters through a period of time. a fictional narrative generally centering on one climactic event and usually developing only a single character in depth; its scope is narrower than that of a novel. the way in which the narrative events are arranged. Generally, plots have the same basic elements: Exposition - the explanation of the story s premise and background material necessary for the reader to understand the story; Crisis - the peak in the story s action-- the moment of highest ’
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dramatic tension; Climax - the scene which presents the story s decisive action; Resolution or denouement - the outcome of the story--the information that ties up all (or many) of the story s loose ends. ’
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Point-of-View
the angle from which a story is told; i.e., the type of narrator the author chooses to use In first-person narration the narrator uses I to tell his or her story. The first-person narrator may be a major character in the story or simply an observer. In third-person narration narrators
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are not actually characters in the story. Omniscient third-person narrators can reveal the thoughts of all their characters; they are all-knowing. A limited omniscient narrator only reveals the thoughts and feelings of one (or possibly a limited few) character(s). “
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Character
An objective third-person narrator does not reveal anyone s thoughts and provides the sort of external, objective information that a camera (or an objective reporter) might record. ’
a fictional representation of a person (or animal). Characters may be described as either flat or round. Round characters are usually main characters and are fully developed so that the reader can understand their personality and motivations. Flat characters are usually minor characters who are barely
developed or may be stereotypes. A foil is a character who serves to contrast with another character. A hypocritical character, for example, may help emphasize the hero/heroine s honesty. ’
Theme
the central or dominant idea of a work of fiction
Setting
the historical, physical, geographica l, and psychological location where a fictional work takes place
Style
the way a writer selects and arranges words to express ideas
Tone
the attitude of the speaker or author of a work toward the subject matter
Symbol
a person, object, action, place, or event that in addition to its literal or denotative meanings suggests a more complex meaning or range of meanings
Allegory
a story with two parallel and consistent levels of meaning, on literal and one figurative
Basic Terminology: Poetry Alliteration
repetition of initial sounds in a series of words, e.g.: note the repetition of the letters b, y, and s in this excerpt from Edna St. Vincent Millay s Counting-Out Rhyme : ’
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Si l ver bark of beech, and sal l ow Bark of yel l ow bir ch and yel l ow
Allusion
reference, often to literature, history, mythology, or the Bible, that is
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unacknowledged in the text but that the author expects the reader to recognize. In the poem On His Blindness John Milton alludes to the parable of the talents (from the book of Matthew 25:14-30) when he writes: “
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An d that one tal ent wh i ch is death t o hi de L odged wi th me usel ess, th ough my soul mor e bent
Archetype
image or symbol that is so common or significant to a culture that it seems to have a universal importance. This theory originates from
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Carl Jung who posited such things as a tree, for instance may represent growth, life, unfolding of form in a physical and spiritual sense “
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Assonance
repetition of vowel sounds in a series of words, e.g.: Al l i s seared wi th t rade; blear ed, smeared wi th toi l ; “
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-- God s Grandeur Gerar d Manl ey Hopki ns
Blank Verse
lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter in no particular stanzaic form.
Conceit
extended or complicated metaphor that is impressive largely because it shows off an author s power to manipulate and sustain a striking comparison between two dissimilar items. A famous conceit occurs in John Donne s A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning where he compares himself and his beloved to two legs on a compass. ’
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Dramatic Monologue
type of poem perfected by Robert Browning that consists of single speaker talking to one or more unseen listeners and often revealing
End-Stopped Line
more about the speaker than he or she seems to intend. line of poetry that has a full pause at the end
Enjambment
enjambment occurs when the sense of a poetic line runs over to the succeeding line, e.g: I n th at blest moment fr om h i s oozy bed
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Ol d fath er T hames advanc d hi s reverend h ead. --Al exander Pope
Haiku
a Japanese poem in three lines, of 5, 7, and 5 syllables, which represents a clear picture so as to at once to arouse emotion and suggest spiritual insight, e.g.: The fal l i ng fl ower I saw dri ft back to the branch Was a butt erf l y --Moritake
Hyperbole
figurative speech that depends on intentional overstatement or exaggeration. In the poem To His Coy Mistress Andrew Marvell uses hyperbole when he declares that if there were world enough and time he d spend centuries adoring each part of his lover s body. “
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Imagery
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words and phrases that describe the concrete experience of the five senses, e.g.: N othi ng is so beauti fu l as spri ng--
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When weeds, i n wh eel s, shoot l ong and l ovel y and l ush; ’
Thrush s eggs l ook li ke l ow heavens . . . “
Metaphor
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-- Spring Gerard Manley Hopkins concise form of comparison equating two things that may seem at
first dissimilar, e.g.: L i fe the hound Equivocal Comes at a bou nd
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Ei ther to rend me
Robert Francis Or to befr i end me. -- Meter
regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables, each repeated unit of which is called a foot (iamb, trochee, anapest, dactyl, spondee, pyrrhic).
Onomatopoeia
word whose sound resembles what it describes (snap, crackle, pop).
Oxymoron
phrase combining two seemingly incompatible elements ( darkness visible ). “
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Personification
attributing of human qualities to things that are not human , e.g.: In the following excerpt Sylvia Plath gives a mirror human qualities: ’
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I am si l ver and exact. I have no preconcepti ons. What ever I see I swal l ow i mmedi atel y
Simile
comparison of two seemingly unlike things using the words like or as. Toni Morrison uses a startling simile in The Bluest Eye when she writes: N un s go by as qui et as l ust. “
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Sonnet
a fourteen line poem following a strict rhyming scheme.
Stanza
group of lines in a poem that forms a metrical or thematic unit.
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