Tamvdrsmgeg @datreb gd Zdadzudbe Zdadzudbe Je`ubteg gd @mda`mes Furìgm`es y Yhbìtm`es Ds`udbe gd Dstugmhs Yhbìtm`hs y Eglmamstretmvhs Matrhgu``mða eb Dstugmh gdb Dstegh
Euthr6 Kecrmdb @berh E. Hrmkda y gdserrhbbh gdb Dstegh
Db Dstegh pudgd sdr datdagmgh `hlh ua tmph gd hrkeamze`mða, qud sd ucm`e da gdtdrlmaegh tdrrmthrmh, `udate `ha uae phcbe`mða y sd da`udatre rdkubegh phr ua hrgdaelmdath furìgm`h (dstecbd`mgh phr be pdrshae qud dfdr`d db Yhgdr. !ma dlcerkh, dste gd"mam`mða gd Dstegh pudgd perd`dr sda`mbbe, phr dbbh sdk#a @u$mbbmdr, @u$mbbmdr, db Dstegh sd pudgd gd"mamr `hlh, %ua `hafuath gd mastmtu`mhads, gd ld`eamslhs phbìtm`hs, eglmamstretm$hs y fugm`mebds, da bhs qud sd `ha`datrea y sd hrkeamzea, da bes sh`mdgegds qud bbdkea e `mdrth am$db gd gm"drda`me`mða, be gmrd``mða y db phgdr `hdr`mtm$h gd be sh`mdgeg& ('c. @mt. @ebceug, )**+, p.. Da dstd hrgda gd mgdes, budkh gd gd"mamr be pebecre %Dstegh&, sd prh`dgdr- e dpbm`er gdsgd db puath gd $mste gd gmstmaths euthrds tebds `hlh, /ha 9ebb5 K. /ha 30dacdrry y 7er$ma 9errms, `hlh sd hrmkmað db Dstegh y `u-bds "udrha bes hrkeamze`mhads prd$mes e su gdserrhbbh. 7-s egdbeatd `hah`drdlhs db puath gd $mste gd bhs gmstmaths "mbðsh"hs e`dr`e gdb Dstegh (su "hrle gd Khcmdrah y db `hlphrtelmdath gdb magm$mguh da sh`mdgeg, tebds `hlh Ermstðtdbds, 9hccds y 4h`0d. 4hs `uebds dpbm`e Kdhrkd 9. !ecmad da su tdth %9msthrme gd be :dhrìe Yhbìtm`e&. Egdl-s, /edkdr dpbm`e qud be dgu`e`mða ds uae "ua`mða aetureb gd bhs sdrds uleahs y qud kre`mes e dbbe surkd be "hrle`mða gdb hlcrd. Dsth ds gdsgd db puath gd $mste gd be `ubture krmdke, ghagd bhs pdaselmdaths gd 9hldrh tmdada krea ma"buda`me. 4e pebecre Erdt; pudgd sdr datdagmge teb `hlh /edkdr ()*> e"mrle= %be d`dbda`me uleae 6y? be supdrmhrmgeg gd sdrds ah uleahs, `hlh be "udrze gd bhs gmhsds y db $ebhr y repmgdz gd bhs `ecebbhs ahcbds& (/edkdr, )**+, p. ). Dste ds uae `ha`dp`mða e`dr`e gd be $mrtug, phr db `hatrermh gd be `ha`dp`mða ermstht;bm`e qud sd cese da be lhreb y be ;tm`e gdb hlcrd.
Yere `hldazer /ha E. 9ebb fuath e K. /ha 30dacdrry da su tdth %Db Dstegh& dphada bhs erkuldaths e`dr`e gdb ae`mlmdath u hrmkda gdb Dstegh, e`mdagh lda`mða da qud db prmldr Dstegh surkd da 7dshphtelme (2.<<< e.@.. E su $dz e`da rd"drda`me e bes gmstmates tdhrìes sh`mebds `b-sm`es qud dpbm`ea ldgmeatd `ha`dp`mhads d$hbu`mhamstes be `rde`mða gdb Dstegh. !d erku erkuld ldat atee egdl egdl-s -s qud qud db `elc `elcmh mh gd lhgh lhgh gd $mge $mge gd `ezeg `ezeghrd hrds1 s1rd` rd`hb hbd` d`th thrd rdss e sdrd sdrdss ekrm`ubthrds (rd$hbu`mða adhbìtm`e y db `elcmh da be hrkeamze`mða phbìtm`e (ceage
trmcu, "ud
bh qud hrmkmah db Dstegh. Da dstd hrgda gd mgdes sd dpbm`er-a bes gm"drdatds tdhrìes tdhrìes qud dpbm`ea dpbm`ea be `rde`mða `rde`mða gdb Dstegh= ).8 Db 4mcdrebmslh= sdk#a dste tdhrìe db Dstegh eperd`d gdsgd db puath gd $mste "ua`mhaeb, ds gd`mr, sd `rde `ha db prhpðsmth gd `ulpbmr hcfdtm$hs `hluads. .8 Db 7ermslh= `hasmgdre qud db Dstegh sd `rde phr y pere be prmldre `besd `hah`mge e bh berkh gd be msthrme. 2.8 :dhrìe Ebdleae= erkuldate qud db Dstegh rdsubtð phr be `haqumste lmbmter, kdadrebldatd gd uae phcbe`mða ekrì`hbe sdgdaterme phr aðleges ucm`eghs da bhs l-rkdads gd sus esdatelmdaths ('c. @mt. 9ebb d 30dacdrry, )**2, pp. 2+, 2>. Yhstdrmhrldatd, ds ad`dsermh datdagdr bes rezhads gdb %dafeubelmdath& gd bhs sdrds uleah uleahs, s, qumda qumdads ds budkh budkh gd gdlhs gdlhstre trerr su ecm ecmbm bmge gegg pere pere d$egm d$egmrsd rsd,, "udrh "udrhaa etre etrepe peghs ghs da hrkeamze`mhads rdstrm`tm$es pdrleadatds. Dsth, sd gdcd e ghs `etdkhrìes sdk#a 9ebb d 30dacdrry ()**2, 4e prml prmldr dree ds gd `er`er-`t `tdr dr dsda dsda`m `meb ebld ldat atdd d`hb d`hbðk ðkm` m`h. h. @h @ha` a`dg dgdd krea krea mlphrtea`me e be `hadmða datrd be ekrm`ubture ebu$meb y db surkmlmdath gdb Dstegh. 4e mlphrtea`me gd dste `hadmða ds smlpbd. 4es hcres gd mrrmke`mða I y bes pebldres getmbdres y bhs hbm$hs8 bmkea e bhs prhgu`thrds ekrì`hbes luy "mrldldatd e be tmdrre, y bhs `ha$mdrtda da uae ldfhr prdse pere bhs Dsteghs5 da htres pebecres, db d`h gd dster eteghs eb tdrrdah e`d l-s gm"ì`mb ds`eper eb dafeubelmdath. ( 4e sdkuage `hrrmdatd gd ma$dstmke`mða rd`mdatd e e`datuegh bhs hrìkdads rdbmkmhshs gdb Dstegh. Db supudsth gd "hagh da dstd `esh `esh ds qud qud be mrru mrrup` p`mð mðaa gdb gdb Dste Dstegh gh "ud "ud ua uaee `uds `udstm tmða ða gd be l-m l-ml le mlphrtea`me. Cud ebkh tea e `hatrepdbh, sd e"mrle, qud shbh "ud phsmcbd da $mrtug gd qud be `hdr`mða dre e`dptege phrqud, eb ldahs mam`mebldatd, sd dfdr`ìe eb sdr$m`mh gd be gm$mamgeg. (pp. 2*, <
Ds mlph mlphrte rteat atdd gdst gdste`e e`er, r, qud bhs bhs smka smkahs hs gd gdsm gdsmkue kuebg bgeg eg sh`me sh`mebb h gm$m gm$msm smða ða sh`me sh`meb, b, prhsmkumð e be `rde`mða gdb Dstegh. Da dstd hrgda gd mgdes, 7er$ma 9errms da su tdth %Gudstre Dspd`md& dschze bhs `rmtdrmhs ad`dsermhs pere be `rde`mða gdb Dstegh, pertmdagh gd bes fd"etures bes `uebds `ulpbmdagh `ha `mdrtes `ere`tdrìstm`es, bhkrea d$hbu`mhaer este `ha$drtmrsd da Dsteghs (ah thges bhkrea e`drbh, bes `hagm`mhads sha bes smkumdatds, teb `hlh e"mrle 9errms ()**= 4e phcbe`mða ah shbh tdaìe qud sdr auldrhse (gd uaes )<.<<< e 2<.<<< pdrshaes, smah qud tdaìe qud dster JJ `mr`uas`rmte , dsth ds, dster `ha"rhatege e uae "ebte gd tmdrres ah utmbmzeges e bes pugmdre umr be kdatd qud ah dstece gmspudste e shphrter mlpudsths, rd`butelmdaths y ðrgdads. ( 4e sdkuage `hagm`mða dstece rdbe`mhaege `ha be aeturebdze gd bhs ebmldaths `ha bhs qud ecìe qud `hatrmcumr eb eble`;a `datreb gd rdgmstrmcu`mða. (pp. <<, <) 4e `mr`uas`rmp`mða ah sd gdtdrlmaece shbeldatd phr db tdrrmthrmh gmsphamcbd, smah telcm;a phr be `ebmgeg gd bhs sudbhs y bhs rd`urshs aeturebds gmsphamcbds5 be aeturebdze gd bhs ebmldaths, ds gd`mr, sm drea h ah pdrd`dgdrhs, ma"buìe gd leadre smkam"m`etm$e da db phgdr `hdr`mtm$h gdb fd"d, pudsth qud eb tdadr ebmldaths ah pdrd`dgdrhs (errhz, trmkh y leìz, be kdatd sd leatdaìe `hatdate, eb phgdr `hater `ha ebmldaths da db treas`ursh gd uae `hsd`e e htre, ds gd`mr, db phgdr `hdr`mtm$h gdb fd"d dre leyhr, eb `hatrermh gd sm phsdìe ebmldaths pdrd`dgdrhs. Da dsths prmldrhs Dsteghs (qud d$hbu`mhaerha gdsgd fd"etures, dmstìe uae dstru`ture h fdrerquìe phbìtm`e, Ndy 8 /d"d !uprdlh 8 /d"ds 7dahrds 8 Db @hl#a. Mste dstru`ture sd d$mgda`me da bhs Dsteghs eFemeahs, ghagd egdl-s db `hl#a sd $dìe gdsphfegh gd ebmldaths y prhgu`ths. Egdl-s sd lda`mhae qud da !uldr (eb sur gd 3r-a d 3re0 be prmldre fd"eture sd `ha$mrtmð da Dstegh, datrd bhs eOhs 2.+<< y 2.<< e.@., dsth gdcmgh e be d$hbu`mða gd bes ebgdes pere `ha$drtmrsd da fd"etures sda`mbbes, bes `uebds `ha db tmdlph pudgda d$hbu`mhaer y `ha$drtmrsd da Dsteghs. Egdl-s gd bes ebgdes y bes fd"etures, dmstmdrha gmstmates hrkeamze`mhads prd$mes eb Dstegh, bes `uebds sha= Db @bea 8 Ebgde 8 @mugeg 8 Kdrhath`re`me5 /drerquìes 7mbmterds5 Yhtbe`5 !h`mdgegds gd @h"regìes 8 /d"etures 8 Cdugebmslh 8 7haerquìe JJphstdrmhrldatd `hasmgdrege uae "hrle gd Dstegh (@ebceug, )**+.
4udkh gd `hah`dr `u-bds sha bhs hrìkdads gdb Dstegh, db prh`dsh gd "hrle`mða y bes hrkeamze`mhads prd$mes e su gdserrhbbh, ds ad`dsermh dpbm`er `ðlh db pdaselmdath "mbhsð"m`h ma`mgd da su dstru`ture`mða, ds gd`mr, da be "hrle gd khcmdrah, be bdy qud gdcd rdkuber db `hlphrtelmdath gd be sh`mdgeg, datrd htrhs. 4hs "mbðsh"hs dstugmeghs sha Ermstðtdbds, 9hccds y 4h`0d, sus mgdebds d ma`mgda`me da db Dstegh sha dstugmeghs dstugmeghs phr Kdhrkd 9. !ecmad da su tdth %9msthrme gd be :dhrìe :dhrìe Yhbìtm`e&. Yere `hldazer, db pdaselmdath `ha krea ma"buda`me da be tdhrìe phbìtm`e ds db gd Ermstðtdbds, ae`mgh da Dstekmre (`mugeg gd be :re`me da db eOh 2. 3a"buda`megh phr bhs pdaselmdaths gd Ybetða, esmstmð e be E`egdlme gdb lmslh phrqud `hastmtuìe db ldfhr `datrh gd dstugmhs e$eazeghs gd Krd`me. 4udkh gd eOhs gd dstugmh, ds`rmcmð su krea tretegh phbìtm`h %4e Yhbìtm`e& be `ueb ds `hasmgdrege `hlh uae hcre ah `ha`bumge. !dk#a !ecmad, db tretegh %4e Yhbìtm Yhbìtm`e& `e& rdprdsda rdprdsdate te ghs $msmhad $msmhadss gdb pdaselm pdaselmdath dath ermsth ermstht;b t;bm`h m`h,, qud sd gmstmak gmstmakud ud phr be ma"buda`me pbetðam`e y su prhpmh pdaselmdath. E su $dz, !ecmad lda`mhae be `rìtm`e qud rdebmze Ermstðtdbds e Ybetða, da `ueath e be echbm`mða gd be prhpmdgeg prm$ege y be "elmbme. Nd"drdatd e be bes bdyds, Ermstðtdbds bes `rmtm`e phrqud sha made`tes, da `ueath e ebkuahs gdtebbds. B ah `ha`mcd db Dstegh mgdeb gd be Ndp#cbm`e (Ybetða, phr db `hatrermh `rdd qud db Dstegh mgdeb gdcìe sdr db khcmdrah `ha errdkbh e ahrles furìgm`es y ah db gdspðtm`h, am smqumdre db gdspðtm`h mbustregh gdb "mbðsh"h8rdy. Ds phr dbbh qud Ermstðtdbds e`dptð db puath gd $mste gd bes bdyds `hlh uae `ere`tdrìstm`e gdb Dstegh 3gdeb. Yhr dbbh, !ecmad ()** gd"mad be `ha`dp`mða gdb Dstegh mgdeb pere Ermstðtdbds, gd be smkumdatd leadre, %db Dstegh mgdeb sm cmda ah ds uae gdlh`re`me, ma`buyd eb ldahs ua dbdldath gdlh`r-tm`h. LDs uae `hluamgeg gd mkuebds qud espmre e be ldfhr $mge phsmcbdA& (p. H*. Yhstdrmhrldatd !ecmad pbeatde be smkumdatd matdrrhkeatd %ds ldfhr sdr rdkmgh phr db ldfhr hlcrd h phr bes ldfhrds bdydsU&, y sd pbeatde `hlh rdspudste be e`dpte`mða phr pertd gd Ermstðtdbds gd be suprdle`ìe gd be ahrle furìgm`e `hlh gmstma`mða gdb cuda khcmdrah, e"mrle egdl-s qud %be bdy ds be rezða gdsprh$mste gd be pesmða&. Egdl-s dpbm`e bhs trds dbdldaths
prma`mpebds qud phsdd db khcmdrah `ha errdkbh e gdrd`h teb `hlh bh `ha`mcd Ermstðtdbds, !ecmad ()** e"mrle= Da prmldr t;rlmah, ds db khcmdrah khcmdrah da matdr;s matdr;s p#cbm`h h kdadreb, kdadreb, e gm"drda`me gm"drda`me gd ua khcmdrah "e``mhsh h tmr-am`h, qud e`t#e da matdr;s gd uae shbe `besd h magm$mguh. magm$mguh. Da sdkuagh buker, ds ua r;kmlda furìgm`h furìgm`h da db sdatmgh gd qud db khcmdr khc mdrah ah sd rdebmze rdebmze ldgmea ldgmeatd td rdkube` rdkube`mha mhads ds kdadreb kdadrebds ds y ah phr gd`rdth gd`rdthss ercmtrermhs, y telcm;a da db sdatmgh l-s $ekh, gd qud db khcmdrah ah sd curbe gd bes `hstulcrds y `ha$da`mhads pdrleadatds gd be `hastmtu`mða. Da tdr`dr buker, db khcmdrah `ha errdkbh e gdrd`h smkam"m`e khcmdrah gd s#cgmths qud hcdgd`da $hbuatermeldatd y sd gm"drda`me gdb gdsphtmslh, qud sd ephye #am`eldatd da be "udrze. (p. < Ermstðtdbds `hma`mgd `ha Ybetða eb e"mrler qud be prma`mpeb "maebmgeg gdb Dstegh ds ua prhpðsmth ;tm`h, ds gd`mr, be ldfhre lhreb gd bhs `mugegeahs, pere qud thghs pudgea eb`eazer be ldfhr $mge phsmcbd. E su $dz, dspd`m"m`e gdtebbds rdspd`th e be phcbe`mða ad`dserme y eb tdrrmthrmh l-s egd`uegh da teleOh, aeturebdze y smtue`mða. Yere Ermstðtdbds be dgu`e`mða gdcd sdr hcbmkethrme y be prhpmdgeg gdcd sdr phsdìge da prm$egh, pdrh utmbmzege da `hl#a. Ermstðtdbds dstugme bes gm"drdatds "hrles gd khcmdrah y hctmdad esì ua kruph gd trds "hrles pures (h Dsteghs sufdths e be bdy, lhaerquìe, ermsth`re`me y gdlh`re`me lhgdrege5 y trds "hrles mlpures (h Dsteghs gdspðtm`hs, tmreaìe, hbmkerquìe y gdlh`re`me dtrdlege h gdlekhkme. Yhr #btmlh, sd d$mgda`me ghs tìtubhs gm"drdatds gd phgdr, uah cesegh da bhs gdrd`hs gd be prhpmdgeg y db htrh da db cmdadster gdb leyhr a#ldrh phsmcbd gd sdrds uleahs. Egdl-s e"mrle qud be %Yhbmtdìe& ds be ldfhr "hrle gd khcmdrah ("hrle lmte gd khcmdrah, ghagd sd uada be hbmkerquìe y be gdlh`re`me Ermstðtdbds sd rd"mdrd e be "ua`mða gd be dstegmste y bh qud ad`dsmte secdr pere `ha`bumr da `u-b ds be ldfhr "hrle gd khcmdrah, !ecmad ()** rd"drdatd e dstd tdle gm`d= 4h qud db dstegmste pre`tm`h ad`dsmte secdr, pere phgdr hpdrer da db khcmdrah rdeb, ds `u-ates `besds dmstda gd hbmkerquìe y gdlh`re`me y qu; bdyds sha egd`ueges e `ege uah gd dshs tmphs gd `hastmtu`mða. Dsth bd pdrlmtmr- gd`mr qu; `besd gd "hrle gd khcmdrah ds ldfhr pere be leyhrìe gd bhs Dsteghs, `u-b ds ldfhr pere ua Dstegh qud tmdad qud dmstmr shldtmgh e ebkuae `hagm`mða dspd`meb, qu; ds bh qud sd ad`dsmte pere e`dr qud uae gdtdrlmaege
"hrle gd khcmdrah sde pre`tm`ecbd y qu; `euses "e$hrd`da be dstecmbmgeg h be madstecmbmgeg gd bes gm"drdatds dspd`mds gd Dstegh. (p. * Ermstð Ermstðtdb tdbds, ds, ma"bud ma"buda`m a`mhh "udrtdl "udrtdldat datdd db pdaselm pdaselmdat dathh e`dr`e e`dr`e gd be hrkeam hrkeamze`m ze`mða ða gdb Dstegh, be suprdle`ìe gd be ahrle furìgm`e tmdad krea rdbd$ea`me e`tuebldatd pudsth qud sd `hasmgdre `hlh uah gd bhs dbdldaths gdb Dstegh, db phsddr ua hrgdaelmdath furìgm`h qud rdkubd db `hlphrtelmdath gd be sh`mdgeg, hthrk-aghbd Sdcdrds y Sdrd`hs. Yere `hatmauer, db "mbðsh"h :hles 9hccds gdserrhbbe uae sdrmd gd tdhrìes `ha rdspd`th eb `hlphrtelmdath `hlphrtelmdath gdb sdr uleah da `hafuath `hafuath h magm$mgueb. magm$mgueb. !ecmad, !ecmad, telcm;a ds db da`erkegh gd dpbm`er be tdhrìe pbeatdege phr 9hccds, y sd `hlmdaze phr db bbelegh 7etdrmebmslh @mdatì"m`h, qud ah ds l-s qud ua smstdle hlam`hlprdasm$h cesegh da prma`mpmhs `mdatì"m`hs pere dpbm`er su `ha`dp`mða gd be tdhrìe phbìtm`e, db letdrmebmslh sd da`udatre `ha`dcmgh da trds pertds, sdk#a !ecmad ()**= 4e prmldre gd bes `uebds ecìe gd h`upersd gd bhs `udrphs y gd `hlprdagdr bh qud hy sd gdahlmaerìe kdhldtrìe y ld`-am`e (h "ìsm`e, be sdkuage, be "msmhbhkìe y psm`hbhkìe gd bhs magm$mguhs uleahs y be tdr`dre `ha`bumrìe `ha db l-s `hlpbdfh gd thghs bhs `udrphs, db `udrph %ertm"m`meb& gdahlmaegh sh`mdgeg h dstegh. (p. 22* Db hcfdtm$h gd 9hccds dre qud be psm`hbhkìe y be phbìtm`e "udrea hrmdateges e `ha$drtmrsd h sdr `etebhkeges `hlh `mda`mes "ìsm`es de`tes. 7-s egdbeatd, pbeatde bes tdhrìes shcrd be `hagu`te uleae, thleagh `hlh prdlmse db letdrmebmslh `mdatì"m`h, be rdebmgeg `hasmstd da db lh$mlmdath gd `udrphs, be `ueb ds pdr`mcmge ldgmeatd bhs ðrkeahs sdashrmebds y ds treslmtmge eb smstdle adr$mhsh `datreb, ghagd sd mgdatm"m`e `hlh sdase`mða. !ecmad dpbm`e be `ha`dp`mða qud tmdad 9hccds e`dr`e gd be %prhpme `hasdr$e`mða re`mhaeb&, pere 9hccds dmstda ghs prma`mpmhs da be aeturebdze uleae, db gdsdh y be rezða. r ezða. Db gdsdh mlpubse e bhs hlcrds e thler pere sì bh qud htrhs hlcrds gdsdea, bh `ueb bhs phad da `hatrephsm`mða, phr db `hatrermh be rezða, bds dasdOe e %umr gd uae gmshbu`mða eatmaetureb&, be rezða sdrìe ua phgdr rdkubeghr h gd prd$msmða ldgmeatd db `ueb be c#squdge gd sdkurmgeg sd e`d l-s d"m`ez, smkumdagh db mastmath gd be prhpme `hasdr$e`mða. Db phgdr rdkubeghr gd be rezða sd cese da be treasm`mða gd be $mge seb$efd y shbmterme e be `m$mbmzege y
sh`meb, dste treasm`mða sd ge phr bes bdyds gd be aeturebdze, sdk#a !ecmad ()** be bdy gd be aeturebdze pudgd `ha`dcmrsd `hlh= 4hs phstubeghs qud pdrlmtda be `hastru``mða re`mhaeb gd be sh`mdgeg qud e`d 9hccds. !ha e be $dz db prma`mpmh gd be pdr"d`te prugda`me y gd be lhrebmgeg sh`meb, y phr `hasmkumdatd e`da phsmcbd db pesh gd bhs lhtm$hs psm`hbðkm`hs gd be e``mða magm$mgueb e bhs prd`dpths y $ebhrds gdb gdrd`h gdrd `h y be lhrebmgeg `m$mbmzeghs. (p. 2 !ecmad dpbm`e db pbeatdelmdath gd 9hccds da `ueath e be `ha"meaze lutue qud gdcd dmstmr datrd bhs sdrds uleahs, dsth sdk#a bes bdyds qud db lmslh pbeatde, y db prhpðsmth gd dstes ds gdlhstrer qud be pez y be `hhpdre`mða sha gd leyhr utmbmgeg pere be prhpme `hasdr$e`mða, eb `hatrermh gd be $mhbda`me y be `hlpdtda`me kdadreb. Ydrh, be pez ad`dsmte gd be `ha"meaze lutue. 4udkh gd bhkrer dsth, ds phsmcbd `rder y dstecbd`dr uae sh`mdgeg. 9hccds, ds ua magm$mguebmste, phr dbbh be #am`e rezða phr be qud sd fustm"m`e db phgdr gdb Dstegh y be euthrmgeg gdb Sdrd`h, ds phrqud `hatrmcuyd e be sdkurmgeg gd bhs magm$mguhs uleahs. 9hccd 9h ccdss `ha`m `ha`mcd cd db Dste Dstegh gh `hlh `hlh ua bd$m bd$met et-a, -a, pdrh pdrh e"mrl e"mrlee qu qudd amak amak#a #a hlcrd hlcrd rd$drda`me e ua bd$met-a, ds phr dbbh qud db Dstegh ds `hlprdagmgh `hlh ua ertm"m`mh #tmb, ds db sdr$mghr gd be sdkurmgeg prm$ege. Yhr #btmlh !ecmad dprdse db puath gd $mste gd 9hccds `ha rdspd`th e bes "hrles gd khcmdrah, dprdse bh smkumdatd= Yere 9hccds I `hlh pere Phgmah8 be gm"drda`me datrd bes "hrles gd khcmdrah dstrmce #am`eldatd da be rdsmgda`me gd be shcdreaìe. Gh ey "hrles mlpures gd khcmdrah. 4es kdatds mlputea eb khcmdrah be pdr$drsmða, dlpbdeagh t;rlmahs tebds `hlh tmreaìe u hbmkerquìe, sðbh phrqud bds gmskuste db dfdr`m`mh gd ua phgdr, gdb lmslh lhgh qud dlpbdea t;rlmahs gd eprhce`mða, `hlh lhaerquìe h gdlh`re`me, sm bds kuste. :mdad qud ecdr ua phgdr shcdreah da ebkuae pertd gd thgh khcmdrah y db #am`h prhcbdle ds db gd secdr qum;a bh phsdd. Yhr be lmsle rezða, ah ey "hrle lmte gd khcmdrah am khcmdrah bmlmtegh, ye qud db phgdr shcdreah ds magm$msmcbd. (p. 2 Db phgdr ecshbuth gdb shcdreah, ds ua `hlpbdldath pere db magm$mguebmslh gd 9hccds, ye qud rdprdsdate ua phgdr supdrmhr e qumda pudgda hcdgd`dr bhs sdrds uleahs y gm`h phgdr pudge dfdr`dr dsd `er-`tdr `er-` tdr gd hcdgmda`me.
Da dstd hrgda gd mgdes, pere mr "maebmzeagh y da `hlpere`mða `ha db puath gd $mste gdb magm$mguh magm$mguh pbeatdegh phr 9hccds, eaebmzerdlhs eaebmzerdlhs bhs erkuldaths gd /ha 4h`0d `ha rdspd`th rdspd`th eb magm$mguh, dstugmeghs telcm;a phr Kdhrkd !ecmad. 4e "mbhsh"ìe phbìtm`e phr be `ueb dstma"buda`megh 4h`0d, ds be tregm`mða ldgmd$eb y db pdaselmdath gd 9hh0dr, db `ueb shstmdad qud db khcmdrah ds rdsphasecbd eatd db pudcbh h be `hluamgeg e be qud rmkd y sd da`udatre rdkubegh phr bes bdyds lhrebds y tregm`mhads `hastmtu`mhaebds. Sdste`e egdl-s qud db khcmdrah ds ad`dsermh y su gdrd`h phr teath ds ma$mhbecbd y gdrm$egh, phrqud dmstd pere db cmdadster gd ae`mða. !dk#a !ecmad, 4h`0d `ha`mcd db dstegh gd aeturebdze `hlh uah gd %pez, cudae $hbuateg, esmstda`me lutue y `hasdr$e`mða&, erkuldate qud dste bdy aetureb kdadre ua smstdle gd gdcdrds y gdrd`hs uleahs. E su $dz, da db dstegh gd aeturebdze `ege qumda gdcd gd"dagdr bh suyh bh ldfhr qud pudgd, pdrh sd gdcd rdspdter bh efdah. Ds uae rdbe`mða gd rdspdth gd Sdrd`hs y Sdcdrds. 4h`0d gd"mdagd be phsture gd qud db hlcrd phsdd ua gdrd`h aetureb `ha equdbbh `ha bh qud e rdbe`mhaegh db trecefh gd su `udrph, dsth pudgd esh`mersd `ha db gdrd`h e be prhpmdgeg, dstd ds ua gdrd`h qud db magm$mguh bbd$e e be sh`mdgeg da su prhpme pdrshae. !ecmad ()**, dpbm`e db puath gd $mste gd 4h`0d e`dr`e gdb khcmdrah, e"mrle bh smkumdatd= 4h`0d `hasmgdrece db dstecbd`mlmdath gd ua khcmdrah `hlh d`h lu`h ldahs mlphrteatd qud db pe`th hrmkmaeb qud `hastmtuyd uae sh`mdgeg `m$mb. Wae $dz qud uae leyhrìe e e`hrgegh e`hrgegh `hastmtumr `hastmtumr ua khcmdrah, Lthgh db phgdr gd be `hluamgeg dst- aeturebldatd da ;bA. 4e "hrle gd khcmdrah gdpdagd gdb ush qud be leyhrìe h, gm`h gd htrh lhgh, be `hluamgeg eke gd su phgdr. Yudgd `hasdr$erbh h gdbdkerbh e ua `udrph bdkmsbetm$h gd uae u htre "hrle. ( 4h`0d gece phr supudsth qud db phgdr bdkmsbetm$h ds suprdlh da db khcmdrah, euaqud eglmtìe be phsmcmbmgeg gd qud db dfd`utm$h pertm`mpesd da be `rde` `rde`mð mðaa gd bes bes bdyds bdyds.. Ydrh Ydrh elch elchss ph phgd gdrds rds sha bmlm bmlmte tetm tm$h $hs. s. Db ph phgd gdr r bdkmsbetm$h ah pudgd sdr ercmtrermh, ye qud am smqumdre db pudcbh qud bh dstecbd`d tmdad teb phgdr. ( Db dfd`utm$h dst- bmlmtegh egdl-s phr uae gdpdagda`me kdadreb gdb bdkmsbetm$h y phrqud su prdrrhketm$e dst- rdstrmakmge phr db gdrd`h. Yere be sdkurmgeg gd be bmcdrteg ds mlphrteatd qud db phgdr bdkmsbetm$h y db dfd`utm$h ah sd da`udatrda da bes lmsles leahs. (p. 2* Yhr #btmlh, ds ad`dsermh lda`mhaer db tretegh h daseyh gdb Khcmdrah @m$mb ds`rmth phr /ha 4h`0d, ghagd gdste`ea ghs `epìtubhs luy mlphrteatds, bhs `uebds gd leadre magmrd`te trecefe !ecmad, dsths sha, db `epìtubh ghs= gdb dstegh aetureb y db `epìtubh `ma`h= gd be
prhpmdgeg. Da db `epìtubh ghs sd dstecbd`d be `ha`dp`mða gd 4h`0d rd"drdatd e db dstegh gd aeturebdze gdb hlcrd, ghagd c-sm`eldatd sd ecbe shcrd qud ds ua dstegh gd bmcdrteg, gegh qud db hlcrd tmdad be `epe`mgeg gd thler sus prhpmes gd`msmhads sma ad`dsmgeg gd pdgmr pdrlmsh, telcm;a pudgd sdr `ha`dcmgh `hlh ua dstegh gd mkuebgeg, ghagd be euthrmgeg y be furmsgm``mða tmdada ua treth rd`mprh`h y ah dmstd ulmbbe`mða h shldtmlmdath. 4e bdy aetureb sd da`udatre da`udatre hrmkmaege kre`mes e be rezða, be `ueb mlpmgd qud db hlcrd e`ecd `ha bhs htrhs h `ha bes `rmetures qud phsdd. Egdl-s Egdl-s 4h`0d lda`mhae qud db phgdr `m$mb ds be ldfhr shbu`mða dmstdatd pere bhs prhcbdles qud pudge prdsdater db dstegh gd aeturebdze. Db `epìtubh gd be prhpmdgeg prhpmdgeg dpbm`e da ph`es pebecres, qud equdbbe pdrshae qud trecefe be tmdrre (`ha db ds"udrzh gd su `udrph tmdad be `epe`mgeg gd e`drbe suye, ds gd`mr, gd eprhpmersd gdb trecefh rdebmzegh `ha bhs dbdldaths gd be aeturebdze. Ds mlphrteatd `hah`dr shbh ds phsmcbd qud db hlcrd sd eprhpmd gd ebkh, da ldgmge qud pudge eprh$d`erbh eatds gd qud sd geOda. Yere "maebmzer, db hcfdtm$h gd dstd trecefh da kdadreb dre `hah`dr `u-bds sha bhs hrìkdads gdb Dstegh, ds gd`mr, gd`mr, bes `euses gd su gdserrhbbh. gdserrhbbh. 4udkh, sd dstugmð dstugmð db pdaselmdath pdaselmdath h be $msmða "mbhsð"m`e gd gmstmaths euthrds, pere `hlprdagdr `hlh sd pudgd hrkeamzer ua Dstegh, `ueb ds be ldfhr "hrle gd e`drbh y `hlh rdsphagd db magm$mguh eb dstecbd`drsd da uae sh`mdgeg y tdrrmthrmh gdtdrlmaegh, sd `hlprdagmð egdl-s db dstegh gd aeturebdze gdsgd ghs puaths gd $mste (9hccds y 4h`0d, y phr #btmlh sd dstugmð db tretegh gdb khcmdrah `m$mb db `ueb gdludstre uae sdrmd gd prma`mpmhs `ha bhs `uebds gdcd `ulpbmr uae sh`mdgeg pere phgdr dstecbd`dr ua khcmdrah `m$mb.
d!drda`mes "m#bmhkr$!m`es
@ebceug, N. ()**+. Dstegh y phbìtm`e. Td Tdadzudbe= adzudbe= Wam$drsmgeg gd bhs Eagds. 9ebb, /. Z 30dacdrry, /. ()**2. Db Dstegh. DspeOe= Ebmeaze Dgmthrmeb. 9errms, 7. ()**. Audstre Dspd`md. DspeOe= Ebmeaze Dgmthrmeb. /edkdr, [. ()**+. Yemgdme6 bhs mgdebds gd be `ubture krmdke. 7;m`h= Chagh gd @ubture D`haðlm`e. 4h`0d, /. ()**H. Wretegh Wretegh shcrd db Khcmdrah @mvmb. DspeOe= Ebmeaze Dgmthrmeb. !ecmad, K. ()**. Nmsthrme gd be Wdhrìe Wdhrìe Yhbìtm`e. Yhbìtm`e. DspeOe= Chagh gd @ubture D`haðlm`e gd DspeOe.
