ENVASE Y EMBALAJE.docx

ENVASE Y EMBALAJE I

INTRODUCCIÓN

I.1 I.& I.* I.-

Objetivo gener! "e! #$r%o I'(ortn#i "e! env%e ) e'b!je E+(!i##i,n "e! (!n gener! Crono!og "e! env%e

II

ENVASE

II.1 II.& II.* II.II. II.2

/$n#ione% "e !o% (ro"$#to% /$n#ione% "e! env%e Env%e (ri'rio0 %e#$n"rio ) ter#irio E! env%e #o'o objeto %e'i,ti#o /$n#ione% "e! env%e #o'o !eng$je vi%$! In3or'#i,n in"i%(en%b!e (r "i%e4r env%e% "e#$"o%

III

MERCADO

III.1 III.& III.* III.III. III.2

Re!#i,n "e! env%e #on e! 'er#"o L 'er#"ote#ni Nive!e% "e (ro"$#to% Re!#i,n "e env%e #on ! #o'(r "e! (ro"$#to L i'(ortn#i "e ! 'r# E! env%e #o'o (ro"$#to

IV

EL ENVASE Y EL CONSUMIDOR

IV.1 IV.& IV.*

Ti(o% "e #on%$'i"ore% E%t$"io% "e 'er#"o Nor'% o3i#i!e% n#ion!e%

V

EMBALAJE

V.1 V.& V.* V.V. V.2 V.5

/$n#ione% "e! e'b!je Ventj% "e! e'b!je Env%e ) e'b!je #o'o %i%te' Di%trib$#i,n E+(ort#i,n Si'bo!og en e! e'b!je In3or'#i,n in"i%(en%b!e (r e! "i%e4o #orre#to "e! e'b!je

VI

MATERIALES A6LICACIÓN Y /UNCIÓN

VI.1 VI.& VI.* VI.VI. VI.2 VI.5 VI.8 VI.:

Env%e% "e vi"rio Env%e%0 e'b!je% ) #ontene"ore% 'et7!i#o% Env%e% ) e'b!je% "e ((e! ) #rt,n Env%e% ) e'b!je% "e (!7%ti#o Env%e% ) e'b!je% "e '"er 6r$eb% "e 'teri!e% An7!i%i% "e! (ro"$#to  env%r   6r7#ti#9 /bri##i,n "e "e (r (rote##i,n ( (r $n $n (r (ro"$#to Re#i#!je "e 'teri!e%

VII

METODOLO;? >?ITO EN ENVASES Y EM EMBALAJES 6ARA 6RODUCTOS DE E?6ORTACIÓN

VII.1 VII.& VII.* VII.VII.

An7!i%i% "e! (ro"$#to  e+(ortr   Inve%tig#i,n "e !% et(% "e "i%trib$#i,n Line'iento% ) (o!ti#% e# e#o!,gi#% in intern#ion!e% 6r$eb% "e !o% env%e% (r e+(ort#i,n Si'bo!og en e! e'b!je

OBJETIVO DEL CURSO9 @$e e! !$'no #o'(ren" ! i'(ortn#i "e !o% (ro#e%o% "e env%e ) e'b!je0 $e teng #ono#i'iento% "e !o% "i3erente% 'teri!e% $%"o% en e! env%e ) e! e'b!je0 %$% (!i##ione%0 %$% ventj% ) "e%ventj%0 e! re#i#!"o "e !o% 'teri!e% ) e! orro en ener energ g  $e $e re(r re(re% e%en ent t.. @$e teng teng  $n $n vi%i vi%i,n ,n '7% '7% '(! '(!i i ) #t$ #t$! ! "e $n M+i M+i#o #o e+(ort"or ) "e (ro"$#to% #on #!i"" intern#ion!

IINTRODUCCIÓN En ! #t$!i""0 to"% !% #o'(4% ) %$% (ro"$#to% e%t7n reve%ti"o% (or $n "i%e4o $e !o% i"enti3i#0 $e %e  #onverti"o en $n vn#$!o intrn%e#o "e ! re!#i,n entre e! %er 

VI

MATERIALES A6LICACIÓN Y /UNCIÓN

VI.1 VI.& VI.* VI.VI. VI.2 VI.5 VI.8 VI.:

Env%e% "e vi"rio Env%e%0 e'b!je% ) #ontene"ore% 'et7!i#o% Env%e% ) e'b!je% "e ((e! ) #rt,n Env%e% ) e'b!je% "e (!7%ti#o Env%e% ) e'b!je% "e '"er 6r$eb% "e 'teri!e% An7!i%i% "e! (ro"$#to  env%r   6r7#ti#9 /bri##i,n "e "e (r (rote##i,n ( (r $n $n (r (ro"$#to Re#i#!je "e 'teri!e%

VII

METODOLO;? >?ITO EN ENVASES Y EM EMBALAJES 6ARA 6RODUCTOS DE E?6ORTACIÓN

VII.1 VII.& VII.* VII.VII.

An7!i%i% "e! (ro"$#to  e+(ortr   Inve%tig#i,n "e !% et(% "e "i%trib$#i,n Line'iento% ) (o!ti#% e# e#o!,gi#% in intern#ion!e% 6r$eb% "e !o% env%e% (r e+(ort#i,n Si'bo!og en e! e'b!je

OBJETIVO DEL CURSO9 @$e e! !$'no #o'(ren" ! i'(ortn#i "e !o% (ro#e%o% "e env%e ) e'b!je0 $e teng #ono#i'iento% "e !o% "i3erente% 'teri!e% $%"o% en e! env%e ) e! e'b!je0 %$% (!i##ione%0 %$% ventj% ) "e%ventj%0 e! re#i#!"o "e !o% 'teri!e% ) e! orro en ener energ g  $e $e re(r re(re% e%en ent t.. @$e teng teng  $n $n vi%i vi%i,n ,n '7% '7% '(! '(!i i ) #t$ #t$! ! "e $n M+i M+i#o #o e+(ort"or ) "e (ro"$#to% #on #!i"" intern#ion!

IINTRODUCCIÓN En ! #t$!i""0 to"% !% #o'(4% ) %$% (ro"$#to% e%t7n reve%ti"o% (or $n "i%e4o $e !o% i"enti3i#0 $e %e  #onverti"o en $n vn#$!o intrn%e#o "e ! re!#i,n entre e! %er 

$'no ) %$% %ti%3#tore%0 e% "e#ir0 $e %e  #re"o $n !eng$je "e %'bo!o%0 "e 3or'% ) "e #o!ore% $e !o% "i%ting$en ) !e% i'(rten (er%on!i"" %ing$!r en e! v%to $niver%o "e (ro"$#to% ) %ervi#io% en #$!$ier 7'bito "e! $e#er $'no. Di#o !eng$je vi%$! e% #( "e e+(re%r $n '$n"o "e #r#ter%ti#% e+#!$%iv% #on %,!o 'irr. Bien %e "i#e $e Un i'gen "i#e '7% $e 'i! (!br%F E+i%te $n !eng$je %ing$!r en e! '$n"o "e !o% env%e%G $n !eng$je $e e+(re%e Con %o!o 'irr!oF !o% (ro(,%ito% "e ! #o'(4 $e !o e!bor0 e% "e#ir0 !% #r#ter%ti#% ) !% bon""e% "e! (ro"$#to o "e! %ervi#io0 #$) 'et %er7 #rer #on3in ) 'otivr  ! gente  $e !o "$ier. E! %er $'no e%t7 e+($e%to  in3ini"" "e e%t'$!o% %onoro% ) vi%$!e%0 %in e'brgo no to"o %e (er#ibe #on ! 'i%' inten%i""0 e%to e% (or$e !% (er%on% tienen "i3erente% #,"igo% vi%$!e% $e %e (ren"ieron en e! 'e"io 'biente en e! $e #re#ieron ) en e! $e #t$!'ente %e '$even. E%to% e%t'$!o% invitn  %entir0 re#or"r0 b$%#r o #rer $n ne#e%i"". E%to e% !o $e #e "i3erente  $n #on%$'i"or "e otro0 e%to% 'en%je% %on #re"o% (or $n '$n"o "e 'er#"ote#ni0 $n '$n"o $e ven"e. L #retivi"" ) re%(on%bi!i"" en !o% env%e% tiene $n 3ini"" tot!0 (or !o $e %e ($e"e 3ir'r $e e! "i%e4o "i%e4o "e !o% env%e% env%e% e% $n trbjo '$!ti"i%#i(!in '$!ti"i%#i(!inrio. rio. E! (rogr' no (reten"e %er $n #o'(en"io "e ingenier0 $n$e % (ort in3or'#i,n t#ni# b7%i# (r tener $n (r7'etro ) $n (!t3or' "e rrn$e en e! #'(o $e #on %eg$ri"" e% ! #tivi"" in"$%tri! ) #o'er#i! '7% "in7'i#. I.1 OBJETIVO ;ENERAL DEL CURSO O3re#er $n (nor' gener! "e !o% ti(o% "e env%e% ) e'b!je% e+i%tente% "e #$er"o #on e! 'teri! "e $e e%t7n 3bri#"o%0 !g$n% #on%i"er#ione% i'(ortnte% (r ! %e!e##i,n "e 'teri!e% "e #$er"o #on %$ $%o0 #onteni"o ) e! "e%rro!!o "e! "i%e4o. E! #ono#i'iento "e !% nor'% n#ion!e% e intern#ion!e% $e %e re3ieren ! env%e ) e'b!je ) $e %e "eben #$'(!ir en !o% (ro"$#to% "e e+(ort#i,n ) !o% !ine'iento% ) (o!ti#% n#ion!e% e intern#ion!e% en 'teri e#o!,gi#. C$!$ier ingeniero $e ) !bor"o en e! "i%e4o ) (ro"$##i,n "e env%e% ) e'b!je% o (ro"$#to% env%"o% %be $e e% $n 7re #%i in3init en %$% vrinte%0 r,n (or ! #$! e! objetivo "e! #$r%o i'(!i# (ro(or#ionr $n grn #H'$!o "e #ono#i'iento% $e %on ne#e%rio% (r !% interre!#ione% #on (er%on% "e otr% "i%#i(!in%. E! !$'no "ebe enten"er $e ! re%(on%bi!i"" ! trbjr "entro "e e%te #'(o e% grn"e0 ) $e !o% nive!e% "e #o'er#i!i#i,n #t$!e% %on enor'e% !o $e (ro(i#i !t%i'o% inventrio% "e env%e%0 % $e $n error0 (or eje'(!o en e! "i%e4o e%tr$#t$r! 3e#tr7  to"o e! %i%te' (ro"$#tivo ) "e #o'er#i!i#i,n0 $n error en e! $%o "e 'teri!e% in"e#$"o% en !i'ento% o (ro"$#to% 3r'#$ti#o% ($e"e o#%ionr "4o% irre(rb!e% en !% (er%on%0 #on !% #on%e#$ente% (r"i"% e#on,'i#%. En re%$'en0 %e "ebe #$'(!ir #on obtener !o% #ono#i'iento% %$3i#iente% (r (o"er orgnir '(!i% 7re% "e! %ber $'no en bene3i#io bene3i#io "e to"o%. Sien Sien"o "o tn tn in"i% in"i%(e (en% n%b b!e !e e! env env%e %e (r (r ! (ro" (ro"$# $##i #i,n ,n ) #o'e #o'er# r#i i!i!i #i #i,n ,n "e !o% !o% (ro"$#to% in"$%tri!e% ) "e #on%$'o0 no %e entien"e ! nterior 3!t "e in3or'#i,n #er# "e e%t i'(ortnte 'teri en e! 'e"io 3or'tivo "e !o% e%t$"inte%.

I.&

IM6ORTANCIA DEL ENVASE0 EM6A@UE Y EMBALAJE.

6r ini#ir %e "ebe "e3inir e! tr'ino env%e0 $e #t$!'ente %e e'(!e (r re3erir%e  !o% "i3erente% ti(o% "e #ontene"ore%0 #$!$ier $e %e e! 'teri! #on e! $e %e n e!bor"o o e! 'teri! $e %e #o!o$e "entro "e e!!o%. 6r $e !o% #ontene"ore% %e ($e"n #on%i"err #o'o env%e% "eben #$'(!ir #on i'(ortnte% 3$n#ione% #o'o %on9 (rote#tore% "e! #onteni"o0 "o%i3i#"ore%0 #on%erv"ore%0 trn%(ort"ore% ) #o'er#i!i"ore%.  A% ($e% !% (rin#i(!e% 3$n#ione% "e! env%e %on9 Contener

E% "e#ir $e tiene ! #(#i"" (r #on3inr ! #nti"" en (e%o0 vo!$'en "eter'in"o o nH'ero "e $ni""e% $e %e "eter'inn (r #" (ro"$#to

6roteger

E! env%e %! ! (ro"$#to "e 3#tore% $e !o ($e"en !terr0 #'bir %$ e%t"o origin! o 'o"i3i#r %$ #o'(o%i#i,n. T'bin (rotege ! #on%$'i"or ) $e !e grnti $e e! (ro"$#to env%"o #$'(!e #on !o in"i#"o en e! env%e. A! i%!r!o "e! 'e"io 'biente (er'ite evitr $e (ro"$#to% o %$%tn#i% t,+i#% o (e!igro%% !o ($e"n #ont'inr. A% 'i%'o "ebe (ro(or#ionr $n (rote##i,n e3e#tiv #ontr e3e#to% 3%i#o% $'i#o% o bio!,gi#o% "$rnte %$ !'#enje0 trn%(orte0 "i%trib$#i,n ) e+ibi#i,n

Con%ervr

Se re3iere b7%i#'ente  $e (er'ite $e e! (ro"$#to ($e" %er  !'#en"o o e+ibi"o "$rnte "eter'in"o tie'(o %in %$3rir  !ter#ione%. 3e#% "e #"$#i"".

Trn%(ortr

E! env%e (er'ite 3#i!itr !% o(er#ione% "e! 'ovi'iento ) trn%(orte %in i'(ortr %$ e%t"o 3%i#o.

En e%(4o!0 e! verbo e'(#r re'ite  ! ##i,n "e #er (#% o 3r"o%0 (or !o $e e! tr'ino e'($e no ($e"e e'(!er%e en !% #tivi""e% "e! e'b!je0 %,!o en !% "e env%"o. E! vo#b!o e'($e (re#i, ) %e gener!io #o'o e$iv!ente "e env%e  (rtir "e $n '! tr"$##i,n "e ! (!br ing!e% (#Kge. Se "ebe (or tnto $ti!ir e! tr'ino env%e. /$er "e !o% 'teri!e% $e %e %$rten  grne!F e! re%to %e entreg ! #on%$'i"or  in"$%tri! o "o'e%ti#o en $n env%e origin!F e% "e#ir $e 3or' (rte "e! (ro"$#to #$n"o %e "$iere. E! e'b!je e% e! $e 3#i!it !% o(er#ione% "e trn%(orte ) 'nejo "e !o% (ro"$#to% env%"o%. "e 3or' #o!e#tiv Con to" %eg$ri"" %e ($e"e "e#ir $e !% tien"% "e $to%ervi#io e+i%ten gr#i% ! "e%rro!!o ) (er3e##ion'iento "e! env%e ) e'b!je. E% #%i i'(o%ib!e i'ginr $n tien" "e $to%ervi#io "on"e to"% !% 'er#n#% %e ven"iern  grne!0 $e %e re$irier "e !!evr $n re#i(iente (r #o'(rr $n !itro "e #eite o $n !itro "e !e#e. No

e+i%tir ! (!$r!i"" "e (rovee"ore% (r $n 'i%'o ti(o "e (ro"$#to ) (or !o tnto %e ten"er  #rer 'ono(o!io%. E% (re#i%'ente en !% tien"% "e $to%ervi#io "on"e %e ($e"e en#ontrr "e $n 'ner '7% (!(b!e !o% tre% "i3erente% ti(o% "e v!ore% $e tienen !o% (ro"$#to%9 V!or "e $%o

@$e e% '$) i'(ortnte ($e% b7%i#'ente0 e% ! 3$n#i,n $e o3re#e e! (ro"$#to (or % 'i%'o ) "e(en"e "e !% #$!i""e% ) bon""e% $e %e obtienen (or %$ "i%e4o ) te#no!og. In3!$)e en %$ 3#i!i"" "e vent.

V!or "e #'bio

@$e %e re%$'e en e! (re#io j$%to $e %e ($e"e obtener (or  e! (ro"$#to "inero0 $ti!i""

V!or "e %igno

@$e e% !o $e !!ev ! #on%$'i"or  #o'(rr e! (ro"$#to0 (or  %$ i'gen ) %$ 'en%je0 #'bin"o !% ne#e%i""e% o #ren"o otr% $e !!evn  n$ev% 'o"% o e%tt$% "e vi". E% #o'Hn $e e! v!or "e %igno in3!$) "ire#t'ente en e! v!or "e #'bio. (ro"$#to% "e 'r#

Co'o %e ($e"e (re#ir e! env%e 3or' (rte integr! "e '$#o% (ro"$#to% ) tiene grn in3!$en#i en !o% tre% ti(o% "e v!ore% nte% e+($e%to%. L in"$%tri "e! env%e ) e'b!je (or %$ nt$r!e e% $n "e !% '7% i'(ortnte%0 (ero ! 'i%'o tie'(o e% $n "e !% $e '7% b%$r (ro"$#eG ) $e ! "$irir $n (ro"$#to #on env%e no retornb!e0 e! 3in in'e"ito "e! env%e o e'b!je e% "e%e#r!o. De%"e ! Seg$n" g$err '$n"i! %e  ""o $n "e%rro!!o vertigino%o "e! env%e0 e% %in !$gr  "$"% $n "e !% in"$%tri% #on ')or "in'i%'o en 'ejor% "e 'teri!e% ) e$i(o%0 te#no!og%0 inve%tig#i,n0 "e%rro!!o% "e n$evo% (ro"$#to% ) (ro#e%o%G "$rnte !o% H!ti'o% 4o%0 "ebi"o ! #ontin$o ) #re#iente 'ovi'iento e#on,'i#o ) #o'er#i! i'($!%"o (or ! g!ob!i#i,n ! ve!o#i"" %e  in#re'ent"o. L g!ob!i#i,n "e !o% 'er#"o% ) e! $'ento #re#iente "e !o% e%tb!e#i'iento% #o'er#i!e% "e $to%ervi#io0 #e $e e! vo!$'en ) vrie"" "e (ro"$#to% env%"o% no tengn #o'(r#i,n #on ning$n (o# nterior. E! re%$!t"o  %i"o e! $'ento en e! #on%$'o ) en ! (ro"$##i,n "e env%e% ) (or !o 'i%'o  $n #"en inter'inb!e "e innov#ione% $e no %ie'(re %on (er#e(tib!e% (or !o% #on%$'i"ore% ) $e ($e"en %$#e"er en !o% (ro#e%o% "e 3bri##i,n0 "e env%"o0 e$i(o%0 et#.G (r e! #!iente0 $i7 !o% #'bio% $e %i not %on !o% re!tivo%  3or'%0 %bore%0 #o!ore%0 te+t$r% ) #onteni"o% ) $e %e ($e"en (re#ir  %i'(!e vi%t. E! #on%$'i"or0 ! "$irir $n (ro"$#to env%"o0 !o #e(t %in e%tr en #ont#to #on !G e! #!iente #on3 en !o $e e! env%e in"i# o #o'$ni#0 en re!i"" !% #r#ter%ti#% re!e% "e! (ro"$#to !% #ono#er7 "e%($% "e brir e! env%e. Se ($e"e "e#ir $e e! (ro"$#to env%"o %e ven"e (or % %o!o0 ) $e %e (o) en e! 3#tor ($b!i#itrio0 ! bon""0 #!i""0 nove"" ) #$!i""e% "e! (ro"$#to %e '$e%trn 'e"inte e! "i%e4o e%tr$#t$r! "e! env%e ) %$ "i%e4o gr73i#o. Lo $e %e en#$entr en #ont#to "ire#to #on !o% #!iente% %on !o% env%e% (or !o $e  n"ie %e !e #e rro en ! #t$!i"" $e !% 'er#n#% %e ven"n env%"%0 e% '7%0 !e% " %enti'iento "e %eg$ri""0 ($e% e! env%e !o #on%i"er #o'o e! 'e"io (r %eg$rr ! #!i""0 generr 

#on3in0 evitr e! #ont#to #on otr% (er%on%0 #o'$ni#r in%tr$##ione%0 #on%ervr e! (ro"$#to en ,(ti'% #on"i#ione%0 et#. I.*

E?6LICACIÓN DEL 6LAN ;ENERAL

I.-

CRONOLO;
OR<;ENES Lo% env%e% en %$% orgene% 3$eron i"e"o% "e #$er"o  !% ne#e%i""e% $e %e tenn $e #$brir0 "e 'o"o $e (o%ib!e'ente e! (ri'er #'ino 3$e !o 3$n#ion! e% "e#ir !o $e !e% "b re%$!t"o (r (o"er #on%ervr o trn%(ortr 'ejor %$% !i'ento% $ objeto% vrio%. 6robb!e'ente %$ %i%te' 3$e (r$eb ) error0 #$n"o %e teni $n %o!$#i,n0 %e (%b  ! tr"i#i,n e% "e#ir !o% #ono#i'iento% "$iri"o% !o% (%bn "e $no%  otro%. Con %eg$ri"" !o% (ri'itivo% env%e% tenn #o'o b%e !o% 'teri!e% nt$r!e% (ro(io% "e #" regi,n0 in3!$en#i"o% (or ! (re%en#i "e e!e'ento% ) objeto% re!#ion"o% #on %$% rito% o #$!to%  %$% 'H!ti(!e% "io%e%. To'n"o en #$ent !o nterior %e en#$entrn #n%t% ) #e%to% e!bor"o% #on vr%0 t!!o% $e#o%0 $e%o% "e ni'!e%0 #on#%0 #orte%. Envo!torio% 3bri#"o% #on oj% ) t!!o%0 (ie!e% ) (rte% "e ni'!e%. E% (o%ib!e $e ! 3or' '7% %i'(!e ) ntig$ "e env%e 3$er $n $'i!"e oj "e (!nt (r evitr $e e! !i'ento entrr en #ont#to #on ! tierr o (r (o"er trn%(ortr $n !i'ento en #nti"" %$3i#iente (r $no o vrio% !i'ento% #o'(!eto%. En %eg$i" %e (re%ent $n #rono!og "e! env%e $e (re%ent Mr#e! Rob!e% M. En %$ !ibro Di%e4o ;r73i#o "e env%e%. 1::2 1 C oj% "e (!' L 3bri##i,n "e bote!!% e% i'(ortnte en Egi(to & C oj% "e 'orer Cin

..5 "C Bot% ) brri!e% "e '"er0 ! 3bri##i,n "e ((e! !!eg ! Me"io Oriente Bote!!% (r (er3$'e%0 trro%0 $rn%0 bote!!% "e brro #o#i"o #er7'i# 828 6ri'ero% r%tro% "e ! i'(rent en Cin

1 &

L 3bri##i,n "e ((e! !!eg  E%(4 Se "e%rro!! e! ierro e%t4"o en Boe'i 1 *1 L 3bri##i,n "e ((e! !!eg  /rn#i ) ;rn Bret4

1  Se #re e! rte "e! eti$etjeG %e e+(en"en %#o% "e )$te

1  E! envo!torio i'(re%o '7% ntig$o $e %e #on%erv A!e'ni

1 5 L 3bri##i,n "e ((e! !!eg  E%t"o% Uni"o% E! #'(7n %e env% en 3$erte% bote!!% ) (ret"o% #or#o% 1 8 Se ini#i ! (ri'er env%"or "e g$ 'iner!. Se ven"e ! (ri'er 'er'e!" "e nrnj en trro "e bo# n# Crt$#o% "e oj!t %o!""  'no %e $ti!in (r env%r !i'ento% %e#o% 181 Lo% "rog$ero% en ;rn Bret4 "o(tn nor'% (r e! eti$etje "e !o% veneno% Se obtiene A!$'inio "e %$ 'iner! 1 8-1 Cj% "e #rt,n #ort"% ) "ob!"%  'no0 Se e'(ien  $%r !o% t$bo% "e3or'b!e% (r (int$r% ! o!eo (r rti%t% 1 82 Se (tent e! t(,n ro%#"o 1 8: Cj% "e #rt,n i'(re%% 6ri'er bote!! "e !e#e0 Se e+(ort i%K)0 (re#e ! Co# Co! en bote!! ) !e %ig$e ! 6e(%i Co! Se invent ! (%t "e "iente% en t$bo% "e3or'b!e%

1 8:& Se (tent e! t(,n #oron 1 : E! ($ete "e g!!et% "ej ! #j "e oj!t. Se !n e! ($ete "e #ere!e% e!!ogg Se #en t(% "e !$'inio (r !o% trro% 1 :  A(re#en !% !t% "e #rt,n #o'($e%to0 !g$n% en e%(ir!0 %e "i%e4 e! t'bor "e 3ibr (r $e%o%

1 :2 Se e'boterr ! ')one% en 1 :5 Se "i%e4n !o% brri!e% "e #ero (r trn%(ortr (etr,!eo0 %$%tit$)en  !o% brri!e% "e '"er 1 ::  A(re#en #j% t"% #on !'bre (r e! e'b!je  grne! Lo% 3r%#o% "e (er3$'e% %e #en '7% #retivo% 1 :1

Se "e%rro!! e! #etto "e #e!$!o% 1 :11 L (ri'er '7$in (r envo!torio% %e "e%rro!! en S$i

1 :&Se e'(!en en Ing!terr !% bote!!% en !% entreg% "e !e#e 1 :&5 E! 6VC (re#e en e! 'er#"o. Lo% #ro% t(one% "e (!7%ti#o %e $ti!in. Se "e%rro!! e! 6ET 1 :&8 En U% %e e'(!en !o% trro% "e vi"rio en !o% !i'ento% (r bebe%

1 :**

ICI "e%rro!! e! (o!ieti!eno0 !o% !e'ne% e! (o!ie%tireno 1 :*:

D$ 6ont !n e! N)!on 1 :- Se $ti!i e! ero%o! #o'o ($!veri"or "e DDT Un ti(o "e (o!ieti!eno %e $% (r envo!ver 'e"i#in% 1 :-5

Se "i%e4 ! bote!! (retb!e (r "e%o"ornte 1 : 6ri'ero% env%e% en oj "e !$'inio Se "e%rro!! e! 6E "e !t "en%i"" ) !o% (o!i#rbonto% 1 :: Se "i%e4 ! !t "e !$'inio Se "e%rro!! e! (o!i(ro(i!eno en It!i 1 :2

Se $% e! LD6E en %#o% "e grn re%i%ten#i (r 3erti!inte% 1 :5*

Se !n en %$e#i ! envo!t$r e%tirb!e 1 :55 E! vi"rio e'(ie  $%r%e %,!o (r (ro"$#to% "e v!or e!ev"o Se e'(ie  e+ten"er e! 6ET #o'o 'teri! en bote!!% (r bebi"% #rbont"% 1 :8 ContinH ! re"$##i,n "e! e%(e%or "e !o% env%e% "e oj!tG (% "i%e4o !% !t% "e $n %o! (ie

Se "o(t e! 6ET en !i'ento% $e %e !!enn en #!iente0 #o'o !% 'er'e!"%. Se (o($!rin !o% env%e% '$!ti#( "e (rote##i,n. Se $% e! 6ET en (er3$'e% 1 :: U%o #re#iente0 ) $e !o% "i%e4"ore% b$%#n %#r (rti"o "e ! revo!$#i,n ver"e E! vi"rio v$e!ve  #on$i%tr ! ten#i,n #o'o 'e"io "e env%e re#i#!b!e Lo% (ro"$#to% bio"egr"b!e% %e vn in#or(orn"o  '7% "i%e4o%. &.P

6roteger "e#$"'ente  !% 'er#n#% "$rnte e! 'nejo0 trn%(orte0 !'#enje ) "i%trib$#i,n entre e! (ro"$#tor ) !o% "e%tintrio% ')ori%t%.

*.P

Dr ! ')or (rote##i,n (o%ib!e #ontr e! robo "e 'er#n#%.

-.P

/#i!itr ! "o#$'ent#i,n (r e! trn%(orte ) ! re#e(#i,n (or (rte "e! "e%tintrio.

No %e "eben (er"er "e vi%t !g$no% ($nto% $e %on i'(ortnte% (r e! "i%e4o ) v!or#i,n "e! e'b!je #o'o %on9 1.P

C$'(!ir #on !% nor'% n#ion!e% e intern#ion!e%

&.P

Tener !% "i'en%ione% $e (er'itn (rove#r ! '7+i'o !o% e%(#io% "e trn%(orte ) !'#enje.

*.P

E! 'teri! "e 3bri##i,n "ebe (ro(or#ionr ! (rote##i,n "e%e" ! 'enor #o%to.

-.P

Debe tener $n re!#i,n "e#$" entre e! #o%to "e! e'b!je ) !o% bene3i#io% $e (ro(or#ion0 to'n"o en #$ent !o% %(e#to% "e (re#io Q $ti!i"".

.P

Debe %er "e 37#i! 'nejo ) !'#en'iento.

2.P

Debe %er !o 'eno% #ont'innte ) #$'(!ir !% nor'% e%tb!e#i"% ! re%(e#to.

C" (ro"$#to tiene #r#ter%ti#% (ro(i% ) e%(e#3i#% $e e! e'b!je "ebe (roteger0 % $e %e "eben #ono#er !o% #$i""o% e%(e#i!e% $e tiene $e (ro(or#ionr. L $ni"" "e vent ! #on%$'i"or $ni"" (ri'ri0 gener!'ente no e% e! e'b!je "e trn%(ort#i,n. 6or !o gener!0 #$n"o %e tiene $n (rototi(o "e e'b!je0 %e "ebe %o'eter nte% "e %$ e'(!eo  nive! #o'er#i!  (r$eb% (r v!orr %$ #o'(ort'iento "$rnte e! trn%(orteG % %e #ono#er7 %$ "e%e'(e4o 3rente  !o% 3#tore% $e '7% #o'Hn'ente !o ($e"n 3e#tr0 #o'o9 $'e""0 go!(e%0 vibr#ione%0 #o'(re%i,n0 "e3or'#ione%0 ro"'iento%0 !!$vi0 ro'iento0 !$ r%g"$r%0 te'(ert$r0 $'o% ) v(ore%0 3$n no#iv0 gn#o%0 #"en%0 tr##i,n in"e#$"0 #ont'in#ione% ) robo%. Dentro "e! e'b!je e% #onveniente0 %i e! (ro"$#to !o re$iere0 #o!o#r 'teri! 'ortig$"or #on e! 3in "e evitr "4o% (or i'(#to. Lo% 'teri!e% '7% e'(!e"o% %on ! e%($' "e (o!i$retno0 ! e%($' "e (o!ie%tireno e+(n"i"o ) !% !'o"i!!% "e

(o!ieti!eno in3!"%. Se "ebe to'r en #$ent $e !g$no% (o!'ero% #$%n (rob!e'% "e e!e#tri#i"" e%t7ti#. En ! #t$!i"" %e tien"e  to'r en 3or' 'eno% rgi" ! "i3eren#i entre env%e ) e'b!je. Aor %e trt "e enten"er!% #o'o $n #on#e(to0 #o'o $n %i%te'0 #o'o $n e!e'ento #on #r#ter%ti#% (er3e#t'ente interre!#ion"% "on"e %$% !#n#e% %on "i3#i!e% "e "e!i'itr0 en !g$n% o#%ione% no %e ($e"e enten"er 37#i!'ente "on"e "ej "e %er env%e ) e'(ie  3$n#ionr #o'o e'b!je. E%te 'o"erno #on#e(to "e %i%te' env%e ) e'b!jeF0 %e "e%rro!!o #o'o re%($e%t  !% ne#e%i""e% $e  (!nte"o e! grn $'ento en e! vo!$'en "e ! (ro"$##i,n "e biene% ) !% n$ev% 3or'% "e #o'er#i!i#i,n0 !o% n$evo% trn%(orte%0 !o% n$evo% 'teri!e% (r env%e% ) e'b!je% ) !o% #t$!e% %i%te'% "e !'#ene% en to"o e! '$n"o. &

VENTAJAS DEL EMBALAJE.

E! #$'(!i'iento "e #" $n "e !% (reg$nt% $e %e #en (r e! #orre#to "i%e4o ) e'(!eo "e! e'b!je e% $n ventj $e tiene e! (ro"$#to $e e% #onteni"o (or !. Se #ono#en !% #on"i#ione% #!i'7ti#% $e e+i%ten  trv% "e! #i#!o #o'(!eto "e trn%(orte Se  #on%tr$i"o e! e'b!je (r (roteger %$ #onteni"o #ontr rie%go% 'bient!e% #o'o e! #!i'0 ! $'e""0 !o% #'bio% "e te'(ert$r0 !o% #'bio% "e !t$r0 et#. Se #ono#en !o% 'to"o% "e 'nejo0 ! #nti"" "e #rg% ) "e%#rg%0 !o% e$i(o% ) err'ient% $e %e $ti!in0  trv% "e! #i#!o #o'(!eto "e trn%(orte Se n e%t$"i"o to"o% !o% 'e"io% "e trn%(orte 'r. Aire0 #rreter0 3erro#rri!0 % #o'o !o% e3e#to% t#ni#o% ) e#on,'i#o% $e tienen %obre ! #on%tr$##i,n e'b!je Se n e%t$"i"o !o% e3e#to% $e ! (!eti#i,n $%o "e e%tib% ) ! #onteneri#i,n ($e"en tener %obre e! "i%e4o #on%tr$##i,n ) #o%to% "e! e'b!je Se n teni"o en #$ent !% nor'%0 !e)e% ) reg!'ento% %obre e'b!je% en !o% objetivo% "e 'er#"o Se  "i%e4"o e! (ro"$#to "e 'ner $e ($e" %er e'(#"o 37#i!'ente (r %$ trn%(orte E% (o%ib!e #'bir e! "i%e4o "e! (ro"$#to (r "(tr!o  $n e'b!je '7% e3e#tivo ) e#on,'i#o E% ne#e%rio e! e'b!je (r 'ntener !% (ro(ie""e% 3%i#o $'i#% "e! (ro"$#to

Re$iere e! (ro"$#to (rote##i,n #ontr gente% #orro%ivo% Re$iere (rote##i,n #ontr #ont'in#ione% "e! (ro"$#to E% ne#e%rio 'teri! "e 'ortig$'iento Se re$iere (rote##i,n #ontr 3$n no#iv @$ ti(o "e e'b!je $% ! #o'(eten#i Se ob%erv !g$n ten"en#i $e ($"ier %igni3i#r #'bio% en $n 3$t$ro #er#no Se #ono#en !o% re$eri'iento% "e !o% i'(ort"ore%0 ')ori%t%0 "et!!i%t% o #on%$'i"ore% %obre9        

E%(e#i3i##ione% Nor'% "e #!i"" T'4o% "e !o% e'b!je% 6e%o "e !o% e'b!je% Mr#% Co"i3i##ione% Le)en"% Mto"o% "e #ierre ) %e!!"o

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(o%ibi!i"" "e #'bio% ) 'ejor% en ! #!i"" )o e! "i%e4o e%tr$#t$r! "e !o% e'b!je% #t$!'ente $%"o% Se n #on%i"er"o !terntiv%  !o% %ig$iente% ti(o% "e e'b!je Contene"ore%  grne!0 e#o% "e "i3erente% 'teri!e% Cj% ) $#!e% "e '"er Cj% "e tri(!) o g!o'er"o "e '"er Cj% "e '"er !'br"% Cj% "e #rt,n #o'(#to Cj% "e #rt,n #orr$g"o T'bore% "e (!7%ti#o

T'bore% "e 'et! C$4ete% "e 3ibr o #rt,n Cj% "e (!7%ti#o Cj% "e (o!ie%tireno e+(n"i"o S#o% o bo!%% "e ((e! S#o% o bo!%% "e (!7%ti#o S#o% o bo!%% te+ti!e% Cj% #on 'ortig$'iento Cierre% /!eje% 6e!#$! en#ogib!e (r (!eti#i,n 6e!#$! e+ten%ib!e (r (!eti#i,n 6e!#$! ter'oen#ogib!e Se n e%t$"i"o  3on"o !o% ti(o% "e e'b!je ) "e 'teri!e% nteriore% en #$nto 9 Co%to% "e !% e%(e#i3i##ione% De%(er"i#io 'ni'o "e 'teri% (ri'% Di%(onibi!i"" n#ion! 6o%ib!e% %$%tit$to% ) %$ "(tbi!i""  !% e+igen#i% "e e+(ort#i,n Ne#e%i"" "e i'(ortr 'teri!e% o env%e% ter'in"o% "e !t #!i"" 6o%ib!e% orro% en 3!ete% (or re"$##i,n "e vo!$'en ) (e%o en e! e'b!je Se n $%"o !o% "igr'% ISO intern#ion!e% (r ! #orre#t 'ni($!#i,n "e !o% (ro"$#to% Se n e+(re%"o #orre#t'ente en otro i"io' !% in%tr$##ione% e%#rit% "e 'nejo% "i#ion!e% $e %e re$iern Se n 'r#"o !o% e'b!je% ) #ontene"ore% "e #rg "e #$er"o #on !o% re$eri'iento% "e !% $tori""e% (ort$ri% ) "$ner% "e !o% re%(e#tivo% (%e% i'(ort"ore% Se  'r#"o #!r'ente e! ($erto "e "e%tino Son #!r% ) #o'(!et% !% in%tr$##ione% "e tr7n%ito E! no'bre ) "ire##i,n "e! #on%igntrio %on #!ro% ) #orre#to% L% "i'en%ione% "e! e'b!je %on !% #orre#t% To"% !% #j% %e en#$entrn i"enti3i#"% #on $n nH'ero (rogre%ivo

Se 'r# e! nH'ero "e ! !i#en#i o (er'i%o "e i'(ort#i,n en to"o% !o% "o#$'ento% ) e'b!je% III

ENVASE0 EM6A@UE Y EMBALAJE

1

ENVASE 6RIMARIO0 SECUNDARIO Y TERCIARIO.

E! env%e #" ve tiene ')or i'(ortn#i0 %on '$#% !% #o'(4% $e n #on%tt"o e! +ito "e! (ro"$#to $e tiene $n b$en env%e (r #rer $n i"enti3i##i,n in'e"it "e! #on%$'i"or. E! env%e  "ej"o "e %er $n %i'(!e #ontene"or ) (rote#tor "e !o% (ro"$#to%0 !!egn"o  tener #onnot#ione% $e !o 'teri!'ente !o integrn ! (ro"$#to0 ($"ien"o re3orr o "eteriorr %$ i'gen. E! env%e tiene grn i'(ortn#i en ! o3ert "e !o% (ro"$#to%0 ) $e e% !o (ri'ero $e ve e! #on%$'i"or nte% "e to'r %$ "e#i%i,n 3in!. Debi"o  ! in3!$en#i $e ($e"e tener  en e! (o%ib!e #on%$'i"or0 %e !e  "eno'in"o e! ven"e"or %i!en#io%oF0 ) $e #o'$ni# !% #$!i""e% ) bene3i#io%0 in3or'#i,n b7%i# ) #o'(!e'entri0 (o%ib!e% (!i##ione% e+tr%0 et#. @$e %e ($e"en obtener ! #on%$'ir e! (ro"$#to. Contgn9j$%ti3) /#i!it %$ 'nejo /#i!it %$ #o'er#i!i#i,n

Env%e

6ri'rio Se#$n"rio Ter#irio

Env%e (ri'rio E% e! env%e #on e! $e tiene #ont#to "ire#to e! (ro"$#to  env%r0 %e ($e"e "e#ir $e e% e! #ontene"or in'e"ito "e! (ro"$#to Env%e Se#$n"rio E% e! env%e $nitrio "e $no o vrio% env%e% (ri'rio%. S$ 3$n#i,n e% #ontener!o%0 (roteger!o%0 i"enti3i#r!o% ) #o'$ni#r e in3or'r %obre !% #$!i""e% "e! (ro"$#to. Lo '7% 3re#$ente e% $e e%te env%e %e "e%e#"o #$n"o e! (ro"$#to %e v  $%r o #on%$'ir. Env%e ter#irio E% e! #ontene"or $e %irve (r $ni3i#r vrio% env%e% %e#$n"rio%0 (roteger ) "i%trib$ir  e! (ro"$#to  !o !rgo "e ! #"en #o'er#i!.

E% (robb!e $e ! 'ner '7% 37#i! (r enten"er $n env%e $e %e #o'(orte #o'o $n %i%te' e% e! n!ir $n #j "e #ere! (r e! "e%)$noF en "on"e e! (ro"$#to e% #o!o#"o en ! #nti"" e+#t en (e%o "entro "e $n bo!% $e ($e"e %er "e !'in"o (!7%ti#o o 'et!i"o o "e ((e! en#er"o env%e (ri'rio. E! %i%te' "e env%"o #tH #on ! bo!% $e #ontiene ! (ro"$#to0 (rotegin"o!o "ire#t ) e3e#tiv'ente "e! 'e"io 'biente $'e""0 #ont'in#i,n (or g%e%0 'oo% ) b#teri%0 in%e#to%0 et#.0 "e ! (r"i" "e o!or ) %bor0 et#. E! #ere! #on ! bo!% (rote#tor %e #o!o# "entro "e $n #j "e #rt$!in env%e %e#$n"rio0 ) $e #on%i"err $e ! (rote##i,n $e !e " ! bo!%0 no ! ($e"e "r ! #j %o!G (ero $e ! #j ($"e (ro(or#ionr !o $e ! bo!% no #e ) $e e% (roteger ! #ere! #ontr go!(e% ) (!%t'iento%0 (er'itir %$ #o!o##i,n en n$e!e% ) 3$n#ionr  #o'o 3#" ($b!i#itri e in3or'tiv (r e! #on%$'i"or  E%t% #j% "e #rt$!in #on e! #ere! %e #o'o"n en #j% "e #rt,n #orr$g"o '7% grn"e% env%e ter#irio en !% $e %e ($e"en #o'o"r (r %$ trn%(orte ) "i%trib$#i,n $n% &- #j% "e #rt$!in0 en 3or' $nitri0 $e e% '7% 37#i! (r !'#enr  ) "e%(#r  !o% ')ori%t%. E! e'b!je e% $e!!o $e %e $ti!i (r re$nir !o% env%e% in"ivi"$!e%0 (re%ent7n"o!o en 3or' #o!e#tiv #on e! objeto "e 3#i!itr %$ 'nejo0 !'#en'iento0 #rg0 "e%#rg ) "i%trib$#i,n. Co'o ! #j "e #rt,n #orr$g"o $e #tH #o'o #ontene"or 'H!ti(!e0 $ni3i#"or ) #on in3or'#i,n $e %,!o e% "e inter% (r e! "i%trib$i"or o ')ori%t. Vri% "e e%t% #j% "e #rt,n #orr$g"o0 #$)% "i'en%ione% "eber7n %er 'o"$!re% #on !% "i'en%ione% "e tri'%0 (er'itir7n 'nejr $n e'b!je 'ejor (r %$ !'#en'iento ) trn%(orte. &

DI/ERENCIAS ENTRE ENVASE Y EMBALAJE.

6or !o gener! !% "i'en%ione% "e! e'b!je !!egn  %obre(%r !% #(#i""e% 3%i#% "e! %er $'no0 (or !o $e e% ne#e%rio $%r "it'ento% 'e#7ni#o% (r 'over!o%0 #o'o"r!o% o "i%trib$ir!o% (or 'e"io "e trn%(orte% "e $n !$gr  otro. L% 3$n#ione% (rin#i(!e% $e "ebe #$'(!ir e! e'b!je %on9

E'b!je

Contene"or $ni3i#"or  6rote#tor  E%tib"or  I"enti3i##i,n 6re%ent#i,n Trn%(ort#i,n E+ibi#i,n.

Son '$) (o#o% !o% 'teri!e% $e $%n ! 3or' "e env%e en (#%F ) gener!'ente %on !o% 3orrje% (r gn"o !o% $e %e e+(en"en en e%t 3or' #o'er#i!0 (or %$ bjo #o%to %e  $%"o #on +ito en e! trn%(orte o #o(io "e 'teri!e% (r %er re#i#!"o%

((e!0 'et!0 (!7%ti#o0 et# o #o'o en e! #%o "e ! 3ibr "e !go",n $e %e #o'(ri'e  grn"e% (re%ione% en (#% #on e! objeto "e orrr e%(#io "$rnte %$ trn%(orte. Un (rte '$) i'(ortnte en e! env%e ) e'b!je e% ! eti$etF Se ($e"e "e#ir $e ! eti$et e% e! ((e!0 '"er0 'et! te!0 (!7%ti#o0 (int$r o tint "eri" ! env%e o e'b!je "e #$!$ier (ro"$#to. L eti$et "ebe #er '7% tr#tivo e! env%e ) en "eter'in"o ti(o "e (ro"$#to% "e !to (re#io0 !o "ebe #er  e!egnte ) "i%#reto ! 'i%'o tie'(o0 en grn (rte ! #!i"" $e %e $iere obtener %e "ebe  ! #!i"" "e! %o(orte ) "e ! i'(re%i,n. L% eti$et% "eben #$'(!ir #on vri% 3$n#ione%9

Eti$et

I"enti3i#r  ! 'r# I"enti3i#r e! (ro"$#to C!%i3i#r e! (ro"$#to Co'(4 3bri#nte L$gr "e origen /e# "e 3bri##i,n /e# "e #"$#i"" Conteni"o /or' "e $%o Nor'% "e %eg$ri"" 6ro'over e! (ro"$#to

L !$# (or trer ! (o%ib!e #on%$'i"or ) no r"i# %,!o en ! #!i"" ) e! (re#io "e !o% (ro"$#to%0 intervienen "e 3or' i'(ortnte !o% e!e'ento% "e ! #o'er#i!i#i,n0 t!e% #o'o ! ($b!i#i""0 e! env%e0 !% (ro'o#ione%0 et#. 6or !o $e0 e! env%e %e #on%i"er #o'o $n i'(ortnte err'ient "e ! #o'$ni##i,n ) (or !o 'i%'o "e ! vent "e !o% (ro"$#to%. Dentro "e! %i%te' "e vent% en !o% $to%ervi#io%0 !o% (ro"$#to% "eben ven"er%e  % 'i%'o%0 %in ! interven#i,n "e (ro'otore%. Con !o nterior %e #o'(r$eb $e e! env%e no ($e"e $e"r !i'it"o  %$% 3$n#ione% BHnKer (ri'or"i!e%.

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CONCE6TO DE DISTRIBUCIÓN.

L 'er#"ote#ni e% e! (ro#e%o (or e! $e !% e'(re%% !ogrn #o!o#r %$% (ro"$#to% gr#i%  ! o3ert "e !% 'er#n#% "e#$"%0 en !o% %eg'ento% "e 'er#"o i",neo%0  !o% (re#io% #orre#to% ) #on !% (o!ti#% 3inn#ier% (ro(i"% Lo% %(e#to% '7% i'(ortnte% "e! (ro#e%o "e 'er#"ote#ni %on9 L inve%tig#i,n "e 'er#"o Ne#e%i""e%0 "e%eo% ) e+(e#ttiv% "e! #on%$'i"or.

Sit$#i,n "e! 'er#"o ) "e ! #o'(eten#i Di%e4o "e !o% (ro"$#to% E%t$"io te#no!,gi#o "e !o% (ro"$#to% Cr#ter%ti#% "e! (ro"$#to /ij#i,n "e (re#io% DISTRIBUCIÓN L ($b!i#i"" L (ro'o#i,n Co'o %e not, nterior'ente0 e! env%e e% i'(ortnte "entro "e !% e%trtegi% "e! (ro"$#to ($e% e% e! ve#$!o $e !o !!ev ! #on%$'i"or  trv% "e !o% #n!e% "e "i%trib$#i,n.

Con%$'i"or9 Se !!' #on%$'i"or ! in"ivi"$o o gr$(o "e (er%on%  !o% $e %e en3o# ! vent "e !o% biene% ) %ervi#io%.

Con%$'i"ore% "e %$b%i"e% $e re3!ejn bjo o !i'it"o (o"er "e #o'(r. S$% #o'(r% %on #%i %ie'(re0 rt#$!o% "e (ri'er ne#e%i"". E! ($nto '7% i'(ortnte e% e! (re#io0 no ! #!i"". E! env%e "ebe e+ibir e! bjo (re#io. Ev!Hn ! #!i"" (or en#i' "e #$!$ier otro trib$to "e! (ro"$#to0 ! orgni#i,n o #n! "e "i%trib$#i,n $e ven"e !o% rt#$!o% e% tn i'(ortnte #o'o !o% (ro(io% (ro"$#to%. Siente (reo#$(#i,n (or !o% %(e#to% e#o!,gi#o% "e! env%e. Sibrit% E%to% #on%$'i"ore% g%tn ) #o'(rn !o $e "e%en en e! 'o'ento0 #o'(rn (or #o'(rr. Debi"o  e!!o e% '$) "i3#i! (re"e#ir %$ re%($e%t 3rente  ! ($b!i#i"" o e! env%e. C" env%e ) #" e'b!je tienen #r#ter%ti#% e%(e#3i#% "e #$er"o ! (ro"$#to ) ! 'teri! "e! env%e. Se "eben #ono#er !o% #$i""o% e%(e#i!e% $e re$iere #" (ro"$#to (r tener e! env%e ) e'b!je #orre#to ) (ro(i"o. To"o% !o% 3#tore% $e ($e"n %er 3#tor "e "4o ! (ro"$#to "eben %er #$i""o%'ente e%t$"i"o%0 ev!$"o% ) ne$tr!i"o% #on e! #orre#to "i%e4o "e! %i%te' "e env%e )

e'b!je. D$rnte to"o e! (ro#e%o "e "i%trib$#i,n "e! (ro"$#to0 e! %i%te' "e env%e ) e'b!je "ebe (ro(or#ionr ! (rote##i,n ne#e%ri (r !ogrr ! (rote##i,n tot!. L $ni"" (ri'ri "e vent  "et!!i%t rr'ente e% e! env%e "e trn%(ort#i,nG ) !o $e (o"r'o% "e3inir #o'o t!0 en !% "i3erente% et(% "e! #i#!o "e "i%trib$#i,n. Co'o no e% (o%ib!e #ono#er e+#t'ente to"o% !o% (e!igro% $e en3rentr7 e! (ro"$#to "$rnte %$ #i#!o "e "i%trib$#i,n. Se "ebe trtr "e %eg$rr ! ')or (rote##i,n (o%ib!e. *.-

6ASOS DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN.

DISTRIBUCIÓN DE 6RODUCTO

INVESTI;ACIÓN DE MERCADO

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DISE=O

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/ABRICACIÓN

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 ALMACENAJE

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TRANS6ORTE

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DISTRIBUIDOR MAYORISTA

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 ALMACENAJE

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TRANS6ORTE

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DISTRIBUIDOR MINORISTA

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 ALMACENAJE E?IBICIÓN COMERCIALIWACIÓN

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CONSUMIDOR



CONCE6TO DE E?6ORTACIÓN

Lo% %i%te'% "e #o'er#i!i#i,n0 !o% e%ti!o% "e vi" ) !o% (trone% "e #on%$'o tnto  nive! n#ion! #o'o intern#ion!0 %on #" ve '7% %e!e#tivo% ) e+igente%0 re$ieren 'ejore% ) '7% '(!io% #ono#i'iento% %obre to"o% !o% %(e#to% "e inter% re3erente% ! (ro"$#to $e %e !e% (ro(one0 e%(ern en#ontrr ! in3or'#i,n en e! %i%te' env%e ) e'b!je en 3or' %en#i!!0 ver ) o(ort$n. Di#o %i%te' e% e! vn#$!o entre e! (ro"$#tor ) e! #on%$'i"or0 en e! inter'e"io %e en#$entrn $n grn #nti"" "e evento% $e %on "e%rro!!"o% (or (er%on% $e "e $n $ otr 3or' %on re%(on%b!e% "e e!!o% #o'o ($e"en %er !o% "ire#tivo% "e ! #o'(4 (ro"$#tor0 !o% "i%e4"ore% "e! (ro"$#to0 !o% ingeniero% ) trbj"ore% "e (!nt0 !o% ven"e"ore%0 !'#eni%t%0 trn%(orti%t%0 #o'er#inte%0 et#. Lo% ($nto% "e vi%t% "e e%to% e+(erto% en %$% re%(e#tiv% 7re% "eben e%tr "e #$er"o (r !ogrr $n %i%te' env%e ) e'b!je "e#$"o0 3$n#ion! ) e#on,'i#o. Si (r e! 'er#"o n#ion!0 #$'(!ir "e#$"'ente e! (ro#e%o "e #o'er#i!i#i,n "e%"e e! ($nto "e vi%t "e! %i%te' env%e ) e'b!je e% to"o $n reto0 e! #er!o en e! 'er#"o intern#ion! e% '$#o '7% #o'(!i#"o. 6r (o"er t#r !o% 'er#"o% "e e+(ort#i,n0 %e "ebe tener '$) (re%ente $e !% 'ner% "e (en%r "e !o% bitnte% "e otro% (%e% ($e"en %er '$) "i3erente%0 ! ig$! $e %$% g$%to% ) #o%t$'bre%. E+i%ten !egi%!#ione% (rti#$!re% en to"o% !o% (%e% $e %e "eben #$'(!ir (r (o"er #$brir e%e 'er#"o. Con nteriori"" %e  "i#o $e e! env%e e% $n ven"e"or %i!en#io%o0 (ero (o"r7 #$'(!ir #on e%% (er%on% "e otr% !tit$"e% C$n"o !% (er%on% $e intervienen en e! "i%e4o "e! %i%te' tienen ! in3or'#i,n #o'(!et (r (o"er #er $e e%e ven"e"or %i!en#io%o #$'(! %$ (rte en ! vent ) !o% "i%trib$i"ore% en !o% !$gre% "e%tino "e !o% (ro"$#to% e%t7n #o'(!et'ente "e #$er"o #on e! "i%e4o0 !o% te+to%0 et#. nte% "e i'(ri'ir env%e% o eti$et%0 ! re%($e%t e% SI. 2

DI/ERENTES TI6OS DE DISE=O RELACIONADOS CON EL SISTEMA ENVASE Y EMBALAJE.

E! (ro)e#to (r ! e!bor#i,n "e $n env%e %e "ebe gener!'ente  tre% 3#tore%9 6or e! !n'iento ! 'er#"o "e $n n$evo (ro"$#to 6or e! re"i%e4o "e! env%e #t$! 6or o3ert% o e%trtegi% #o'er#i!e% Co'o en #$!$ier (ro)e#to #o'er#i! o in"$%tri! e+i%ten "o% 7re% (er3e#t'ente "e3ini"% $e en '$#% o#%ione% #o#n o %e #ontr(onen (or !% "i3erente% (er%(e#tiv% "e #" $n "e e!!%0 ! 3in! %e "eben !i'r !% "i3eren#i% entre e!!% (r (o"er re!ir #on +ito e! (ro)e#to. L% "o% 7re%  !% $e %e #e re3eren#i %on ! t#ni# ) ! 3inn#ier. E! 7re t#ni# %e #entr en obtener $n %i%te' "e env%e ) e'b!je $e #$'(! !o 'ejor (o%ib!e #on to"o% !o% re$eri'iento% ne#e%rio% (r e! 3in $e %e "i%e4.

E! 7re 3inn#ier %e (!i# ! %(e#to e#on,'i#o #o'o ($e"en %er !% inver%ione% ne#e%ri%0 !o% #o%to% ) g%to% in"ire#to%0 ! rentbi!i"" ) ! re#$(er#i,n "e ! inver%i,n ) !o '7% i'(ortnte (r e!!o%0 !% $ti!i""e%. En e! 7re t#ni# %e ($e"en "i%ting$ir tre% ti(o% "e "i%e4o '$) "i3erente% (ero $e e% in"i%(en%b!e $e %e #onj$nten ) trbjen "e ! 'no (r (o"er !!evr  b$en tr'ino e! (ro)e#to "e $n n$evo %i%te' env%e ) e'b!je. Lo% tre% ti(o% "e "i%e4o in"i%(en%b!e% %on9 E! "i%e4o "e ingenier E! "i%e4o in"$%tri! E! "i%e4o gr73i#o Ingenier "e! env%e  A!g$no% "e !o% ($nto% i'(ortnte% $e %e tienen $e "eter'inr en ! (rte t#ni# $e !e #orre%(on"e  ingenier "e! env%e %on9 En#ontrr ! 3or' '7% "e#$" "e #ontener e! (ro"$#to. Deter'inr to"o% !o% 3#tore% $e ($e"en !terr e! e%t"o origin! "e! (ro"$#to. E% "e#ir0 en#ontrr to"% !% #$!i""e% $e "ebe tener e! env%e (r (ro(or#ionr ! (rote##i,n o(ti' #on e! 'enor #o%to. En#ontrr e! %i%te' env%e ) e'b!je "e#$"o (r $e e! (ro"$#to ($e" %er  !'#en"o ) e+ibi"o #on e! 'ni'o "e !ter#ione% (er'i%ib!e%. 6ro(oner e! %i%te' env%e ) e'b!je $e (er'it e! 'ovi'iento ) e! trn%(orte "e! (ro"$#to0 (r !o% "i3erente% ti(o% "e 'er#"o en $e %e e+(en"er7 e! (ro"$#to. Se!e##ionr !o% 'teri!e% "e! %i%te' "e env%e ) e'b!je (r (ro(or#ionr ! re%i%ten#i "e#$" $e (er'it %o(ortr to"o% !o% 3#tore% $e ($e"n "4r ! (ro"$#to. Corroborr $e !o% 'teri!e% (ro($e%to% no %e en#$entren en #ontr "e !% nor'% 'bient!e% n#ion!e% o intern#ion!e% %egHn %e e! #%o. Co'(robr ! 3#tibi!i"" "e (ro"$##i,n "e! env%e0 tnto 3%i# #o'o e#on,'i#'ente.  A%eg$rr ! "i%(onibi!i"" "e! e$i(o ne#e%rio (r e! env%"o. C!#$!r #o%to% "e! (ro)e#to ) #on#i!ir (o%i#ione% #on ! (rte 3inn#ier. Deter'inr tie'(o% "e ($e%t en 'r# "e! (ro)e#to  nive! #o'er#i! ) #on#i!ir  #on vent%.

Re!ir en#$e%t% #on "i%trib$i"ore% ) #on%$'i"ore% %obre e! (o%ib!e %i%te' "e env%e ) e'b!je. Re!ir (r$eb% "e !bortorio0 vije ) "i%trib$#i,n #on env%e% (rototi(o nte% "e "r !$ ver"e  ! 3bri##i,n in"$%tri! "e! %i%te' "e env%e. Di%e4o in"$%tri! L (rte t#ni# "e! env%e "e%"e ! (er%(e#tiv "e! "i%e4o in"$%tri! tiene $e ver  #on e! #onj$nto "e !o% 'teri!e% "e 3bri##i,n0 3or'0 %i%te' "e r'"o "e !% #j%0 t'4o0 te+t$r%0 ergono' "e! %i%te'0 "i%e4o e%tr$#t$r! ) ! r'on "e to"o e! %i%te' "e env%e ) e'b!je $e ($e"e en $n 'o'ento ""o %er $n %o!o env%e #o'o en e! #%o "e $n re3riger"or o #$tro env%e% "i3erente% #o'o en e! #%o "e! #ere! (r e! "e%)$no. Di%e4o gr73i#o La imagen proyectada por los envases y etiquetas.

6re%en#i "e i'gen ) 'r# en e! 'er#"o. Dr $n %o!$#i,n vi%$! #o'(etitiv ! env%e. /#i!itr (or (rte "e! #on%$'i"or ! i"enti3i##i,n in'e"it "e! (ro"$#to In3or'r ! #on%$'i"or en 3or' #!r ) ver "e! #onteni"o "e! env%e (ro"$#to ) !o% bene3i#io% o #r#ter%ti#% (ro(i%. #er re!i"" $e e! env%e %e $n ven"e"or %i!en#io%o.  A$'entr ! (o%ibi!i"" "e vent "e! (ro"$#to. Di3eren#ir ! (ro"$#to "e %$% #o'(eti"ore%0 "7n"o!e #r7#ter ) v!or  (ro(io.  Atrer ! #on%$'i"or "e%($% "e ber e#o ! #o'(r0 (r re(etir! n$ev'ente.

IV

MATERIALES0 A6LICACIÓN Y /UNCIÓN

L i%tori "e !o% 'teri!e% "e e'($e %e re'ont o#o 'i! 4o% tr7% #$n"o e! o'bre #o'en,  g$r"r %$% !i'ento% ) objeto% en v%ij% "e brro0 $e $n$e no tenn ningHn (ro#e%o tr'i#o ) (o"n $ti!ir%e (r #ontener0 (roteger ) !'#enr. 6%ron #er# "e %iete 'i! 4o% %t ! inven#i,n "e ! i'(rent ) e! ((e! ) #on e!!o !% (ri'er% b%e% "e ! ingenier "e env%e%.

Trn%#$rrieron otro% - 4o% (r $e %e ini#ir to" ! te#no!og0 $e o)0 en !o% ini#io% "e! %ig!o ??I0 #ongreg to"% !% 7re% "e! #ono#i'iento ) !% rte% en e! "i%e4o "e#$"o "e !o% env%e%. E% $no "e !o% '7% intere%nte% #'(o% "e trbjo ) $no "e !o% %e#tore% (ro"$#tivo% '7% e%tb!e% ) #on ')or "e%rro!!o. N$evo% 'teri!e% ) t#ni#% %e "e%rro!!n #" "0 !o $e origin $n %n #o'(eten#i te#no!,gi# en b$%# "e! 'teri! (er3e#to0 en bene3i#io "e $n 'ejor nive! "e vi" ) $n o(ti'i#i,n "e !o% (ro#e%o% "e (ro"$##i,n ) 'er#"eo en ! in"$%tri '$n"i!. 1

ENVASES DE VIDRIO

#e (ro+i'"'ente o#o 'i! 4o%0 e! o'bre ini#i e! "e%rro!!o "e! vi"rio #o'o 'teri! "e env%e0 (robb!e'ente #o'o $n (!i##i,n nove"o% "e ! #er7'i# #o#i"  !t te'(ert$r. 6o%terior'ente "e%($% "e %ei% 'i! 4o% %e ini#i $n in"$%tri 3!ore#iente "e env%e% "e vi"rio (r bebi"% ) (er3$'e% en Egi(to0 "e%"e "on"e %e e+(ortbn e%to% (ro"$#to%  to"o% !o% (%e% "e ! #$en# "e! 'e"iterr7neo. C$n"o %e ini#i e! eti$et"o0 (rin#i(i $n 'ejor'iento en ! $ti!i#i,n "e !o% env%e% "e vi"rio #o'o e!e'ento% (rote#tore% ) "e vent. En e! 4o 'i! %ete#iento% %e ini#i ! in"$%tri "e! #'(gne env%"o en bote!!% "e vi"rio #on t(,n "e #or#o0 #(#e% "e %o(ortr !t% (re%ione%. Un %ig!o "e%($% e! %e#tor "e !% #on%erv% env% 'er'e!"% en re#i(iente% "e bo# n#0 ) %e e+(en"e ! (ri'er g$ 'iner! e'bote!!". 6r e! 4o 'i! o#o#iento% novent %e intro"$#en !% (ri'er% bote!!% (r env%r  !e#e gr#i%  L$i% 6%te$r0 t'bin %e intro"$#en !% (ri'er% 'r#% "e i%K) env%"o en vi"rio ) ! Co# Co! t'bin en env%e% "e vi"rio. D$rnte e! %ig!o ?? %e ini#i e! env%"o "e ! ')one%0 !o% (er3$'e% $%n env%e% '$) #retivo%0 !o% !i'ento% (r beb% %e e+(en"en en vi"rio0 %e 'ejor '$#o ! '$inr (r ! (ro"$##i,n "e env%e% "e vi"rio %o(!"o ) (r !o% 3in!e% "e! %ig!o %e !ogrn vn#e% en ! "i%'in$#i,n "e (e%o en !o% env%e% "e vi"rio #on 'ejore% re%i%ten#i%  ! (re%i,n0 #o$e tr'i#o )  ! rot$r. 6$e"e 3ir'r%e $e e! vi"rio bri, e! #'ino (r e! #t$! "e%rro!!o "e ! in"$%tri "e! env%e. E! vi"rio %e re#ono#e o) en " #o'o $n 'teri! 'igo "e! 'e"io 'biente0 e#on,'i#o ) #on e+#e!ente #e(t#i,n (or (rte "e !o% #on%$'i"ore%. 6ro#e%o "e 3bri##i,n L% et(% (or !% $e %e obtienen !o% env%e% "e vi"rio %on9  A#o(io "e 'teri% (ri'% Se!e##i,n ) !i'(ie "e 'teri! "e re#i#!"o Mo!ien" "e! 'teri! "e re#i#!"o Me#! "e !o% 'teri!e% /$%i,n "e! vi"rio /or'#i,n "e ! (re3or'

/or'#i,n "e! env%e (or %o(!"o Trt'iento tr'i#o Env%"o  A!'#en"o Di%trib$#i,n.  A#o(io "e 'teri!e% En e%t et( %e (ro#e"e  ! orgni#i,n0 #ontro! "e #!i""0 %e!e##i,n ) !i'(ie "e !% 'teri% (ri'%. Se!e##i,n ) !i'(ie "e! 'teri! "e re#i#!"o. L% #o'(4% (ro"$#tor% "e vi"rio "e(en"en "e !% #o'$ni""e% !o#!e% ) "e !o% #entro% "e re#i#!je0 $%$!'ente $bi#"o% #er# "e !% 37bri#%0 (r %$'ini%trr!e% vi"rio $%"o "e #!i""0 #ono#i"o #o'o #$!!et. L$ego "e ber %i"o %e(r"o (or #o!ore%0 e! #$!!et %e #o!o# en $n to!v !i'ent"or "e $n bn" trn%(ort"or0 ! bn" #e (%r e! vi"rio (or ! ##i,n "e $n (o"ero%o e!e#troi'7n (r re'over to"o% !o% 'et!e% $e %on tr"o% (or e! #'(o 'gnti#o. Sobre ! 'i%' bn" %e %e(r en 3or' 'n$! ! #er7'i# ) otro% e!e'ento% $e no ($e"en %er re'ovi"o% 'e#7ni#'ente. Mo!ien" "e! 'teri! "e re#i#!"o. E! (%o 3in! "e e%t et( e% trit$rr e! vi"rio %t #onvertir!o en (rt#$!% 3in% $e %er7n greg"%  !% otr% 'teri% (ri'%. Me#!"o "e !o% 'teri!e% L% 'teri% (ri'% (rob"% %on !!ev"%  ! on "e 'e#!"o "on"e %on (e%"% ) 'e#!"%0 (r !$ego %er verti"o% en tn$e% $e0  %$ ve0 !i'entn  !o% orno%.

/$%i,n "e! vi"rio. L 3$n"i#i,n "e !% 'teri% (ri'% (r ! (ro"$##i,n "e vi"rio re$iere "e 'onitoreo ) %$(ervi%i,n #on%tnte0 "e %o3i%ti#"o% %i%te'% "e #ontro! #o'($tri"o%. De(en"ien"o "e %$ t'4o0 !o% orno% tienen #(#i"" "e (ro"$#ir "e   2 tone!"% (or ". L ')or "e !o% orno% $ti!in g% nt$r! en %$% $e'"ore%. L te'(ert$r "e trbjo en e! interior "e! orno e% "e 1 *  1  XC.

L 'e#! $e v !!egn"o 3!ot %obre e! vi"rio 3$n"i"o0 "e e%t 3or' %e 'ntiene e%tb!e e! nive! "e! vi"rio en e! interior "e! ornoG "$rnte e%t et( e! vi"rio !ogr %$ o'ogeni#i,n ) ! !iber#i,n "e !o% g%e% "e%(ren"i"o% "$rnte ! 3$%i,n. E! vi"rio 3$n"i"o (% ! #n! !i'ent"or "e !% '7$in% 3or'"or% "e env%e%. @$'i#'ente0 ! ')or (rte "e !o% vi"rio% %on %i!i#to%9 E! %!i#e SiO & en % e% $n vi"rio "e b$en #!i"" %!i#e 3$n"i"o0 (ero %$ e!ev"o ($nto "e 3$%i,n 15&* XC ) %$ !t vi%#o%i"" en e%t"o !$i"o !o #en '$) "i3#i! "e trbjr. 6r btir ! te'(ert$r "e 3$%i,n "e! %!i#e  $n ($nto '7% #onveniente %e !e 4"e %o"io en 3or' "e %o%0 #rbonto "e %o"io o nitrto "e %o"io. E%to tiene e! e3e#to "e%e"o0 $n$e (or "e%gr#i e! vi"rio re%$!tnte no tiene re%i%ten#i $'i# ) e% %o!$b!e in#!$%o en g$. 6r %$(err e%te (rob!e' %e !e 4"e #! CO (r 3or'r ! #o'(o%i#i,n b7%i# $e %e e'(!e en ! ')or (rte "e !o% (ro"$#to% #o'$ne% "e vi"rio0 #o'o bote!!% o vi"rio (!no. Lo% vi"rio% #o'er#i!e% tienen otro% ingre"iente% #o'o !o% ,+i"o% "e !$'inio ) 'gne%io0 !o% vi"rio% e%(e#i!e% tienen otro% ,+i"o%. 6or eje'(!o e! ,+i"o "e boro %e $% (r obtener e! vi"rio "e boro%i!i#to $e (re%ent bj "i!t#i,n tr'i#0 %e $ti!i (r e$i(o "e !bortorio0 "ebe %o(ortr #'bio% br$%#o% "e te'(ert$r vi"rio 6)re+. E! (ro"$#to $e %e obtiene no !!eg  #ri%t!ir0 (er'ne#e en e%t"o 'or3o. E% $n !$i"o $e %$ vi%#o%i"" #on e! en3ri'iento $'ent tnto $e (r 3ine% "e or"en (r7#ti#o0 %e !e #on%i"er #o'o %,!i"o. E! vi"rio e% $n 'teri! '$) re%i%tente0 ($e"e %o(ortr (re%ione% "e %t $no% 1 #'&0 tiene (o# re%i%ten#i ! i'(#to0 ($e"e re%i%tir !t% te'(ert$r% ) !o% "e boro%i!i#to ($e"en %o(ortr #'bio% br$%#o% en e!!%. Se ($e"e e'(!er en e! orno "e 'i#roon"% ) no %e #!ient. L 3or'$!#i,n "e! vi"rio ($e"e %er 'o"i3i#" %egHn e! $%o e%(e#3i#o ! $e %e "e%tine e! env%e. Se ($e"e #o!orer0 #er!o o(#o0 te'(!r!o0 et#. Un (ro(ie"" '$) i'(ortnte e% $e %e ($e"e re#i#!r en $n (ro(or#i,n !t. R,n (or ! $e %e  $'ent"o %$ (re3eren#i en !o% (%e% 'bient!i%t%. No %e o+i"0 e% i'(er'eb!e0 re%i%te e! #!or "entro "e #ierto% !'ite%0 e% !i'(io e igini#o0 %e ($e"en (i!r !o% env%e% %in $e %e (!%ten o "e3or'en0 %$ trn%(ren#i (er'ite $e e! #on%$'i"or ($e" ver e! #onteni"o (r veri3i#r %$ (rien#i o ! #nti"" $e #ontiene0 !o% env%e% "e vi"rio %e ($e"en #on%i"err #%i er'ti#o% "e(en"ien"o "e ! t( e'(!e"0 ($e"en #errr%e ) vo!ver%e  brir !% ve#e% $e %e ne#e%rio 'ientr% %e #on%$'e %$ #onteni"o0 e% '! #on"$#tor "e ! te'(ert$r. Lo% env%e% "e vi"rio (er'iten grn vrie"" "e "i%e4o%0 3or'%0 t'4o%0 #o!ore%0 e%(e%or en %$% (re"e%0 ti(o% "e t(0 te+t$r%0 et#. Lo% env%e% "e vi"rio0 no ob%tnte

%er tn ver%7ti!e%0 %e $ti!in (rin#i(!'ente en !% in"$%tri% !i'entri ) 3r'#$ti# (or %$% 'H!ti(!e% ventj%. L (rin#i(!0 ) (or ! $e %e (re3iere0 e% $e %e trt "e $n 'teri! inerte0 $e e% '$) re%i%tente ! t$e "e %$b%tn#i% org7ni#% e inorg7ni#% e+#e(to ! 7#i"o 3!$or"ri#o )  !o% 7!#!i% #on#entr"o%0 $e ($e"e e%teri!ir%e ) $e e% brrer (r !$i"o%0 gr%%0 %o!vente% ) g%e% (or no tener (oro% o b$rb$j%. En %$ (ro#e%o "e 3bri##i,n "e env%e%0 e! vi"rio ! #!entr%e %e b!n" ($!tin'ente0 entre 11 ) 1&XC ! vi%#o%i"" "e! vi"rio e% t! $e %e !e ($e"e "r  #%i #$!$ier 3or' (or #on3or'"o en 'o!"e. L in"$%tri "e !o% (er3$'e% e% $i7 ! $e 'ejor (rti"o  %#"o "e !% grn"e% (o%ibi!i""e% "e! #on3or'"o (r obtener env%e% '$) %ing$!re%. /or'#i,n "e ! (re3or'. Lo% env%e% "e vi"rio %e ($e"en 3bri#r (or e!bor#i,n "ire#t0 $e e% #$n"o %e ($e"en #on3or'r "ire#t'ente "e! orno ! 'o!"e0 ) (or e!bor#i,n in"ire#t $e e% #$n"o env%e% (e$e4o% '(o!!et% %e 3bri#n  (rtir "e $n t$bo gener!'ente "e boro%i!i#to e!bor"o (or e%tir'iento.

Env%e% "e e!bor#i,n "ire#t

Bote!!% ;rr3% Bote!!one% /r%#o% Trro%

Env%e% "e e!bor#i,n in"ire#t

 A'(o!!et% T$bo% Vi!e% Cr($!e%

Dentro "e !o% env%e% "e e!bor#i,n "ire#t %e ($e"e gregr ! (ro"$##i,n "e v%o0 ) $e !g$no% 3bri#nte% n (rove#"o #o'o $n 'e"io ($b!i#itrio e! $%o (o%terior $e %e !e ($e"e "r ! env%e. 6r t(r e! v%o %e e'(!e $n t( %in ro%# $e %in e'brgo #e $n %e!!o e3e#tivo. /bri##i,n E! vi"rio ) 3or'"o ) #o'(!et'ente 3$n"i"o %e 'ntiene #!iente en e! orno "e 3$%i,n0 e! vi"rio %!e "e! #n! !i'ent"or #on ! 3or' "e $n grn got $e %e #ort  $n (e%o "eter'in"o "e #$er"o ! 'o!"e !!'"% ve!% o got%0 %on envi"%  !% '7$in% $e tienen !o% 'o!"e% en "on"e %e 3or'n !o% env%e%. In"$%tri!'ente0 !o% env%e% %e 3bri#n $ti!in"o $no o "o% "e !o% (ro#e%o% (!i#b!e% ! vi"rio ) $e %on (ren%"o ) %o(!"o. C" $no "e !o% (ro#e%o% re$iere "e 'o!"e% e%(e#i!e%0 #$n"o %e #o'binn "o% "e !o% (ro#e%o% %e re$iere "e $n 'o!"e (r #" $n "e !% o(er#ione% re!i"%.

Sie'(re en !o% env%e% %e re$iere "e $n #oron bo#0 $e %e ($e"e #er 'e"inte %o(!"o o 'e"inte (ren%"o0 (ero en !o% "o% #%o% %e obtiene !o $e %e !!' $n (re3or' $e (%  otro 'o!"e "on"e (or %o(!"o %e #e e! env%e. Lo% env%e% "e e!bor#i,n "ire#t %e ($e"en (ro"$#ir (or "o% %i%te'%9 6ro#e%o So(!o Q So(!o

6r 3r%#o% "e bo# ngo%t

6ro#e%o 6ren% Q So(!o

6r env%e% "e bo# n#

6ro#e%o So(!o Q So(!o. En e%te (ro#e%o ) #o'o %e not, reng!one% rrib0 %e $% (r 3bri#r bote!!% "e bo# ngo%t. Se re$iere "e $n 'o!"e (r 3or'r (or %o(!"o e! #$e!!o "e ! bote!! ) ! bo# en e%t o(er#i,n no %e 3or' ! ro%# ) $n #$er(o $e#o "e 'enor t'4o $e e! $e ten"r7 e! env%e ter'in"o0 re#ibe e! no'bre "e (re3or' ) tiene e! vo!$'en ne#e%rio "e vi"rio (r obtener e! env%e 3in!. L (re3or' e% re#!ent" en #%o "e $e %e ne#e%rio ) (%"  otro 'o!"e "on"e (or %o(!"o %e #e #re#er e! env%e %t $e"r !i'it"o (or !% (re"e% "e! 'i%'o0 ""o e! #%o0 %e 3or' ! #$er" "e ! bo# en e! 'i%'o 'o!"e0 %e en3r ) %e bre e! 'o!"e (r retirr e! env%e ) #o!o#r!o en $n bn" "e en3ri'iento #ontro!"o "on"e %e ter'in "e en3rir 'ientr% e% trn%(ort"o (r %$ env%e. 6ro#e%o (ren% Q %o(!o E% e! (ro#e%o $%"o en ! 3bri##i,n "e env%e% "e bo# n# ) %e #e en "o% (%o%9 En e! (ri'er (%o %e e3e#tHn #$tro o(er#ione% $e %on ne#e%ri% (r obtener ! (re3or' #orre%(on"iente. -.P %e bre e! 'o!"e ) ! (re3or' "e bo# n# e% e+tr" (r %er #o!o#" en e! 'o!"e "e %o(!o. En e! %ig$iente (%o0 en e! %eg$n"o 'o!"e %o(!o %e #o!o# ! (re3or' "e bo# n# re#!ent" %i e% ne#e%rio0 %e in)e#t ire (or ! b%e "e ! #oron in3!n"o ! (re3or' ) "n"o 3or' ! #$er(o ) ro%# "e! env%e. Se en3r ) e% e+tr"o "e! 'o!"e (r %er #o!o#"o  $n bn" 'et7!i# #on en3ri'iento #ontro!"o (r evitr $n #o$e tr'i#o $e ($e"e originr 3r#t$r% en !o% env%e% Trt'iento tr'i#o. En e%t et(0 e! env%e !!eg  $n orno "on"e %e !e %o'ete  $n trt'iento tr'i#o $e !ivi !% ten%ione% gener"% (or ! trn%i#i,n "e te'(ert$r% "e%"e e! orno "e 3$%i,n %t e! env%e 3or'"o $e %e re!i '$) r7(i"o. De e%te orno e! env%e ) %!e !i%to (r %$ "i%trib$#i,n ) $ti!i#i,n.

I"enti3i##i,n "e! (ro"$#tor  En ! b%e "e !o% 'o!"e% "e %o(!"o0 tnto (r env%e% "e bo# ngo%t #o'o (r !o% "e bo# n#0 %e #o%t$'br grbr "to% $e %irven (r !% e%t"%( T( Se "ebe #on%i"err e! ti(o "e bo# #oron (r "e3inir e! ti(o "e t( ) "e ro%# '7% "e#$"o (r e! env%e. E! 'e#ni%'o "e #err"o 3or' (rte "e! "i%e4o. L% t(% tren (or e! interior $n %e!!o0 $e #$n"o %e (riet ! t( %e #o'(ri'e #on e! bor"e "e ! bo# evitn"o $e e! (ro"$#to %e "err'e o $e ($e"n entrr #ont'innte% o ire ! interior "e! env%e. E! 'teri! "e !o% %e!!o% vr "e #$er"o ! #onteni"o ) !o% 'er#"o%  !o% $e v "irigi"o. Co!or  L #o!or#i,n "e! vi"rio "e !o% env%e% %e ($e"e (!i#r #on "i3erente% (ro(,%ito%0 $e vn "e%"e ($r'ente "e#ortivo% %t 'e"io "e (rote##i,n "e! #onteni"o. En !g$no% #%o% ! (rote##i,n "e! #onteni"o %e  #onverti"o en $n i'(ortnte ne#e%i""0 (er'ite 3i!trr "eter'in"% !ongit$"e% "e on" "e ! !$0 $e ($e"en "eteriorr e! #onteni"o. 6r #o!orer e! vi"rio0 !o% #o!ornte% %e gregn en e! orno "e 3$n"i"o. Lo% (ro"$#to% $ti!i"o% (r "r #o!or %on9 Co!ornte

Co!or obteni"o

Ó+i"o 3rri#o Ó+i"o "e nti'onio  A$3re Crb,n Ó+i"o "e #ob!to Ó+i"o 3rri#o Ó+i"o "e 3ierro Ó+i"o #H(ri#o S$!3ito "e #"'io Ó+i"o "e #ro'o Ó+i"o "e 'ngne%o /!$or$ro "e #!#io

'ri!!o 'ri!!o 7'br  7'br $! nrnj negro

 

rojo vio!et

rojo ver"e ,(!o

Se (re%ent $n 3,r'$! ti(o0 e'(!e" (r ! 3bri##i,n "e vi"rio (r env%e. Mteri (ri'

A(orte $'i#o

 Aren %!i# Crbonto "e %o"io 6ie"r C!i

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SiO& CO

/or'"or "e re" Vtre N&O /$n"ente Mo"i3i#"or "e Vi%#o%i""

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Ver tb! nterior

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ENVASES0 EMBALAJES Y CONTENEDORES METZLICOS

E! env%e 'et7!i#o %e ($e"e "e3inir #o'o $n re#i(iente rgi"o (r #ontener0 (roteger ) #on%ervr (ro"$#to%0 $e ($e"e #errr%e er'ti#'ente. Lo% env%e% 'et7!i#o% #on%tit$)en e! 8 "e !o% env%e% e'(!e"o% (r ! e!bor#i,n "e !i'ento% (ro#e%"o%. L% #$!i""e% "e! env%"o 'et7!i#o %on9 re%i%ten#i 'e#7ni#0 !igere0 e%tn$ei""0 brrer  ! !$ ) r"i#ione%0 b$en #on"$#tivi"" tr'i#0 ver%ti!i""0 e%tti#0 re#i#!bi!i""0 #(#i"" "e innov#i,n ) evo!$#i,n te#no!,gi#. E! #on%$'o '$n"i! "e env%e% 'et7!i#o% %e e%ti' en $no% 15 'i!!one% "e tone!"% "e !% $e e! : e% !$'inio ) e! :1 e% #ero. E! (ro#e%o "e! en!t"o %e "e3ine #o'o ! #on%erv#i,n "e !o% !i'ento% en re#i(iente% #err"o%0 "on"e %e $% gener!'ente $n trt'iento tr'i#o #o'o 3#tor (ri'or"i! (r (revenir !ter#ione%. E! re#i(iente '7% $ti!i"o (r e%te (ro#e%o e% ! !t o env%e "e oj!t0 $n$e en ! #t$!i"" %e $%n otro% 'teri!e% (r e! 'i%'o (ro(,%ito. /$e e! 3rn#%0 Ni#o!7% A((ert0 $ien entre !o% 4o% 15: ) 181 re!i, $n #o'(!et inve%tig#i,n %obre ! #on%erv#i,n "e !i'ento% 'e"inte e! en!t"o. En 18: re#ibi,0 "e! gobierno 3rn#%0 $n (re'io "e 1&  3rn#o% (or %$ trbjo ($b!i#"o #er# "e ! #on%erv#i,n "e !i'ento% (r !% /$er% Ar'"%. En e%o% tie'(o% no %e %b "e !% re!#ione% entre 'i#roorgni%'o% ) !% !ter#ione% "e !o% !i'ento%0 (ero A((ert "b in%tr$##ione% '$) (re#i%% en %$ trbjo (r ! #on%erv#i,n "e !i'ento% #onteni"o% en env%e% "e vi"rio "e bo# n# t(" #on #or#o $e #!entb (or vri% or% en g$ irvien"o. Lo% "e!nto% #on%eg$i"o% en e! en!t"o %e "eben (rin#i(!'ente  !o% 'to"o% "e! trt'iento tr'i#o0  ! #on%tr$##i,n "e env%e% ) ! #7!#$!o "e! trt'iento re$eri"o. De%"e !o% tie'(o% "e A((ert %t 180 !o% #on%ervero% trtbn !o% !i'ento% env%"o%0 #on #!or0 "e 'ner %i'i!r  ! e'(!e" (or !G 3$e en e%e 4o #$n"o en E$ro( %e e'(ien  $%r b4o% "e #eite ) %!'$er% (r #on%eg$ir te'(ert$r% %$(eriore%  !o% 1 XC. E! env%e "e oj!t !o (tent, D$rn" en Ing!terr en 181 ) %e  veni"o (er3e##ionn"o "e%"e enton#e% no %,!o en t'4o%0 #on%tr$##i,n ) e%(e#i3i##ione%0 %ino t'bin en !o% e$i(o% (r %$ 3bri##i,n. En #$nto ! trt'iento tr'i#o "e !% #on%erv%0 %,!o %t 185- 3$e (o%ib!e e! (er3e##ion'iento "e $n re#i(iente #err"o0 #on v(or  (re%i,n ) $e trbj en 3or' %eg$r0 #$n"o $n #on%ervero "e /i!"e!3i0 E%t"o% Uni"o% (tent, e! $to#!ve. En !o% H!ti'o% 4o% %e  "e"i#"o e%(e#i! ten#i,n ! "i%e4o "e (ro#e%o% ) e$i(o% $e grnti#en $n trt'iento %eg$ro (r obtener b$en #!i"" "e! (ro"$#to en!t"o.

@$ e% ! oj!t L oj!t e% $n 'teri! 'et7!i#o0 eterogneo "e e%tr$#t$r e%trti3i#"0 #on%tit$i" (or $n "e!g" !7'in "e #ero "$!#e "e bjo #rb,n"e e%(e%or ig$! o in3erior  .* ''0 re#$biert (or 'b% #r% #on $n "e!g" #( "e e%t4o 'e"inte $n (ro#e%o e!e#tro!ti#o. Co'o e! e%t4o %e "iere 3ir'e'ente ! 'et! b%e0 ! oj!t ($e"e %er (ren%"0 e%t'("0 tro$e!" ) "ob!" %t "r!e 3or'% #o'(!ej%0 %in $e %e "e%(ren" ! #( "e e%t4o. Nor' ASTM Q A P 2&6r $ %e $ti!i Se $ti!i en ! 3bri##i,n "e env%e% ) (rte% (r env%e% $e "eben re$nir #iert% (ro(ie""e% %egHn e! (ro"$#to $e #ontengn0 e! (ro#e%o "e (ro"$##i,n ) e! "e%tino 3in! "e! (ro"$#to ter'in"o. @$ (ro(ie""e% (re%ent e! env%e "e oj!t Re%i%ten#i 'e#7ni#. L re%i%ten#i "e! #ero b%e (er'ite env%r (ro"$#to%  (re%i,n o v#o0 3#i!it ! 'ni($!#i,n ) e! trn%(orte evitn"o 3i!tr#ione% o rot$r% ) (er'itien"o %$ (i!'iento #on e! #on%e#$ente orro "e e%(#io. Con"$#tivi"" tr'i# 6er'ite b$en trn%3eren#i "e #!or (r #ortr tie'(o% en e! trt'iento #on #!or. E%tbi!i"" tr'i# E! 'teri! no #'bi (ro(ie""e% ! #!entr!o er'eti#i"" /or' $n brrer entre !o% (ro"$#to% ) e! 'e"io 'biente0 e% ! (rin#i(! (ro(ie"" e+igi"0 (r evitr ! entr" "e 'i#roorgni%'o% o "e ire $e (ro"$#en ! "e%#o'(o%i#i,n "e! #onteni"o. Brrer  ! !$

6or %$ (ro(i nt$r!e0 e! 'et! no (er'ite e! (%o "e ! !$0 (or  !o $e !o% (ro"$#to% $e %e ven 3e#t"o% (or ! ##i,n "e ! !$ ($e"en %er #n"i"to% ! env%e "e oj!t. D$rbi!i"" Lo% env%e% "e oj!t (er'iten 'ntener !o% (ro"$#to% #onteni"o% n #on"i#ione% ,(ti'% "e !rgo% (ero"o% "e tie'(o. 6ro(ie"" 'gnti# 6r e3e#to% "e! re#i#!"o (er'ite %e(rr 37#i!'ente !o% env%e% "e%e#"o% "e oj!t "e otro% "e%(er"i#io% 'e"inte e! $%o "e e!e#troi'ne%. 6ro(ie"" @$'i# S$ 'ni' re##i,n $'i# entre e! env%e ) e! !i'ento (er'ite #on%ervr #r#ter%ti#% #o'o e! #o!or0 e! ro' ) e! %bor  Ver%ti!i"" In3ini"" "e 3or'% ) t'4o% (r env%e% $e ($e"en %er  "e#or"o% #on tr#tivo% "ib$jo% ) !itogr3%. Re#i#!bi!i"" En !% H!ti'% "#"%0 ! $'ni"" %e  i"o #on#ientin"o en 3or' #re#iente %obre !o% (rob!e'% re3erente% ! 'e"io 'biente. E! (rogre%o "e! o'bre 3$e "e ! 'no #on e! $'ento "e ! (ro"$##i,n ) "e! #on%$'o0 #on %$ #on%e#$ente 'ejor "e! nive! "e vi" (ero tr)en"o (rej"o e! $'ento "e !o% re%i"$o%.  Ante t! %it$#i,n0 e! $%o "e 'teri!e% re#i#!b!e% e% ! %o!$#i,n (r (rte "e %te (rob!e' ) $e re"$#e !o% e%(#io% "e%tin"o%  ! "e(o%i#i,n "e re%i"$o% ) "e'7% (ro(or#ion orro "e 'teri% (ri'% ) energ. Dentro "e %te 'r#o0 ! oj!t e% $n 'teri! e#o!,gi#o (or  e+#e!en#i. L oj!t e% bio"egr"b!e0 (or !o $e $n ve "e(o%it" en !o% tir"ero%0 %e "e%#o'(one r7(i"'ente (r #onvertir%e en ,+i"o "e 3ierro ) ,+i"o "e e%t4o. Lo% env%e% "e oj!t %on re#$(erb!e% "e! re%to "e !o% re%i"$o% 'e"inte ! $ti!i#i,n "e e!e#troi'ne% $e "e 3or' %en#i!!0

e#on,'i# ) e3i# !o% %e(rn "ebi"o  %$ nt$r!e 'gnti#. L oj!t re#$(er"0 ($e"e %er re$ti!i" en ! (ro"$##i,n "e #ero #on e! #on%e#$ente orro "e energ ) 'teri% (ri'%. Si%te'% "e 3bri##i,n "e oj!t.  Ante% "e ! Seg$n" ;$err M$n"i!0 e! (ro#e%o "e obten#i,n "e oj!t #on%i%t en ! in'er%i,n "e ! !7'in "e #ero en $n b4o "e e%t4o 3$n"i"o0 #on !o $e %e #on%eg$ oj!t #on $n !to re#$bri'iento "e e%t4o. o) en "0 #%i ! tot!i"" "e !o% %i%te'% "e 3bri##i,n $ti!in (ro#e%o% e!e#tro!ti#o% (r "e(o%itr e! e%t4o %obre e! #ero. E%to %e #e  (rtir "e %o!$#ione% #$o%% "e !g$n %! "e e%t4o0 e! %i%te' (er'ite 'ejor #ontro! "e! e%(e%or "e! re#$bri'iento0 ! tie'(o $e (o%ibi!itn ! obten#i,n "e oj!t #on "i3erente re#$bri'iento en #" #r oj!t "i3eren#i!. Lo% %i%te'% e!e#tro!ti#o% '7% #o'$ne% %on !o% (ro#e%o% !#!ino% ) !o% 7#i"o% !,geno ) /erro%t7n 6ro#e%o !,geno De%rro!!"o (or E.I.D$(ont "e Ne'o$r% [ Co. De !o% E%t"o% Uni"o%0 $ti!i #$b% e!e#tro!ti#% oriont!e%0 "e 3#i! !i'ent#i,n #ontin$ ) #on 7no"o% "e e%t4o. L% %o!$#ione% e'(!e"% %on  b%e "e 3!$oroe%tnito "e %o"io. Se "e%t#n !% et(% "e9 Enj$g$e E%t4"o e!e#tro!ti#o Re#$(er#i,n Lv"o en #!iente Re3!$jo 6%iv#i,n Lv"o 3in!  A#eit"o. 6ro#e%o PL et( %ig$iente e% ! re"$##i,n en 3rio %t e! e%(e%or no'in!0 $e en e! #%o "e ! !7'in %o'eti"  re"$##i,n Hni# %e (ro+i' ! e%(e%or 3in!. L re"$##i,n t(i# en 3ro ($e"e re"$#ir "ie ve#e% e! e%(e%or. PSe re#o#e ! !7'in 'ntenien"o !o% ro!!o% "e #ero  te'(ert$r% entre 8 Q 2 XC en $n t',%3er inerte "$rnte 2 or% #on $n tie'(o "e 8  1 or% en ! te'(ert$r '7+i' PE! (ro"$#to re#o#i"o ($e"e %er !'in"o n$ev'ente (r obtener !% e%(e#i3i##ione% 3in!e%. PEn e%te (%o ! !7'in %e en#$entr !i%t (r e! #b"o 3in!9  A#eit"o en e! #%o "e !7'in negr  A(!i##i,n e!e#tro!ti# "e e%t4o en e! #%o "e ! oj!t.  A(!i##i,n e!e#tro!ti# "e #ro'o  ,+i"o "e #ro'o en e! #%o "e #ero #$bierto "e #ro'o0 !!'"o #o'Hn'ente #ero "e%(rovi%to "e e%t4o TS/

Li'(ie !#!in Con e! 3in "e retirr e! #eite org7ni#o #on e! $e viene ! !7'in ) $e ! (rotege "e ! $'e"" "e! ire "$rnte e! trn%(orte ) !'#en'iento0 %t %e %o'ete  !i'(ie #on $n %o!$#i,n !#!in #!iente. En ! 'i%' %o!$#i,n %e #e (%r ! !7'in "o% ve#e% $%n"o (o!ri"" "i3erente en #" $n "e !% (%"%0 gener7n"o%e $n %i%te' "e !i'(ie e#o (or e! i"r,geno ) e! o+geno "e%(ren"i"o en #" (%" Enj$g$e Con e! objeto "e $e "$re '7% ! %o!$#i,n "e! (%o %ig$iente %e #e ne#e%rio e!i'inr ! %o!$#i,n !#!in $e #o'(4  ! !7'in "e%($% "e! "e%engr%"o De#("o L !7'in %e #e (%r (or $n %o!$#i,n "e 7#i"o %$!3Hri#o #!iente0 #on e! 3in "e e!i'inr #$!$ier #nti"" "e ,+i"o "e ierro 3or'" ) $e i'(e"ir e! e%t4"o (o%terior. E! (ro#e%o t'bin (er'ite ! #tiv#i,n "e ! %$(er3i#ie (r ! re#e(#i,n "e! e%t4o Enj$g$e 6r evitr #ont'in#ione% en ! tin "e e%t4"o0 ! o(er#i,n "e! "e#("o %e #o'(!e'ent #on e! enj$g"o0 e! objeto e% no trn%(ortr 'teri!e% "e ! tin "e "e#("o  ! "e e%t4"o. E%t4"o e!e#tro!ti#o. E%t o(er#i,n (er'ite ! (ro#e%o ! (o%ibi!i"" "e re#$brir ! !7'in #on "o% #(% "e e%t4o ig$!e% o "i3erente% e%t4"o "i3eren#i!. E! e!e#tro!ito !o #on%tit$)e $n %o!$#i,n "e 3!$oroe%tnito "e %o"io0 gente% inibi"ore% "e ! o+i"#i,n ) bri!!nt"ore%. Re#$(er#i,n Con $n %o!$#i,n "e 3!$or$ro "e %o"io %e e!i'inn !% %!e% "e e%t4o $e %e )n #ri%t!i"o %obre ! %$(er3i#ie "e ! oj!t. Lv"o en #!iente L !7'in %e (% (or $n %o!$#i,n "i!$i" ) #!iente "e C!0 #on e! (ro(,%ito "e %ervir "e 3Hn"ente "e! e%t4o en ! 3or'#i,n "e ! #( o !e#i,n e%t4o Q ierro en ! et( %ig$iente re3!$jo Re3!$jo

E! re3!$jo e% $n %i%te' e%(e#i! "e #!ent'iento "e ! !7'in (or #orriente e!#tri#0 !o $e (er'ite  $n (rte "e! e%t4o !er%e #on e! ierro ) e! re%to !ibre !ibre "$iere $n %(e#to %(e#to bri!!nte. bri!!nte. L #nti"" #nti"" "e e%t4o e%t4o !e"o "e(en"e "e(en"e "e ! (oten#i e!#tri# (!i#". Con !o $e ! !e#i,n Sn Q /e (er'ite obtener  (ro(ie""e% e%(e#i!e%  ! oj!t0 re!tiv%  ! re%i%ten#i  ! #orro%i,n. 6%iv#i,n L (%iv#i,n e% $n trt'iento e!e#tro$'i#o $e tiene #o'o objetivo "e(o%itr  $n (e!#$! "e ,+i"o "e #ro'o Cr &O* ) #ro'o 'et7!i#o %obre ! !7'in0  3in "e re"$#ir ! 'ni'o !% (e!#$!% "e ,+i"o "e e%t4o $e %e $bie%en 3or'"o en e! re3!$jo ) (r 'ejorr ! re%i%ten#i "e ! oj!t  ! %$!3$r#i,n )  ! o+i"#i,n err$'bre. E! e!e#tr,!ito !o #on%tit$)e $n %o!$#i,n "e "i#ro'to "e %o"io. Lv"o 3in!. Se e3e#tH #on g$ "e%'iner!i" #!iente )  (re%i,n0 %e !v 3$erte'ente ! !7'in (r "ejr! e+ent "e #$!$ier re%i"$o "e(o%it"o %obre ! %$(er3i#ie.  A#eit"o Se #e (r (roteger  ! oj!t "e ! $'e"" "e! ire ) 3#i!itr %$ 'nejo0 %e #e #e (%r (%r e! 'teri 'teri! ! (or $n #eit #eit"or "or e!e#tr e!e#tro%t o%t7ti 7ti#o #o $e (er'it (er'ite e #o!o# #o!o#r!e r!e (e$e4% #nti""e% "e #eite. Cr#ter%ti#% "e ! oj!t. L% #r#ter%ti#% "e ! oj!t %on '$) "e3ini"% ) %e ($e"en 'e"ir. Entre !o% 3#tore% '7% i'(ortnte% %e tienen9 Ti(o "e #ero9 Se "ebe re#or"r $e e! #ero #on%tit$)e e! e!e'ento #entr! "e ! oj!t0 e% e! e!e'ento %o(orte ) e! $e (ro(or#ion !% #r#ter%ti#% 'e#7ni#%. E! #ero "$!#e $ti!i"o ($e"e %er (ro"$#i"o (or #o!" #ontin$ o (or !ingoter%0 "e #$er"o #on ! #o'(o%i#i,n $'i#0 !o% ti(o% "e #ero '7% $%"o% %on9  A#ero ti(o D0 e% $n #ero (g"o #on !$'inio "e%o+i""o $ti!i"o (r e'b$ti"o% (ro3$n"o% env%e% "e "o% (ie%0 #$e!!o% "e ero%o!e%0 et# E! #ero #ero ti(o L "e ASTM A Q 2&*. E%te E%te #ero e% "e bjo #onteni" #onteni"o o "e 'et!oi 'et!oi"e% "e% ) e!e'en e!e'ento% to% re%i"$!e re%i"$!e%% Ni0 Ni0 Cr0 Cr0 Mo (or !o $e e% re#o'e re#o'en" n""o "o en env%e env%e%% "e !t !t re%i%ten#i  ! #orro%i,n.  A#ero ti(o MC0 re3o%3ori"o0 re3o%3ori"o0 $%"o "on"e %e re$iere "e $n rigi"e !t.

 A#ero ti(o MR0 '$) (re#i"o ! ti(o L0 e+#e(to (or %$ #onteni"o "e re%i"$!e%0 tiene b$en re%i%ten#i  ! #orro%i,n. Se $% (r env%e% en gener!.

E%(e#i3i##ione% $'i#% (r #ero% b%e 6or#entje% (er'iti"o% E!e'ento Mngne%o Crb,n /,%3oro  A$3re Si!i#io Cobre N$e! Cro'o Mo!ib"eno  Ar%ni#o

Ti(o L .&  .2 .1& '7+. .1 '7+. . '7+. .1 '7+. .2 '7+. .- '7+. .2 '7+ . '7+. .& M7+.

Ti(o MS .&  .2 .1& '7+. .1 '7+. . '7+. .1 '7+. .1  .& .- '7+. .2 '7+ . '7+. .& '7+

Ti(o MR .&  .2 .1& '7+. .& '7+. . '7+. .1 '7+. .& '7+. NE NE NE NE

Ti(o MC .&  .2 .1& '7+ .5  .11 . '7+. .1 '7+. .& '7+ NE NE NE NE

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6%iv#i,n L (%iv#i,n tiene #o'o objetivo "i%'in$ir ! 3or'#i,n "e ,+i"o "e e%t4o %obre ! %$(er3i#ie "$rnte %$ !'#en'iento0 "i%'in$ir %$ (o%ib!e "e#o!or#i,n  #$% "e! #!ent'iento en !o% (ro#e%o% "e brni"o ) !itogr3i"o0 $'entr %$ re%i%ten#i ! ennegre#i'iento $e %$e!e (ro"$#ir%e #$n"o ! oj!t entr en #ont#to #on !i'ento%. De #$er"o #on ! nor' ASTM A2&- e! (ro#e%o "e (%iv#i,n %e ($e"e #er  (or e! 'to"o * o e! *11

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Re#o'en"#ione% (r e! 'nejo "e ! oj!t. 6r evitr o+i"#i,n0 ! oj!t "ebe !'#enr%e en $n 'biente %e#o. Si e! 'e"io 'biente e% H'e"o0 ! o+i"#i,n o#$rrir7 r7(i"'ente0  'eno% $e %e to'en !g$n% (re#$#ione% $e ! 'ini'i#en. L o+i"#i,n e% e! re%$!t"o "e ! re##i,n $'i# $e o#$rre entre e! 3ierro "e! nH#!eo "e ! oj!t $e  trv% "e !% i'(er3e##ione% "e! re#$bri'iento "e e%t4o0 $e" en #ont#to #on ! $'e"" ) e! o+geno "e! ire0 (ro"$#ien"o ! "i%o!$#i,n "e! 3ierro0 trn%3or'7n"o!o en ,+i"o0 ! #nti"" "e %te0 "e(en"e "e! t'4o ) "e ! #nti"" "e !% i'(er3e##ione% en e! re#$bri'iento "e e%t4oG 'ientr% '7% bjo e% e! re#$bri'iento0 ')or e% ! (oro%i"" ) (or !o tnto e% '7% 3#tib!e ! o+i"#i,n "$rnte e! trn%(orte o !'#en'iento en #on"i#ione% no "e#$"o%. Un ve $e e! 3en,'eno "e o+i"#i,n e'(ie0 e! (ro#e%o e% r7(i"o0 "ebi"o  ! 3or'#i,n "e on% "e ,+i"o $e '(!n e! 7re "on"e ($e"e #t$r e! g$ ) e! o+geno !evntn"o ) "e%(ren"ien"o ! (e!#$! "e e%t4o. Se (re%ent otro ($nto "e t$e "e'7% "e !% i'(er3e##ione% en ! (e!#$! "e e%t4o0 $e e% '7% #rti#o (or ! #ren#i tot! "e re#$bri'ientoG #o'o %on !% ri%t% "on"e %e n re!i"o #orte%0 bien %e (or e! 3bri#nte o (or e! $%$rio "e ! oj!t. C$n"o e! trn%(orte "e ! oj!t "ebe #er%e  grn"e% "i%tn#i%0 e% 3#tib!e tener #'bio% (re#ib!e% en e! #!i' o #$n"o %e vij " ) no#e0 ! te'(ert$r "e ! oj!t ($e"e !!egr  e%tr (or "ebjo "e! ($nto "e ro#o "e! ire $e ! ro"e0 "n"o (or re%$!t"o ! #on"en%#i,n "e g$ %obre e! 'teri!. E% '7% (erj$"i#i! #$n"o %$#e"e !o nterior %obre !7'in% #ort"% ) $e (re%entn %$% ri%t% !ibre% "e e%t4o ! 'e"io 'biente. E% #onveniente ob%ervr !% %ig$iente% (re#$#ione% #$n"o %e v  trn%(ortr0 !'#enr ) 'nejr oj!t9 N$n# "ejr ! oj!t  ! inte'(erie. E+igir trn%(orte% $e brin"en b$en (rote##i,n #ontr ! $'e"" "e! 'e"io 'biente.  A!'#enr ! oj!t en bo"eg% #err"% ) #on bj $'e"" re!tiv. No !'#enr oj!t %in ! "e#$" (rote##i,n. Si %e tienen $e in%(e##ionr (#% "e oj!t #ort"0 "eben #$brir%e n$ev'ente (r !'#enr!%. Si "$rnte ! in%(e##i,n %e ob%erv

$'e""0 %e "ebe $%r "i#o 'teri! "e in'e"ito (r evitr e! (rogre%o "e ! o+i"#i,n. C$n"o "$rnte e! (ro#e%o "e trn%3or'#i,n "e ! oj!t %e gn #orte%0 !% (rte% re%$!tnte% %e "eben $%r !o nte% (o%ib!e0 "ebi"o  $e !% ri%t% re%$!tnte% "e !o% #orte% no tienen e%t4o ) %e o+i"n r7(i"'ente. N$n# 'nejr ! oj!t %in g$nte% ) $e %e en#$entren %e#o%. L $'e"" ) !% %!e% #onteni"% en e! %$"or t#n r7(i"'ente  ! oj!t. L oj!t #ort #o'o %i 3$er nvj %ien"o '7% (e!igro% (or  !o% n$evo% #!ibre% "e!g"o%. U%r ! oj!t in'e"it'ente "e%($% "e "e%t(r! No !'#enr oj!t "$rnte (ero"o% !rgo%0 ) $e e! #eite (!i#"o (r (rote##i,n %e v (er"ien"o. No 3rotr ! oj!t #on 'teri!e% br%ivo%. T'bin e%t% re#o'en"#ione% %on (!i#b!e%  !o% env%e%.

 A!$'inio. E! !$'inio e% $n e!e'ento $'i#o 'et7!i#o0 "e %'bo!o A!0 nH'ero t,'i#o &2.:81-0 $e (ertene#e ! gr$(o IIIA "e! %i%te' (eri,"i#o. E! !$'inio ($ro e% b!n"o ) tiene (o# re%i%ten#i 'e#7ni#0 (ero 3or' !e#ione% #on otro% e!e'ento% (r $'entr %$ re%i%ten#i ) "$irir (ro(ie""e% Hti!e%. L% !e#ione% "e !$'inio %on !iger%0 3$erte% ) "e 37#i! 3or'#i,n0 %on 37#i!e% "e en%'b!r0 3$n"ir o '$inr ) #e(tn grn vrie"" "e #b"o%. 6or %$% (ro(ie""e% 3%i#%0 $'i#% ) 'et!Hrgi#%0 e! !$'inio %e  #onverti"o en e! 'et! no 3erro%o "e ')or $%o. E! !$'inio e% e! e!e'ento 'et7!i#o '7% b$n"nte en ! tierr0 (ero n$n# %e en#$entr en 3or' !ibre en ! nt$r!e. Se !! '(!i'ente "i%trib$i"o en !% (!nt% ) en #%i to"% !% ro#%0 %obre to"o en !% gne%0 $e #ontienen !$'inio en 3or' "e 'iner!e% "e !H'ino %i!i#to. L% b$+it% %on 'e#!% ) no $n e%(e#ie 'iner!0 !o% "e(,%ito% #o'er#i!e% "e b$+it #on%tn (i'or"i!'ente "e gib%it A!O * o boe'it A!OO0 o 'e#!% "e e%to% 'iner!e%. L% b$+it% %irven "e 'teri (ri' 3$n"'ent! en ! (ro"$##i,n "e! !$'inio.

E! !$'inio e% $n 'et! (!te"o #on "en%i"" "e &.5  &XC0 %e #ono#e (or %$ !t #on"$#tivi"" e!#tri# ) tr'i#. /$n"e  22 XC ) ierve  &5 XC. E! !$'inio e% e%tb!e ! ire ) re%i%tente  ! #orro%i,n (or e! g$ "e 'r0  '$#% %o!$#ione% #$o%% )  otro% gente% $'i#o%0 e%to %e "ebe  ! (rote##i,n "e! 'et! (or $n #( "e ,+i"o. A $n ($re %$(erior ! ::.0 re%i%te e! t$e "e ! ')or (rte "e !o% 7#i"o%0 (ero %e "i%$e!ve en g$ regi. S$ #( (rote#tor "e ,+i"o %e "i%$e!ve en %o!$#ione% !#!in% ) ! #orro%i,n e% r7(i". L te#no!og $e %e $ti!i '7%  'en$"o en ! (ro"$##i,n "e! !$'inio #o'(ren"e "o% et(%9 L e+tr##i,n ) ($ri3i##i,n "e ! !H'in "e !% 'en% ) ! e!e#tr,!i%i% "e! ,+i"o "e%($% "e ber%e "i%$e!to en #rio!it 3$n"i". L b$+it #on%tit$)e #on '$#o ! 'teri (ri' '7% e'(!e". En e! (ro#e%o "e e+tr##i,n "e ! !H'in0 ! b$+it %e trit$r ) %e '$e!e0 (o%terior'ente %e "i%$e!ve #on te'(ert$r )  (re%i,n en $n %o!$#i,n #on#entr" "e %o% #7$%ti#. E! re%i"$o 3or'"o (or !o% 'iner!e% $e #o'(4n  ! b$+it %e #ono#e #o'o !o"o rojo $e #ontiene !% i'($re%% in%o!$b!e%. E! !o"o rojo %e %e(r "e ! %o!$#i,n. En e! en3ri'iento "e ! %o!$#i,n %e %obre%t$r #on re%(e#to  ! !H'in. 6r (ro"$#ir e! 'et!0 e! (ro"$#to !H'in #ri%t!i" #o'o gibb%it %e #!#in %t te'(ert$r% "e 1* XC (r (ro"$#ir !H'in #on #onteni"o% "e %o% "e .*  .80 'eno% "e .1 "e ,+i"o "e 3ierro ) tr% "e otro% ,+i"o%. En ! 3$n"i#i,n0 ! !H'in %e "i%$e!ve en #e!"% o #$b% $e %on #ontene"ore% re#tng$!re% "e #ero reve%ti"o #on #rb,n0 $e #ontienen $n e!e#tr,!ito 3$n"i"o b4o #o'($e%to (rin#i(!'ente (or #rio!it N* A!/20 e! b4o #ontiene nor'!'ente "e! & ! 8 "e !H'in. En !% #e!"%0 #$e!gn "e ! (rte %$(erior  7no"o% "e #rb,n $e (enetrn en e! b4o 3$n"i"o $no% - #'. E! #!or $e %e re$iere (r 'ntener e! b4o 3$n"i"o !o %$'ini%tr ! re%i%ten#i e!#tri# $e (re%ent e! b4o #$n"o (% ! #orriente e!#tri# (or !. E! (%o "e ! #orriente e!#tri# "ire#t  trv% "e! e!e#tr,!ito "e%#o'(one ! !H'in "i%$e!t. E! 'et! %e "e(o%it %obre e! #7to"o ) e! o+geno %obre e! 7no"o "e #rb,n $e %e #on%$'e gr"$!'ente. E! (ro#e%o "e 3$%i,n e% #ontin$o. Se "i#ion ! !H'in0 %e ree'(!n !o% 7no"o% ) e! !$'inio 3$n"i"o %e e+tre (eri,"i#'ente %in interr$'(ir ! #orriente "e !% #e!"%. E! !$'inio 3$n"i"o %e "e !% #e!"% "e 3$%i,n %e (%  grn"e% #ri%o!e%. De %to% e! 'et! ($e"e v#ir%e "ire#t'ente (r (ro"$#ir !ingote% "e 3$n"i#i,n0 o bien ($e"e trn%3erir%e  orno% "e #onten#i,n (r $n re3in'iento (o%terior o (r !er%e #on otro% 'et!e% ) 3or'r !ingote%. E! !$'inio (ri'rio0 t! #o'o viene "e ! #e!"0 tiene (ro+i'"'ente $n ::.8 "e ($re. E! !$'inio e% n3,tero ) ($e"e re##ionr #on 7#i"o% 'iner!e% (r 3or'r %!e% %o!$b!e% #on "e%(ren"i'iento "e i"r,geno. A te'(ert$r% !t%0 re"$#e  '$#o% #o'($e%to% $e #ontienen o+geno0 %obre to"o  !o% ,+i"o% 'et7!i#o%.

L% !e#ione% "e! !$'inio %on %$%tn#i% 3or'"% (or ! "i#i,n "e $no o '7% e!e'ento%0 'et!e% (or !o gener!0 ! !$'inio. Lo% (rin#i(!e% e!e'ento% "e !e#i,n (r e! !$'inio %on e! 'gne%io0 %i!i#io0 #obre0 in# ) 'ngne%o. L% !e#ione% %e!i%t 12.(tA! 1 C$ & Mn * Si Wn  Otro% Se "i#ionn #nti""e% 'enore% "e otro% e!e'ento%0 #o'o Cr0 Wr0 V0 6b ) Bi0 (r 3ine% e%(e#i!e%. L% "i#ione% "e Ti %e e'(!en (r (ro"$#ir e%tr$#t$r "e grno 3ino. L% !e#ione% "e 3$n"i#i,n %on 3bri#"% #on #nti""e% #on%i"erb!e% "e 'et! "e re#$(er#i,n0 %0 !% !e#ione% "e 3$n"i#i,n #ontienen nor'!'ente #nti""e% 'enore% "e vrio% e!e'ento%G %to% no #$%n (rob!e'% %i %e 'ntienen "entro "e #ierto% !'ite%. E! $%o "e 'teri! re#$(er"o e% "e #re#iente i'(ortn#i0 ) $e %e re"$#e ! energ re$eri" (r 3bri#r (ro"$#to% "e !$'inio. E! !$'inio e% $n e!e'ento tn #ono#i"o ) "e $%o tn "i3$n"i"o $e e% "i3#i! #reer  $e en e! %ig!o ?I? $n re) "e Din'r# $%b $n #oron "e !$'inio0 en 18& %e %e(r e! !$'inio "e %$ 'iner! %e re$iri, "e '$#o% 4o% (r $e e! (ro#e%o "e obten#i,n 3$er e3i#iente ) %e ($"ier obtener en 3or' in"$%tri!. En 1: %e 3bri#n t(% "e !$'inio (r trro%0 !$ego0 en e! ini#io "e ! 6ri'er ;$err M$n"i!0 en E$ro( %e $%ron !o% (ri'ero% env%e% (ri'rio% (r go' "e '%#r ) !g$n% otr% go!o%in% 3bri#"o% #on oj "e !$'inio. En 1: %e 3bri#n !o% (ri'ero% env%e% 3bri#"o% #on oj "e !$'inio0 ) e% en 1:: #$n"o %e "i%e4 ! (ri'er !t "e !$'inio. /$e $%"o (or (ri'er ve en 3or' "e !t en E%#n"invi0 (r env%r (e%#"o0 !e#e0 #rne ) veget!e%.  A!g$n% "e !% #r#ter%ti#% $e #en $e %e '$) (re#i"o #o'o 'teri! "e env%e %on9 6o#o (e%o Di3#i! "e ro'(er  /7#i! "e r%gr  er'ti#o igini#o Sin %o!""$r% Ino+i"b!e No (ro"$#e #i%(

Con ::. "e re#i#!je Brrer  ! !$ /7#i! "e e'b$tir  In%boro No tiene o!or  B$en trn%'i%or "e! #!or  Brrer  !o% g%e% En e! 'er#"o %e en#$entrn ti(o% #o'er#i!'ente ($ro% "e !$'inio0 otro% "e !e#ione% $e %on '7% re%i%tente%  ! #orro%i,n0 en to"o% !o% #%o%0 %on $'i#'ente trt"o% (r 'ejorr ! "e%i,n "e tint% ) !#%. E! !$'inio (re%ent !g$n% "e%ventj% #o'o $e no re%i%te env%r en ! (ro"$#to% "e bj #i"e o $e #ontengn #!or$ro%0 no re%i%te i'(#to%0 ) $e "ebi"o  %$ '!ebi!i"" e% '$) 37#i! $e #$!$ier go!(e "eje 'r# vi%ib!e.

oj 3oi! "e !$'inio. E! 3oi! "e !$'inio %e (ro"$#e  b%e "e !ingote% "e !$'inio0 %$ (ro#e%o #on%i%te en (%r !o% !ingote% (or '7$in% !'in"or% $e (o#o  (o#o !o vn re"$#ien"o "e e%(e%or %t vo!ver!o $n oj "e!g" #ontin$ en ro!!o% "e e%(e%ore% $e vn "e : %t 1- 'i#rone%. E! 3oi! oj "e !$'inio %ig$e %ien"o "e%($% "e '$#o% 4o%0 ! 'ejor brrer "i%(onib!e ! v(or "e g$ )  ! trn%'i%i,n "e g%e%. S$ %(e#to 'et7!i#o e% (rove#"o (r '$# "iver%i"" "e e'($e%G %in e'brgo0 "ebi"o  %$ !to #o%to0 %e $% (rin#i(!'ente en e%(e%ore% '$) "e!g"o%. E! !$'inio en e%(e%ore% "e :  & 'i#rone% "ebe %er (rotegi"o (or 'teri!e% (!7%ti#o% o ((e!0 ($e% "e !o #ontrrio %$% (ro(ie""e% brrer %e re"$#en notori'ente (or 3r#t$r% o (er3or#ione% (ino!e%0 e% "e#ir $e %e "ebe !'inr #on (o!ieti!eno0 ((e! "e!g"o * gr'o% (or ' &0 (o!i%ter o (o!i(ro(i!eno. En gener! %e ($e"e "e#ir $e  ')or 3!e+ibi!i"" "e! !'in"o0 ')or (rote##i,n %e v  obtener. Sie'(re  e+i%ti"o ! "$" entre !o% $%$rio% "e !'in"o%  b%e "e 3oi! "e !$'inio0 en #$nto ! nH'ero '7+i'o "e (er3or#ione% (ino!e% $e ($e"e tener #" e%(e#ie. Si e! !$'inio v !'in"o #on "e%ivo  $n ((e! ) tiene "e'7% $n !to nH'ero "e (ino!e%0 ! (er'ebi!i"" ! v(or "e g$ ) o+geno0  trv% "e e%% (er3or#ione% e% '$) grn"eG (ero %i en !$gr "e ((e! %e $ti!i (e!#$! (!7%ti# "e !t brrer en e! !'in"o0 ! (er'ebi!i"" "i%'in$)e notb!e'ente. En E%t"o% Uni"o%0 ! e%(e#i3i##i,n "e! nH'ero "e (er3or#ione% (or (ie #$"r"o e%9

A!$'inio

6er3or#ione%

: 'i#rone% 1& 'i#rone% & 'i#rone%

& 1 

E+i%ten "o% ti(o% "e !$'inio9

 A!$'inio b!n"o. Se $% (r 3bri#r !'in"o% 3!e+ib!e%

 A!$'inio "$ro. Se $% (rin#i(!'ente (r e! e'($e "e "rog% ti(o b!i%terF "ebi"o  ! 3#i!i"" "e (er3or#i,n $e (re%ent e%te ti(o "e !$'inio. E! !$'inio %e "e%grr #on 3#i!i"" en e%(e%ore% (e$e4o% ) $e tiene (o# re%i%ten#i  ! tr##i,n0 (or e%o0 ! i'(re%i,n en e%o% #!ibre% e% '$) "i3#i! %in e%tr !'in"o en $n %o(orte "e#$"o.

/or'% '7% #o'$ne% "e !o% env%e% 'et7!i#o%. L% 3or'% "e !o% env%e% 3bri#"o% #on 'teri!e% 'et7!i#o% #ero "$!#e "e bjo #rb,n ti(o% L ) MR0 #ero ino+i"b!e0 oj!t ) oj "e !$'inio %e ($e"en #!%i3i#r (or ! 3or' "e %$ %e##i,n trn%ver%! ) !o% '7% #o'$ne% %on9

Env%e re"on"o S$ %e##i,n trn%ver%! e% #ir#$!r ) %e ($e"en "ivi"ir en Env%e #i!n"ri#o Re#i(iente 'et7!i#o #on b%e #ir#$!r0 "e (re" re#ti!ne0 #$e!!"o0 #or"on"o. Env%e #,ni#o tr$n#"o

Re#i(iente 'et7!i#o en 3or' "e v%o0 #on b%e #ir#$!r  '7% (e$e4 $e ! bo# %$(erior ) (re" re#ti!ne.

Env%e re#tng$!r  S$ %e##i,n trn%ver%! e% re#tng$!r o #$"r" #on !% e%$in% re"on"e"%

Env%e ob!ongo En "on"e %$ %e##i,n trn%ver%! %e 3or' #on "o% %e'i#r#$!o% en %$% e+tre'o%0 $ni"o% (or "o% (r!e!%.

Env%e ov!"o E% e! env%e en $e %$ %e##i,n trn%ver%! tiene ! 3or' "e $n e!i(%e.

Env%e tr(eoi"! Co'o %$ no'bre !o in"i# %$ %e##i,n e% tr(eoi"!0 #on %$% #$tro e%$in% re"on"e"%.

Bote %nitrio E! bote %nitrio e% $n re#i(iente "e oj!t o "e #ero !ibre "e e%t4o T/S $e %e $% (r #ontener (ro"$#to% !i'enti#io%0 gener!'ente (r obtener '7% %eg$ri"" ) #!i"" %e re#$bren en %$ interior #on brni %nitrio. Dentro "e !% (rin#i(!e% #r#ter%ti#% "e !o% bote% o !t% %nitri% %e tienen9 Debe %er 3bri#"o #on $n 'teri! $e no !tere ning$n "e !% #r#ter%ti#% "e !o% !i'ento% $e %e env%en en !. E! 'teri! "e! bote "ebe %er b$en #on"$#tor "e! #!or. Tiene $e %er !igero ) re%i%tente. E! env%e "ebe %er "e 37#i! !!en"o ) #err"o

Tiene $e %er (o%ib!e (ro"$#ir!o en vrio% t'4o% #on ! 'i%' 3or' i'gen "e 'r#. Debe %er "(tb!e  vrio% (ro"$#to% ver%7ti!. 6$e"en #!%i3i#r%e (or ! 3or' "e %$ %e##i,n trn%ver%! #o'o %e trt, $n (o#o nte% #ir#$!re% o re"on"%0 re#tng$!re%0 ov!"%0 ob!ong% ) tr(eoi"!e%. T'bin %e ($e"en #!%i3i#r (or ! #on%tr$##i,n "e %$ #$er(o (re" !ter! ) 3on"o en "e $n %o! (ie %in %o!""$r !ter!0 "e "o% (ie%0 "e tre% (ie%  A!g$n% "e !% #r#ter%ti#% e%(e#i!e% "e #on%tr$##i,n %on 9

 A#$e!!"o Con%i%te en #er re"$##ione% en $no o en !o% "o% e+tre'o% "e ! (re" !ter!.

E+(n"i"o Con%i%te en $'entr ! %e##i,n trn%ver%! "e ! (re"0 ) %e (r 3#i!itr e! !!en"o0 (r obtener ')or 3#i!i"" en e! #o'o"o interior "e! (ro"$#to o (or rone% "e "i%e4o i'gen.

 A#or"on"o E! no'bre "e #or"on"o %e !e " ! #$er(o $e tiene ni!!o% en e! #$er(o0 $e %e #ono#en #o'o #or"one%0 ($e"en tener "i3erente% "i%e4o% ) %on (r "r!e ')or re%i%ten#i  ! (re" !ter!.

Si%te' "e #ierre E! %i%te' "e #ierre e% e! $e (er'ite obtener ) 'ntener ! er'eti#i"" en e! env%e. E! %i%te' "e #ierre $ti!i"o "ebe %er e3e#tivo (or %i 'i%'o0 ) $e "e%($% "e "i%trib$i"o0 e! 3bri#nte no tiene #ontro! %obre !o% (ro"$#to%. En e! $e ! t( %e ($e"e re'over (or (re%i,n0 (or "e%!i'iento "e ! t( o #ien"o (!n# (r 3r ! t( "e! ni!!o $e ! %o%tiene. Se ($e"e $%r (r brir ) #errr re(eti"% ve#e%. 6$e"e %er "e 3ri##i,n %i'(!e0 "e 3ri##i,n 'H!ti(!e o "e 3ri##i,n tot!.

E! ti(o ro%#"o E% in"i%(en%b!e $e ! bo# "e! env%e teng ro%#0 %e ($e"e brir  ) #errr re(eti"% ve#e%. L er'eti#i"" nte% "e brir!o (or (ri'er ve0 "e(en"e "e! 'teri! 3!e+ib!e $e #e e! %e!!o (or ! (re%i,n $e !o "e3or' entre e! env%e ) ! t(0 (or !o $e ! "$re ) %e!e##i,n "e! 'teri! e'(!e"o en e! e'($e e% (ri'or"i!.

E! ti(o engrgo!"o E% e! ti(o '7% #o'Hn "e #ierre. 6$e"e %er (er'nente0 $e %e #ono#e #o'o "e "ob!e #ierre0 $e %e re$iere #ortr #on $n bre!t% (r e+trer e! #onteni"o "e ! !t0 no %e ($e"e #errr n$ev'ente. E+i%te otro0 en e! $e $n oj "e !$'inio e% eng3ontP %ie91-.(tG'%oPbi"iP3ontP%ie91.(t V7!v$! (r ero%o!e% Se ($e"e #on%i"err #o'o $n #ierre er'ti#o $e (er'ite brir ) #errr re(eti"% ve#e% e! env%e ! e+trer e! 'teri! $e %e en#$entr  (re%i,n "entro "e! env%e. C$n"o e! #ierre o %$% e!e'ento% %on "e '! #!i"" %e (ier"e e! (ro(e!ente ) "ej "e %ervir e! (ro"$#to (or ! 3!t "e er'eti#i"".

Mto"o% "e (ert$r. Son tnt% 3or'% "e brir !o% env%e% 'et7!i#o% #o'o 3or'% "e #errr!o% %e n "e%rro!!"o. L ')or %e bren #on bre!t%0 otro% e% #ien"o (!n# (r "e%trbr ! t( "e "ob!e 3ri##i,n (int$r%0 otr% %e bren 'e"inte $n !!ve $e %e in#!$)e en e! env%e "eri"0 %e tienen !% $e #ierrn #on t(,n "e ro%# #eite% ) %o!vente%0 ) !% "e 3ri##i,n tot! $e %e e'(!en (r !% gr%% !$bri#nte%. En !o% 4o% 1: Q 1:20 %e e'(eron  intro"$#ir !% !t% "e #erve0 (ero 3$e %t 1:2*0 #$n"o #on e! "e%rro!!o "e !o% #ierre% r7(i"o% "e tir"or "e ni!!o %e (ro"$jo $n in#re'ento '$) 'r#"o en ! intro"$##i,n ! g$%to "e !o% #on%$'i"ore% (or $n n$evo env%e $e %e ($e"e en3rir en 'eno% tie'(o ) $e no %e ro'(e. M7% re#iente'ente n %i"o "e%rro!!"o% !o% #ierre% #ono#i"o% #o'o bre 37#i! o "e (ert$r (r verti"o0 "on"e ! tirr "e $n ni!!o0 %e "e%(ren"e $n (or#i,n "e ! t( $e 3#i!it e! verti"o "e! !$i"o. Con e! 'i%'o (rin#i(io %e "e%rro!!ron otr% t(% $e %e ($e"en %e(rr tot!'ente0 %t% %e #ono#en #o'o "e (ert$r tot! ) %e $%n (r (ro"$#to% %,!i"o%.

/bri##i,n "e !% !t%  A! (rin#i(io0 !% !t% %e (ro"$jeron "e 3or' rte%n!0 $n  $n0 #ortn"o ! !7'in #on tijer%0 %e ro!b ! !7'in (r "r ! #$rvt$r0 %e 'o!"eb e! #$er(o en $n 'o!"e #i!n"ri#o ) %e %o!"bn !% j$nt% "e! #$ero ) !o% e+tre'o% t(%. En ! (rte %$(erior %e "ejb $n ori3i#io (r intro"$#ir e! !i'ento0 $e (o%terior'ente %e %e!!b #on %o!""$r. L% !t% $e %e 3bri#n en ! #t$!i"" %on !% !t% "e tre% (ie% #on %o!""$r e!e#tr,gen ) !% !t% "e "o% (ie% #on%tr$i"% 'e"inte "o% %i%te'% (rin#i(!e%9 /or'"o ) (!n#"o D_I $e tiene e! 3on"o '7% gr$e%o $e ! (re"0 tre% ve#e% '7%0 e% (rti#$!r'ente Hti! (r env%r #erve o bebi"% #rbont"%0 ($e% e! (ro"$#to (re%$ri"o "  !% (re"e% re%i%ten#i. E! otro ti(o e% e! "eno'in"o DRD "ob!e 3or'"o0 $e (er'ite !t% $e tienen e! gro%or "e ! (re" '$) %i'i!r ! "e! 3on"o.

Lt "e tre% (ie%. Con%tn e%en#i!'ente "e $n #$er(o #i!n"ri#o0 e!bor"o 'e"inte %o!""$r0 ) "o% t(% o e+tre'o%. L% et(% e%en#i!e% "e ! 3bri##i,n "e !t% "e tre% (ie% %on !% %ig$iente%9 -

Corte "e! ro!!o "e oj!t en !7'in% re#tng$!re% Si e% ne#e%rio (!i#r !# (rote#tor De#or#i,n e+tern en #%o "e %er ne#e%rio Corte !ongit$"in! "e !% !7'in% en (or#ione% re#tng$!re% /or'#i,n "e ! (re" "e $n #i!in"ro #on $n j$nt !ter! %o!""$r /or'#i,n "e rebor"e% en #" e+tre'o "e ! (re" "e! #i!in"ro  A#o(!'iento "e $no o "o% "e !o% e+tre'o% %egHn e! %i%te' "e #err"o Co'(rob#i,n Envo  !% !ne% "e !!en"o

Corte "e! ro!!o en !7'in% re#tng$!re% L !7'in "e 'et! $e %e %$rte en ro!!o0 (or r,n nt$r! tiene $n #$rvt$r0 "e 'ner $e %e #ort en tr'o% re#tng$!re% "e #$er"o ! t'4o "e !o% env%e%  3bri#r (r !ogrr %$ 'ejor (rove#'iento #on e! 'ni'o

"e%(er"i#io0 %i %e re$iere0 (%  $n (!n#"o $e tiene (or objeto tener  tr'o% (er3e#t'ente (!no%0 #on !o% $e %e ($e"e %eg$ir "e!nte e! (ro#e%o "e 3bri##i,n "e! env%e.

Si e% ne#e%rio (!i#r !#. Co'o e! (ro#e%o $e %e "e%#ribe e% e! 'i%'o (r #$!$ier ti(o "e env%e 'et7!i#o "e tre% (ie%0 ($e"e %er $e %e $%e !7'in "e #ero $e no %e en#$entre re#$biert (or e%t4o o (or #ro'o o %i'(!e'ente $e e! #on%$'i"or  $ier tener (rote##i,n e+tr (r %$ (ro"$#to ) !o %o!i#ite #on !# (rote#tor (or  e! interior. A% $e %e re$iere (!i#r $n #( "e re#$bri'iento %intti#o brni (r !ogrr ! (rote##i,n "e! (ro"$#to env%"o. L (!i##i,n "e brni en !o% env%e% 'et7!i#o% %e re'ont ! 4o "e 1:*0 en Ing!terr. Tie'(o "e%($% %e $%ron en !o% E%t"o% Uni"o%. E! +ito obteni"o bri, ! ($ert  n$ev% inve%tig#ione% (r 3or'$!#ione% "e brni#e% (rote#tore% (r env%e%G en ! #t$!i"" %e #o'er#i!in '% "e * ti(o% "e (ro"$#to% "i3erente%. L (!i##i,n "e! brni (rote#tor %e #e  !% %e##ione% "e !7'in (!n#" 'e"inte e! $%o "e ro"i!!o% "e #ero0 %e re#$bre ) %e #e (%r (or $n orno #on e! objeto "e obtener !% 'ejore% #$!i""e% "e! re#$bri'iento.

De#or#i,n e+tern. Si e! (ro"$#to no %e "i%e4 #on eti$et "e ((e!0 "ebe %er !itogr3i"o0 o(er#i,n $e %e #e in'e"it'ente "e%($% "e (!i#r e! brni interior. A! ig$! $e #on e! otro re#$bri'iento0 %e "ebe orner (r "r ! "$re re$eri" ) ve!o#i"" ! (ro#e%o. L i'(re%i,n e+tern tiene otro 'otivo e+tr ) $e e% "i3erente ! "e ! eti$et "e ((e! ) e% brin"r (rote##i,n  !o% env%e% #ontr ! #orro%i,n ) e! ,+i"o. L% !7'in% (rotegi"% interior ) e+terior'ente "e%($% "e! orneo (%n  ! %ig$iente o(er#i,n "e %$ 'n$3#t$r ) $e (er'ite 'nejr ) #" env%e en 3or' in"ivi"$!.

Corte "e !% !7'in% re#tng$!re% en tr'o% '7% (e$e4o% (r e! #$er(o $nitrio "e! env%e. L% !7'in% (r !o% #$er(o% %e #ortn (or 'e"io "e #i!!% $to'7ti#% $e %e##ionn ! !7'in re#$biert en %$ %e##i,n trn%ver%! ) (or #$#i!!% #ir#$!re% "e #ero en"$re#i"o0 (or %$ %e##i,n !ongit$"in!0 (or rone% obvi% !% !7'in%

(e$e4% "e !o% #$er(o% $e %e obtengn0 "eben %er (er3e#t'ente e%#$"r"%. L% (e$e4% !7'in% (%n (or $no% ro"i!!o% $e %$(ri'en !% irreg$!ri""e% $e %e ($"ieron ber "e%rro!!"o "$rnte !% o(er#ione% nteriore%.

/or'#i,n "e ! (re" "e $n #i!in"ro #on $n j$nt !ter!. En%eg$i" %e #ortn !% e%$in% "e #" #$er(o (r $e #$n"o %e 3or'e e! engrgo!"o0 %te %,!o teng en !o% e+tre'o% "o% e%(e%ore% "e 'et!. C$n"o no %e %$e!"e #on !7%er0 %e "ob!n (or !o% e+tre'o% "e !o% !"o% '7% #orto% (r 3or'r "o% (e%t4% o gn#o% en #" $no "e !o% #nto%. Se "ebe (!egr $no #i rrib ) e! otro #i bjo (r $e %e e'bonen ) %e ($e" 3or'r e! #$er(o ! engrgo!r!o% ) %o!"r!o% (egr!o%. En ! #t$!i""0 ! j$nt !ter! e% %o!"" nor'!'ente (or re%i%ten#i ) %igni3i# $n (rogre%o #on re%(e#to  ! %o!""$r tr"i#ion!0 (er'itien"o % e!i'inr e! (!o'o "e! #onteni"o "e ! !t ) "e! 'e"io 'biente "e ! 37bri#. L %o!""$r e!e#tr,gen $ti!i 'eno% 'et! en ! j$nt !ter! ) $e !% %o!""or% 'o"ern% %,!o ne#e%itn $n %$(er(o%i#i,n "e . '' ) e! "i7'etro 'ni'o "e! #i!in"ro  3or'r #on %o!""$r (or re%i%ten#i e% "e & ''. L% !t% %o!""% (or  re%i%ten#i %e 3bri#n en %$ ')or "e oj!t.  A$n$e e! #ero %in e%t4o no ($e"e %er %o!""o en 3or' #orre#t (or  re%i%ten#i0 %i ($e"e %er %o!""o 37#i!'ente 'e"inte 3$%i,n (or !7%er0 %ie'(re $e !o% bor"e%  $nir %e j$nten  to(e0 %in %$(er(o%i#i,n0 ) %e "irij e! r)o !7%er  (r 3$n"ir !% %$(er3i#ie% "e! 'et! en #ont#to "e 3or' $e $e"en %o!""%.

L% ventj% "e ! %o!""$r (or !7%er %on9 Se ($e"e %o!"r #ero %in e%t4o ) %in !i'(ie "e bor"e%. Se ($e"e %o!"r oj!t ) !$'inio L %o!""$r  to(e e'(!e 'eno% 'teri!. No %e re$iere !'bre "e #obre (r %o!"r. L% %o!""$r% %on '7% !i%% ) '7% 37#i!e% "e (roteger. L% %o!""$r% %on '7% e%tti#% 6$e"en %o!"r%e (re"e% (r #i!in"ro% "e 'enor "i7'etro $e #on ! %o!""$r (or re%i%ten#i. L %o!""$r !ter! (or !7%er #t$!'ente tiene $n ve!o#i"" "e * '  'in.0 'ientr% $e ! %o!""$r (or re%i%ten#i e% "e 5 '  'in.

/or'#i,n "e rebor"e% en #" e+tre'o "e ! (re" "e! #i!in"ro. Un ve $e e! #$er(o  $e""o %o!""o0 %e (%  ! '$in rebor"e"or "on"e %on #entr"o% entre "o% #be!e% $e %e "(tn  !o% 3on"o% "e! bote ) %e '$even $no #i e! otro #ien"o $e !o% bor"e% "e! #$er(o %e #'(nen #i 3$er (re(rn"o % !o% e+tre'o% "e! #$er(o (r re#ibir e! 3on"o ) "e%($% ! t(.

/bri##i,n "e t(% L% oj% "e !7'in %e #ortn en tir% on"$!"%0 "e e%t% tir% %e e%t'(n !% t(% #on (ren%% $to'7ti#%G !o% ni!!o% #on#ntri#o% $e grb ! (ren% en !% t(%0 e%t7n "e%tin"o%  (er'itir bo'b'iento "$rnte e! trt'iento tr'i#o ) re"$#ir % !o% e%3$ero% %obre !% $nione% "e !o% #$er(o% "e! bote.

/or'#i,n "e! env%e. 6r #er e! engrgo!"o "e! 3on"o ) (o%terior'ente ! t( en e! #%o "e! bote %nitrio0 %e e'(!e $n '7$in in%ert"or o #err"or. L% o(er#ione% %i'(!i3i#"% #on%i%ten en (oner $n #$er(o en $n %o(orte girtorio $e e'bon #on e! (er'etro "e! #$er(o0 en ! (rte %$(erior %e #o!o# e! 3on"o e%t'("o ) $e tiene $n #ej (r #er ! $ni,n0 $n %o(orte %$(erior bj ) 'ntiene e! 3on"o (re%ion"o #ontr e! #$er(o (r $e e! #'(n"o $e %e io ! #$er(o ) ! #ej $e %e "ejo "$rnte e! e%t'("o "e! 3on"o %e 'ntengn $ni"o% 'ientr% $n (r "e 'o!et% o ro"i!!o% #on $n rebje e%(e#i! #tHn %$#e%iv'ente %obre e! bor"e "e !% "o% (ie% (r #er "ob!e#e% (ro(i"o% (r obtener e! engrgo!"o er'ti#o entre ! (re" ) e! 3on"o. E! engrgo!"o ter'in"o0 $e "ebe j$%tr%e  #iert% "i'en%ione% nor'!i"%0 #on%t "e #in#o e%(e%ore% "e ! !7'in e'(!e". Si en ! 3bri##i,n "e! #$er(o %e $% e! %i%te' "e engti!!"o0 "on"e #oin#i"en !% $nione% %e ten"r7 $n e%(e%or e$iv!ente  %iete ve#e% e! e%(e%or "e ! !7'in $%". 6r #o!o#r ! t( "e! bote %e $% e! 'i%'o %i%te' $e (r #o!o#r e! 3on"o. C$n"o !% o(er#ione% "e%#rit% nterior'ente %e n e#o bien0 %e ten"r7 #o'o re%$!t"o $n env%e er'ti#o ) $e re%i%te e! trt'iento tr'i#o ne#e%rio (r ! #on%erv#i,n "e !o% !i'ento%. E+i%ten otro% env%e% "e 'et! #o'o !% !t%0 #$bet% ) !o% t'bore% $e %e 3bri#n %ig$ien"o !o% 'i%'o% (rin#i(io% $e (r !% !t% %nitri% (ero #on ! %!ve"" "e $e no %on er'ti#o% ) $e !% t(% %on (ie% "i#ion!e% $e (or 'e"io "e 'e#ni%'o% (ro(i"o% (ro"$#en %e!!"o% e3e#tivo% (ero $e no %e

($e"en #on%i"err er'ti#o%. T'bin %e "eben tener (re%ente% !o% t$bo% "e 'et! #o!(%ib!e% ) !o% env%e% (r ero%o!.

T$bo% #o!(%ib!e% o "e(re%ib!e% Co'o 'e"io "e env%"o !o% t$bo% #o!(%ib!e% n en#ontr"o (!i##i,n "e%"e #e $n (o#o '7% "e %ig!o ) 'e"io 18-1 #o'o env%e (r (int$r% ! ,!eo ) $n (o#o '7% "e $n %ig!o "e $e %e e'(eron  $%r en !% (%t% (r !i'(ie b$#!. En ! #t$!i"" e+i%te $n grn vrie"" "e env%e% #o!(%ib!e%0 e! env%e "e(re%ib!e  %$3ri"o in3ini"" "e 'o"i3i##ione%. n (er"$r"o (or ! 3#i!i"" $e tienen #o'o "e%(#"ore% ) ! i"e "e !o% #on%$'i"ore% "e $e %e trt "e $n env%e !i'(io e igini#o. Origin!'ente !o% t$bo% #o!(%ib!e% %e $%ron en (ro"$#to% 3r'#$ti#o% ) #o%'ti#o%. Lo% 'et!e% '7% e'(!e"o% %on e! e%t4o ) e! !$'inio0 $n$e %e %ig$en $%n"o !o% 3bri#"o% #on (!o'o (r 'teri!e% e%(e#i!e% ) $e no re(re%entn rie%go (r ! %!$". Si !o% (ro"$#to%  env%r en t$bo% "e(re%ib!e% ($"iern %$3rir !gHn "eterioro (or  %$ #ont#to0 %e ($e"e re%o!ver e! (rob!e' re#$brien"o intern'ente e! env%e #on !g$n re%in 3!e+ib!e ) #o'(tib!e #on e! #onteni"o. En !g$n% o#%ione% e% re#o'en"b!e (oner !gHn %e!!"or en e! %e!!o "e! t$bo (r evitr $e !go "e! #onteni"o ($"ier %!ir "e! env%e.

Bote% (r ero%o!. Se 3bri#n "e ! 'i%' 'ner $e !% !t% en !o $e %e re3iere ! #$er(o #i!n"ri#o ) e! 3on"o. Lo $e vr e% ! t( %$(erior ) ! (re%en#i "e $n %i%te' "o%i3i#"or (r e! #ontro! en ! (!i##i,n "e! #onteni"o. L (re%ent#i,n en ero%o! tiene $n (o#o '7% "e 'e"io %ig!o 1:- "e %er $%"0 e% in"$"b!e $e ! (rin#i(! #r#ter%ti# e% ! #o'o"i"" $e re(re%ent (r ! (!i##i,n "e! #onteni"o. L (rin#i(! 'ejor $e n %$3ri"o !o% ero%o!e% 3$e e! #'bio "e (ro(e!ente% ) $e !o% 3!$oro#rbono% $e %e $%bn origin!'ente (erj$"i#n ! #( "e oono. En ! #t$!i"" !o% (ro(e!ente% '7% $%"o% %on e! bi,+i"o "e #rbono ) e! (ro(no. D" ! grn vrie"" tnto "e (ro"$#to% "en%i""e% ) vi%#o%i""e% #o'o "e $%o% #o'e%tib!e%0 in%e#ti#i"%0 'e"i#in%0 (int$r%0 et#. e% ne#e%ri $n grn #nti"" "e 'e#ni%'o% "e (!i##i,n. En ! #t$!i"" %e ($e"e #on%i"err $e

e+i%ten '7% "e "o% 'i! "i3erente% %i%te'% "e #tiv#i,n "e !% v7!v$!% "e #ontro!0 "e! %i%te' "e e+($!%i,n ) "e! ti(o "e (ro)e##i,n "e! #onteni"o0 e+i%ten env%e% $e tienen b!ine% en %$ interior (r 3#i!itr e! 'e#!"o (int$r% nte% "e (!i#r e! (ro"$#to. E%te ti(o "e env%e re$iere "e $n t( (r (roteger e! %i%te' "e ! bo$i!!. ;ener!'ente 3or'n (rte "e ! (re%ent#i,n e%tti# "e! env%e.

*

Env%e% ) e'b!je% "e ((e! ) #rt,n.

i%tori En e! 4o 1 "e n$e%tr er0 T%`i L$n "e%#$bri, $e ! ($!( obteni" "e !% 3ibr% "e ! 'orer0 #74'o ) !g$n% ierb%0 ! %er #o'(ri'i"% %obre $n #e"o ) !$ego %e#r%e0 (ro"$# $n !7'in '$) b%orbente %obre ! $e %e (o" e%#ribir '$#o 'ejor $e %obre e! ((iro o e! (erg'ino. En e! 4o 51 !o% 7rbe% to'ron (ri%ionero% !g$no% #ino% $e #o'btn (or ! (o%e%i,n "e S'rKn" ) entre e!!o% !g$no% #ono#n ! 3bri##i,n "e! ((e!. De%"e enton#e% e'(ie  "i3$n"ir%e (or e! '$n"o entero !o% %e#reto% "e ! 3bri##i,n "e! ((e!. Lo% 7rbe% !!evn ! 3bri##i,n "e ((e!  E%(4 en e! 4o :. Con ! ($b!i##i,n "e (eri,"i#o% en 12: %e ini#i en E$ro( e% i'(ortnte in"$%tri. E! (ri'er (ro"$##i,n "e ((e! en A'ri# "t "e 12:.Pbi"iP3ontP%ie91.(t Se #on%i"er ! inven#i,n "e ! i'(rent "e ti(o% ',vi!e% #o'o e! #onte#i'iento '7% grn"e en ! i%tori "e ! #$!t$r $niver%! (or %$% (ro3$n"% ) (er'nente% re(er#$%ione% en !% #ien#i%0 !% rte%0 ) !% $'ni""e%0 "e'7% "e %$% i'(!i##ione% en e! '$n"o "e ! #o'$ni##i,n %o#i! en to"o% %$% nive!e%0 ) $e (er'iti, ! '%i3i##i,n "e! #ono#i'iento ) ! in3or'#i,n. Sin ! inven#i,n "e! ((e! ! i'(rent no $bier teni"o r,n "e %er. Ning$no "e !o% 'e"io% $ti!i"o% nte% (or e! o'bre (r "ejr te%ti'onio "e %$ (en%'iento ten !% #r#ter%ti#% ne#e%ri% (r (o"er i'(ri'ir 37#i!'ente. S,!o e! ((e! (ro(or#ion, !% #on"i#ione% ne#e%ri% "e e#ono'0 3#i!i"" "e (ro"$##i,n ) (tit$" (r ! i'(re%i,n r7(i"0 #!r0 3ir'e ) %eg$r. E! $%o "e! ((e! #ontin$, ) %e #e!er, #on e! "e%rro!!o "e ! 'e#7ni# (!i#" ) ! revo!$#i,n in"$%tri!. S$ $%o %e e+tien"e  otro% #'(o% #o'o e! "e !% envo!t$r% o ($ete%0 !o% #$!e% $ti!i ! in"$%tri (r ! #o'er#i!i#i,n ) "i%trib$#i,n "e biene%. Sin e! ((e! no %e ($e"e e+(!i#r $n '$n"o #onte'(or7neo "e ! vent ! "et!!e ) !% grn"e% #"en% "e $to%ervi#io. E! 'teri! 3bri#"o (or !% ((e!er%0 "e 3or' gener! %e ($e"e #!%i3i#r "e #$er"o  %$ gro%or0 %e "eno'in ((e! %i tiene * 'i!%i'% "e #ent'etro o 'eno% ) #rt,n #$n"o tiene '7% "e !% * 'i!%i'% "e #ent'etro.

/bri##i,n "e ((e! ) #rt,n L 'teri (ri' (r ! 3bri##i,n "e! ((e! ) e! #rt,n e% ! (%t o ($!( "e #e!$!o%. L ($!( e% obteni" (or ! %e(r#i,n "e !% 3ibr% "e #e!$!o%G e+i%ten tre% 'to"o% (r %$ obten#i,n9 'e#7ni#o0 $'i#o ) %e'i$'i#o.

6ro#e%o 'e#7ni#o. En e%te 'to"o !o% tron#o% ) r'% %in oj% %e "ev%tn #on (ie"r "e 'o!ino (r obtener 3ibr% "e #e!$!o%. E! (ro#e%o 'e#7ni#o %e $ti!i Hni#'ente #on '"er% %$ve%. L ($!( obteni" (or e%te 'to"o #on%erv to"o% !o% #o'(onente% (re%ente% en ! '"er0 (or !o $e e% '7% !to %$ ren"i'iento. Se $% #o'o 'teri (ri' en ! obten#i,n "e ((e! (eri,"i#o ) ((e! 'ni!. L (%t 'e#7ni# %e obtiene ! 3orr !o% tron#o% #ontr ! #r "e $n (ie"r #i!n"ri# $e gir  e!ev" ve!o#i"". L (o%i#i,n "e !o% tron#o% e% t! $e %$% eje% %on (r!e!o% ! eje "e ! (ie"r girtori. Debe !i'entr%e %$3i#iente #nti"" "e g$  ! (ie"r (r $e %irv  ! ve "e re3rigernte ) "e ve#$!o (r rr%trr ! (%t. L '$e! o (ie"r br%iv en $n (rin#i(io %e 3bri#b #on reni%# nt$r!0 (ero or %e 3bri#n (ie"r% rti3i#i!e% $e ($e"en tener "i3erente% #r#ter%ti#% $e (er'iten e!borr (%t%  ! 'e"i"F "e #$er"o #on e! 3in  ! $e %on "e%tin"%. 6or reg! gener!0 #on (ie"r% "e %$(er3i#ie gr$e%0 !t (re%i,n ) ve!o#i"" gener '7% te'(ert$r en e! #ont#to0 %e obtienen (%t% '7% (oro%%. Se "ebe tener en #$ent e! ti(o ) e! e%t"o "e ! '"er0 $%$!'ente %e obtienen  (rtir "e e%(e#ie% "e #oni3er "e 3ibr !rg0 'ientr% $e !% e%(e#ie% (ere#e"er% o "e 3ibr #ort originn (%t% '7% "bi!e%. No ob%tnte !g$n% '"er% "e bj "en%i""0 t!e% #o'o e! 7!'o ) e! #o(o0 %e $%n t'bin en ! 3bri##i,n "e (%t%. L re%i%ten#i "e! ((e! obteni"o #on (%t 'e#7ni# e% 'enor $e e! obteni"o "e (%t $'i#. 6or e%to !% (%t% 'e#7ni#% %,!o %e $%n en !o% ((e!e% "e #on%erv#i,n breve0 t!e% #o'o (eri,"i#o%0 #t7!ogo%0 et#. Lo% ((e!e% obteni"o% "e (%t 'e#7ni# (o%een e+#e!ente% #$!i""e% "e i'(re%i,n "ebi"o  %$ bj "en%i""0 !i%$r ) b$en b%or#i,n "e ! tint0 (ero (ier"en re%i%ten#i #on e! tie'(o ) %e 'ri!!en.

6ro#e%o $'i#o Con%i%te en trtr %ti!!% "e '"er #on (ro"$#to% $'i#o% (r e!i'inr #ierto% #o'(onente% $e vienen j$nto #on ! #e!$!o% (r ($ri3i#r!.

E%te (ro#e%o tiene "o% vrinte% "i3erente%. 6ro#e%o% !#!ino% 6ro#e%o  ! %o% 6ro#e%o ! %$!3to o (ro#e%o r3t 6ro#e%o% 7#i"o% De $n (%o

6ro#e%o ! %$!3ito nor'! Bi%$!3ito NSSC

De "o% (%o%

Sirvo! Stor3ite _e)er$%er 

De !o% (ro#e%o% not"o% e! '7% intere%nte (r ! 3bri##i,n "e env%e% e% e! (ro#e%o r3t0 $e "e'7% e% e! (ro#e%o '7% $ti!i"o. E%te (ro#e%o %e "ivi"e en "o% (rte%9 L 3bri##i,n "e ! ($!( (ro(i'ente "i# ) ! re#$(er#i,n "e !o% re#tivo%.

/ABRICACIÓN DE LA 6UL6A Un ve $e %e tiene ! '"er en ! (!nt0 %e (ro#e"e  !'#enr!. E%to %e !!ev  #bo e'(!en"o "i3erente% 'to"o%0 $no "e e!!o% e% (i!r!o% en %e##ione% "e t! 3or' $e e+i%t $n rot#i,n en e! $%o (or %e##ione% (r $%r %ie'(re ! '"er '7% ntig$ (r $e no %e v) regn"o. Otro %i%te' #on%i%te en #onvertir ! '"er en %ti!!% en #$nto !!eg  ! (!nt0 ! '"er %e !'#en  ! inte'(erie tenien"o #$i""o "e e3e#t$r ! "ebi" rot#i,n.

 A%ti!!% E! %ti!!"o "e ! '"er %e e3e#tH ! #er (%r !o% tron#o% (or $n %ti!!"or "e #$#i!!% #ir#$!re%0 obtenien"o %ti!!% "e "i3erente% t'4o%0 % #o'o %errin0 %ien"o %e!e##ion"o% (or 'e"io "e #rib% vibrtori% "e%e#n"o e! %errin ) %ti!!% grn"e%0 e! (ri'ero e% %e(r"o (or 'e"io "e $n #i#!,n0 'ientr% ! %ti!! re#" e% envi"  $n 'o!ino "e 'rti!!o% (r "i%'in$ir %$ t'4o0  ! %!i" "e e%te 'o!ino %e reHne #on ! #e(t"0 en $n bn" trn%(ort"or en ! $e e% envi"  !o% %i!o% "e !'#en'iento.

Dige%tore%

L% %ti!!% obteni"% %e !i'entn en $no% re#tore% "ige%tore% $e %on $no% re#i(iente% "e #ero0 $e !!evn re#$bri'iento interior "e #ero ino+i"b!e0 "i%e4"o (r re%i%tir !t% (re%ione% ) te'(ert$r%. L% %ti!!% %on !i'ent"% (or ! bo# "e! "ige%tor $e tiene $n '!! (r $e #$n"o %e e3e#tHen !% "e%g%i3i##ione% no %e teng rr%tre "e !i#or ni "e 3ibr "e #e!$!o%. E! re#tivo $e %e $ti!i en e%te (ro#e%o (r e!i'inr !o% g!$tinnte% "e ! '"er0 (rin#i(!'ente !ignin ) re%in%0 re#ibe e! no'bre "e !i#or o !eg b!n# ) #on%i%te "e $n %o!$#i,n "e %o% #7$%ti# ) %$!3$ro "e %o"io.  A! 'i%'o tie'(o $e %e #rg e! "ige%tor #on %ti!!%0 %e !i'ent e! !i#or b!n#o ) !i#or negro ne#e%rio (r #o'(!etr e! vo!$'en 0 %e #ierr e! "ige%tor ) %e in)e#t v(or ! interior (r %$bir ! (re%i,n ) ! te'(ert$r "e ! #rg0 %egHn ! #$rv "e (ro#e%o (revi'ente "eter'in". D$rnte e! (ro#e%o "e "ige%ti,n0 e! !i#or b!n#o re##ion #on #o'(onente% "e ! '"er #o'o !ignin0 re%in%0 gr%%0 et#. Sin e'brgo0 !o% re#tivo% no %on #o'(!et'ente %e!e#tivo%0 % $e t#n  ! #e!$!o% i"ro!in"o! ) (or !o tnto "egr"7n"o!G Di#o t$e  ! #e!$!o% e% re!tiv'ente "bi! 'ientr% e+i%t 'teri! g!$tinnte0 (or !o nterior no %e ($e"e !!egr  ! e!i'in#i,n #o'(!et "e ! !ignin0 ! #nti"" $e no %e e!i'ine "e(en"er7 "e! gr"o "e #o#i'iento $e %e !e "  ! '"er. E! #ontro! "e ! "egr"#i,n "e ! #e!$!o% ) "e ! e!i'in#i,n "e ! !ignin %e "eter'in (or 'e"io "e! nH'ero "e (er'ngnto0 in"i# e! gr"o "e "e%!igni3i##i,n $e %$3re ! '"er "$rnte e! #o#i'iento.

Lo% (rin#i(!e% (r7'etro% $e intervienen en ! "ige%ti,n %on9 C!%e "e '"er  $%r. Co'(o%i#i,n "e !o% !i#ore%. Cnti"" "e !i#ore% %obre ! '"er !i'ent" Ci#!o "e "ige%ti,n De! ti(o "e '"er "e(en"e e! vo!$'en "e! !i#or (or !i'entr0 ! re!#i,n "e b4o %e 3ij "e #$er"o #on e! vo!$'en tot! $e %e "ebe 'ntener en e! "ige%tor0 %e !!' #i#!o "e "ige%ti,n  !% #on"i#ione% "e o(er#i,n "e9 (re%i,n 5 #'&0 te'(ert$r 1 Q 18XC ) tie'(o "e 1& Q 1: 'in$to%  !% $e %e %o'ete ! '% "e %ti!! ) !i#or "entro "e! "ige%tor.

En e! #i#!o "e "ige%ti,n %e "i%ting$en "o% et(%9

1.P L et( "e (enetr#i,n "e! !i#or en !o% #(i!re% "e !% %ti!!% ) o#$rre "e%"e $e %e #rgn !o% !i#ore% %t $e %e !!eg  ! te'(ert$r "e #o##i,n0 e%te tie'(o vri "e :  1& 'in$to%. &.P L et( "e "ige%ti,n (ro(i'ente "i#0 ) e% en e!! #$n"o %e e3e#tHn !% re##ione% "e! !i#or %obre !o% !ignte% "e ! '"er ) $e t'bin %$ tie'(o e% "e :  1& 'in$to%.  A ')or te'(ert$r e% 'enor e! tie'(o "e "ige%ti,n Hn #$n"o  te'(ert$r% %$(eriore%  !o% 15 XC %e "egr" ! #e!$!o%. E! (ro"$#to obteni"o %e "e%#rg  ! (re%i,n "e trbjo en $no% re#i(iente% "e !7'in $e %e "eno'inn tn$e% "e "e%#rg $e tienen $n #i#!,n %e(r"or  $e %irve (r e!i'inr e! rr%tre "e ($!( ) "e !i#or negro. 6er'ite ! %!i" "e (rte "e! v(or $e %irvi, (r e3e#t$r ! "ige%ti,n0 e%te v(or gener!'ente %e (% (or $n #on"en%"or ) (o%terior'ente %er7 $ti!i"o en e! !v"o "e ($!(. E! !i#or re%i"$! ) ! ($!( #en ! 3on"o "e! tn$e "on"e %e tiene $n %i%te' "e git#i,n (r 'ntener ! %$%(en#i,n o'ogne. L ($!( % obteni" no e%t7 en #on"i#ione% "e $%r%e0 ) $e #ontiene !i#or  re%i"$! ) otr% i'($re%0 t!e% #o'o n$"o%0 %ti!!%  'e"io #o#er0 et#.0 $e e% ne#e%rio e!i'inr en $n (ro#e%o "e !v"o ) %e!e##i,n o "e($r#i,n 3in. L e!i'in#i,n "e n$"o% ) %ti!!% grn"e%  'e"io #o#er0 %e e3e#tH en $no% (rto% %e(r"ore% "e n$"o%0 $e no %on '7% $e #rib% #on '!! (er3or" "e  '' "e "i7'etro0 $e tienen reg"er% $e en %$ #%o in)e#tn !i#or re%i"$! (r !vr !o% n$"o% ) !% %ti!!% e i'(e"ir $e %e (ier"n #on e!!o% 3ibr% "e #e!$!o%. E%to $iere "e#ir $e (or !% #rib% (%r7n to"% !% 3ibr% ) %ti!!% 'enore% ! "i7'etro "e !% (er3or#ione%0 $e"7n"o%e en ! '!! ) re#7n"o%e !% $e no !ogrn (%r0 envi7n"o%e  $n (i! "e !'#en'iento0 "e "on"e %on envi"% ! %i%te' "e "ige%ti,n0 'ientr% $e e! !i#or re%i"$! e% re#$(er"o ) $%"o n$ev'ente (or 'e"io "e bo'b% ! %i%te' "e !v"o en !% #rib% %e(r"or%. L ($!( $e !ogr, (%r (or !% (er3or#ione% "e !% #rib%0 e%t7 ) en #on"i#ione% "e %er !v"0 e% "e#ir0 "e e!i'inr e! !i#or re%i"$!. E! (ro#e%o "e !v"o %e !!ev  #bo en t'bore% 3i!tro% rottorio% $e tienen $n '!! "e #ero ino+i"b!e0 ! $e (er'ite %,!o e! (%o "e! !$i"o0 retenien"o ! 3ibr en %$ interior. E%to% 3i!tro% o t'bore%0 tienen $n "i%e4o $e !e% (er'ite trbjr  ! %$##i,n0 ! $e %e !ogr #on v#o0 e! $e %e !ogr #on bo'b% "e v#o "e ni!!o H'e"o o (or 'e"io "e $n (iern bro'tri#0 $e e% $n t$bo "e "e%#rg $e %e (er'ite $e %e !!ene ) $n ve $e %e en#$entr !!eno %e bre "e go!(e ! %!i" (ro"$#ien"o v#o en ! (rte %$(erior. E! %i%te' "e !v"o e% "e tre% (%o%  #ontr#orriente "e 'ner $e ! ($!( '7% !i'(i %e en#$entr en e! H!ti'o 3i!tro !v"or. E! !i#or re%i"$! "e%(!"o "e !% 3ibr%0 v %ien"o '7% #on#entr"o  'e"i" $e %e v #er#n"o ! (ri'er 

3i!tro !v"or. E! !i#or "e%!oj"o "e! (ri'er 3i!tro !v"or0 e% envi"o  !o% ev(or"ore%0 en e! 7re "e re#$(er#i,n "e re#tivo%0 %e !e !!' !i#or "bi! L ($!( obteni" %t e%te ($nto e%t7 !v"0 %in "e %ti!!% grn"e% ni n$"o% (ero Hn tiene %ti!!% $e $n$e %on (e$e4%0 tienen $n t'4o '$) %$(erior  ! "e !% 3ibr% "e #e!$!o%G %e tienen $e %e(rr (r tener ! ($!( (r ((e! "e b$en #!i"". Di# %e(r#i,n %e #e en $no% (rto% !!'"o% "e($r"ore%.  Ante% "e (%r ! ($!( (or !o% "e($r"ore%0 e% envi"  $n torre "e !t #on%i%ten#i "e "on"e %e #rgn !% torre% "e "i!$#i,n0 "on"e %e (re(r ! ($!( (r %er envi"  ! (i! "e "i%trib$#i,n "e "on"e %e !i'entn !o% "e($r"ore%. Co'o no e+i%ten "e($r"ore% tn %e!e#tivo% (r $e %e obtengn %ti!!% %in 3ibr% ) 3ibr% %in %ti!!%0 %e re$iere "e re(etir e! (ro#e%o0 (or !o $e ! "e($r#i,n %e #e en "o% (%o%. L ($!( obteni" "e !o% "e($r"ore% %e en#$entr en 3or' "e $n %$%(en%i,n '$) "i!$i" ! . $e "i3i#$!t %$ !'#en'iento ) !o% trt'iento% (o%teriore% ne#e%rio% %$ (re(r#i,n (r 3bri#r e! ((e!. Se re$iere $'entr %$ #on#entr#i,n "e 3ibr%0 (or !o $e %e (%  !o% e%(e%"ore%0 "on"e %$be  $n *. Lo% e%(e%"ore% %on #i!in"ro% %on 3orr"o% "e te! 'et7!i# "e!  Q 20 $e i'(i"e e! (%o "e !% 3ibr%0 (ero $e (er'ite e! (%o "e! g$. Se !i'ent "e $n b4o #on ! ($!( "i!$i" $e (roviene "e !o% "e($r"ore% ) %$ %enti"o "e giro e% en e! %enti"o "e ! "e%#rg "e ! ($!( e%(e%"0 %$ e3i#ien#i e%t7 re!#ion" #on ! ve!o#i"" "e rot#i,n ) ! !t$r "e! b4o "e !i'ent#i,n. L ($!( e%(e%" %e (%  $n "e(,%ito "e #on#reto #on $!ejo o!n"e%0 %e "eno'in (%t negr0 ! $e in'e"it'ente %er7 %o'eti"  b!n$eo. L (%t negr e% envi"  $n tn$e #!or"or $e e%t7 (rovi%to "e git"or ) tiene re#$bri'iento "e $!e e%(e#i! (r evitr ! #orro%i,n en !o% 'et!e% (or ! ##i,n "e! #!oro. E! !,geno e% (!i#"o en 3or' "e g%0 en $n (ro(or#i,n "e -.  5.  re%(e#to  ! ($!( %e#. L "i#i,n "e! #!oro e% #ontro!" (or 'e"io "e $n regi%tr"or "e #on"$#tivi""G $e 'n" %e4!  $n v7!v$! $to'7ti# "e envo "e (%t0 !ogrn"o $n 'ejor  #ontro! en ! in)e##i,n "e #!oro0 evitn"o $e %e %$'ini%tre en e+#e%o ) % evitn"o ! "egr"#i,n inne#e%ri en !% 3ibr% "e ! ($!(. De%($% "e! b!n$eo ! ($!( e% bo'be" "e%"e ! (rte in3erior "e ! torre0 (%n"o (or $n 3i!tro !v"or rottorio "on"e (or 'e"io "e! v#o ) reg"er% #on g$ 3r en $n on ) #!iente en otr0 e! objeto e% e!i'inr !% #!oro!ignin% 3or'"% "$rnte e! b!n$eoG  ! %!i" "e! 3i!tro ! ($!( e% trn%(ort" (or $n g$%no ! tie'(o $e %e !e gre" %o% #7$%ti# en $n (ro(or#i,n "e! & ! * en

b%e  ! ($!( %e#0 En e! g$%no %e $ni3or'i ) !!eg  $n torre en "on"e %e !e " $n tie'(o "e re(o%o "e 2  : 'in$to%  $n ( "e 1& )  $n te'(ert$r "e 2 XC. Y $n #on#entr#i,n "e! 8 . E%te (%o re#ibe e! no'bre "e e+tr##i,n !#!in0  %$ %!i" e% envi"  $n torre en ! #$! (or ! (rte in3erior e% ($e%t en #ont#to #on "i,+i"o "e #!oro en (ro(or#i,n "e 1.  &.  b%e %e#0 en "on"e tiene $n tie'(o "e reten#i,n "e 12  18 'in$to%  $n te'(ert$r "e 5 XC ) ( "e 20 en e%te (%o %e o+i"n !% 'teri% #o!ornte% ) %e #en %o!$b!e% en e! bi,+i"o "e #!oro0 "e%($% e% envi"  otro 3i!tro rottorio !v"or )  %$ %!i" %e greg %o% #7$%ti# en $n (ro(or#i,n "e .  1  b%e (%t %e#0 envi7n"o%e  otr torre %eg$n" e+tr##i,n !#!in (ero (%n"o nte%  trv% "e otro $ni3or'"or "e (%t "e ti(o g$no0 'ntenien"o !% 'i%'% #r#ter%ti#% "e tie'(o0 te'(ert$r ) ( $e en ! (ri'er e+tr##i,n !#!in0 en e%te (%o %on e+tr"% !% #!oro!ignin% ) 'teri% #o!ornte% $e Hn !!eve ! ($!(. 6or H!ti'o0 ! (%t $n ve $e  %i"o !v"0 n$ev'ente %e !e "i#ion "i,+i"o "e #!oro0 en e%te (%o !#n %$ '7+i'o gr"o "e b!n#$r0  #ontin$#i,n %e !v #on g$ 3re%# ) %e !'#en en torre% e%(e#i!e% en "on"e ! ($!( %e 'ntiene en git#i,n #on%tnte. Co'(!et7n"o%e en e%t 3or' e! #i#!o "e b!n$eo0 $e"n"o !i%t ! ($!( b!n$e" (r %er envi"  ! e!bor#i,n "e ((e!.

I'(rtir (ro(ie""e% $e (er'itn 3or'r $n oj "e ((e! o #rt,n $e teng !% #r#ter%ti#% "e%e"%. En ! !ne "ivi%ori $e e+i%te entre ! 3bri##i,n "e ! ($!( ) e! bti"o0 e%t7 e! (ro#e%o "e ($!(eo0 t'bin #ono#i"o #o'o (ro#e%o "e ro'(i'iento0 "e%integr#i,n o %i'(!e'ente "e %$%(en%i,n. E! (ro#e%o #on%i%te en (%r e! 'teri! %e#o  3or' "e ($!(0 gregn"o ! #nti"" "e g$ %$3i#iente (r "(tr%e ! (ro#e%o0 ! 'i%'o tie'(o $e %e !iber "e! e+#e%o "e #e% "e 3ibr% $ otro% 'teri!e% no "e%'en$"o%. De e%te 'o"o ! 3ibr %e (one en %$%(en%i,n ) ($e"e %er #onveniente'ente trn%(ort" (or bo'beo. E! ti(o "e ($!(e"or '7% $ti!i"o en ! in"$%tri0 #on%i%te "e $n tn$e o #$b "e ierro 3$n"i"o0 #ero0 #er7'i# re3or" o #on#reto $e en e! 3on"o tiene $n rotor "e #ero (rovi%to "e %(% ($!(e"or%. A!re"e"or "e! rotor e%t7 ! #7'r "e e+tr##i,n #$biert (or $n (!# #on (er3or#ione% "e! t'4o (ro(i"o (r e! ti(o "e "e%3ibr#i,n "e%e"o. E! bti"o e% e! '7% ntig$o "e !o% (ro#e%o% "e (re(r#i,n "e ! (%t ) #on%i%te en 'e#!r ! 'i%'o tie'(o0 en %$%(en%i,n #$o%0 !o% "i3erente% 'teri!e% e i'(rtir!e%0 'e"inte ##i,n 'e#7ni#0 !% (ro(ie""e% $e "eter'inn !% #r#ter%ti#% "e! (ro"$#to 3in!.

De%"e e! ($nto "e vi%t "e 3bri##i,n "e ((e!0 !% (ro(ie""e% i'(ortnte% "e ! ($!( %on9 L 'or3o!og "e ! 3ibr L #nti"" ) "i%trib$#i,n "e !o% #on%tit$)ente% $'i#o% "e !% 3ibr% L 3or'0 t'4o0 "i%trib$#i,n ) #r#ter%ti#% 3%i#% "e !% 3ibr% "e ! ($!(. L% "o% (ri'er% #r#ter%ti#% "e(en"en "e ! 'teri (ri' $ti!i" (r obtener ! ($!(0 % #o'o "e! (ro#e%o "e "ige%ti,n. L ter#er (ro(ie"" "e'7% "e "e(en"er "e e%to% 3#tore% "e(en"e "e ! (re(r#i,n "e ! 3ibr. L% 3ibr% #e!$!,%i#% "eben %$jetr%e  trt'iento 'e#7ni#o nte% "e $e ($e"n #onvertir%e en ((e!. E! trt'iento in#!$)e $n ##i,n "e '##'iento0 3rote ) (!%t'iento "e !% 3ibr%. Bti"o ) re3in#i,n %on tr'ino% $ti!i"o% en ! in"$%tri "e! ((e! (r "e%#ribir ! o(er#i,n "e! trt'iento 'e#7ni#o  !% 3ibr% "e ($!(. L re3in#i,n0 %e re3iere ! trt'iento (o%terior ! trt'iento 'e#7ni#o "e $n (i! "e bti"o. E! bti"o e% (robb!e'ente ! (rte "e! (ro#e%o '7% i'(ortnte en ! 3bri##i,n "e! ((e!0 %i %e #e e! ((e!  (rtir "e (%t %in btir e% bjo en re%i%ten#i0 #on (e!$%0 (oro%o e in(ro(i"o (r ! ')or "e !o% $%o%. Lo% (rin#i(!e% e3e#to% "e! bti"o %on 3%i#o% ) entre !o% '% i'(ortnte% e%t7n !o% %ig$iente%9 /r#t$r ) %e(r#i,n (r#i! "e ! (re" (ri'ri "e ! 3ibr. Di%'in$#i,n "e ! !ongit$" "e ! 3ibr.  A$'ento en 3!e+ibi!i"" /or'#i,n "e 3ibri!%.  A$'ento en ! %$(er3i#ie e%(e#3i# e+tern "e ! 3ibr. L% (i!% "e bti"o '7% $ti!i"% en ! in"$%tri ((e!er %on #$b% !rg"%0 #on e+tre'o% re"on"e"o% (r 3#i!itr ! #ir#$!#i,n "e ! (%t. Tienen $n '$ro #entr! $e !% "ivi"e en "o% #n!e%. Di%($e%to  trv% "e ! #$b %e en#$entr e! ro"i!!o git"or "e ! (i!. L% brr% re"on"e"% en e! ro"i!!o "e ! (i!0 ! !t #on%i%ten#i "e ! (%t ) ! bj te'(ert$r0 3vore#en ! ##i,n "e 3rote o "e (ein"oF. L bj #on%i%ten#i ) brr% 3i!"%0 #on e! ro"i!!o "e ! (i! b%tnte %ent"o %obre ! (!tin0 3vore#en e! #orte "e !% 3ibr%. L% (i!% #on #$#i!!% ro'% (ro"$#en ((e!e%

#on re%i%ten#i%  ! ten%i,n ) ! r%g"o0 '7% !t% $e !% (i!% #on #$#i!!% 3i!"%. E! tie'(o ,(ti'o "e bti"o "i3iere0 "e(en"ien"o "e! ti(o "e 3ibr ) "e ! #!%e "e ((e! $e %e v  3bri#r. L re3in#i,n e% #ortr ! 3ibr ) 3ibri!r! "e #$er"o #on e! ti(o "e ((e! $e %e re$ier. Se ($e"e #er !g$n% ve#e% "e%($% "e! bti"o o  ve#e% in"e(en"iente'ente "e !. E! "e%rro!!o "e re3in"ore% "e "i%tinto% "i%e4o%0 #o'en, "e%"e #e '7% "e 1 4o%. Lo% re3in"ore% e3e#tHn e! trbjo %obre !% 3ibr% "e #e!$!o% "e 'ner r7(i" ) e3i#iente. Lo% re3in"ore% %e ($e"en gr$(r en "o% #tegor%9 Re3in"ore% "e !t ve!o#i"" o #,ni#o% Re3in"ore% "e "i%#o. Lo% re3in"ore% #,ni#o% '7% $ti!i"o% %on !o% "e! ti(o Jor"n0 $e #on%i%ten "e $n rotor #,ni#o #on brr%  to"o !o !rgo ) $e gir en e! interior "e $n #r#% (rovi%t t'bin "e brr% !re"e"or "e to" %$ %$(er3i#ie interior. L (%t %e #e #ir#$!r entre ! #r#% ) e! rotor. L %$%(en%i,n 3ibro% entr (or e! e+tre'o (e$e4o ) %!e (or e! e+tre'o grn"e. De e%t 'ner0 !% 3ibr% 3!$)en (r!e!%  !% brr% "e! #ono ) "e ! #r#%0 !o $e e% "i3erente ! 3!$jo en ! (i!0 en "on"e ! #orriente "e ! (%t e% (er(en"i#$!r  ! "i%(o%i#i,n "e !% brr% en e! ro"i!!o. Lo% re3in"ore% "e !t ve!o#i"" "i3ieren gener!'ente "e !o% ti(o Jor"n en $e trbjn  ve!o#i""e% "e rot#i,n ')ore%G en $e #on 3re#$en#i tienen $n #oni#i"" '7% br$(tG (or !o #o'Hn0 e%t7n (rovi%to% "e brr% '7% n#%0 tnto en e! #ono #o'o en ! #r#%. E%to% re3in"ore% tien"en  #ortr 'eno% e i"rtr '7% $e $n Jor"n En !o% re3in"ore% "e "i%#o0 ! re3in#i,n %e veri3i# ! #er (%r ! (%t entre (!#% rn$r"% !o#!i"% en "o% "i%#o% (r!e!o% verti#!e%. L% 37bri#% "e #rt,n n 'o%tr"o #re#iente inter% en e! re3in"or "e "i%#o% (r ! (re(r#i,n "e ! (%t. Lo% re3in"ore% "e "i%#o% n re%$!t"o %er %$(eriore%  !% (i!% )  !o% Jor"n%F0 tnto en ! #!i"" "e ! ($!( (ro"$#i" #o'o en e! #on%$'o "e energ (r re3inr ($!(% "e '"er% "$r%  ! %o%.

/#tore% $e 3e#tn e! bti"o Uno "e !o% '7% i'(ortnte% e% e! ti(o "e e$i(o "e bti"o ) "e re3in#i,n ) ! 'ner "e o(err!o. 6or eje'(!o0 en e! #%o "e ! (i!0 ! ($!( bti" !ent'ente0 (or !o gener! tiene ')or re%i%ten#i $e ! ($!( $e %e  bti"o r7(i"'ente. Otro% 3#tore% "e i'(ortn#i %on ! #on"i#i,n "e !% brr% "e! ro"i!!o ) "e !

(!tin0 ! #on%i%ten#i "e ! (%t0 ! (re%i,n ejer#i" (or e! ro"i!!o0 !o% tie'(o%0 et#. L% #$!i""e% "e! bti"o0 o ! #nti"" "e bti"o $e $n ($!( re$iere o ($e"e %o(ortr (r e! "e%rro!!o "e %$% (ro(ie""e%0 "i3iere #on%i"erb!e'ente (r !o% "i3erente% ti(o% "e ($!(% #o'er#i!e%. L "i3eren#i en #$!i""e% "e bti"o gener!'ente %e "vierte #$n"o %e $%n 'e#!% "e "i3erente% ti(o% "e ($!(%0 t!e% #o'o0 %$!3ito ) tr(o0 %$!3ito ) %o% o %$!3ito ) Kr3tG (ero t'bin e+i%ten "i3eren#i% en !% #$!i""e% "e bti"o "e !% ($!(% "e! 'i%'o ti(o %i %on b!n$e"% ) %in b!n$er0 ) $e e! b!n$eo 3e#t grn"e'ente en !o% re%$!t"o%. E! 'to"o '7% re#o'en"b!e (r e! 'nejo "e 'e#!% "e 3ibr%0 e% btir #" ti(o "e ($!( (or %e(r"o ) 'e#!r en $n tn$e !% ($!(% #o'(!et'ente bti"%. E! tie'(o ,(ti'o "e bti"o "i3iere0 "e(en"ien"o "e! ti(o "e 3ibr ) "e ! #!%e "e ((e! (or 3bri#r. L% ($!(% "e '"er% "$r% "eben btir%e  v!ore% '7% bjo% "e 3reene%%F 3#i!i"" (r $e e! g$ "rene "e ! 3ibr  trv% "e $n te! 'et7!i# $e !% ($!(% "e '"er% %$ve%0 (r obtener v!ore% %e'ejnte% "e re%i%ten#i.

Tn$e% (r e! (ro#e%o Lo% tn$e% ($e"en "ivi"ir%e en tre% #!%e%9 Tn$e% "e (%t Tn$e% "e 'e#!"o Tn$e% #i#!i"ore%

Tn$e% "e (%t. Sie'(re %e n re$eri"o tn$e% #on git"ore% en !% 3bri#% tnto "e ($!( #o'o "e ((e! ) #rt,n. Lo% git"ore% %i %e in%t!n en e! interior "e! tn$e ($e"en %er verti#!e% $ oriont!e%  t'bin %e ($e"e gitr #on $n %i%te' "e#$"o "e bo'beo $e to' ! (%t "e! 3on"o "e! tn$e ) ! regre% n$ev'ente (or ! (rte %$(erior.

Tn$e% "e 'e#!"o.

E! 3bri#nte "e #rt,n ) ((e!0 3re#$ente'ente ne#e%it 'e#!r !o% "i%tinto% #o'(onente% "e ! %$%(en%i,n 3ibro% #on "itivo% $'i#o% ) #o!ore%. Un ti(o "e tn$e "e 'e#!"o #on%i%te "e $n #i!in"ro verti#! (rovi%to "e $n git"or verti#!. E! 'ovi'iento "e ! %$%(en%i,n e% "e%"e e! 3on"o #i ! %$(er3i#ie #on 'ovi'iento r"i! en to"% "ire##ione%. Se  en#ontr"o $e !o#!in"o ! 3!e# "e! git"or verti#! $n (o#o "e%#entr"0 %e 'ejor ! git#i,n ) e! 'e#!"o.

Tn$e% #i#!i"ore% Un ti(o "e tn$e #i#!i"or #on%i%te "e $n tn$e #i!n"ri#o verti#!0 #on $n (re" #entr! t'bin verti#!. En e! 3on"o "e #" $n "e !% "o% 'it"e% %e en#$entr $n v!v$! $e reg$! ! entr"  $n bo'b "e (%t. Un "e !% "o% 'it"e% "e tn$e tiene $n git"or verti#! (r 'e#!"o. L o(er#i,n #on%i%te en !!enr $no "e !o% "o% !"o% #on ($!( en %$%(en%i,n0 %e bre ! v7!v$! "e "e%#rg ) (or 'e"io "e ! bo'b %e 'n" #i ! '$in re3in"or0 "e ! $e %e regre%  ! otr 'it" "e! tn$e9 #$n"o e! (ri'er !"o "e! tn$e ) %e en#$entre v#o0 %e re(o%i#ionn !% v7!v$!% "e 'ner $e ! (%t #ir#$!e "e! %eg$n"o !"o "e! tn$e (or ! bo'b ) e! re3in"or ) regre%e ! (ri'er !"o.

Si%te'% "e (re(r#i,n "e (%t. Si%te' inter'itente

6i!% ) jor"n% 6$!(e"or0 tn$e% re3in"ore% ) jor"n%

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Si%te' inter'itenteP P#ontin$o

6$!(e"or0 re3in"ore% ) jor"n%

Si%te' #ontin$o

6%t en %$%(en%i,n0re3in"ore% ) jor"n%

Si%te' inter'itente. 6i!% ) jor"n% En e! %i%te' inter'itente orto"o+o %e e'(!en tre% (i!% inter'itente%0 en e!!% %e #o!o#n !o% "i3erente% #o'(onente% "e ! 'e#! 3ibro% (r %$jetr%e  ! #nti"" ne#e%ri "e "e%3ibr#i,n ) bti"o $e (ro"$# !o% re%$!t"o% "e%e"o%. /re#$ente'ente !o% "iver%o% "itivo% $e e! 3bri#nte "e ((e! "e%e in#!$ir en %$ 'e#! 3ibro% %e gregn en e! 'o'ento o(ort$no "e! #i#!o "e bti"o. L% (i!% %e #rgn en 3or' !tern ) (or !o 'i%'o %e "e%#rgn en 3or' !tern t'bin.

En 3or' $%$!0 ! "e%#rg "e !% (i!% %e #e (or grve"" ! tn$e "e v#i"o0 e! $e e% $n tn$e oriont!0 #on '$ro #entr! ) (rovi%to "e git"or "e !i#e. 6or 'e"io "e $n bo'b (r (%t0 ! %$%(en%i,n %e e+tre "e! tn$e "e v#i"o ) %e 'n" ! #o'(rti'ento "e entr" "e $n #j "i%trib$i"or "e #o'(rti'ento% 'H!ti(!e%. L #j "i%trib$i"or e%t7 bi!it" #on "e3!e#tore% j$%tb!e% $e %irven (r #ontro!r ! #nti"" $e %e env ! %ig$iente (%o "e! (ro#e%o0 retornn"o e! e+#e%o ! tn$e "e v#i"o. De! !"o "e ! "e%#rg "e ! #j "e "i%trib$#i,n0 ! (%t (% (or grve""  !o% tre% jor"n% $e %e en#$entrn in%t!"o% en (r!e!o. L (%t %e "ivi"e en tre% (rte%0 (%n"o #" ter#er (rte (or #"  jor"n en $n o(er#i,n "e $n %o!o (%o ) "e%#rgn"o !$ego en e! tn$e "e ! '$in. E! tn$e "e ! '$in ($e"e %er $n tn$e %e'ejnte ! tn$e "e v#i"o. De! tn$e "e ! '7$in %e 'n" ! (%t (or 'e"io "e $n bo'b  ! '7$in "e ((e!. E! %i%te' "e%#rito %e (re3iere (r 37bri#% "e ((e!e% e%(e#i!e%0 en !% $e %e tienen #'bio% 3re#$ente% "e 3bri##i,n ) "e #o!or0 o en !% $e !% #orri"% %on "e #ort "$r#i,n.

Si%te' inter'itente. 6$!(e"or0 tn$e% #i#!i"ore%0 re3in"ore% )  jor"n%. L (i! %e $ti!i, origin!'ente #o'o $n '7$in "e 'H!ti(!e% $%o% en ! $e %e e3e#t$bn e! bti"o0 ! re3in#i,n ) e! 'e#!"o "e (ro"$#to% $'i#o%. Se " (or  e#o $e0 #ontn"o #on e! tie'(o ) $n o(er"or e+(eri'ent"o0 %e ($e"e #er  $e #on $n (i! %e (ro"$jer #$!$ier #r#ter%ti# "e%e" en ! (%t. E%to $e" (!en'ente "e'o%tr"o (or e! e#o "e $e (or '$#o% 4o% ! (i! 3$e e! Hni#o 'e"io 'e#7ni#o $e e! 3bri#nte "e ((e! ten  %$ "i%(o%i#i,n (r (re(rr %$ (%t. L tr"i#ion! (i! o!n"e% no er e! e$i(o '7% e3i#iente0 ) $e e%tb "e%tin" e%en#i!'ente  e3e#t$r tre% o(er#ione% "i3erente%. De%($% "e! "e%rro!!o "e !o% ($!(e"ore% ) "e !o% re3in"ore%0 #on 'ejore% %i%te'% "e git#i,n0 re%$!to obvio $e (o"n %e(rr%e !% tre% 3$n#ione% b7%i#% "e $n (i! ) $e #" o(er#i,n (o" %er re!i" "e 'ner '$#o '7% e3i#iente #on e! e$i(o "i%e4"o (r e%e 3in. L o(er#i,n en e%te %i%te' inter'itente %e ($e"e "e%#ribir "e ! %ig$iente 'ner9 L ($!( %e#0 j$nto #on ! #nti"" re$eri" "e g$ (r obtener ! #on%i%ten#i "e (%t "e%e"0 %e #rg en en $n ($!(e"or inter'itente. E! ($!(eo %e e3e#tH %t "e%3ibrr e! 'teri! (or #o'(!eto o !o '7% e3i#iente'ente $e %e ($e"0 ! #rg %e (% enton#e% (or 'e"io "e $n bo'b "e v#i"o 

$no "e "o% tn$e% #i#!i"ore%. C$n"o %te tn$e %e !!en0 (or 'e"io "e $n bo'b ! (%t e% e+tr" "e! tn$e0 envi"  !o% re3in"ore% ) regre%" ! 'i%'o tn$e. E%te #i#!o %e #ontinH %t $e ! 3%e "e re3in#i,n  %i"o %e e%t7 !!evn"o  #bo0 %e trt otr #rg en e! ($!(e"or ) %e env ! %eg$n"o tn$e #i#!i"or. De%($% "e $e ! re3in#i,n "e ! (%t en e! (ri'er tn$e %e  #o'(!et"o0 %e ($e"en gregr !o% (ro"$#to% $'i#o%0 e! #o!or ) !o% "iver%o% "itivo%. En %eg$i" "e! H!ti'o (%o "e re3in#i,n0 ! (%t ($e"e "e%#rgr%e ! tn$e "e v#i"o. L (%t "e! %eg$n"o tn$e #i#!i"or (%  !o% re3in"ore% ) regre% ! %eg$n"o tn$e re(itien"o !% 'i%'% o(er#ione% $e %e i#ieron #on e! (ri'er tn$e. Mientr% e! ($!(e"or v "i%(onien"o otr #rg (r e! (ri'er  tn$e. De e%t 'ner0 !o% tn$e% #i#!i"ore% %e !ternn #on !o% re3in"ore%0 !o% #$!e% (r7#ti#'ente trbjn to"o e! tie'(o. L (%t re3in" %e e+tre "e! tn$e "e v#i"o (or 'e"io "e $n bo'b0 %e env  ! #j "i%trib$i"or "e #o'(rti'ento% 'H!ti(!e% ) "e  %e "e%#rg #i !o% jor"n% ) !$ego ! tn$e "e ! '7$in. E! %i%te' "e%#rito e% re#o'en"b!e (r 3bri#% "e ((e!e% e%(e#i!e%0 en !% $e %e tienen #'bio% 3re#$ente% "e 3bri##i,n ) "e #o!or0 o #on #orri"% "e #ort "$r#i,n.

Si%te' inter'itente Q #ontin$o

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En e%te %i%te'0 %e e'(!e $n ($!(e"or inter'itente "entro "e! #$! %e #rg ! ($!( %e# ) e! g$0 ! "e%3ibrr%e ! ($!( 3or' $n %$%(en%i,n 3ibro% $e 'e"inte $n bo'b e% "e%#rg"  $n tn$e "e v#i"o (rovi%to "e git#i,n (ro(i". Un bo'b "e (%t e+tre ! %$%(en%i,n "e! tn$e "e v#i"o ) ! 'n"  ! entr" "e !o% re3in"ore%  trv% "e $n %i%te' "e #ir#$ito #err"o "e #ontro! "e (re%i,nG e%te ti(o "e !i'ent#i,n "e !o% re3in"ore% (ro(or#ion $n (re%i,n #on%tnte "e (%t  ! entr" ) 3vore#e $n 'ejor #ontro! "e ! o(er#i,n. Lo% re3in"ore% %e en#$entrn "i%($e%to% en (r!e!o. L (%t re3in" %e "e%#rg ! tn$e "e !o% re3in"ore%0 "e! #$! e% e+tr" (or $n bo'b "e (%t ) envi"  $n #j "i%trib$i"or "e #o'(rti'ento% 'H!ti(!e% (r !i'entr !o% jor"n% ) e! e+#e%o !o regre% ! tn$e "e !o% re3in"ore%. Lo% jor"n% e%t7n "i%($e%to% en (r!e!o0 "e e!!o% ! (%t %e "e%#rg #i e! tn$e "e ! '7$in ) "e  (%  ! '7$in "e ((e!. E%te %i%te' e% re#o'en"b!e (r 37bri#% "e ((e! en "on"e !% #orri"% "e! 'i%'o ti(o "e ((e! %on !rg%0 #on (o#o% #'bio% "e 3bri##i,n

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6%t 6%t  en %$%( %$%(en en%i %i,n ,n00 re3i re3in n"o "ore re%% )jor )jor" "n% n%..

Se $ti!i en 37bri#% "e ((e! $e tienen #orri"% !rg% ) #'bio% "e 3bri##i,n (o#o 3re#$ente%0 #o'o en e! #%o "e !% 37bri#% "e ((e! ) #rton#i!!o Kr3t0 o $e n %i"o "i%e4"% ) #on%tr$i"% (r ! 3bri##i,n "e Hni#'ente $no o "o% ti(o% "e ((e! o #rt,n. En t!e% 37bri#%0 e! (e%o b%e "e! ((e! %e ($e"e #'bir "e ve en #$n"o (r j$%tr%e  !o% re$eri'iento% te'0 %e e'(!en re3in"ore% "e "i%#o0 $e %e en#$entrn "i%($e%to% en (r!e!o ) %on "e $%o b%tnte #o'Hn en %i%te'% "e e%te ti(o0 e%(e#i!'ente en !% ) #it"% 37bri#% "e ((e! Kr3t. De !o% re3in"ore% "e "i%#o0 ! (%t %e 'n" ! tn$e "e v#i"o "e !o% re3in"ore%0 "e e%te tn$e0 ! (%t %e e+tre (or 'e"io "e bo'b ) %e env  ! entr" "e !o% jor"n%0 t'bin  trv% "e $n %i%te' #err"o0 b%te#e"or  (re%i,n #on%tnte. Lo% jor"n% ($e"en e%tr "i%($e%to% en (r!e!o0 en %erie o en $n #o'bin#i,n "e 'bo%0 "e #$er"o #on !% ne#e%i""e% "e! 3bri#nte "e ((e!. En e%te %i%te'0 %e e!i'in e! tn$e "e ! '7$in0 ) $e !o% jor"n% envn "ire#t'ente ! (%t  ! #j "i%trib$i"or reg$!"or $e e%t7 nte% "e ! '7$in '7$in "e ((e!. En e%t #j reg$!"or0 e+i%te $n #o'(rti'ent #o'(rti'ento o "e "err'e (r e! e+#e%o "e (%t0 "e 'ner $e %e regre% ! !"o "e %$##i,n "e ! bo'b "e! tn$e "e v#i"o "e !o% re3in"ore%. L (%t $e ! #j reg$!"or "o%i3i# "o%i3i# #i ! '7$in '7$in "e ((e! e% #ontro!" (or 'e"io "e $n v7!v$! "e #ontro! #on bert$r en FVF #o!o#" en ! !ne "e (%t0 %e en#$entr #o!o#" entre ! #j reg$!"or ) ! !ne "e %$##i,n0 (or ! $e (% g$ "e #ir#$!#i,n "e ! '7$in #i ! bo'b "e bni#o "e ! '7$in "e ((e!. E! o(errio ($e"e brir! o #errr! #on objeto "e 'ntener! #on%tnte o #'bir  vo!$nt"0 e! (e%o b%e "e! ((e! $e %e e%t7 3bri#n"o. En $n %i%te' #ontin$o "e (re(r#i,n "e (%t0 ! "i#i,n "e #o!or0 (ro"$#to% $'i#o% ) otro% "itivo% %e e3e#tH $to'7ti#'ente 'e"inte e! $%o "e vrio% ti(o% "e "i%(o%itivo% 'e"i"ore% $e e! 3bri#nte "e ((e! tiene  %$ "i%(o%i#i,n (r e%te e3e#to. ENCOLADO E! ((e! %e en#o! (r re%i%tir ! (enetr#i,n "e !$i"o% o0 '7% e%(e#3i#'ente0 (r re%i%tir ! (enetr#i,n "e! g$ o %o!$#ione% #$o%%. Se tiene en#o!"o interno #$n"o !o% 'teri!e% en#o!nte% %e 'e#!n #on !% %$%(en%ione% "e !% ($!(% #e!$!,%i#% en g$0 en %$ (ro#e%o "e #onver%i,n  ((e!G e%te en#o!"o en#o!"o t'bin %e #ono#e #on e! no'bre "e en#o!"o en (i!. C%i en to" ! in"$%tri ((e!er %e e'(!e $n re!#i,n "e "o% (rte% "e en#o!nte "e bre (or * (rte% "e !$'bre (r 1 Ki!o% "e ($!( ne$tr0 b%e %e#0 (or !o

gener gener! ! %e obte obten" n"r7 r7 $n $n oj oj bien bien en#o! en#o!" ". . En #on" #on"i# i#io ione ne%% nor' nor'! !e% e% "e re#ir re#ir#$ #$! !#i #i,n ,n "e g$ g$ "e (ro# (ro#e%o e%o00 e%t e%t #nt #nti" i"" " "e !$' !$'br bre e (ro"$ (ro"$#i #ir7 r7 $n #on#entr#i,n "e ione% i"r,geno #on $n rngo "e ( "e -.  .0 "entro "e! #$!0 ! ')or "e !o% ((e!e% !ogrn $n en#o!"o e3e#tivo. Se tiene en#o!"o e+terno #$n"o !o% 'teri!e% en#o!nte% %e (!i#n  ! oj "e ((e! ) 3or'" ) (r#i!'ente %e#. E%te en#o!"o t'bin %e #ono#e #on e! no'bre "e en#o!"o %$(er3i#i! o en #$b. De(en"ien"o "e ! #nti"" "e br%i,n 'e#7ni# $e !% 3ibr% "e ! ($!( )n )n re#i re#ibi bi"o "o00 e! ((e! ((e! e% (oro% (oro%oG oG ) e! en#o en#o! !"o "o inte intern rno o no "i%' "i%'in in$) $)e e ! (oro%i"" ) %e en#$entr %$jeto  ! (enetr#i,n "e v(or "e g$. C$n"o %e r3e$iere evit% e%to0 %e en#o! %$(er3i#i!'ente.

 A(!i##ione% "e "e !o% ((e!e% ((e!e% en#o!"o% en#o!"o% M7% "e! 5 "e to"o e! ((e! ) #rton#i!!o $e %e #e tiene $n #ierto gr"o "e en#o!"o. Lo% (rin#i(!e% ti(o% "e ((e! $e no %e en#o!n %on !o% ((e!e% #on #rg "e #rbonto "e #!#io0 (r i'(re%i,n0 e! ((e! (r (eri,"i#o0 !o% ((e!e% (r to!!%0 !o% ((e!e% %nitrio% ) !g$no% otro% ti(o% "e ((e!e% b%orbente%. Lo% o#o (rin#i(!e% ti(o% "e ((e! #on en#o!"o interno %on !o% %ig$iente%9 1.P 6(e! (r envo!t$r &.P 6(e! (r bo!%% *.P 6(e!e% (r e%#rit$r bon" ) !e"gerF -.P ((e!e% (r o33%et .P 6(e!e% (r ! #on%tr$##i,n 2.P 6(e!e% (r #rt,n #orr$g"o ) %,!i"o 5.P 6(e!e% (r env%e% "e !i'ento% 8.P 6(e!e% (r i'(re%i,n 6(e! (r envo!t$r E! en#o!"o interno retr" ! (enetr#i,n "e! g$  trv% "e ! envo!t$r0 "e! e+terior ! interior ) retr" ! %!i" "e! interior #i 3$er. 6r o3re#er  $n 'ejor brrer  ! $'e"" %e en#er.

6(e! (r bo!%% L% bo!%% ($e"en %er "e $n #( o '$!ti#(%0 e! trt'iento tiene ! 'i%' 3$n#i,n $e e! ((e! (r envo!t$r. En !o% '$!ti#( %e ($e"en tener tener #(% #(% inter' inter'e"i e"i% % "e ((e! ((e! i'(regn i'(regn"o "o "e %3!t %3!to0 o0 e'$!%i e'$!%i,n ,n "e

(r3in o (ro"$#to% %i'i!re%0 t'bin ($e"en tener $n (e!#$! (!7%ti# o #on oj "e !$'inio.

6(e! bon"0 "e e%#rit$r ) !e"gerF Se en#o!n (ri'ero intern'ent intern'ente e ) "e%($% e+tern'ente. e+tern'ente. E! (ro(,%ito (ro(,%ito e% retr"r ! b%or#i,n "e ! tint "e e%#rit$r0 #on%o!i"r !% 3ibr% "e ! %$(er3i#ie (r $e no %en !evnt"% (or ! (!$' "e e%#ribir ni (or !% go'% "e borrr. Mejor %$ re%i%ten#i0 ojeo ) %oni"o.

6(e!e% o33%et E! 3in "e! en#o!"o e% "i%'in$ir ! 'ni'o e! rr$g"o ) ! e+(n%i,n ) #ontr##i,n !ter!e% in"$#i"% (or ! $'e"" "e! ro"i!!o "e g$0 $e e% (rte "e! (ro#e%o o33%et "e i'(re%i,n.

6(e!e% (r #on%tr$##i,n Se in#!$)en #rtone% "e vri% #(% o %,!i"o%. Tienen e! #o!or nt$r! "e ! (%t0 e% (e%"o0 %e ($e"e !'inr #on %3!to #!iente (r (ro(or#ionr  (rote##i,n "i#ion! #ontr ! (enetr#i,n "e ! $'e"". Se !e% gregn (ro"$#to% (ro"$#to% $'i#o% $e re(e!en re(e!en in%e#to% in%e#to% ) (!g%0 (!g%0 3$ngi#i"% (r evitr o retr"r e! en'oe#i'iento ) otro% (r #er!o% re(e!ente% ! 3$ego. Debe 'ntener %$ re%i%ten#i  ! $'e"" ) %$ re%i%ten#i e%tr$#t$r!.

Crtone% (r env%e% En !% #j% "e #rt,n #orr$g"o %e re#o'ien" $n en#o!"o #ontro!"o "e 'o"o $e ! ve!o#i"" "e (enetr#i,n "e! "e%ivo  b%e "e !'i",n o %i!i#to %e $ni3or'e ) no '$) r7(i". En !o% env%e% "e #art,n "e 3ibr %,!i" %,!i" %e re#o'ien" re#o'ien" $e ! ($!t (ri'ero (ri'ero )!o% 3or'"ore% 3or'"ore% "e%($%0 "e%($%0 e%tn bien bien en#o en#o! !"o "o%% ) $e $e 'bo 'bo%% !"o !"o%% "e ! oj oj e%t e%tn n $ni3 $ni3or or'e 'e'e 'ent nte e en#o!"o%.

6(e!e% (r env%e% "e !i'ento% Re#i Re#iben ben $n trt trt' 'ie ient nto o %i'i %i'i! !rr  !o% !o% (ri' (ri'ero ero%% (ero (ero "e' "e'7% 7% re#ib re#iben en en#er"o.

6(e!e% (r i'(re%i,n

S$ objetivo (rin#i(! no e% retr"r ! (enetr#i,n "e ! $'e""0 %ino $'entr ! reten#i,n "e #rg0 'ejorr ! 3or'#i,n0 (r e%tbi!ir ! #on#entr#i,n "e ione% i"r,geno ) !ogrr % $n te4i"o 3ir'e ) $ni3or'e.

Mteri!e% (r e! en#o!"o interno En#o!nte% 6re#i(itnte% Bre ) en#o!nte "e bre A!$'bre %$!3to "e !$'inio E'$!%i,n "e (r3in A!$'into "e %o"io En#o!nte% 3orti3i#"o% Co!oi"e 7#i"o "e 'e!'in E'$!%ione% bit$'ino%% Otr% %!e% "e 'et!e% triv!ente% L7te+0 %i!i#one% ) otr%

Bre ) en#o!nte "e bre 6r 3or'r e! jb,n "e bre en#o!nte "e bre %e $ti!i ! bre "e #o!or ;F o '7% #!ro%. E! 'to"o #on%i%te en %(oni3i#r ! bre #ien"o re##ionr #ien Ki!o% "e bre #on "o#e Ki!o% "e i"r,+i"o "e %o"io o %$ e$iv!ente "e #rbonto "e %o"io $e %on "ie#i%i% Ki!o%0 e! 7!#!i %e greg "i!$i"o en g$ (r 3or'r $n %o!$#i,n "e jb,n "e bre ! 2 Q 5 "e %,!i"o%.

E'$!%i,n "e (r3in Se greg (r obtener ((e! #on 'ejor re%i%ten#i  ! (enetr#i,n "e! g$0 $'ent ! re%i%ten#i "e! ((e!0 %e obtiene 'enor 3ri##i,n en ! %$(er3i#ie0 (ro"$#e 'ejore% #$!i""e% "e 3!e+i,n ) en #ierto% ti(o% "e ((e! %e 'ejor ! i'(re%i,n.

En#o!nte% 3orti3i#"o% L 3orti3i##i,n #on%i%te en 3or'r "$#to% "e ! bre #on n"ri"o '!ei#o o 7#i"o 3$'7ri#o (r $'entr e! nH'ero "e gr$(o% 7#i"o% en ! 'o!#$! "e bre0 (or !o nterior %e re$iere gregr 'enor  #nti"" "e en#o!nte 3orti3i#"o $e "e! jb,n "e bre (r obtener  ig$!e% re%$!t"o%. Lo% en#o!nte% 3orti3i#"o% %e (re%entn en 3or' "e %o!$#i,n ! 5 "e %,!i"o% o en e'$!%ione% !  "e %,!i"o%. En ! #t$!i"" %e en#$entr $n n$evo ti(o "e en#o!nte #on gr$(o% 7#i"o% ne$tr!i"o% #on 'in% en !$gr "e 3or'r e! jb,n "e %o"io.

E'$!%ione% bit$'ino%% E! 'teri! b%e e% e! %3!to obteni"o "e ! "e%ti!#i,n "e! (etr,!eo0 e% "e #o!or negro (ero ti4e ! ((e! "e #o!or #3 en tono% $e vn "e%"e !o% (7!i"o% %t !o% o%#$ro%0 "e(en"ien"o "e ! #nti"" $e %e greg$e.

L7te+ Re#iben e! no'bre "e !7te+  !% e'$!%ione% o "i%(er%ione% #$o%% "e re%in% ) $!e%. Origin 'ejor re%i%ten#i ) e!%ti#i"".

Si!i#one% Se $ti!in en (e$e4% #nti""e% (r )$"r en e! en#o!"o "e !o% ((e!e%.

 A!'i",n E! !'i",n %e e'(!e en ! (i! (r 'ejorr ! re%i%ten#i ) ! %$(er3i#ie "e! ((e!.

Si!i#to "e %o"io E! %i!i#to "e %o"io $'ent ! e3e#tivi"" "e! en#o!"o0 #ontrib$)e ! ojeo0 $'ent ! rigi"e "e! ((e! ) 'ejor %$ %$(er3i#ie

 A!$'bre S$!3to "e !$'inio E% e! (re#i(itnte '7% $%"o (r !o% en#o!nte%  b%e "e bre0 t'bin %e $% en ! #!ri3i##i,n "e! g$.

 A!$'into "e %o"io Se $ti!i #$n"o %e "e%e $n '7+i' (er'nen#i j$nto #on $n en#o!"o interno '7+i'o. C%i #$!$ier %! "e $n 'et! triv!ente (re#i(it ! en#o!nte "e bre %obre !% 3ibr% "e ! ($!(. 6ero %on %!e% #r%.

Re$eri'iento% "e en#o!"o (r "i3erente% ($!(%. L ($!( Kr3t %in b!n$er %er7 ! '7% "$r'ente en#o!"G en %eg$i"0 ! Kr3t %e'ib!n$e" ) ! %$!3ito %in b!n$erG !$ego0 ! %$!3ito b!n$e"0 "e%($% ! ($!( #on !to #onteni"o "e !3 #e!$!o% ) !% ($!(% "e tr(o. A 'e"i" $e vn ! ($ri3i##i,n "e ! ($!(0 ! "i3i#$!t" "e en#o!"o $'ent.

Or"en "e "i#i,n en e! en#o!"o interno. Lo% en#o!nte% "e bre en %o!$#i,n %on jbone% ) %on (or !o gener! e! (ri'er  (ro"$#to $'i#o en#o!nte $e %e greg  !% (i!% o ! %i%te' "e (re(r#i,n "e ! (%t0 e%to %e #e #on e! 3in "e )$"r  ! i"rt#i,n  trv% "e ! ##i,n $'e#tnte "e! jb,n0 t'bin )$"  !ogrr %$ '7+i' "i%(er%i,n en (rt#$!% (e$e4% ) "e inibir ! #orro%i,n 7#i". E! !$'bre %$!3to "e !$'inio $%$!'ente %e greg ! H!ti'o0 e% "e#ir0 "e%($% "e $e e! en#o!nte "e bre ) !g$no% otro% "itivo% %e n "i%(er%"o o 'e#!"o #o'(!et'ente. L r,n (or ! $e e! !$'bre %e "ebe gregr  "e%($% "e ! re3in#i,n0 e% $e $n ve $e ! (re#i(it#i,n "e en#o!nte  teni"o !$gr0 no %e "ebe e+(oner  $e %e ro'( (or ! ##i,n 'e#7ni# %ever en !% (i!% o re3in"ore%.

/#tore% $e gener!'ente (erj$"i#n e! en#o!"o interno. .P

Ag$ e+#e%iv'ente "$r0 #$% (re#i(it#i,n (re't$r e ine3e#tiv "e! en#o!nte.

b.P

6$!( #on !to #onteni"o "e !3 #e!$!o% o tr(o0 $e %on "i3#i!e% "e en#o!r.

#.P

Me#!"o in%$3i#iente "e !o% (ro"$#to% $'i#o% ) ! ($!(.

".P

Tie'(o in%$3i#iente (r $e ! o(er#i,n "e en#o!"o %e !!eve  #bo.

e.P

( "e ! (i! %$(erior  .0 e+#e(to #$n"o %e $% !H'in #o'o (re#i(itnte.

3.P

E'(!er #rg% $e re##ionn #on e! !$'bre

g.P

A!t te'(ert$r en ! (%t "$rnte ! 3or'#i,n "e ! oj0 !o $e bj ! vi%#o%i"" e inter3iere #on ! (re#i(it#i,n "e! en#o!nte.

.P

A!t #on#entr#i,n "e 7#i"o% $ otro% 'teri!e% en %i%te'% "e g$ b!n# '$) #err"o%.

i.P

E+#e%o "e #!or en !o% (ri'ero% ro"i!!o% %e#"ore% o in%$3i#ien#i en !o% %ig$iente%. E! #!or 3$n"e ) "iere !% (rt#$!% "e! en#o!nte  !% 3ibr%.

 j.P

C!n"reo e+#e%ivo.

Crg% ) re!!eno%. L in#or(or#i,n "e 'teri!e% inorg7ni#o% "e '7% !to (e%o e%(e#3i#o  ! oj 3ibro% tnto (r 'ejorr ! #!i"" #o'o (r $'entr %$ "en%i""0 e% e! origen "e !!'r!e% #rg%F. Mejor en ! #!i"" "e i'(re%i,n Lo% ((e!e% o #rtone% (r i'(re%i,n re$ieren "e $n %$(er3i#ie !i%0 (r $e ! tint teng #ont#to (er3e#to en ! '7$in "e i'(re%i,n. L re#e(tivi"" "e tint ) ! ve!o#i"" "e 3ij#i,n ini#i! "e ! tint0 %on e%(e#i3i##ione% "e! ((e!. Sin #rg% ) re!!eno% ! tint (enetr (or !o% $e#o% #i ! (rte (o%terior "e! ((e!0 'n#n"o ! otr #r "e ! oj. O(#i"" 6r evitr ! vi%i,n "e !o% te+to% i'(re%o% o e%#rito% en $n !"o "e! ((e! (or e! rever%o "e ! oj0 !o% ((e!e% re$ieren "e #rg% o(#i3i#nte% %obre ! i'(regn#i,n "e e'$!%i,n "e (r3in. B!n#$r L% #rg% %e gregn t'bin (r 'ejorr ! b!n#$r o (r e!evr o $ni3or'r %$ re3!e#tn#i. 6ro(ie""e% e%(e#i!e% En e! ((e! 3i!tro %e $%n (r j$%tr e! t'4o "e! (oro ) % 3ijr ! 'e"i" "e reten#i,n. En e! ((e! (r #igrri!!o0 %e $%n (r e! #ontro! "e ! (oro%i"" ) (r obtener ! ve!o#i"" "e in#iner#i,n0 et#. L% #rg% $e %e $ti!in %on #o!ine%0 %i!i#to%0 %!e% "e #!#io0 %$!3to "e brio0 %!e% "e in# ) bi,+i"o "e titnio. Se e'(!en e'$!%ione% "e (o!'ero% (r g!$tinr !% #rg% ) 3or'r $n (int$rF (r re#$brir e! ((e!. Te4i"o "e! ((e!. Un "e !% #r#ter%ti#% "e !% oj% "e ((e! $e '7% !!' ! ten#i,n e% %$ #o!or. L tr##i,n (or e! #o!or #e $e otr% "e %$% (ro(ie""e% (%en 

%eg$n"o tr'ino (r !% (er%on% $e no "o'inn to"% !% #$!i""e% $e "ebe tener e! ((e! #o'o 'teri! "e (rote##i,n o (r eti$et%. C%i to"o e! te4i"o "e! ((e! %e !!ev  #bo #on #o!ornte% %o!$b!e%0 $n$e ($e"en $%r%e (ig'ento% in%o!$b!e%. A! "r #o!or ! ((e!0 e! #o!ornte ti4e !% 3ibr% in"ivi"$!e% "e !% ($!(% $e #on%tit$)en ! oj #b" "e ((e!. E! 'to"o '7% $%"o e% e! "e "r #o!or  ! (%t0 o te4i"o en ! (i!. E+i%ten otro% 'to"o% #o'o e% e! te4i"o %$(er3i#i! #on #o!ornte% en ! (ren% "e en#o!"o0 o e! te4i"o "e! ((e! (or re#$bri'iento0 o (or (ro#e%o% "e #onver%i,n #o'o e! te4i"o (or in'er%i,n0 o e! (int"o #on ni!in% (or i'(re%i,n. Co!ornte% b7%i#o%  A$n$e !o% #o!ornte% b7%i#o% re!tiv'ente no tienen 3ini"" (or ! #e!$!o% ($r0 t! #o'o %e en#$entr en !% ($!(% b!n$e"%0 %on 37#i!'ente reteni"o% (or !% ($!(% %in b!n$er ) (or ! (%t 'e#7ni#.  A!g$no% "e !o% #o!ornte% b7%i#o% '7% $%"o% %on9  A$r'in C3 b7%i#o o bi%'r#K Cri%oi"in S3rnin Ro"'in

Vio!et "e 'eti!o Vio!et #ri%t! A$! vi#tori A$! "e 'eti!eno Ver"e vi#tori

Co!ornte% 7#i"o% Co'o !o% #o!ornte% 7#i"o% no tienen 3ini"" (or !% 3ibr% "e #e!$!o% "e! ((e!0 (r retener e! #o!or %obre ! oj %e re$iere "e! $+i!io "e en#o!nte% ) !$'bre. E%te gr$(o "e #o!ornte% %e #r#teri (or %$ !t %o!$bi!i"" en g$. Son i'(ortnte% (r e! te4i"o en ! (%t0 e%(e#i!'ente (r !g$no% "e !o% #o!ore% "e! ((e! bon".  A!g$no% "e !o% #o!ornte% 7#i"o% '7% $%"o% en e! te4i"o en (%t %on9  A'ri!!o% "e $ino!in  Anrnj"o II  Anrnj"o RO Cro#en /L

E%#r!t "e #ro#en A$!e% "e ntr$inon o A$!e% bon" Nigro%in

Co!ornte% "ire#to% E%to% #o!ornte% %on %!e% "e %o"io "e !o% #o!ornte% 7#i"o%0 !g$no% "e !o% #o!ornte% "ire#to% '7% $%"o% en ! in"$%tri ((e!er %on9  A'ri!!o ti(o S?  A'ri!!o bri!!nte (r ((e!

6$r($rin A$! #ie!o

Cri%o3enin  Anrnj"o _S E%#r!t -BS Rojo 8BL?

Ver"e "ire#to Negro "ire#to C3 "ire#to B!n#o% (r ((e!

6r %eg$rr $ni3or'i"" en e! #o!or0 e! or"en "e "i#i,n "ebe %eg$ir %ie'(re e! 'i%'o or"en. Lo% #o!ornte%0 "e (re3eren#i 0 %e gregn  ! ($!(0 %eg$i"o% (or  e! en#o!nte ) "e%($% e! !$'breG !g$n% 37bri#% (re3ieren 4"ir e! #o!ornte "e%($% "e! en#o!nte0 (ero !o i'(ortnte e% gregr e! #o!ornte nte% "e! !$'bre0 %eg$rr $n 'e#! $ni3or'e ) "e %er (o%ib!e0 e! #o!ornte %e "ebe o'ogeneir #o'(!et'ente nte% "e gregr e! !$'bre.  A"itivo% e%(e#i!e%. M$#o% ((e!e%0 #rton#i!!o% ) #rtone% #ontienen "itivo% no #e!$!,%i#o% $e 'ejorn !% (ro(ie""e% "e! (ro"$#to 3in! (r #$'(!ir #on !% ne#e%i""e% re$eri"% (r %$ $%o Entre !o% "itivo% %e en#$entrn !o% !'i"one%0 go'% veget!e%0 !o% (o!'ero% %intti#o%0 !% re%in% e%(e#i!e% (r re%i%ten#i  ! $'e""0 !o% (ro"$#to% (r #ontro!r ! e%($'0 et#. Lo% "itivo% ($e"en (oner%e en ! (%t (r ((e!0 ) %e nte% "e $e %e 3or'e ! oj o (o%terior'ente en ! (ren% "e en#o!"o0 en ! #!n"ri0 o en $n o(er#i,n %$b%e#$ente "e #onver%i,n.  A!'i"one% Se e'(!en (r 'ejorr ! re%i%ten#i "e! ((e! En en#o!"o %$(er3i#i! Co'o re#$bri'iento 6r !'in"o 6r #rt,n #orr$g"o ;o'% nt$r!e% 6r 'ejorr re%i%ten#i Co'o )$"  ! reten#i,n Re%in% 'e!'in 3or'!"e"o Re%in% $re 3or'!"e"o Re%i%ten#i  ! $'e""  Antie%($'nte% 6r e!i'inr e%($' L% 3ibr% re3in"% ) 'e#!"%0 j$nto #on #$!$ier #rg o "itivo "e (i!0 t!e% #o'o #o!ornte%0 en#o!nte% "e bre ) !$'bre0 %e !'#enn nte% "e !!egr  !

'7$in 3or'"or "e ((e! en e! !!'"o tn$e "e '7$in. En e%te tn$e ! (%t %e git (r evitr %ent'iento ) ! %e(r#i,n "e !o% %,!i"o%. L #on%i%ten#i "e ! (%t en e! tn$e "e '7$in e% "e! or"en "e &.  -0 $n bo'b env ! (%t "e%"e e%te tn$e  $n reg$!"or "e #on%i%ten#i ) $n #j "e #be! #on%tnte0 "e "on"e (%n  trv% "e $n #o'($ert reg$!"or "e 3!$jo0 ! jor"n "e ! '7$in $e %e en#rg "e %$'ini%trr e! 3!$jo "e (%t #on%i%tente0 reg$!"o0 'e"i"o0 #ontro!"o ) #on%tnte  ! '7$in "e ((e!. E! o(er"or "e ! '7$in ($e"e j$%tr e! jor"n (r %$'ini%trr ! !ongit$" "e 3ibr ) (ro(ie""e% "e "ren"o "e ! (%t $e !e (er'itn obtener ! 3or'#i,n "e%e" en ! oj #on !% #on"i#ione% o(ti'% "e "ren"o. E! jor"n ! (%t (% #i ! bo'b "e bni#o "e ! '7$in0 en e%t bo'b ! (%t %e "i!$)e %t $n rngo "e .1  1. "e #on%i%ten#i0 e'(!en"o g$ $e %e re#ir#$! "e ! 3o% o tn$e #o!e#tor "e g$ b!n#. M7$in% (r e!borr ((e! (or (ro#e%o H'e"o. No ob%tnte $e "$rnte !o% H!ti'o% 1 4o% "e n i"e"o $n grn nH'ero "e "iver%% '7$in% (r ! (ro"$##i,n "e ((e!. ) "o% ti(o% (rin#i(!e% "e '7$in% (r e!borr ((e! (or e! (ro#e%o H'e"o9 L '7$in /o$r"rinier ) ! '7$in "e #i!in"ro. A'b% 3or'n e! ((e! "renn"o g$ "e $n %$%(en%i,n "i!$i" "e 3ibr%  trv% "e $n '!! 3in ) 'b% %e#n e! ((e! obteni"o e!i'inn"o e! g$ #on ro"i!!o% #!iente% ) !i%n"o e! ((e! #on #!n"ri%. M$in% /o$r"rinier (r ((e! /$e invent" (or L. 6obert en 15::0 $n$e "i#o %i%te' re$iri, "e! "e%rro!!o nterior "e L. Di"ot0 B DonKin ) J. ;'b!e0 nte% "e $e !!egr  tener +ito #o'er#i!. A#t$!'ente e%te 'to"o %e #ono#e #o'o '7$in /o$r"rinier0 no'bre $e re#ibi, "e%($% "e $e !o% er'no% enr) ) Se!) /o$r"rinier #o'(rron !o% "ere#o% "e ! (tente ) !$ego (ro'ovieron %$ (!i##i,n ) "e%rro!!o. De%"e enton#e%0 '$#% n$ev% e i'(ortnte% 'o"i3i##ione% %e n e#o  !o% "e%rro!!o% origin!e%0 !o% $e n ""o #o'o re%$!t"o $'ento% %igni3i#tivo% en e! t'4o ) ve!o#i"" "e !% '7$in% (r (ro"$#ir #on +ito $n '(!io rngo "e ((e!e% ) #rtone% !igero% E! %eg$n"o 'to"o 3$e "e%rro!!"o en 18: (or J. Di#Kin%on ) %e #ono#e #o'o e! (ro#e%o "e ! '7$in "e #i!in"ro o "e #$b%. E%te %i%te' t'bin  %$3ri"o 'o"i3i##ione% ) "e%rro!!o% (r ! 3bri##i,n "e #rtone% '$!ti#(% ) ((e!e%. 6ro#e%o #on '7$in /o$r"rinier 

L (%t "i!$i" "e !% o(er#ione% nteriore% ) #on (ro+i'"'ente .  1 "e 3ibr0 %e #e (%r (or '!!%  ! #j "e ! #be "e ! '7$in0 "e "on"e 3!$)e (or $n rn$r #!ibr"  to"o !o n#o "e ! 3or'"or  $n '!! "e !'bre %in3n $e %e en#$entr en 'ovi'iento !re"e"or ) entre "o% grn"e% ro"i!!o%0 e! #i!in"ro "e (e#o $e e% %,!i"o ) $e %e en#$entr en e! e+tre'o "e entr" ) e! #i!in"ro "e retorno "e ! te! en e! otro e+tre'o. L% 3ibr% "e ! ($!( %e retienen en ! '!! ) grn (rte "e g$ %e "ren (or e%t. A! vnr ! '!!0 tiene $n 'ovi'iento "e %#$"i'iento !ter! $e %irve (r orientr !g$n% "e !% 3ibr% ) "r!e 'ejor ##i,n "e 3e!("o0 % #o'o ')or re%i%ten#i  ! oj. En#ontr7n"o%e Hn %obre ! '!!0 e! ((e! (% (or #j% "e %$##i,n "on"e (ier"e g$. A!g$n% '7$in% tienen #i!in"ro% $e#o% ) (er3or"o%0 #on $n #7'r interior "e v#o0 #ono#i"o% #o'Hn'ente #o'o #i!in"ro% "e %$##i,n0 t'bin (% (or "ebjo "e ro"i!!o% $e !i%n ! (rte %$(erior "e ! oj. ) g$% "e $!e  !o% !"o% "en ! '!! $e %irven 3or'r !% ori!!% "e! ((e!. De ! '!! 3or'"or0 e! ((e! %e trn%3iere ! (ri'er %o(orte "e 3ie!tro $e !o #on"$#e  trv% "e $n %erie "e ro"i!!o% (ren%0 "on"e %e e!i'in '7% g$0 e! !'ite ! $e %e ($e"e re"$#ir e! #onteni"o "e $'e"" "e(en"e "e(en"e "e $e tnto %e ($e" #o'(ri'ir ! oj. En #on"i#ione% re!e% %e ($e"en !#nr  #onteni"o% "e $'e"" entre $n 2 ) $n 5. En e%t %e##i,n %e " ! 'r# "e g$ ! ((e! %i %e "e%e. A! %!ir "e! (ri'er 3ie!tro0 e! ((e! (% (or ro"i!!o% !i%"ore% "e #ero ) %e trn%3iere ! %eg$n"o 3ie!tro $e !o #e (%r (or $n %erie "e ro"i!!o% %e#"ore% "e 1.&  1. 'etro% "e "i7'etro0 #!ent"o% intern'ente #on v(or. E! ((e! entr  !o% ro"i!!o% #on $n #onteni"o "e $'e"" "e! 2 ! 5 ) %!e #on e! 2 Q 1. E! nH'ero "e %e#"ore% %e "eter'in (or ! #nti"" "e g$ $e %e re$iere ev(orr0 vri "e #$er"o #on ! (re%i,n "e v(or "entro "e !o% #i!in"ro%0 e! ti(o "e ((e! ) e! #onteni"o 3in! "e ! $'e"" en e! ((e!. E! ((e! (% entre !o% #i!in"ro% %e#"ore% %o(ort"o (or $no% 3ie!tro% "e !go",n $e !o 'ntiene 3ir'e'ente #ontr !o% #i!in"ro% ) $e %e "eno'inn 3ie!tro% "e %e#"or. 6o%terior'ente e! ((e! (%  ! #!n"ri $e tiene #o'o 3$n#i,n b7%i# reorientr !% 3ibr% %$(er3i#i!e% "e ! oj "e ((e! o "e! re#$bri'iento (!i#"o %obre ! %$(er3i#ie0 ) %e (or #o'(re%i,n0 (or 3ri##i,n o (or 'b%. E%t 3or'" (or $n %erie "e ro"i!!o% !i%o% ) (e%"o% "e #ero $e i'(rten !% #r#ter%ti#% 3in!e%  ! %$(er3i#ie "e! ((e!. E! (ro"$#to 3in!0 e! ((e! ) ter'in"o0 %e e'bobin. L o(er#i,n "e $n /o$r"rinier e% $n (ro#e%o %o3i%ti#"o. Uno "e !o% (rin#i(!e% (rob!e'% e% "r!e ! to!ern#i ne#e%ri  ! ve!o#i"" "e !o% "i3erente% ro"i!!o% (r #o'(en%r e! en#ogi'iento $e %$3re e! ((e! 'ientr% $e %e v %e#n"o. E! #ontro! "e !% te'(ert$r%0 ! ve!o#i"" ) ! #on%i%ten#i "e ! ($!( en !% "i3erente% (rte% "e ! '7$in e% '$) #o'(!ejo ) %ie'(re %e b vi%to #o'o $n rte %t $e %e in%t!ron !o% #ontro!e% (or #o'($t"orG or #on e%to% #ontro!e% (or #o'($t"or e% (o%ib!e (ro"$#ir 'eno% ((e! 3$er "e e%(e#i3i##ione% ) tener 'eno% rot$r% en ! tir #ontin$ "e ((e!.

Un oj "e ((e! e# en /o$r"rinier tiene "o% !"o%0 $no0 !!'"o e! !"o "e ! te!0 e% e! $e %e 3or' (ri'ero en #ont#to #on ! te! 'et7!i#G e! otro0 !!'"o !"o %$(erior o "e! 3ie!tro0 e% e! !"o o($e%to0 e! #$! %e 3or'o ! H!ti'o ) e% e! $e $e" en #ont#to #on $n #i!in"ro !!'"o "n"). Lo% "o% !"o% tienen "i%tint e%tr$#t$r. E! "e! !"o "e ! te! gener!'ente retiene ! i'(re%i,n "e! "i%e4o "e ! te!0 e%t7 3or'"o (or 3ibr% re!tiv'ente grn"e%0 tiene bjo #onteni"o "e #rg ) tiene $n b$en 3or'#i,n ) $%$!'ente $n 3$erte orient#i,n "e !% 3ibr% en e! %enti"o en e! $e %e '$eve ! te!. E! !"o "e! 3ie!tro ($e"e 'o%trr e! "i%e4o "e !te! "e! "n")0 #ontiene $n !to (or#entje "e 3ino% "e 3ibr% ) tiene $n !to #onteni"o "e ! #rg en ! %$(er3i#ie. 6ro#e%o "e ! '$in "e #i!in"ro%. Se e'(!en (r ! 3bri##i,n "e ((e! gr$e%o0 #rt,n ) ((e! no $ni3or'e. L '7$in "e #i!in"ro% tiene "e #$tro  %iete #$b% $e %e !i'entn #" $n #on (%t% (r ((e! "i!$i"%0 #" #$b #$ent #on $n #i!in"ro 3or'"or girtorio0 re#$bierto #on '!! "e !'bre ) (r#i!'ente %$'ergi"o en ! %$%(en%i,n "e #e!$!o%0 #o!o#"o% "e 'ner $e (er'ite $nir en $n %o! oj vri% #(% %i'i!re% o "i%tint% 3or'"% en #" $n "e !% #$b% integrnte%. Con3or'e v girn"o e! #i!in"ro ! (%t %e "e(o%it en ! '!! $e e%t "n"o v$e!t%0 ! 'i%'o tie'(o e! g$ $e (% (or ! te! "e !'bre %e e!i'in "e! interior "e! #i!in"roG #on3or'e v girn"o e! #i!in"ro0 ! (%t !!eg  ! (o%i#i,n '7% !t0 "on"e ! oj H'e" entr en #ont#to #on $n 3ie!tro en 'ovi'iento ) %e "iere  ! (or ! (rte "e bjo0 (% (or $n ro"i!!o "on"e %e e+(ri'e (rte "e! g$. E! 3ie!tro #on e! ((e! (%  ! (rte %$(erior "e! %ig$iente #i!in"ro0 "on"e to' otr #( #ontin$ "e ((e! H'e"o $e viene "e otro #i!in"ro 3or'"or. A% %e v 3or'n"o $n oj #o'($e%t o $n #rt,n $e (% (or !o% ro"i!!o% (ren%"ore% ) !$ego  !o% ro"i!!o% %e#"ore%. E! #onj$nto ($e"e tener "i3erente% #!i""e% "e (%t en %$% "i3erente% #(%0 (ero %ie'(re ! 'ejor #!i"" %e tiene en !% e+teriore% vi%t L 3ri##i,n $e %e (ro"$#e entre ! #r "e! #i!in"ro ) ! (%t en ! #$b 'over7 !% 3ibr% ) !% "e(o%itr7 en 3or' "e #e% ) n$"o% "e 3ibr%0 (ro"$#ien"o $n oj '$) irreg$!r. 6r re%o!ver e! (rob!e' %e "ebe 'over ! (%t en e! e+terior  "e! #i!in"ro  ! 'i%' ve!o#i"" ) en ! 'i%' "ire##i,n #on ! $e %e '$eve ! te! 'et7!i# "e! #i!in"ro0 "e 'o"o $e no ) 'ovi'iento% entre e!!%. En re%$'en ) %in i'(ortr e! ti(o "e e$i(o e'(!e"o en ! 3or'#i,n "e! ((e! %e ($e"e #on#!$ir $e e! ((e! %e #e "e(o%itn"o !% 3ibr% "e $n %$%(en%i,n #$o% "e #e!$!o%  $n #on%i%ten#i '$) bj0 %obre $n te! 'et7!i# re!tiv'ente 3in.  A trv% "e e%t te! %e %e(r '7% "e! : "e! g$ "e ! %$%(en%i,n.

 A 'e"i" $e !% 3ibr% %e "e(o%itn %obre ! te!0 %e entre!n gener!'ente ! r0 ) "e e%t 'ner e!!% 'i%'% 3or'n $n 'e"io 3i!trnte. Con3or'e ! re" "e 3ibr% #o'ien  3or'r%e0 ! ve!o#i"" "e reten#i,n $'ent (rogre%iv'ente. L ve!o#i"" vrib!e "e reten#i,n #on"$#e  $n vri#i,n gr"$! "e !% #r#ter%ti#% "e $n !"o ! otro "e! e%(e%or "e ! oj. En ! et( "e! %e#"o0 !% 3ibr% #o'ienn  $nir%e $'i#'ente entre %i0 %t $e e%te ti(o "e $ni,n (re"o'in en e! %e#"o #o'(!eto. L% 3$n#ione% b7%i#% $e %e e3e#tHn en ! %e##i,n H'e" o %e##i,n 3or'"or "e ! oj en $n '7$in (r ((e! %on9 Di!$ir  Se "ebe "i!$ir ! %$%(en%i,n 3ibro% $e entr ! %i%te' %t $n #on%i%ten#i !o %$3i#iente'ente bj (r (er'itir e! 37#i! 'ovi'iento re!tivo entre !% 3ibr% ) (or #on%ig$iente0 obtener !to gr"o "e $ni3or'i"" en ! "i%(er%i,n "e !% 3ibr%. Di%trib$ir  L %$%(en%i,n "i!$i" "e !% 3iento "e ! e%tr$#t$r (oro% "e ! oj. Se(rr  Se "ebe e!i'inr (or goteo ) (or %$##i,n ! ')or #nti"" (o%ib!e "e! g$ tr(" en ! oj0 nte% "e $e (%e  ! %e##i,n "e (ren% H'e". 6RO6IEDADES CARACTER
Co!or   ;r"o "e %tin"o O(#i"" Bri!!o 3#i!i""  ! i'(re%i,n Brrer  !$i"o%

Re%i%ten#i  ! !$ Re%i%ten#i  !% gr%% Re%i%ten#i ! i'(#to

Brrer  g%e% ) v(ore% Inte'(eri%'o Re%i%ten#i ! "e%grre

L% "i%tint% (ro(ie""e% "e! ((e! %e en#$entrn re!#ion"% $n% #on otr%0 "e 'ner0 $e no %e ($e"en 'o"i3i#r $n% %in 3e#tr e! #o'(ort'iento "e !% "e'7%. Ti(o% "e ((e! (r env%e9 E+i%ten %iete $ o#o ti(o% "e ((e! $e %e e'(!en en e! "i%e4o ) 3bri##i,n "e env%e%0 (ero !o% '7% #o'$ne% %on9 6(e! Kr3t E% $n ((e! '$) re%i%tente ! "e%grre (or tener 3ibr% !rg%0 %e $ti!i (r ! e!bor#i,n "e bo!%%0 %#o% '$!ti#(%0 ((e! (r envo!t$r% ) e% b%e (r !'in#ione% #on !$'inio0 (!7%ti#o0%3!to ) otro% 'teri!e%. Se 3bri# #on ($!( %in b!n$er0 %e'ib!n$e" o b!n$e"0 t'bin ($e"e %er #o!ore"oG e% (ro"$#i"o en "i3erente% (e%o% ) e%(e%ore%0 !ogrn"o "e%"e ti%%$e% %t #rtone% (e%"o% 6(e! ti(o (erg'ino (r env%e Se #r#teri (or %$ re%i%ten#i ! (%o "e ! $'e""0  !% gr%% )  !o% #eite%0 (or e%t r,n %e e'(!e (r envo!ver 'nte$i!!0 'rgrin0 #rne% ) %$% "eriv"o%0 $e%o%0 ve% ) (e%#"o%. 6(e!e% en#er"o% Son ((e!e% #on !to #onteni"o "e (r3in ) en !g$no% #%o% "e #er% ) (r3in% e%(e#i!e%. 6ro(or#ionn b$en (rote##i,n #ontr !o% !$i"o%0 v(ore% ) g%e%. Se $ti!in '$#o (r env%e% "e !i'ento%0 e%(e#i!'ente re(o%ter ) #ere!e% (ro#e%"o%0 en !o% !i'ento% #onge!"o% t'bin en#$entrn b$en %eg'ento "e 'er#"o. 6(e!e% ti%%$e Son ((e!e% '$) "e!g"o%0 ($e"en tener o no en#o!nte0 gener!'ente %on 3bri#"o%  (rtir "e ($!(% 'e#7ni#% o $'i#%0 ($e"en tener !to #onteni"o "e ((e! re#i#!"o. Se $ti!i #o'o (rote##i,n #o%'ti# en (rto% e!#tri#o%0 env%e% "e vi"rio0 err'ient%0 $ten%i!io% "e #o#in0 (to%0 bo!%% "e 'no0 #etto%0 et#. 6(e! g!%%ine 6(e! re%i%tente  !% gr%%

Son ((e!e% '$) "en%o% !to (e%o (or $ni"" "e %$(er3i#ie0 (re%entn !t re%i%ten#i ! (%o "e !% gr%% ) !o% #eite%.  A!g$no% ti(o% (re%entn ! #r#ter%ti# "e %er trn%!H#i"o%0 (or  #!n"r"o %e !e% 'ejor e! #b"o "e %$% #r% ) obtienen $n #!ibr#i,n $ni3or'e. Si en e! (ro#e%o %e gregn #rg% %e ($e"en #er o(#o%. Se !e% ($e"en "r #b"o% e%(e#i!e% #o'o ($e"e %er e! en#er"o0 !$e"o o !'in"o #on !$'inio o (o!'ero%. Son $%"o% (r envo!t$r% "e !t #!i""0 #o'o 'teri! brrer0 ) %e!!o% "e grnt. Env%e% "e ((e!. Lo% env%e% "e ((e! %on "e !o% '7% #o'$ne%0 ""o $e tienen #r#ter%ti#% $e !o% #en '$) ver%7ti!e%. L% bo!%% "e ((e! e% $n ti(o "e env%e $e  'nteni"o %$ vigen#i "e%"e $e e+i%ten. 6re%ent "iver%% o(#ione% Hni#'ente  b%e "e "ob!e#e% ) (eg'ento%. No (o"e'o% #er  $n !"o e! '$) t(i#o #$#$r$#o "e ((e! en M+i#o. L% Bo!%% en ! #t$!i"" %on e!e'ento% in"i%(en%b!e% en #$!$ier #o'er#io0 %e  #onverti"o en $n i'(ortnte e%(#io ($b!i#itrio ) (ro'o#ion!. Se 'nejn en "i3erente% t'4o% ) (re%ent#ione%. C$'(!en #on %$ 3$n#i,n "e env%e ! #ontener ) trn%(ortr !o% (ro"$#to% "$iri"o%. L% bo!%% %e ($e"en "e3inir #o'o #ontene"ore% no rgi"o%0 3bri#"o% #on ((e! o #on %$ #o'bin#i,n #on otro% 'teri!e% 3!e+ib!e% ) %e e'(!en (r e! 'nejo "e $n !'ite $e rbitrri'ente %e  3ij"o en 11. Ki!o%. Si e! #ontene"or 'nej '7% "e !o% 110 Ki!o% %e !e "eno'in %#o ) (or %$ #onteni"o %e #on%i"er $e e% "e $%o in"$%tri!. Lo% %#o% ($e"en e%tr 3or'"o% (or vri% #(%0 nor'!'ente "e *  2 #(% ) %e #!%i3i# #o'o %#o '$!ti#(%0 e! ((e! $%"o e% Kr3t (or %$ ')or  re%i%ten#i ) %e $%n !% "en%i""e% "e 50 8 o 1 gr' &. Se #on%i"ern "e $%o r$"o ) e! "i%e4o (rti#$!r % #o'o e! nH'ero "e #(% "e(en"e "e ! nt$r!e "e! 'teri! $e %e v  env%r en ! ) "e! %i%te' "e trn%(orte ) e'b!je $%"o. E+i%ten #$tro e%ti!o% b7%i#o% "e bo!%%9 Con 3on"o #$"r"o o "e (in% De 3on"o "e %#o "e 'no L bo!% (!n Con 3on"o $to'7ti#o "e $to(ert$r SOS 6rin#i(!e% #r#ter%ti#% "e !% bo!%%9 1.P &.P

Son "e bjo (re#io 6rotegen "e 3or' e3e#tiv #ontr e! (o!vo #$n"o %e

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6or %$ (ro(i nt$r!e0 !% bo!%% to'n ! 3or' "e %$ #onteni"o0 o#$(n"o e! 'ni'o e%(#io ne#e%rio

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6r #ierto% $%o% %$ (oro%i"" e% $n ventj.

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No %on "e#$"% (r 'teri!e% H'e"o% o #on bor"e% #ortnte%.

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6rin#i(!e% #r#ter%ti#% "e! %#o "e ((e!. 1.P

L (rin#i(! "e %$% #r#ter%ti#% e% %$ grn ver%ti!i""0 tnto "e 3or' #o'o "e (o%ibi!i""e% en !% "i3erente% #(% $e !o 3or'n.

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6$e"e (ro(or#ionr b$en (rote##i,n #ontr ! vri#i,n "e $'e"" "e! #onteni"o.

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6ro(or#ion b$en (rote##i,n #ontr !o% (rob!e'% (ro"$#i"o% (or  !o% in%e#to%.

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6rotege "e#$"'ente ! #onteni"o #ontr #ont'in#ione% $'i#% "e otro% 'teri!e%.

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6ro(or#ion b$en (rote##i,n #ontr 3$g% "e! #onteni"o ) %$ ##i,n %obre %$ entorno.

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6$e"e %er $n e3e#tiv brrer #ontr g%e% ) v(ore%

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E% 37#i! "e entri'r ) e%tibr 

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Son re#i#!b!e%

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E% $n env%e !igero ) #$n"o %e en#$entr %in !!enr o#$( '$) (o#o e%(#io en e! !'#n.

Lo% %#o% "e ((e! $e %e en#$entrn en e! 'er#"o0 %e ($e"en #!%i3i#r en "o% grn"e% gr$(o%9 S#o% "e bo# biert.

Son %#o% "e ((e!0 3or'"o% (or vri% #(%0 ($e"en %er #o%i"o% o (eg"o% ) tienen $no "e %$% e+tre'o% %in #errr #on e! objeto "e $e "e%($% "e %er !!en"o0 "i#o e+tre'o %e #o% o %e (eg$e (r #ontener "e#$"'ente ! (ro"$#to env%"o0 %e e'(!en #$n"o ! (ro"$##i,n e% bj o no %e #$ent #on e$i(o e%(e#i!i"o. S#o% #on v7!v$! Son %#o% "e ((e!0 %on '$!ti#(%0 %$% "o% e+tre'o% %on #err"o% (or e! 3bri#nte0 (ero en $no "e e!!o% "ej $n v7!v$! "e ((e! en ! e%$in. 6$e"en %er #o%i"o% o (eg"o%. Se re$iere "e e$i(o e%(e#i! (r %$ !!en"o0 $n ve $e e! (e%o "e! %#o e% e! #orre#to0 Hni#'ente %e tiene $e 'eter e! e+tre'o "e ! v7!v$! "entro "e! %#o ) e! 'i%'o (ro"$#to !o #o!(% evitn"o $e teng 3$g%. 6r ! 3bri##i,n "e !o% %#o% "e ((e!0 ! o(er#i,n ini#i! e% ! 3or'#i,n "e $n t$bo #on e! nH'ero ) ti(o "e #(% "e#$"o  %$ $%o. Si e! %#o tiene i'(re%i,n0 %e "ebe #er nte% "e 3or'r e! %#o en ! #( '7% e+teriorG j$nto #on !% otr% #(%0 $e ($e"en %er "e! 'i%'o 'teri! o "i3erente0 %e 3or' e! t$bo en $n t$berF. L% t$ber% !#nn (ro"$##ione% "e    &  %#o% (or or. De #$er"o ! "i%e4o ) #(#i"" "e! %#o0 e! t$bo %e "ebe re#ortr  ! !ongit$" "e#$". E! %#o '7% %en#i!!o "e 3bri#r e% e! %#o (!no0 #o%i"o ) "e bo# biert. Se (ro"$#e 'e"inte e! #orte "e! t$bo #on #$#i!!% $e gener!'ente %on "ent"%0 e! e+tre'o e% #o%i"o %obre(onien"o $n tir "ob!" "e ((e!  !% #(%0 e! objeto "e e%t tir e% evitr $e e! i!o #orte !g$n % #(% "ebi!itn"o e! e+tre'o "e! %#o. 6or %$% #$!i""e% %e #o!o#n !o% %#o% "e ((e! #o'o $n b$en o(#i,n (r e! env%"o "e 'teri!e% "e #on%tr$##i,n #e'ento0 )e%o0 (eg $!ejo et#.0 !i'ento (r ni'!e%0 !i'ento% $'no%0 (ro"$#to% $'i#o%0 #rg%0 (ig'ento%0 in%e#ti#i"%0 3erti!inte%0 et#. Lo% %#o% '$!ti#(% ($e"en tener !g$n% "e e!!% "e !'in"o% #on otro% 'teri!e% #o'o !$'inio0 (o!ieti!eno0 %3!to0 et#. $e brin"n ! o(ort$ni"" "e #er '7% ver%7ti! e! env%"o #on e%te ti(o "e env%e. Di%e4o "e !o% env%e% "e ((e! E! "i%e4o "e !% bo!%% ) !o% %#o% "e ((e! #o'o en #$!$ier otro ti(o "e env%e0 %e tienen $e to'r en #$ent !o% re$eri'iento% $e "ebe #$'(!ir "e #$er"o #on !% ne#e%i""e% #o'er#i!e% ) "e (rote##i,n. Di#o !o nterior %e tiene $e #$'(!ir #on re$i%ito% "e 3or' (r #$'(!ir #on %$ (rte #o'er#i! vi%$! ) "e 3$n#i,n e%tr$#t$r! (r !ogrr ! 'ejor (rote##i,n (o%ib!e "e! #onteni"o.

6or !o $e e! "i%e4"or "ebe to'r '$) en #$ent !o% %(e#to% "e 3$n#ion!i"" ) !o% "e (re%ent#i,n. L grn #nti"" "e #b"o% (r ! %$(er3i#ie "e !o% env%e% "e ((e!0 invit  re!ir "i%e4o% nove"o%o% ) ri#o% en #o!ori"o %t #$tro #o!ore% "e i'(re%i,n CARTÓN En ! #t$!i""0 '7% "e! 8 "e !o% (ro"$#to% %e env%n o e'b!n en #j% "e #rt,n "e "i3erente% ti(o%0 "e%"e #rt$!in% %t #rt,n #orr$g"o ) #on%tit$)e e! 'teri! "e ')or $%o en ! in"$%tri ) e! #o'er#io. E! #rt,n %e ($e"e #on%i"err #o'o $n vrinte "e ((e!0 "e(en"ien"o "e! e$i(o "e 3bri##i,n ($e"e %er 'n$3#t$r"o en $n %o! #( en 3o$r"rinier o "e vri% #(% en '7$in "e #i!in"ro%. ;ener!'ente %e #on%i"er $e %e ($e"e "ivi"ir en tre% #tegor% e! 'teri! e'(!e"o #o'o env%e9 ((e!0 #rt$!in ) #rt,n 6r e3e#to% (r7#ti#o% %e ($e"e #on%i"err $e e! #rt,n %e $% en ! 3bri##i,n "e #j% ) #$4ete%. L% #j% (e$e4% gener!'ente %e e!born #on #rt$!in% ) !% "e ')or t'4o %e #en #on #rt,n #orr$g"o. Lo% #$4ete% %e ($e"en 3bri#r bobinn"o #(% "e ((e! Kr3t %t obtener ! re%i%ten#i re$eri"0 e! 3on"o ($e"e %er "e #rt,n (ren%"o o 'et7!i#oG !% t(% gener!'ente #orre%(on"en #on e! 'teri! "e! 3on"o. L "i3eren#i entre $n #rton#i!!o ) $n #rt$!in e% $e ! H!ti' %e  (%"o (or $n #!n"ri (r #!ibrr ) $ni3or'r  e! e%(e%or0 #on ! 'i%' o(er#i,n %e obtiene 'ejor bri!!o ) #on%i%ten#i. Si ! #j !!ev i'(re%i,n0 %e "ebe $%r #rt$!in (r (o"er tener $n env%e #on b$en #!i"" "e i'(re%i,n. Lo% ti(o% "e #rt$!in '7% $ti!i"o% en ! 3bri##i,n "e env%e% %on9 ;ri% Nor'!e% Mni! Detergente Co$# rever%o gri% Co$# rever%o b!n#o Re%i%tente% Co$# rever%o "etergente Co$#e rever%o biKini E! #!ibre "e ! #rt$!in %e "eter'in en ($nto%0 $n ($nto e$iv!e  .1 ($!g". De 'ner $e "e(en"ien"o "e! vo!$'en ) "e! (e%o  env%r %e "ebe "eter'inr e! #!ibre "e ! #rt$!in. L orient#i,n "e ! 3ibr i!o e% i'(ortnte ) $e in3!$)e en ! re%i%ten#i "e! 'teri!. L #rt$!in obteni" en '7$in 3o$r"rinier tiene ! 3ibr 'ejor re(rti" ) $e no e+i%te $n orient#i,n "o'innteG en ! '7$in "e #i!in"ro%0 ! ten"en#i "e ! orient#i,n e% en e! %enti"o "e ! rot#i,n "e ! te!.!ongit$"in!

E! (e%o "e ! #rt$!in t'bin e% i'(ortnte ) $e #on e! 'i%'o #!ibre %e ($e"en tener "i3erente% (e%o% en #" $n "e !% vrie""e%0 !% $e (re%entn '7% (e%o ($e"en tener '7% #rg0 (ero t'bin ($e"en e%tr '7% #o'(#t"% #ien"o $n (ro"$#to #on '7% re%i%ten#i. Re%i%ten#i  ! $'e""0 %i %e re$iere %e "ebe e%(e#i3i#r ! re%i%ten#i  ! $'e"" "e%eb!e ) $e #o'o %e %be e! ((e! ) %$% "eriv"o% #on ! $'e"" tien"e  #'bir %$% (ro(ie""e% 'e#7ni#%0 (rin#i(!'ente ! rigi"e. 6or %er e! ((e! igro%#,(i#o0 to' r7(i"'ente ! $'e"" "e! 'e"io 'biente. L% (o%ibi!i""e% "e "i%e4o (r #j% (!eg"i% 3bri#"% #on #rt$!in% o #rtone% %t "e - ($nto% %on inn$'erb!e%0 #%i %e #e $n #j e%(e#i! (r #" ti(o "e (ro"$#to. En e! "i%e4o ) "e%rro!!o "e $n #j0 ! "i%trib$#i,n "e !% (re"e%0 e! 3rente0 e! rever%o0 !o% !ter!e%0 e! ti(o "e t( ) e! ti(o "e 3on"o0 %er7n "i3erente% "e #$er"o ! ti(o "e !!en"o0 "e #err"o0 "e (eg"o o "e #o'o"o "e! (ro"$#to. L 'ner "e r'r%e0 !!enr%e ) #errr%e0 'n$! o 'e#7ni#'ente0 t'bin in3!$ir7 en %$ "e%rro!!o. L% (rte% $e #o'(onen $n #j tienen no'bre%0 !o% '7% $%$!e% %on9

     

1.P &.P *.P -.P .P 2.P 5.P 8.P :.P 1.P 11.P 1&.P

Cr 6e%t4 (r (egr T( A!et% /on"o A!et% o %o!(% %$(eriore% 6ne! %$(erior   A!et% o %o!(% in3eriore% 6ne! in3erior   Cn""o Re%$e% Bi%e!

L% t(% ) !o% 3on"o% gener!'ente %on "e "o% ti(o%0 !o% (eg"o% ) !o% re#errb!e% $e tienen !et% o %o!(% ) #n""o%0 L% (eg"% gener!'ente #$entn en e! 3rente "e ! t( #on $n (e%t4 $e ! entrr entre !% !et% ) ! #r "e! 3rente (er'ite %$ re#err"oG Lo% re#errb!e% %on !% #j% $e gener!'ente ($e"en vo!ver  #errr%e $n ve biert%0 ) $e no %e "e%tr$)e e! #rt,n ! brir%e. /bri##i,n "e #j% (!eg"i% "e #rt$!in. Un ve $e %e n "e3ini"o !% "i'en%ione% ) #!ibre "e ! #rt$!in0 %e "ebe "e%rro!!r e! "i%e4o "e ! i'(re%i,n ) e! #orte. De 'ner $e (ri'ero %e "ebe i'(ri'ir ! #rt$!in ) "e%($% (%  %er %$j" o re#ort".

E! (ro#e%o "e %$j"o o #orte %e re!i (or 'e"io "e $n% #$#i!!% #on ! 3or' "e to"% !% (rte% "e ! #j. E%t% #$#i!!% %e 'ontn en $n %o(orte "e '"er $e (o%terior'ente e% #o!o#" en $n (ren% %$j"or0 tro$e!n"o ! 3ig$r $e %e en#$entr en ! tb! "e #$#i!!%. E+i%ten b7%i#'ente tre% ti(o% "e #$#i!!% t'bin !!'"% (!e#%. L% $e %on (r #ortr e! #ontorno ) !o% re%$e%0 !% (!e#% (r 'r#r !o% "ob!e#e% ) % 3#i!itr e! "ob!e "e !% #j% ) 3in!'ente !% (!e#% "e ($nte"o $e 3#i!itn e! "e%(ren"i'iento o re#orte "e #iert% (rte% "e ! #j. C$n"o !% #rt$!in% ) n %i"o i'(re%%0 #ort"% ) %e(r"o e! #orte #orre%(on"iente  ! #j0 %e (ro#e"e  #er !o% "ob!e#e%0 engo'r ) (egr (r $e"r !i%t% (r e! env%e. E! "i%e4o "e ! #j tiene #o'o 3$n#i,n #rer e! env%e $e #$'(! #on !o% re$i%ito% #o'er#i!e% ne#e%rio% (r e! #!iente0 % #o'o !% $e vienen "e! (ro"$#to  #ontener ) $e "e3inir7n e! e%ti!o "e ! #j0 #!%e "e #rt$!in0 ($nto%0 ti(o "e #ierre0 ti(o% "e $ni,n0 et#. No %e "ebe o!vi"r $e e+i%te $n or"en en ! "eno'in#i,n "e !% "i'en%ione% "e ! #j ) $e invrib!e'ente %on9 3rente0 3on"o ) !t$r0 o bien0 !rgo0 n#o0 ) (ro3$n"i"". E+i%te $n '(!i g' "e #rt$!in% #rtone% $e %e ($e"en e'(!er en ! 3bri##i,n "e !% #j% (e$e4% (!eg"i%0 "e'7% "e $n grn vrie"" "e re#$bri'iento% $e ($e"en 'ejorr !% #r#ter%ti#% #o'o9 ! re%i%ten#i ! g$0 re%i%ten#i  ! gr%0 %(e#to vi%$!0 et#. (ero e! #rt,n #rt$!in %e!e##ion"o "ebe #$'(!ir #on !% ne#e%i""e% b7%i#% e%tb!e#i"% #o'o ($e"en %er9 b$en "e%i,n "e !% tint%0 %$(er3i#ie "e#$" (r tener  i'(re%i,n "e #!i""0 b$en re#e(#i,n "e !o% "e%ivo% ) 3#i!i"" (r e! r'"o %in $e %e (ro"$#n griet%0 rr$g% o rot$r% "$rnte e! "ob!"o. Lo% ti(o% "e #rt,n #rt$!in '7% $ti!i"o% %on9 Co$#e 6r #j (!eg"i0 'teri! (ro'o#ion! Cro'eKote 6r #j "e !t #!i"" E$roKote 6r #j "e !t #!i"" Crton#i!!o gri% Cj #o!e#tiv ti(o "e%(#"or ) #ro! BiKini Cn%ti!!% Co$#eP'"er Cj (r (er3$'e ) !i'ento #onge!"o Crt$!in ve!!$' /o!!eter ) #rter (ort'$e%tr% Crt$!in Bn"% ) 'teri! (ro'o#ion!. CARTÓN CORRU;ADO

E! #rt,n #orr$g"o e%tr$#t$r!'ente %e 3or' #on "o% e!e'ento% b7%i#o%9 e! !inerF0 #r o 3orro ) e! 'e"i$'F o 'teri! "e 3!$t ) $e e% e! $e 3or' e! #orr$g"o. E! !iner #r o 3orro e% "e ((e! Kr3t o %e'i Kr3t ) 3or' $n (er3i! (!no $e o#$( to" ! %$(er3i#ie "e ! oj "e #rt,n #orr$g"o0 %obre e%te (er3i! (!no %e (eg e! ((e! #orr$g"o 'e"i$'. De ! 3or' #o'o %e #o'binen !iner ) 'e"i$' %e tienen !% "i3erente% vrie""e% "e! #rt,n #orr$g"o. E! 'e"i$'0 e% $n ((e! 3bri#"o nor'!'ente #on bgo "e #4 o "e (j0 tiene $n #on%i%ten#i '7% e%(onjo% $e e! !iner ) (re%ent $n #on%tr$##i,n on"$!"  ! $e %e !e #o%t$'br "eno'inr 3!$tF. A! e%tr (eg"o ! !iner %e 3or' $n e%tr$#t$r #ontin$ "e r#o% $e !e (ro(or#ion grn re%i%ten#i ) $e !% #rg% $e re#ibe %e re(rten %obre to"o% !o% r#o% $e 3or'n e! #orr$g"o. Dentro "e ! 3bri##i,n "e! 'e"i$'0 %e $ti!in vrio% ti(o% ) 'e"i"% "e !o% r#o% 3!$t% tnto en ! !t$r #o'o en ! "i%tn#i entre #re%t% o v!!e% "e !% on"% $e 3or'n e! #orr$g"o. Se #o%t$'br en'r#r ! 3!$t "entro "e #$tro vrinte% #o'er#i!e% Ti(o "e 3!$t

A!t$r en ''

 A B C E

-.52 *.15 *.:5 1.8

NX "e on"% (or 'etro

±118 ±125 ±1*8 ±*1

De(en"ien"o "e! #!ibre "e! ((e! $%"o tnto en !iner #o'o en 'e"i$' %e ($e"en tener "i3erente% ti(o% "e #rt,n #orr$g"o en ! %ig$iente tb! %e '$e%trn eje'(!o%9 Crt,n #orr$g"o 5 g : g 11 g 1-g 12 g

!iner 1 g'& &- g'& &- g'& * g'& * g'&

#orr$g"o 1* g'& 1* g'& 1* g'& 1* g'& 1* g'&

!iner   1 g'& 18 g'& &- g'& &- g'& * g'&

E! #on%$'o "e #rt,n "e 5g br# '7% "e ! 'it" "e! 'er#"o. Se e'(!e #$n"o ) $e e'(#r (ro"$#to% "e (e%o 'e"io ) %e $iere tener $n 'rgen "e %eg$ri"" "e#$"o. L "i3eren#i #on re%(e#to ! #rt,n "e : g e% 'ni' en #o'(r#i,n #on ! "i3eren#i en (re#io.

T'bin %e ($e"en tener "i3erente% #o'o"o% "e !iner ) 'e"i$'0 %ien"o !% '7% $%"%9 E! #orr$g"o "e $n %o! #r %e 3or' "irien"o $n #( (!n !iner #on $n "e 'e"i$' #orr$g"o. Se #o%t$'br "eno'inr9 /LAUTA TI6O DE /LAUTA UNA CARA E! #rt,n #orr$g"o "e "ob!e #r %e 3or' "irien"o $n #( (!n !iner  #" !"o "e! 'e"i$' #orr$g"o. Se #o%t$'br "eno'inr9 /LAUTA TI6O DE /LAUTA DOBLE CARA E! #rt,n #orr$g"o "e "ob!e (re" %e 3or' 'e"inte e! #o'o"o "e tre% #(% (!n% !iner0 ter#i"o% #on "o% #(% "e 'e"i$' #orr$g"o "e 'ner $e ! #r #entr! e% #o'Hn  !% "o% #(% "e 'e"i$'. Se #o%t$'br "eno'inr9 /LAUTAS ti(o "e 3!$t Y ti(o "e 3!$t DOBLE 6ARED E+i%te ig$!'ente $n #rt,n #orr$g"o "e tri(!e (re"0 e! $e %e 3or' 'e"inte #$tro #(% (!n% !iner ) tre% #orr$g"% 'e"i$' ter#i"%0 ! no'en#!t$r e% %e'ejnte  !% nteriore%. De #$er"o ! "i%e4o ) #on%tr$##i,n "e ! #j ($e"e %er "e 3!$t oriont! o verti#!0 ! re%i%ten#i "e #" #j en !o (rti#$!r ) "e ! e%tib en !o gener! "e(en"er7 no %,!o "e e%t #r#ter%ti# %ino "e! ti(o "e 3!$t ) "e ! e%(e#i3i##i,n "e! ((e!. L "ire##i,n nor'! "e !% 3!$t% e% (r!e!  ! !t$r o (ro3$n"i"" "e ! #j0 o %e #on 3!$t verti#!0 (r %o(ortr 'ejor e! (e%o "e !% #j% $e %e #o'o"n %obre e!!% en $n e%tib. E! "i%e4o e%tr$#t$r! "e $n #j "eter'in $e tn e3e#tiv %er7 %t (r (o"er  #o'(etir en e! 'er#"o ) "e'7% !!evr e! (ro"$#to int#to ! #on%$'i"or. En e%t et( e! ingeniero "ebe #ono#er ! 3rgi!i"" $e tiene e! (ro"$#to0 ! #!%e "e 'nejo $e "ebe %o(ortr0 %$ 3or' "e trn%(ort#i,n ) !'#en'iento % #o'o !% #on"i#ione% #!i'7ti#%0 $e ($e"en 3vore#er o (erj$"i#r ! (ro"$#to. To"o 'o"e!o "eber7 (%r (or (r$eb% "e e%tib ) re%i%ten#i. C$n"o e! "i%e4o e%tr$#t$r! "e ! #j $e" e%tb!e#i"o0 %e (ro#e"e  #on%i"err !o% %(e#to% "e vent%0 $e 3e#tn e! ti(o "e #rt,n  $%r ) %$% #b"o%0 (ero0 no %e ($e"en #er  $n !"o !% #on%i"er#ione% e%tr$#t$r!e% origin!e% % #o'o !o% #o%to% ) tie'(o% "e re!i#i,n. C" (ro"$#to $e re$ier %er env%"o o e'b!"o #on !g$no "e !o% "i3erente% ti(o% "e #rt,n #orr$g"o0 !o r7 "e 'ner $e grnti#e %$ (rote##i,n0 tr%!"o ) !'#en'iento "e 3or' 37#i! ) %eg$r.

E! #rt,n #orr$g"o e% $no "e !o% 'teri!e% '7% $%"o% (r e! "i%e4o "e env%e ) e'b!je "ebi"o  $e #$'(!e %ti%3#tori'ente #on #$tro 3$n#ione% b7%i#%9 6rotege ! (ro"$#to "e !o (o%ib!e% "4o% o#%ion"o% "$rnte %$ trn%(orte0 'nejo ) !'#enje. Con%erv "e 'ner %ti%3#tori e! (ro"$#to %t $e %e ven"i"o.  An$n#i0 (ro'$eve e i"enti3i# ! (ro"$#to "e%"e %$ origen %t $e !!eg ! #on%$'i"or  E% e#on,'i#o E% re#i#!b!e  A! 'o'ento "e "i%e4r e! %(e#to vi%$! "e ! #j "ebe to'r%e en #$ent9 L in3or'#i,n ($e"e 'o%trr%e en !o% #$tro !"o% "e ! #j0 en !etr bo!"F "e (re3eren#i ) en !etr grn"e en (ro(or#i,n  ! !t$r "e ! #j. E%t in3or'#i,n ($e"e en#ontrr%e en ! t( %$(erior. Se "eben notr !% (re#$#ione% $e "eben to'r%e en #$ent (r e! 'nejo ) !'#en'iento. L #nti"" ) "e%#ri(#i,n "e! #onteni"o "ebe (re#er. L 'r# ) no'bre "e! (ro"$#to "ebe %er en !etr% ')ore%. En ! t( in3erior "ebe notr%e !o% "to% (ro(io% "e ! #j 3bri#nte0 NH'ero o #,"igo "e ! #j0 3e# "e 3bri##i,n0 'e"i"%0 #onteni"o "e 3ibr bre#i#!o" Se!!o "e re%i%ten#i $e grnti e! 3bri#nte ) %e!!o "e re#i#!bi!i"". E% i'(ortnte en e! "i%e4o "e #j% #orr$g"% obtener e! 'ejor j$%te "i'en%ion!0 (r $e "$ren '7% !% #j%. Si %e entregn ! 3bri#nte e%$e'%0 %e "eben notr !% to!ern#i% "ebi"% %egHn e! ti(o "e 3!$t ) #orr$g"o e'(!e"o. Si no %e to'n en #$ent !% to!ern#i% no %e ten"r7n #j% #on (ne!e%  e%#$"r0 #on !o% #on%ig$iente% (rob!e'% $e ! #$'$!r  #ent'etro% "e error %e tienen en !o% %i%te'% "e !'#en'iento ) trn%(orte. To"% !% 'e"i"% %on  (rtir "e !o% #entro% "e !o% %$je% "e "ob!e. To"% !% "i'en%ione% %on 'e"i"% interiore%. Lo% $'ento% en to!ern#i% in"i#"o% en #" (ne! "e ! #j vrn "e(en"ien"o "e! ti(o "e 3!$t $e %e $ti!i#e.

-.- ENVASES DE 6LZSTICO Lo% 'teri!e% (!7%ti#o% n teni"o $n in3!$en#i revo!$#ionri "e%"e %$ (ri#i,n0 "ebi"o  $n %erie "e (ro(ie""e% 3%i#% ) $'i#% $e !o% #en Hni#o% (r $e %e (!i$en en $n grn vrie"" "e env%e% ) e'b!je% $e e+tien"e %$ $%o  $n 'er#"o #" " '7% '(!io. 6r (o"er enten"er e! #orre#to $%o "e !o% 'teri!e% (!7%ti#o% en e! '$n"o "e! env%e ) e'b!je %e "eben tener #ono#i'iento% b7%i#o%. CLASI/ICACIÓN DE LAS MACROMOL>CULAS 6OR SU ORI;EN De%"e #e '$#o tie'(o #o'enron !o% $'i#o%0 3%i#o% ) bi,!ogo%  #er  inve%tig#ione% en '$#% %$%tn#i% $e %e en#$entrn en ! nt$r!e ) $e %e #o'(e91.(tG3ontP3'i!)9Ari!G'%oPbi"iP3ontP3'i!)9Ti'e% Ne Ro'nCon3or'e %e (er3e##ionbn !o% in%tr$'ento% ) t#ni#% "e e%t$"io %e #on3ir'b ! i"e "e $e !o% (ro"$#to% nt$r!e% en #$e%ti,n tenn $e (re%entr e!ev"o (e%o 'o!e#$!r. Con !o% e%t$"io% (o%teriore% %e !ogrron tener  '7% #ono#i'iento% %obre e! t'4o ) ! e%tr$#t$r "e !% '#ro'o!#$!%. M$#% "e !% '#ro'o!#$!% "e! '$n"o ni'! %on (roten% ) %e ($e"en #!%i3i#r en 3ibro%% ) g!ob$!re%. L% 3ibro%% %on in%o!$b!e% en g$ ) %irven #o'o e%tr$#t$r (r !o% ni'!e%0 % #o'o ! #e!$!o% (r !% (!nt%0 %on eje'(!o%9 Co!7geno @$ertin E!%tin

"e! %i%te' #onj$ntivo "e! teji"o e(ite!i! ) #be!!o "e! teji"o #onj$ntivo e!7%ti#o

L% g!ob$!re% #o'(ren"en $n '(!io gr$(o $e %e #r#terin (or %$ %o!$bi!i"" en g$ o en %o!$#ione% "e 7#i"o%0 b%e% ) %!e%0 %on eje'(!o%9 L !bH'in "e $evo0 ! #%en ) !% (roten% "e! (!%'. Otr% '#ro'o!#$!% $e tienen grn i'(ortn#i %on !o% 7#i"o% n$#!ei#o% $e 3or'n (rte "e! 'teri! bio!,gi#o "e !% #!$!% ADN ) ARN L #e!$!o% e% e! (rin#i(! #o'(onente "e !% 3ibr% veget!e% ) e! !go",n e% (r7#ti#'ente #e!$!o% ($r. En ! nt$r!e %e "n "o% ti(o% "e !'i",n0 ! 'i!o% $e e% $n '#ro'o!#$! "e #"en !ine!0 #on (e%o 'o!e#$!r entre 1  ) - 0 ) ! 'i!o(e#tin $e tiene #"en r'i3i#".

Lo% 'teri!e% nt$r!e% 3$eron !o% 'o"e!o% $e ! i'gin#i,n $'n trt, "e #o(ir o 'ejorr "e 'ner rti3i#i! (r $e ($"iern #o'(etir #on !o% e+i%tente%. Lo% !!'"o% (!7%ti#o% 'o"erno% "tn "e ! inven#i,n "e ! b$e!it0 $e %e intro"$jo en e! 'er#"o en 1::. S$ inventor L.. BeKe!n"0 b e%tn"o b$%#n"o $n %$%tit$to (r ! go' !#0 #$)o !to (re#io %e "eb  ! %ie'(re #re#iente "e'n" (r ! 3bri##i,n "e "i%#o% 3onogr73i#o%. D$rnte ) "e%($% "e ! %eg$n" g$err '$n"i! %e n "e%rro!!"o grn #nti"" "e (o!'ero% $e %e %ig$en e%t$"in"o0 'o"i3i#n"o ) 'ejorn"o (r #$'(!ir #on !o% #" " '7% e%tri#to% #ontro!e% 'bient!i%t% ) !% n$ev% "e'n"% "e %ti%3#tore%. E! e%t$"io "e #$!$ier 'teri tn b%t ) #o'(!ej0 #o'o e% ! "e !o% (o!'ero%0 %e %i'(!i3i# #!%i3i#n"o en #tegor%  !o% vrio% 'i!e% "e eje'(!o% $e %e #ono#en ) %obre !o% #$!e% %e ($e"en #er gener!i""e%. L% grn"e% 'o!#$!% %e 3or'n  (rtir "e %$b%tn#i% "e (o#o (e%o 'o!e#$!r  $e %e $nen (or en!#e% $'i#o% "e 'ner $e e%t7n 3or'"% (or ! re(eti#i,n "e #iert% $ni""e%F "e bjo (e%o $e re#iben e! no'bre "e MONÓMEROS "e! griego 'ono \ $no ) 'ero \ (rte0 "e  e! "eno'inr!o% 6OL
TODAS LAS MOL>CULAS CA6ACES DE /ORMAR 6OL
II.P

SÓLO E?ISTEN DOS TI6OS DE REACCIÓNES @UE CONDUCEN A LA /ORMACIÓN DE 6OL
L (ri'er "e !% reg!% %e re3iere  ! 3$n#ion!i"" "e !o% 'on,'ero%. Se !!' bi3$n#ion! #$n"o tiene "o% gr$(o% re#tivo%G e%to% gr$(o% ($e"en e+i%tir  (revi'ente o (re#er en e! #$r%o "e ! re##i,n ) %e "eno'in (o!i3$n#ion!  ! $e tiene '7% "e "o% gr$(o% re#tivo%. L% 'o!#$!% 'ono3$n#ion!e% (ro"$#en (ro"$#to% "e bjo (e%o 'o!e#$!r.

ξ &  c   ⇒ ←  L% bi3$n#ion!e% "n #o'o re%$!t"o (o!'ero% !ine!e%

∀  ⇒ (    )  n   n* L% (o!i3$n#ion!e% "n origen  'o!#$!% $e #re#en en vri% "ire##ione% (ro"$#ien"o e%tr$#t$r% rgi"% (or %$ reti#$!#i,n.   ⇒       8 ?  

       ξ  ξ  ξ  ξ 

T'bin ! 3$n#ion!i"" "e !% %$b%tn#i% $e tienen "ob!e% o tri(!e% en!#e% e% i'(ortnte0 e! bi o (o!irr"i#! %e 3or' ! #tivr !o% en!#e% #ov!ente% COM6ORTAMIENTO /RENTE AL CALOR  A bj% te'(ert$r% !o% (o!'ero% "e #"en !rg $e no %e en#$entrn reti#$!"o% %e #o'(ortn #o'o vi"rio%F0 %on %,!i"o% e ine!7%ti#o%0 $n 3$erte i'(#to (rovo# %$ 3r#t$r. C$n"o %e e!ev %$ te'(ert$r0 e! (o!'ero (% (or $n te'(ert$r "e trn%i#i,n vtreF Tg (or rrib "e ! #$! %e v$e!ve 3!e+ib!e ) 'o!"eb!e0  'e"i" $e %e $'ente '7% ! te'(ert$r0 e! (o!'ero !#n ! te'(ert$r "e 3$%i,n T' en ! $e 3$n"e ) !% 'o!#$!% in"ivi"$!e% %e "e%!in entre %0 e% $n !$i"o vi%#o%o ) %e ($e"e trn%3or'r. Lo% (o!'ero% #on en!#e% #r$"o% ($e"en (er'ne#er %,!i"o% ) e!7%ti#o% ) no 3$n"ir %t $e ! te'(ert$r %e tn !t $e #o'ien  "e%#o'(oner%e. L %eg$n" "e !% reg!% %e re3iere  !% REACCIONES (or !% $e %e ($e"en 3or'r !o% (o!'ero%. _!!#e $'e Croter% 18:2 Q 1:*5 %$giri, ! #!%i3i##i,n "e !o% (o!'ero% en "o% gr$(o%0 !o% (o!'ero% "e #on"en%#i,n ) !o% (o!'ero% "e "i#i,n. Lo% (o!'ero% "e #on"en%#i,n %on $e!!o% en !o% $e ! 3,r'$! 'o!e#$!r "e ! $ni"" re(etitiv "e ! #"en "e! (o!'ero #re#e "e !g$no% 7to'o% (re%ente% en !o% 'on,'ero% "e $e e%t7 3or'"o e!i'in#i,n "e $n %$b(ro"$#to "e bjo (e%o 'o!e#$!r. En !o% (o!'ero% "e "i#i,n no tiene !$gr ! (r"i" "e %$b(ro"$#to%. Lo% (o!'ero% "e "i#i,n re%$!tn "e or"inrio (or re##ione% en #"en $e #o'(ren"en !gHn ti(o "e #entro #tivoG ! $e %,!o %e "i#ion $n 'o!#$!  ! ve "e! 'on,'ero (r 3or'r $n #"en #re#iente $e tien"e  (o"er !ogrr ! '#ro'o!#$!0 (or !o nterior ! #on#entr#i,n "e 'on,'ero "i%'in$)e "e 'o"o #ontin$o "$rnte e! trn%#$r%o "e ! re##i,n0 e! (e%o 'o!e#$!r #'bi (o#o

"$rnte e! trn%#$r%o "e ! re##i,n0 !o% tie'(o% "e re##i,n !rgo% #on"$#en  e!ev"o% ren"i'iento% (ero 3e#tn (o#o ! (e%o 'o!e#$!r. Lo% (o!'ero% %on '#ro'o!#$!% 'or3%0 !% $e no (re%entn 3%e% #ri%t!in% bien "eter'in"%0 ni ($nto% "e 3$%i,n bien "e3ini"o% %ino $e %e b!n"n "$rnte $n interv!o "e te'(ert$r. A$n$e %e #!%i3i#n #o'o 'teri!e% 'or3o%0 tienen #iert (ro(or#i,n "e or"en'iento "eno'in" #o'o #ri%t!ini"". L% inter##ione% entre !% '#ro'o!#$!% ($e"en (rovenir "e !o% en!#e% $'i#o% e+i%tente% entre !% #"en% o "e !% 3$er% $e #tHn entre e!!%. Lo% (o!'ero% ter'o(!7%ti#o% %on '#ro'o!#$!% !ine!e%0 $e %on 3!e+ib!e% ) $e ($e"en %$'ir 3or'% #o'(!ej% $e %e ($e"en #o'(!i#r ! r'i3i#r%e #on #"en% !ter!e% $e %e e+tien"en  (rtir "e ! #"en (rin#i(!. Debi"o  !% 3$er% inter'o!e#$!re% entre #"en% ")#ente%0 ($e"en e+i%tir regione% en !% $e to'en $n rreg!o '7% o 'eno% or"en"o ) otr% regione% en !% $e (er'ne#n en "e%or"en. E! gr"o "e or"en'iento "e(en"e "e !o% gr$(o% $'i#o% (re%ente%  !o !rgo "e ! #"en ) "e %$ !ongit$" (ro'e"io. L% '#ro'o!#$!% ter'oe%tb!e% tienen en!#e% $'i#o% $e entre#r$n  !% #"en% "e! (o!'ero0 #$nto ')or %e ! "en%i"" "e !o% en!#e% entre#r$"o% (or $ni"" "e vo!$'en "e! 'teri!0 '7% rgi"o %er7. S
6o!i'eri#i,n en %o!$#i,n 6o!i'eri#i,n en %$%(en%i,n o en (er!% 6o!i'eri#i,n en e'$!%i,n C" $no "e e!!o% tiene %$% (ro(i% ventj% ) "e%ventj% $e !o% #e '7% o 'eno% (ro(i"o% (r obtener "eter'in"o ti(o "e (o!'ero. 6OLIMERIWACIÓN EN MASA T'bin !!'" (o!i'eri#i,n en b!o$e0 en e!! e! 'on,'ero %e (o!i'eri (or  ! ##i,n "e! #!or en (re%en#i "e $n ini#i"or #onveniente0 (ero en $%en#i "e "i%o!vente. E! 'e"io re##ionnte %e #e #" ve '7% vi%#o%o ) ($e"e !!egr  %o!i"i3i#r%e. Si  (rtir "e #ierto gr"o "e (o!i'eri#i,n e! (o!'ero e% in%o!$b!e en e! 'on,'ero0 %e (re#i(itn !% '#ro'o!#$!% obteni"%. E%te (ro#e"i'iento "e 3bri##i,n (er'ite ! obten#i,n "e (o!'ero% '$) ($ro%0 (ero b%tnte (o!i"i%(er%o%0 ) $e ! '% en e! interior "e! re#tor0 ! #er%e '7% vi%#o% "i3i#$!t ! git#i,n0 e! #!ent'iento ) e! en3ri'iento $ni3or'e%. $to #e!er#i,n 6OLIMERIWACIÓN EN SOLUCIÓN En ! (o!i'eri#i,n en %o!$#i,n %e ($e"e re!ir ! re##i,n "e 3or' '7% reg$!r. Se tienen (re%ente% e! 'on,'ero0 e! %o!vente0 e! ini#i"or ) e! (o!'ero. E! (o!'ero ($e"e %er %o!$b!e en e! "i%o!vente o (re#i(itr  (rtir "e #ierto gr"o "e (o!i'er#i,n0 en e%te H!ti'o #%o0 ! (o!i'eri#i,n en %o!$#i,n " (ro"$#to% #on b$en o'ogenei"". L ventj (rin#i(! %e (re%ent ! "i%'in$ir ! vi%#o%i"" (or ! (re%en#i "e! "i%o!vente0 #on !o $e %e 'ejor ! git#i,n ) 3#i!it ! trn%'i%i,n "e #!or (r e! #ontro! "e ! te'(ert$r "e re##i,n o e! en3ri'iento 3in!. L% (o!i'eri#ione% en %o!$#i,n ($e"en %er "e "o% ti(o%9 o'ogne ) eterogne L o'ogne e% e! (ro#e%o en $e e! 'on,'ero ) e! (o!'ero 3or'"o %on %o!$b!e% en e! %o!vente ) ! eterogne e% en ! $e e! 'on,'ero e% %o!$b!e (ero e! (o!'ero 3or'"o e% in%o!$b!e en e! %o!vente0 !!evn"o  tener e! (o!'ero (re#i(it"o. 6OLIMERIWACIÓN EN SUS6ENSIÓN O EN 6ERLAS Si e! 'on,'ero e% in%o!$b!e en e! g$0 %e ($e"e !!evr  #bo ! (o!i'eri#i,n en (er!% o got% %$%(en"i"%. L 3%e #$o% %e v$e!ve e! 'e"io "e trn%3eren#i "e #!or ($e%to $e e% ! 3%e #ontin$0 ! vi%#o%i"" #'bi '$) (o#o #on ! #onver%i,n0 "e 'ner $e ! trn%3eren#i "e #!or e% e3i#iente. E! #o'(ort'iento "entro "e !% (er!% e% '$) %e'ejnte  ! (o!i'eri#i,n en '%.

6r evitr $e %e (re%ente #o!e%#en#i  'e"i" $e #'bi "e! e%t"o !i$i"o ! %,!i"o (%n"o (or $n e%t"o "e%ivo0 %e $ti!i $n #o!oi"e (rote#tor gente "e %$%(en%i,n % #o'o $n git#i,n #$i""o%. E! t'4o "e (rt#$! ) ! "i%trib$#i,n "e t'4o% %e 3e#tn (or e! #o!oi"e (rote#tor ) (or ! r(i"e "e ! git#i,n. E! ini#i"or "ebe %er %o!$b!e en !% got% "e 'on,'ero0 %e e'(!en gener!'ente (er,+i"o% org7ni#o%. 6OLIMERIWACIÓN EN EMULSIÓN Lo% #o'(onente% e%en#i!e% (r $n %i%te' "e (o!i'eri#i,n en e'$!%i,n %on9 e! g$0 !o% #o!oi"e% (rote#tore%0 en !g$no% #%o% gente% 'o"i3i#"ore% "e vi%#o%i""0 ten%o#tivo%0 e! 'on,'ero0 e! ini#i"or. Se (re%ent ! grn ventj "e %$%tit$ir (or g$ !o% "i%o!vente% #o'o 'e"io "e "i%(er%i,n0 !o% 'ono'ero% ! %er gener!'ente in%o!$b!e% o '$) (o#o %o!$b!e% en e! g$0 %e e'$!%ionn #on e! e'(!eo "e !o% gente% %$r3#tnte% ) ! git#i,n. Lo% #o!oi"e% (rote#tore% tienen #o'o objeto e! evitr $e !% '#ro'o!#$!% ) (ro"$#i"% %e g!o'eren $'entn"o "e t'4o !% (rt#$!% "e! (o!'ero. L ini#i#i,n "e ! (o!i'eri#i,n e%t7 !o#!i" en e! 'e"io #$o%o ) no en e! interior o en ! %$(er3i#ie "e !% gotit% "e 'on,'ero. E! #re#i'iento "e !% #"en% tiene !$gr en e! interior "e !% gotit% 'on,'ero Q (o!'ero. E! re%$!t"o "e ! (o!i'eri#i,n e% $n %$%(en%i,n o "i%(er%i,n "e (rt#$!% "e (o!'ero %,!i"%0 e+tre'"'ente (e$e4 'eno% "e $n 'i#r0 en $n 'e"io #$o%o ) no $n e'$!%i,n (ro(i'ente "i#0  (e%r "e $e % %e !e !!'. RESUMEN Un 'o!#$! ! re##ionr (r "r $n (o!'ero0 ($e"e #o'(ortr%e #o'o bi o (o!i 3$n#ion!. L 'o!#$! %e !!' bi3$n#ion! #$n"o tiene "o% gr$(o% re#tivo% re!e% ) %e "eno'in (o!i3$n#ion! #$n"o tiene '7% "e "o% gr$(o% re#tivo% re!e%. Lo% gr$(o% re#tivo% ($e"en e+i%tir (revi'ente o (re#er en e! #$r%o "e ! re##i,n. L% 'o!#$!% bi3$n#ion!e% "n origen  (o!'ero% !ine!e% ) !% (o!i3$n#ion!e% (ro"$#en 'o!#$!% $e #re#en en vri% "ire##ione% "n"o e%tr$#t$r% '7% rgi"% (or %$ reti#$!#i,n. S,!o "o% ti(o% "e re##ione% ($e"en #on"$#ir  ! 3or'#i,n "e (o!'ero%9 1.P 6o!i'eri#i,n (or #on"en%#i,n o re##i,n (or    et(% &.P 6o!i'eri#i,n (or "i#i,n o re##i,n en #"en

 A!g$n% (o!i#on"en%#ione% vn (re#e"i"% "e re##ione% "e "i#i,n $e #ren !o% gr$(o% re#tivo% en !% 'o!#$!% (r (o"er trbjr #o'o 'on,'ero%0 "e%($% e%to% gr$(o% re##ionn (or #on"en%#i,n "n"o #o'o re%$!t"o e! (o!'ero ) $n %$b(ro"$#to. A!g$no% eje'(!o% "e %$b%tn#i% $e 3or'n %$% gr$(o% re#tivo% %on9 3eno!0 #re%o!e%0 $re0 ) 'e!'in #on 3or'!"e"o o 3$r3$r!. Dentro "e !% %$b%tn#i% $e #$entn #on gr$(o% bi o (o!i3$n#ion!e% (r obtener (o!'ero% (or (o!i#on"en%#i,n %e tienen  !o% 7#i"o%0 n"ri"o%0 !#oo!e%0 'in%0 'ino7#i"o% ) #o'($e%to% !ogen"o%. E! 'e#ni%'o "e ! re##i,n "e (o!i#on"en%#i,n e% 3$n"'ent!'ente n7!ogo ! "e ! re##i,n "e 'o!#$!% 'ono3$n#ion!e% (r "r #o'($e%to% "e bjo (e%o 'o!e#$!r. E! 'e#ni%'o "e ! (o!i#on"en%#i,n (re%ent to"% !% #r#teri%ti#% "e $n re##i,n gr"$! en e$i!ibrio0 e% "e#ir0 !% #"en% #re#en (ro(or#ion!'ente ! tie'(o "e re##i,nG !% #"en% 3or'"% %on e%tb!e% #$!$ier $e %e e! gr"o "e re##i,n !#n"o. Son re##ione% ESTE@UIOMETRICAS ) tien"en ! e$i!ibrio0 (or !o $e0 (r $e ! re##i,n %e "e%(!#e #ontin$'ente en ! "ire##i,n "e ! 3or'#i,n "e! (o!'ero0 e% (re#i%o e!i'inr #ontin$'ente !% 'o!#$!% "e! %$b(ro"$#to "e bjo (e%o 'o!e#$!r 3or'"o0 #$) (re%en#i 3ren ! re##i,n. L vi%#o%i"" "e !o% (o!'ero% e% re%$!t"o "e! (e%o 'o!e#$!r ) "e ! reti#$!#i,n obteni" r'i3i##ione% L %o!$bi!i"" "e !o% (o!'ero% e% '$) %en%ib!e  ! (re%en#i "e !o% ($ente% "e $ni,n entre #"en%0 in#!$%o #$n"o e! nH'ero "e ($ente% e% tn (e$e4o $e re%$!t in%$3i#iente (r $e e! 'teri! %e in3$%ib!e0 ($e"e %er ) $n (o!'ero in%o!$b!e. En !% (o!i#on"en%#ione% !% 'o!#$!% %e $nen entre % #on e!i'in#i,n re(eti" "e $n %$b(ro"$#to "e bjo (e%o 'o!e#$!r #o'o  &O0 N*0 NC!0 C *O 6r obtener (o!'ero% (or "i#i,n %e tienen %$b%tn#i% $e #$entn en %$ e%tr$#t$r #on "ob!e% o tri(!e% en!#e% re#tivo% #o'o ($e"en %er9 eti!eno0 (ro(i!eno0 b$t"ieno0 e%tireno0 #ri!onitri!o0 #!or$ro "e vini!o0 #etto "e vini!o0 7#i"o #r!i#o ) %$% %tere%0 7#i"o 'et#ri!i#o ) %$% %tere%0 et#. 6OLIMERIWACIÓN 6OR ADICIÓN L (o!i'eri#i,n (or "i#i,n tiene 3%e% o e%t"o% inter'e"io%0 $e %e %$#e"en r7(i"'ente. Lo% (ro"$#to% inter'e"io% $e %e vn 3or'n"o %on ine%tb!e% ) %,!o tienen (or objeto %ervir "e b%e  ! et( $e !e %ig$e0 (ero $n ve $e %e

n ini#i"o0 tien"en  (ro"$#ir ! 'o!#$! 3in!0 #on ! !ongit$" $e !e #orre%(on"e %egHn !% #on"i#ione% "e trbjo. L% et(% (or !% $e trn%#$rre ! (o!i'eri#i,n (or "i#i,n %on9

INICIACIÓN O ACTIVACIÓN CRECIMIENTO O PROPAGACIÓN FINAL, CESE O TERMINACIÓN INTERCAMBIO DE ACTIVACIÓN C" $n "e e%t% et(% tiene %$ #inti# ) 'e#ni%'o% "e re##i,n (ro(io%. Si tene'o% e! 'on,'ero M en e! !'#en'iento0 (r7#ti#'ente %e en#$entr in#tivo0 % $e (or 'e"io% 3%i#o% te'(ert$r ) $'i#o% #t!i"or !o "ebe'o% #tivr #$'(!ien"o ! (ri'er et(ini#i#i,n o #tiv#i,n Lo (o"e'o% re(re%entr (or9

M + Energía ----------> M* Don"e M* re(re%ent e! 'on,'ero #tiv"o. E! #tivr $n 'on,'ero re$iere en (ri'er !$gr "e %$'ini%trr ! energ ne#e%ri (r brir $no "e !o% "o% en!#e% ) "e(en"e "e ! nt$r!e "e !o% 7to'o% $e %o(ortn e! "ob!e en!#e0 %e ($e"e ver en !o% %ig$iente% eje'(!o%9

C = C  A!i3ti#o C=N C = O  A!"ei"o C = O Ceton C=S C=C C=N

1  :-  1-:  1&  1*  1&*  1  en #!'o!

E%t energ %e ve 'o"i3i#" (or ! nt$r!e "e !o% %$%tit$)ente% $e ($e"n e+i%tir  !o% !"o% "e! en!#e 'H!ti(!e ) (or ! (re%en#i "e otro% en!#e% 'H!ti(!e% #$'$!"o% o #onj$g"o% #on re%(e#to ! en!#e "e re3eren#i. E! (ro#e%o $e tiene !$gr (r ! 3or'#i,n "e r"#!e%0 %on #e!er"% (or  %$b%tn#i% $e en !% #on"i#ione% "e ! re##i,n 3or'n t'bin r"i#!e%. L% %$b%tn#i% "e e%te ti(o '7% $ti!i"% %on (er,+i"o% org7ni#o% e inorg7ni#o% ) %!e% "e (er 7#i"o%.

E! (er,+i"o "e #eti!o ) e! (er,+i"o "e beno!o %on %o!$b!e% en i"ro#rb$ro%0 e! (er,+i"o "e i"r,geno0 e! (erborto (ot7%i#o0 e! (er%$!3to "e (ot%io o "e 'onio0 %on %o!$b!e% en g$.

CRECIMIENTO O PROPAGACIÓN En ! %eg$n" et(0 e%te 'on,'ero #tiv"o #o# #on otro %in #tivr #ien"o #re#er ! #"en0 %e gener energ0 (or !o $e e% $n (ro#e%o e+otr'i#o0 e%te #!or $e %e (ro"$#e0 #tiv '7% 'on,'ero "e 'ner $e ! re##i,n "e (o!i'eri#i,n (or "i#i,n (ro%(er '$) r7(i"o

M* + M ----------> MM* + a!"r  M + a!"r ------------> M* MM* + M ----------> MMM* En "eter'in"% #on"i#ione% ($e"e o#$rrir $e $n #"en en #re#i'iento MMM* entr en #o!i%i,n #on $n #"en '$ert MMM0 trn%3iere e! #r7#ter #tivo "e ! #"en en "e%rro!!o  ! '$ert $e %e #onvierte en #tiv

MMM* + Mn ----------> MMM + Mn* REACCIÓN DE TERMINACIÓN O CIERRE# Lo% 'e#ni%'o% '7% #o'$ne% "e ter'in#i,n %on9 L #o!i%i,n entre "o% #"en% en #re#i'iento MMM* + MM* ----------> MMMMM L #o!i%i,n "e $n #"en en #re#i'iento #on $n r"i#! "e #t!i"or  MMM* + C* ----------> MMMC 6or ! #o!i%i,n "e $n #"en en #re#i'iento #on i'($re% o #on !% (re"e% "e! re#tor. C$n"o #o#n "o% #"en% en #re#i'iento ($e"en "r !$gr  $n $ni,n (or  en!#e %en#i!!o MPMPMd  MPMPM PPPPPPPPPP MPMPMPMPMPM O tener $n "e%e$i!ibrio e%tr$#t$r! en !% "o% #"en% originn"o $n en!#e "ob!e en $n "e e!!% ) %i'(!e en ! otr.

MPMPMd  MPMPMd PPPPPPPPP MPMPM  MPM\M L (ri'er (o%ibi!i"" tien"e  $'entr e! (e%o 'o!e#$!r (ro'e"io "e! (o!'ero ) $e e! re%$!t"o e% $n #"en '7% !rg ) (or en"e #on (e%o 'o!e#$!r '7% !to. 6or e! #ontrrio0 e! 3en,'eno "e "e%e$i!ibrio e%tr$#t$r! #on"$#e  (ro"$#to% 3in!e% "e 'enor (e%o 'o!e#$!r (ro'e"io. L (robbi!i"" "e $e e+i%tn #o$e% entre !o% e+tre'o% "e #"en% #tiv"% ) (rt#$!% "e #t!i"or0 $'ent (ro(or#ion!'ente  ! #on#entr#i,n "e #t!i"or en e! %i%te'G e!ev"% #on#entr#ione% "e #t!i"or #e!ern ! (o!i'eri#i,n ) $e (ro"$#en $n ')or nH'ero "e #entro% #tivo% (ero (or otr (rte0 ($e"en b!o$er #"en% en #re#i'iento i'(i"ien"o 3or'r #"en% !rg% "e '7% (e%o 'o!e#$!r. En ! (r7#ti#0 #$n"o %e (reten"e obtener 'teri!e% "e e!ev"o (e%o 'o!e#$!r0 %e %#ri3i# en #ierto 'o"o ! ve!o#i"" "e (o!i'eri#i,n0 'ntenien"o ! #on#entr#i,n "e #t!i"or "entro "e !o% !'ite% bjo%.

INTERCAMBIO DE ACTIVACIÓN En "eter'in"% #on"i#ione%0 ($e"e o#$rrir ! H!ti' et( en ! $e $n #"en en #re#i'iento entr en #o!i%i,n #on $n #"en '$ert ) !e trn%3iere e! #r7#ter  #tivo "e ! #"en en "e%rro!!o  ! '$ert $e %e #onvierte en #tiv. M$* + Mn ---------->M$ + Mn*

RELACIÓN ENTRE EL TAMA%O & FORMA DE LA MOL'C(LA DE (N POL)MERO & S(S PROPIEDADES F)SICAS# L% re%in% ter'o(!7%ti#% %e b!n"n (or ! ##i,n "e! #!or ) v$e!ven  %er  %,!i"% ! en3rir!%G e%t% re%in% ($e"en trbjr%e (or #o!"0 in)e##i,n0 e+tr$%i,n0 ter'o3or'"o e i!r e! (ro"$#to 3$n"i"o. Lo% (ro"$#to% ter'oen"$re#ib!e%0 %,!o ($e"en %o'eter%e $n ve  ! ##i,n "e! #!or0 e%te !o% en"$re#e %in $e $n #!ent'iento (o%terior teng otro e3e#to $e "e%tr$ir!o% %i e% '$) inten%o. Se ve0 $e e! #o'(ort'iento "e $n 'teri! 3rente  ! te'(ert$r e% 3$n#i,n "ire#t "e %$ e%tr$#t$r 'o!e#$!r. Si %e #ren en $n (o!'ero !ine! $nione% ($ente% entre %$% 'o!#$!%0 %e " origen  $n "i%(o%i#i,n tri"i'en%ion! "e %$% 'o!#$!% ) e! 'teri! $e ini#i!'ente er ter'o(!7%ti#o %e #e or ter'o en"$re#ib!e. E! eje'(!o '7% #o'Hn !o tene'o% en ! v$!#ni#i,n "e! $!e. 6or e! #ontrrio0 !g$no% ter'oen"$re#ib!e% ($e"en #'bir  ter'o(!7%ti#o% %e(rn"o !o% ($ente% "e $ni,n "e !% 'o!#$!% !ine!e%.

6robb!e'ente en ! #t$!i"" e! env%e '7% #o'Hn en e! 'er#"o %e e! "e (!7%ti#o0 %e tienen bote!!%0 trro%0 3r%#o%0 #ro!%0 #$bet%0 t'bore%0 tn$e%0 #i%tern% (!egb!e% (r #'ione%0 et#. @$i7 (r '$#o% no %e 37#i! "i%ting$ir  entre $n ti(o "e (!7%ti#o ) otro0 ) $e ! (rien#i "e !g$no% e% '$) %e'ejnte. o) en "0 %i %e ob%erv e! 3on"o "e !o% env%e%0 %e en#$entr 'r#"o #on !o% #,"igo% '$n"i!e% #e(t"o% (r "i3eren#ir!o% ) (o"er #!%i3i#r!o% (r e! re#i#!"o. E%t #o"i3i##i,n %ign $n nH'ero (r %iete grn"e% #tegor% "e (o!'ero%9 1.P &.P *.P -.P .P 2.P 5.P

6ET D6E 6VC LD6E 66 6S Otro%

6o!ieti!en tere3t!to 6o!ieti!eno "e !t "en%i"" 6o!i#!or$ro "e vini!o 6o!ieti!eno "e bj "en%i"" 6o!i(ro(i!eno 6o!ie%tireno

E%te nH'ero0 %e en#$entr en'r#"o (or $n 3ig$r tring$!r 3or'" (or tre% 3!e#%0 $e "n ! i"e "e! re#i#!"o. Se $% e! tr'ino CUER6OS UECOS 6ARA ENVASE (r eng!obr  to"o% !o% re#i(iente% #on #(#i""e% entre 1 #' * ) 8 "'* tnto en 3or' "e '(o!!%0 t$bo%0 bote!!%0 3r%#o%0 (o'o%0 #$bet%0 bi"one%0 brri!e% ) t'bore%0 in#!$)en"o !o% "e #oni#i"" inver%. ;rn (rte "e ! (re3eren#i "e !o% in"$%tri!e% (or !o% env%e% "e (!7%ti#o %e "ebe  ! grn !ibert" "e "i%e4o% ) %$ bjo #o%to en (rte "ebi"o  %$ !t (ro"$#tivi""0 % #o'o ! e#o "e $e e%tr$#t$r!'ente tiene b$en% (ro(ie""e% ) (or %$ (ro(io %i%te' "e (ro"$##i,n (er'ite in#or(orr e!e'ento% "e re3$ero #o'o #o%ti!!%0 re!ieve% o e%tri"o% en !% (re"e% "e! env%e0 ) %e (r "e!gr!% o (r in#re'entr %$ re%i%ten#i e%tr$#t$r!.  A #ontin$#i,n %e '$e%tr $n re%$'en "e !o% (o!'ero% '7% intere%nte% MATERIAL

6LZSTICOS MZS USADOS EN LOS ENVASES 6RO6IEDADES A6LICACIONES

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Envases para productos medicinales

Eje'(!o% "e %e!e##i,n "e (o!'ero% en !o% env%e%9 En e! env%"o "e (ro"$#to% "etergente% o (r ! !i'(ie %e ($e"e e'(!er e! (o!ieti!eno0 (o%ee to"% !% (ro(ie""e% ne#e%ri%0 (ero %e o(#0 (or !o $e e% 'ejor $%r 6VC o 6ET. Si e! (ro"$#to e% n#r"oF0 %e "e%e '7% trn%(ren#i (or !o $e e! 6VC ($e"e %er $n b$en %o!$#i,n Si !o% (ro"$#to% (r !i'(ie tienen en %$ 3or'$!#i,n #eite "e (ino o #eite% e%en#i!e% (r "r o!ore% #r#ter%ti#o%  !o% !i'(i"ore%0 no e% #onveniente e! $%o "e! (o!ieti!eno ) $e e% (er'eb!e  !o% #eite% ) (er'itir %$ (r"i" ! no (o"er #ontener!o%0 % $e e! 6VC e% $n b$en %o!$#i,n. Co'o e% nt$r!0 %i e! (o!ieti!eno "e bj "en%i"" no e% brrer (r !o% #eite%0 no %e "eber7n env%r !o% #eite% #o'e%tib!e% en "i#o 'teri!. E! (o!ieti!eno "e bj "en%i"" %e in# #on !o% #eite% ) "$iere (oro%i"" "e 'ner $e ! (o#o tie'(o e! env%e $e" (egjo%oF (or %$ (rte e+tern. E! 'teri! re#o'en""o e% 6VC $e t'bin (re%ent b$en brrer ! (%o "e! o+geno0 "e 'ner $e e% Hti! (r evitr ! rn#i"e. Co'o %e "e%(ren"e "e !o nterior0 e% ne#e%rio #er $n b$en %e!e##i,n "e !o% 'teri!e% (r #" #%o en (rti#$!r ) $n ve $e %e teng e! 'teri!

(ro(i"o0 %e "eben #orrer (r$eb% "e e%tbi!i"" (r (o"er tener ! trn$i!i"" "e $e e! (ro"$#to env%"o no (re%entr7 (rob!e'% en %$ vi" "e n$e!. 6ro#e%o% (r ! 3bri##i,n "e env%e% "e (!7%ti#o 6ro#e%o (or e+tr$%i,n ) %o(!o 6ro#e%o (or in)e##i,n ) %o(!o E+tr$%i,n ) %o(!o en "o% et(% In)e##i,n ) %o(!o en "o% et(% Ter'o3or'"o Roto'o!"eo In)e##i,n 6ro#e%o (or e+tr$%i,n ) %o(!o. E% e! (ro#e"i'iento '7% ntig$o ) '7% i'(ortnte en ! 3bri##i,n "e #$er(o% $e#o% "e (!7%ti#o %o(!"o. En e%te (ro#e%o0 e% (o%ib!e "r e! e3e#to "e #n!"o !ongit$"in!. En e%te (ro#e%o %e 3$n"e e! 'teri! ter'o(!7%ti#o en ! e+tr$%or0 "e "on"e %!e en 3or' #ontin$ "e 'ng$er0 ! 'ng$er 3or'"0 $n #!iente0 %!e gener!'ente en 3or' verti#!0 e! troo "e 'ng$er $e #$e!g "e ! bo$i!! 3or'"or %e #o!o# entre !% "o% 'it"e% "e $n 'o!"e "e %o(!"o ) %e #ort (or  "ebjo "e ! bo$i!!. A! #errr e! 'o!"e $e" (ri%ion" ! (rte in3erior "e ! 'ng$er0 "e 'ner $e #ierr er'ti#'ente0 (or ! (rte %$(erior %e intro"$#e $n #be! "e %o(!o (r in)e#tr ire  (re%i,n  *  1 BAR en e! interior "e ! 'ng$er $e %e en#$entr Hn #!iente ) (or !o tnto (!7%ti#. L 'ng$er %e e+(n"e %t $e %$ %$(er3i#ie e+terior #e #ont#to #on ! (re" interior "e ! #vi"" "e! 'o!"e0 (r en3rir%e ) %o!i"i3i#r en #ont#to #on e! 'et! re3riger"o "e! 'o!"eG %e e!i'in ! (re%i,n interior ) tr brir e! 'o!"e0 %e e+($!% e! env%e obteni"o. L ve!o#i"" "e! (ro#e%o0 e% "e#ir0 ! #nti"" "e env%e% obteni"o% (or $ni"" "e tie'(o0 "e(en"e "e! nH'ero "e 'o!"e% "e %o(!"o $e intervienen en ! o(er#i,n0 "e ! ve!o#i"" "e en3ri'iento (r ! %o!i"i3i##i,n "e! (!7%ti#o #!iente0 ) "e ! ve!o#i"" "e e+tr$%i,n "e ! 'ng$er. 6ro#e%o "e in)e##i,n ) %o(!o. E! (ro#e%o e% '$) %e'ejnte ! "e e+tr$%i,n0 %,!o $e ! 3or'#i,n "e ! 'ng$er no e% #ontin$0 e% inter'itente (r "r tie'(o ! #i#!o "e 3or'#i,n "e! env%e0 gener!'ente %e $% (r e$i(o% #on $n %o!o 'o!"e "e %o(!"o. 6ro#e"i'iento "e e+tr$%i,n en "o% et(%

Se e+tr$)e $n t$bo $e %e en3r ) #ort0 en 3rg'ent 3rg'ent en %eg'ento% '7% !rgo% $e ! (ie  3bri#r0 !o% #$!e% ($e"en !'#enr%e (or tie'(o i!i'it"o. En ! %eg$n" et( "e 3bri##i,n %e #o!o#n e%t% (ie% en e%(7rrgo% 3ij"o%  $n #"en %in 3in0 $e !o% #on"$#e  $n orno "e (re#!ent'iento "e "on"e %e e+tren $n ve $e n !#n"o e! e%t"o ter'oe!7%ti#o (r intro"$#ir!o% en !o% 'o!"e% "e %o(!"o ) re!ir "i# o(er#i,n. T'bin e% (o%ib!e (re#!entr !o% e+tre'o% "e! t$bo ) (!i#r (or re#!#"o $n rebor"e ) $n 3on"o #err"o #on 3or' %e'ie%3ri#G o t'bin "ejr en !% (ie% !% en !% bn"% "e trn%(orte ) $ti!ir!% #o'o bo$i!!% "e %o(!"o. 6ro#e"i'iento "e in)e##i,n ) %o(!"o en "o% et(%. Se 3bri#n (or in)e##i,n (re3or'%0 $e %on (ie% $e tienen ) 3or'" ! bo# $e ten"r7 e! env%e ter'in"o0 e! re%to "e ! (re3or' tiene e! %(e#to "e $n gr$e% gr$e%o o t$bo t$bo "e en%) en%)o. o. E%t E%t o(er o(er#i #i,n ,n "e 3br 3bri# i## #i, i,n n "e (r3o (r3or' r'% % (or  (or  in)e##i,n e% ! (ri'er "e !% "o% et(%. L %eg$n" et( ($e"e trn%#$rrir en "o% 3or'%0 ! (ri'er e% $e en #$nto %e in)e#t ! (re3or' %e (%  $n %eg$n"o 'o!"e "on"e %e r7 e! %o(!o "e! env%e0 ! otr 3or' "e #$'(!ir ! %eg$n" et( e% en3rin"o tot!'ente ! (re3 (re3or' or'0 0 %e e+($ e+($!% !%n n ) %e !' !'#e #en nn. n. 6o%t 6o%teri erior or'e 'ent nte e %e (re# (re#!i!ien ent tn0 n0 %e #o!o#n en !o% 'o!"e% "e %o(!"o ) %e 3bri# e! env%e. 6ro#e"i'iento "e ter'o3or'"o Con e%te (ro#e"i'iento %e obtienen re#i(iente% "e #oni#i"" inver% o #$er(o% $e#o% en 3or' "e bote!! (or 'e"io "e 'o!"e% (rti"o%. E! (ro#e"i'iento Reno(# e% $n vrinte "e! ter'o3or'"o. Un !7'in "e! (o!'ero0 (o!'ero0 "ob!" en 3or' "e UF %e #!ient #!ient (or 'b% #r% 'e"inte 'e"inte 3$ente% "e #!or #!e3#tore% in3rrrojo% ) %e #o!o# enton#e% entre !% "o% 'it"e% "e! 'o!"e "e %o(!"o. D$rnte e! %o(!"o %e #e $n $ni,n (or %o!""$r (or !t 3re#$en#i en to"o e! #ontorno "e! env%e0 e! env%e %e tro$e! (r e!i'inr  to"o e! 'teri! %obrnte. En e! env%e %obre%!e ! %o!""$r en 3or' "e #or",n ) #on%tit$)e $n #r#ter%ti# t(i# "e to"o% !o% env%e% Reno(#. En e! (ro#e%o C$bitiner0 $n e+tr$%or "e #be! #on "ob!e tober (r e!borr  "o% bn"% "e !7'in "e (o!'ero (r!e!%0 $e (%n "e in'e"ito  $n 'o!"e "e %o(!"o en e! $e #on (re%i,n "e ire %e trn%3or' #" bn" en ! 'it" "e $n #$bo (rti"o en "igon!. A! 'i%'o tie'(o %e $nen (or %o!""$r !o% #nto% e+teriore% "e !% "o% 'it"e%. C$n"o e! env%e e%t7 v#o0 ($e"e (!egr%e (r orrr vo!$'en vo!$'en "e trn%(orte trn%(orte ) $n ve $e  %i"o !!en"o e! ""o re#$(er %$ 3or'. 6ro#e"i'iento (or roto'o!"eo

Con%i%te en 3bri#r e! env%e en 'o!"e% $e girn %obre %$% eje% 'e"io% tnto verti#! #o'o oriont!'ente. Se re$iere #!entr e! 'teri! ter'o(!7%ti#o %t !#nr #%i ! te'(ert$r "e 3$%i,n0 %e intro"$#e ! 'o!"e $e#o $e ($e"e %er  "e vri% %e##ione% "e(en"ien"o "e ! #o'(!eji"" ) t'4o "e! env%e ! #nti"" ne#e%ri "e! (o!'ero (r "r e! gro%or "e (re" "e%e"o0 ! 'i%'o tie'(o $e %e #!ient e! 'o!"e (r obtener ! 3$%i,n0 %e #e girr en to"o% %enti"o% #on e! objeto "e $e e! (o!vo %e re(rt en to" ! %$(er3i#ie "e 'ner $ni3or'e $ni3or'e ! 'i%'o tie'(o tie'(o $e (or e! #!or v 3$n"ien"o 3$n"ien"o ! re%in ) engro%n"o engro%n"o ! (re" "e! env%e. E%te %i%te' %e e'(!e (r env%e% "e grn t'4o. Un ve 3or'" ! (ie0 e! 'o!"e %e en3r (or e! e+terior0 %e bre e! 'o!"e ) %e e+tre ! (ie. Env%e% e%(e#i!e% 3or'"o% (or in)e##i,n Se ($e"e "e3inir e! 'o!"eo (or in)e##i,n #o'o e! 'to"o en e! $e $n 'teri! ter'o(!7%ti#o %e 3$n"e0 ) en e%t"o "e !$i"o vi%#o%o %e in)e#t #on (re%i,n  $n 'o!"e $e tiene $n o vri% #vi""e% (r ! 3or'#i,n "e ! (ie "e 'ner $e %t% %e !!enen #o'(!et'ente. E! (o!'ero %e en3r "entro "e! 'o!"e ) %e %o!i"i3i#G 3in!'ente %e bre e! 'o!"e ) %e e+tre ! (ie.  A!g$no% "e !o% env%e% $e %e obtienen (or in)e##i,n %on9 Bn"ej%0 #j%0 bote%0 v%o%0 #$bet%0 #jone%0 t$bo%0 #rt$#o%0 (re3or'%0 et#. Env%e% ter'o3or'"o% L t#ni# "e! ter'o3or'"o o e'b$ti#i,n (ro3$n"0 #on%i%te en $n (ro#e%o "e 'o!"eo b%"o en ! e+ten%ibi!i"" "e (e!#$!% "e (o!'ero% ter'o(!7%ti#o%. Lo% (o!'ero% '7% $%"o% %on9 e! (o!ie%tireno !to i'(#to0 en ')or 'e"i" ) !e %ig$e e! 6VC ) en 'enor gr"o e! (o!ieti!eno ) e! (o!i(ro(i!eno. 6r #%o% '$) e%(e#i!e% %e $%n otro% (!7%ti#o% (r 3or'r re#i(iente%. L% (e!#$!% %e #!ientn (or re%i%ten#i% o (or !7'(r% in3rrroj% ! interv!o "e te'(ert$r% en e! $e %e (re%entn !% 'ejore% #r#ter%ti#% "e e!%ti#i"" (r #" ti(o "e re%in. re%in. E! 'o!"eo 'o!"eo %e re!i (or v#o0 (or v#o (or $n !"o "e ! (e!#$! ) ire  (re%i,n (or e! otro !"o0 (or ($r (re%i,n "e ire 'e"inte "i%(o%itivo% 3!e+ib!e%0 o (or 'e"io% 'e#7ni#o%. Ti(o% "e env%e% 3bri#"o% (or ter'o3or'"o9 6ie% (ro3$n"% #o'o !o% v%o% (r )og$rt0 !% (ie% ($e"en %er "e %e##i,n re"on"0 #$"r" o re#tng$!r. 6ie% (!n% #o'o !o% e'b!je% ti(o '(o!! ) #7(%$!0 #ro!% #o'o !% b%e% (r (%te!e% o g!!et%. E'b!je% #on 'H!ti(!e% #vi""e% (r 3r$t% ) ver"$r%

In%ert In%erto% o% (r (r 'er#n# 'er#n#% % "e ! in"$%t in"$%tri ri "e !o% (ro"$#t (ro"$#to% o% "e be!!e be!!e0 0 3r'#$ti#0 j$g$ete% ) "$!#e%. Env%e% ) e'b!je% "e (re%i,n (r ! in"$%tri 3r'#$ti#. T(% "e (!7%ti#o (r re#i(iente% "e " e (!7%ti#o0 #rt,n ) vi"rio vi"rio Bn"ej%0 #$bet%0 v%o% ) e'b!je% (r #o'i"% (re(r"%. T#ni#% "e ter'o3or'"o '7% $%$!e% 6ie% (ro3$n"% Lo% e$i(o% 'o"erno% trbjn en gener! (or e! (ro#e"i'iento "e 'o!"eo en negtivo0 #on e!e'ento% $+i!ire% "e e%tir"o. E! 'o!"e #$ent #on ! (re% !ter! #on 3or' #,ni# tr$n#"0 $n 3on"o en e! $e %e en#$entr in#or(or"o $n (i%t,n e+($!%or0 #on !% entr"% "e#$"% (r (o"er #er v#o $ni3or'e en e! interior (r !ogrr 'ejor e%tir'iento ) $e %e 3or'e e! #$er(o "e! re#i(iente ) en ! (rte %$(erior $n t( $e ! 'i%'o tie'(o $e 3ij ! (e!#$! (or ! (rte %$(erior #$ent #on e! 'e#ni%'o $+i!ir "e e%tir'iento $e #e $e e! 3on"o "e! re#i(iente %e 3or'e0 ! tie'(o $e (or ! (rte %$(erior %e in)e#t ire  (re%i,n (r #er !!egr ! (e!#$!  to"o e! #ontorno "e! 'o!"e. C$n"o e! (i%t,n $+i!ir "e e%tir'iento #e !!egr ! (e!#$! %t e! 3on"o "e! 'o!"e0 %e in)e#t e! ire  (re%i,n (or ! (rte %$(erior (r o#$(r to"o e! vo!$'en "e! 'o!"e. E! (i%t,n retro#e"e  %$ (o%i#i,n "e (rti"0 ! 'i%'o tie'(o $e ! t( !!eg  $n %eg$n"o ($nto "e e'bone0 "on"e %e #e e! #orte "e ! bo# "e! re#i(iente0 or0 %$be ! t( ) e! (i%t,n $e %e en#$entr en e! 3on"o %e(r ! (ie "e! 'o!"e ) !o !!ev ! e+terior "e ! #vi""0 "on"e e% %e(r"o (or $n go!(e "e ire #o'(ri'i"o. Se re(ite e! #i#!o. L% (re"e% "e !o% v%o% ter'o3or'"o% tienen $n in#!in#i,n "e ! (re" !ter! entre %ei% ) "ie gr"o%0 #on !o $e %e !ogr ')or 3#i!i"" (r e+($!%r e! env%e "e! 'o!"e0 (ero t'bin t'bin (r (i!r (i!r !o% env%e% (r %$ #o'o"o (r ! (re%ent#i,n "e vent. Se re#o'ien" (oner #or"one% en !o% e+tre'o% "e ! (re" !ter! (r "i%'in$ir "i%'in$ir e! 7re "e #ont#to #ont#to entre !% (re"e% ) % 3#i!itr 3#i!itr e! "e%(ren"i'iento "e $n env%e "e! re%to Hn (i!"o. En ! (r7#ti#0 ! re%i%ten#i "e !o% env%e% "e!g"o% 3rente  (re%ione% ejer#i"% "e%"e rrib no e% '$) e!ev" e ig$!'ente %e ($e"en (ro"$#ir bo!!"$r% en ! (re" !ter! (or ! (re%i,n "e ! 'no ! %o%tener!o0 %o%tener!o0 (or !o $e %e #o%t$'br #o%t$'br re3orr e! #ontorno #on nerv"$r% verti#!e% ) n$!re% (r %o!$#ionr e%to% "o% (rob!e'%.

To"o (er3i!"o en !% (re"e% !ter!e% "e! env%e #tH #o'o re3$ero0 "e 'ner $e !o% grv"o% $e %e "i%e4n en !o% env%e%0 no %,!o n %i"o re!i"o% #on 3ine% e%tti#o% %ino t'bin (r obtener 'ejor re%i%ten#i. E% (ertinente #!rr $e t'bin %e ($e"en ter'o3or'r env%e% "e #$e!!o n#o ) v%o% #,ni#o%0 !o Hni#o $e vr en e%te (ro#e%o e% $e e! 'o!"e "ebe e%tr 3or'"o (or "o% o '7% (ie% (r (er'itir e! "e%'o!"eo0 e! 'teri! '7% e'(!e"o (or e%te (ro#e%o e% e! (o!ie%tireno "e !to i'(#to. T(% (r env%e%. L% 3or'% "e !% t(% "e (!7%ti#o "e e'b$ti#i,n (ro3$n" %on tn vri"% #o'o !% bert$r% "e !o% re#i(iente%  #errr0 %e obtienen !% t(% (or 'o!"eo ! v#o #on e! 'to"o "e 3or'"o "e! (o%itivo. Env%e% "e 'H!ti(!e% in%er#ione%. Lo% env%e% 'H!ti(!e% %e 3bri#n (or ter'o3or'"o  (rtir "e (e!#$!%. Se ($e"en "i%ting$ir !% "e 3or'% $to(ortnte% ) !% no $to(ortnte%. L% (ri'er% #on%tn "e "o% (e!#$!% "e (!7%ti#o $ni"% (or $n bor"e !ongit$"in! ) (o%een #vi""e% o($e%t% $e ! #errr entre !% "o% 3or'n e! e'b!je "e $n (ie0 (rotegien"o  !o% (ro"$#to%0 !% "o% (rte% %e 'ntienen #err"% 'e"inte $n #ierre (ro(i"o. L% #vi""e% %e "(tn  ! 3or' "e ! 'er#n#0 (ero !% "o% 'it"e% ($e"en %er "i3erente% (r j$%tr 'ejor  ! 3or' "e! (ro"$#to. ;ener!'ente e! "i%e4o "e !o% env%e% "e 'H!ti(!e% in%er#ione% #onte'(!n $e %e ($e"n e%tibr %in (erj$"i#r ! (rote##i,n ! (ro"$#to. C$n"o no %e re$iere $e e! (ro"$#to %e ve #on e! env%e #err"o0 %e ($e"e e'(!er (o!ie%tireno e+(n"i"o. Lo% env%e% 'H!ti(!e% (r 3r$t%0 tienen #vi""e% "i%e4"% (r ! 3or' "e ! 3r$t  env%r ) (or !o gener! (er'iten e! e'b!je "e "o% o '7% #(%. L% (re"e% !ter!e% "e !% #vi""e% e%t7n (er3i!"% (r $e e! #ont#to #on ! 3r$t %e e! 'ni'o ne#e%rio ) %e eviten !o% (!%t'iento%0 e! 'teri! '7% e'(!e"o e% e! (o!ie%tireno nti#o$e #o!ore"o. Lo% env%e% 'H!ti(!e% $e no %on $to(ortnte% %on "e! ti(o "e bn"ej% o !o% in%erto% (r #j% "e #rt,n o "e otro% 'teri!e% #o'o !o% e'(!e"o% (r #o#o!te%0 g!!et%0 "$!#e%0 et#. Bn"ej% Un bn"ej "e (!7%ti#o e% (rte "e $n %i%te' "e e'b!je "e 3or' 3ij $e %e e'(!e gener!'ente (r #ontener (ro"$#to% %,!i"o% "e t'4o re"$#i"o0 ($e"en %er "e "iver%% 3or'% #o'o #$"r"%0 re"on"%0 ov!e%0 re#tng$!re%0 tring$!re%0 et#. (ero e% #on"i#i,n (r %er #ro!0 e! $e teng (o# !t$r (ero grn %$(er3i#ie. Se #o'(!et e! e'b!je ! #errr! #on otr (e!#$! ) %o!"r! (or  %e!!"o #on #!or o bien (or #ontr##i,n.

L% bn"ej% %e 'o!"en ! v#o (or e! (ro#e"i'iento "e 3or'"o #on 'o!"e en negtivo. 6r 3r$t ) (e%#"o %e (re3ieren !% bn"ej% #on 3on"o !i%o0 'ientr% $e (r #rne $e "e%(ren"e j$go %e (re3ieren !% bn"ej% #on 3on"o nerv"o. L% bn"ej% ($e"en (re%entr %$b"ivi%ione% (r !i'ento% "i%tinto%G #o'o !% "e%tin"%  #ontener tnto !i'ento% $e n "e %er "e%#onge!"o% ) #o#i"o% #o'o $e!!o% !i%to% (r %ervir en ! 'e%. 6$e"en tener %$b"ivi%ione% o no. Bote% #on3e##ion"o% #on !7'in% (!7%ti#% E! bote e% $n 3or' "e env%e o e'b!je $e e% e%tb!e0 ($e"e tener 3or'% vri"% ) #on $n vo!$'en %t "e 1 !itro%. Lo% bote% 3bri#"o% #on !7'in% (!7%ti#%0 gener!'ente %on "e tre% (ie%. Se 3or'n #on $n #$er(o "e %e##i,n geo'tri# vri"0 rebor"e"o (or !o% "o% !"o% bierto%0 #o'o 3on"o ) t( %e ($e"en #o!o#r $no% "i%#o% 3bri#"o #on #rt,n o #on (!7%ti#o. Lo% "i%#o% "e (!7%ti#o %e ($e"en %o!"r #on e! #$er(o $e"n"o $ni"o% en 3or' (er'nente. E! rebor"e"o %e ($e"e eje#$tr #on #be!e% #!iente% reg$!"o% (or ter'o%tto% "e #$er"o ! 'teri! e'(!e"o. Bote%  (rtir "e (er3i!e% $e#o% 6er3i!e% $e#o% e+tr$i"o% #on (o!'ero% rgi"o% $e ($e"en %er o(#o% o trn%(rente%0 in#o!oro% o #o!ore"o%0 %e #o'(!etn #on 3on"o% ) t(% obteni"o% (or e'b$ti#i,n (ro3$n" "e! 'i%'o 'teri!0 (r 3or'r bote% "e e'b!je. L $ni,n "e !% (ie% entre % ($e"e e3e#t$r%e (or (eg"o o %o!""$r (or  #!ent'iento Cj%  (rtir "e !7'in% (!7%ti#% L% #j% (!7%ti#%0 rebor"e"% ) (!eg"% %e 3bri#n  (rtir "e !7'in% trn%(rente% "e #etto o 6VC rgi"o0 %e #en (or tro$e!"o "e (e!#$! (!7%ti# en ! 'i%' 3or' en $e %e #e #on e! #rt,n. En !% grn"e% (ro"$##ione% "e (e!#$! (r $n 'e"i" "e #j0 %e #en e%tr% en ! on #orre%(on"iente  ! (rte intern "e ! !ne "e 3!e+i,n0 % #o'o $n re%!te en ! (rte #orre%(on"iente "e ! (rte e+terior. Lo% "ob!e#e% (ro"$#i"o% (or 'e"io% 'e#7ni#o% no tienen e%tr%0 ) $e %e obtienen 'e"inte $n err'ient #!iente $e (re%ion !% !7'in% #ontr bor"e% "e%tin"o%  "r!e% ! 3or' ) t'4o "e%e"o. L% !7'in% "ob!"% %e $nen en !% on% #on %o!(% ) %e (or (eg"o o (or %o!""$r #on !t 3re#$en#i. En ! 3bri##i,n "e #j% "e "o% (rte% #o'o en e! #%o "e !% #j% #orre"i% e'(!e"% en !o% #eri!!o%0 %e tienen "o% 3%e% "e trbjo0 en #" $n "e e!!% %e (ro"$#e $n "e !% (rte% "e ! #j #orre"i. L (rte intern $e e% ! (rte

#ontene"or (ro(i'ente "i# %e e'(!e !7'in "e 6VC rgi"o0 e% (!%ti3i#"o (or #!or ) trn%3or'" en $n 'o!"e "e e'b$ti#i,n. 6o%terior'ente %e rebbe (r "ejr ter'in"o% !o% bor"e%. L (rte e+terior0 ! $e 3or' ! #$biert "e ! #j #orre"i %e 3bri# #o'o $n (er3i! $e#o (or e+tr$%i,n $e %e #ort ! t'4o "e#$"o (r #$brir ! (rte $e #orre "e! env%e0 t'bin %e rebbe (r "ejr ter'in" ! (ie. E%tr$#t$r% #orr$g"% "e (!7%ti#o. L (re%ent#i,n "e e%t 3or' e% '$) %e'ejnte  ! "e! #rt,n #orr$g"o. E%t7 3or'" (or "o% oj% "e !7'in% #ontin$% ) (r!e!% $ni"% (or $n #entro #on 3or' "e on"%0 t'bin (r!e!%0 %e(r"% (or $no% *   ''. entre %. E! e%(e%or ($e"e vrir "e &.   ''.0 E! n#o ($e"e %er %t "e &. ' L% !7'in% %e 3bri#n (or e+tr$%i,n #on (o!ieti!eno "e !t "en%i"". Un ve 3or'" ! e%tr$#t$r0 e! (ro#e%o %$b%e#$ente (r 3or'r !% #j% e% (re#i"o ! e'(!e"o (r e! #rt,n #orr$g"o. 6rin#i(!e% #r#ter%ti#% "e ! !7'in (!7%ti# #orr$g" L% (rin#i(!e% #r#ter%ti#% "e ! !'in #orr$g" 3bri#" #on (o!ieti!eno "e !t "en%i"" %on9 B$en rigi"e B$en re%i%ten#i  ! #o'(re%i,n B$en re%i%ten#i ! i'(#to B$en re%i%ten#i  vri#ione% e+tre'% "e te'(ert$r B$en i%!nte tr'i#o /7#i! "e #o!orer  Di3erente% #!i""e% "e trn%(ren#i B$en re%i%ten#i  ! $'e"" Re%i%tente  '$#o% (ro"$#to% $'i#o% /7#i! !i'(ie No 3or' 'oo ni ongo% S$(er3i#ie !i% Re%i%tente  !% vibr#ione% 6o#o "e3or'b!e Re#i#!b!e 6e!#$!% 3!e+ib!e%. E% #onveniente #!rr $e #$n"o %e b! "e (e!#$!%0 %e re3iere  (er3i!e% 3bri#"o% #on 'teri!e% (!7%ti#o% #on gro%ore% $e no e+#e"en "e .& '' ) $e !o% gro%ore% ')ore% %e "eno'inn oj% o !7'in%.

L% (e!#$!% 3!e+ib!e% %e #r#terin (or %er (o#o (er'eb!e%  !o% g%e% ) v(ore%0 tienen bj b%or#i,n "e $'e"" ) ! ')or no g$r"n ni !ibern o!ore% o %bore%. Se !e% ($e"en gregr (ro"$#to% $e #en $e (rotejn ! #onteni"o "e !o% r)o% $!trvio!et ) ! !$. Deben tener b$en "e%!i'iento en !% '$in% "e env%"o0 e! %e!!"o "ebe %er r7(i"o ) e3i#iente0 ig$!'ente %e "eben #r#terir (or tener b$en re%i%ten#i ! r%g"o "$rnte %$ 'nejo o  ! ($n#i,n ##i"ent!. 6or %$ (ro(ie"" "e '#ro'o!#$!% (re%entn b$en re%i%ten#i $'i#  '$#o% 'teri!e% ) tienen bjo #oe3i#iente "e trn%'i%i,n "e #!or (or !o $e %e ($e"en #on%i"err #o'o b$eno% i%!nte% tr'i#o%. 6r (o"er #er $n b$en %e!e##i,n "e! 'teri! (!7%ti#o en $n (e!#$! 3!e+ib!e "e%tin" (r !i'ento%0 %e "eben to'r en #$ent %$% "to% "e !% (ro(ie""e% #r#ter%ti#% #o'o ($e"en %er ! (er'ebi!i""  !o% g%e% ) v(ore%0 (o%ib!e "e%(ren"i'iento "e 'teri!e% "e %$ 3or'$!#i,n0 et#. L !$ e% $n r"i#i,n o 3$ente "e energ $e0 "e'7% "e "egr"r e! #o!or "e !o% (ro"$#to%0 3#i!it %$ "e%#o'(o%i#i,n0 % $e ) $e %o'eter ! (ro"$#to  (r$eb% (r %ber %i ! #nti"" "e !$ $e "ej (%r e! 'teri! 3e#t ! (ro"$#to. /bri##i,n E+i%ten "i3erente% (ro#e%o% (r ! 3bri##i,n "e (e!#$!% 3!e+ib!e%0 %e e+(!i#n !g$n% "e e!!%9 Co!" E! (ro#e%o "e (ro"$##i,n (or #o!" e% (o%ib!e $%r!o #$n"o %e tienen (!7%ti#o% %o!$b!e% en !gHn "i%o!vente o $e ($e"en "i%(er%r%e0 L% %o!$#ione% "e "eriv"o% #e!$!,%i#o% %e ($e"en (ro#e%r (or e! %i%te' "e #o!" (r obtener  !% re%(e#tiv% (e!#$!%. E! (ro#e"i'iento e% 3or'r $n "e!g" #%#" "e! (ro"$#to !$i"o ! #er!o (%r (or $n ren"ij e%tre# ) #on e! !rgo %$3i#iente (r br#r ! !ongit$" ne#e%ri "e $n #i!in"ro $e %e en#$entr "ire#t'ente "ebjo "e e!! ) $e %e en#$entr en rot#i,n0 "on"e %e 3or' $n (e!#$! $ni3or'e (or ev(or#i,n "e! "i%o!vente0 en #i!in"ro% #!e3#tore% (o%teriore% %e ter'in "e e!i'inr to"o e! "i%o!vente #onteni"o en ! (e!#$!. L% (e!#$!% obteni"% (or #o!" tienen '$) b$en bri!!o ) trn%(ren#i0 ! %$(er3i#ie e% !i%. E! (rob!e' "e! (ro#e%o "e #o!" e% ! ev(or#i,n "e! %o!vente $e %e !!ev  #bo ) $e %e re$iere re#$(err (r evitr  #ont'in#i,n t'o%3ri#. E+tr$%i,n

E! (ro#e%o "e e+tr$%i,n !o (o"e'o% re%$'ir "e ! %ig$iente 'ner9 E! 'to"o "e e+tr$%i,n0 e% $n (ro#e%o e'(!e"o (r ! 3bri##i,n "e (er3i!e% #ontin$o%0 ! (e!#$! (!7%ti# e% $n (er3i! n#o ) "e '$) (o# !t$r. En ! '7$in trn%3or'"or0 %e #o!o# en ! to!v "e !i'ent#i,n e! (o!'ero $e %e v  e'(!er0 %e en#$entr en 3or' "e (e!!et% $e n %i"o (revi'ente %e#"o% (r e!i'inr $'e""0 (or ! (rte in3erior "e ! to!v %e v !i'entn"o $n #i!in"ro $e tiene (or %$ (rte e+terior re%i%ten#i% (r #!entr ) venti!"ore% (r en3rir #on e! 3in "e (o"er 'ntener ! te'(ert$r "e#$" ! 'teri! e'(!e"o ) $e en e! interior %e en#$entr $n torni!!o %in 3in "eno'in"o $%i!!o. Con3or'e gir e! $%i!!o e! 'teri! v vnn"o ) to'n"o #!or "e !% (re"e% "e! #i!in"ro !!egn"o  ! te'(ert$r "e 3$%i,n "e 'ner $e !o% (e!!et% %e (re%entn or #o'o $n 'teri! vi%#o%o. En e! e+tre'o o($e%to ! "e !i'ent#i,n e! #i!in"ro tiene !o% "it'ento% ne#e%rio% (r (er'itir ! %!i" "e#$" "e! 'teri! vi%#o%o ! ""o o bo$i!!0 $e tiene ! 3or' "eter'in" $e e% "e#$" (r ! 3bri##i,n "e! (er3i!. 6r ! 3bri##i,n "e (e!#$! 0 ! bo$i!! (re%ent $n rn$r #ir#$!r0 e! "i7'etro vri #on e! #!ibre ) ! ve!o#i"" "e (ro"$##i,n "e%e"%. E! (er3i! obteni"o "e! e$i(o ($e"e %eg$ir "o% #'ino% (r ter'inr ! 3or'#i,n "e ! (e!#$!. Uno e% (or ro"i!!o% ) e! otro e% 3or'n"o (or %o(!o $n grn b$rb$j en 3or' !rg" $e e% e! '7% $%"o 6ro#e%o (or ro"i!!o% #%ting De! ""o "e e+tr$%i,n %!e e! (o!'ero 3$n"i"o (ero #on !t vi%#o%i""0 "e  e% !!ev"o  #!n"ri% $e (er'iten e%tirr!o0 !i%r!o ) #!ibrr!o 'ientr% %e en3r (r ter'inr e'bobinn"o ! (e!#$! obteni". E! gro%or "e ! (e!#$! %e "eter'in (or ! ren"ij "e %!i" "e! ""o0 ) ! ve!o#i"" #on $e %!e0 #o'bin"o #on !% #r#ter%ti#% "e ve!o#i"" ) bert$r en !o% #i!in"ro% "e ! #!n"ri. 6r ! 3bri##i,n "e (e!#$!% t$b$!re% (or %o(!o0 %e ($e"en $%r #o'o"o% oriont!e% o verti#!e%0 %ien"o e! H!ti'o e! '7% $%"o (or !% ventj% $e re(re%ent. E! (ro#e%o %e ($e"e re%$'ir "e ! %ig$iente 'ner9 De! ""o %!e $n (er3i! en 3or' "e t$bo0 %$ #!ibre vr %egHn e! n#o 3in! "e ! (e!#$!G (or e! 'i%'o ""o $e 3or' e! (er3i! %e intro"$#e ire  (re%i,n $e #e $e e! t$bo %e in3!eF (ero ! 'i%'o tie'(o ) (er'itien"o $e %e 3or'e ! b$rb$j %e en#$entrn $no% #i!in"ro% $e j!n ! (e!#$! e%tir7n"o! "e 'ner $e %$3re e%rir'iento en "o% "ire##ione%0 +i! ! e%tirr! !o% #i!in"ro% ) r"i! ! in3!r e! t$bo. E! 'e#ni%'o "e e%tir"o ! 'i%'o tie'(o %e!! ! %!i" "e! ire "e 'ner $e (er'ite ! 3or'#i,n "e ! b$rb$j. A! %!ir "e e%t on %e tiene !

o(ort$ni"" "e e'bobinr e! t$bo #o!(%"o (r 3or'r bo!%% o bien brir!o (r obtener (e!#$! (!n en !% 'e"i"% ne#e%ri%. 6or !o gener! !% (e!#$!% %on %o'eti"%  trt'iento% (o%teriore% #on e! 3in "e 'ejorr %$% (ro(ie""e% o #$!i""e% (r o(er#ione% (o%teriore%. Coe+tr$%ione% o (e!#$!% (!7%ti#% '$!ti#(%. Con%i%ten en "o% o '7% (e!#$!% (!7%ti#% "i3erente% $e %on (ro"$#i"% ! 'i%'o tie'(o ) $e e%tn"o 3$n"i"% %e $nen (r 3or'r $n %o! (e!#$! #o'($e%t (or "e!g"% #(% $ni"% $e !e (ro(or#ionn (ro(ie""e% ) #$!i""e% '$) e%(e#i!e%.  A! ig$! $e #o'o %e e+(!i#, nte% (r !% (e!#$!% (!7%ti#% "e $n %o!o 'teri!0 en !% #oe+tr$%ione% e+i%ten !o% 'i%'o% "o% %i%te'% "e (ro"$##i,n. L% vrinte% %on en e! e$i(o ne#e%rio (r #er!%0 en e! 'to"o (or %o(!"o0 !o% (!7%ti#o% 3$n"i"o% en "i3erente% e+tr$"er% 3or'n t$bo% #on#ntri#o% "e "i3erente 'teri!0 $e ! %er %o(!"o% #on ire en e! t$bo interior %e j$ntn !o% "i3erente% t$bo% ) %e %ig$en en%n#n"o #on ! (rti#$!ri"" $e ! (re" %e en#$entr 3or'" (or !% "i3erente% #(% "eri"% $n% #on otr% ! e%tr en #ont#to #$n"o Hn no %e en3rn. C$n"o %e #e (or 'o!"eo ) #!n"ri %e re$ieren ig$!'ente tnto% e+tr$"er% #o'o (o!'ero% "i3erente% %e $%en en !% #(% "e! !'in"o0 ! $ni,n "e !% "i3erente% #(% %e #e en ro"i!!o% #!iente% $e (er'iten ! $ni,n (or (ren%"o entre e!!o% ) !e %ig$e e! en3ri'iento0 #!ibr"o ) bobin"o. ;ener!'ente !% (e!#$!% obteni"% (or %o(!"o %e e'(!en (r ! gri#$!t$r0 b%$r0 envo% (o%t!e%0 et#. 'ientr% $e !o% obteni"o% en #!n"ri% %on $%"o% en e! env%"o "e !i'ento% #onge!"o%0 bebi"%0 et#.  A! (!ner !o% 'teri!e% $e "eben 3or'r ! (e!#$! (!7%ti# '$!ti#( %e "eben to'r '$#o #$i""o (r !ogrr !rg vi" "e n$e! ) ! (er'ebi!i"" "e#$"  !o% g%e% #o'o nitr,geno ) o+igno. Se n 3bri#"o !'in"o% #on "o%0 tre%0 #in#o ) %t %iete #(% #on ! te#no!og "e #oe+tr$%i,n '$!ti#(%0 (ro(or#ionn ventj% %obre !% $ni#( o !% !'in#ione%. Re%$'en "e !% (ro(ie""e% ) $%o% (rin#i(!e% "e !g$n% (e!#$!% (r env%e. 6o!ieti!eno L% (e!#$!% "e (o!ieti!eno re(re%entn '7% "e $n ter#io "e !o% env%e% (!7%ti#o%  nive! '$n"i!0 %e ($e"e e%#oger entre !% "i3erente% vrie""e% e+i%tenter (r "(tr%e  !% "iver%% (!i##ione%0 e! 'to"o "e obten#i,n 3e#t #iert%

#$!i""e% i'(ortnte% #o'o ($e"en %er ! rigi"e0 re%i%ten#i ! te'(ert$r bj0 re%i%ten#i  ! rot$r ) trn%(ren#i. L (e!#$! "e (o!ieti!eno e% $n env%e 3!e+ib!e ) trn%(rente $e tiene #o'o 3$n#ione%9 (roteger ! (ro"$#to "e! o+geno ) $'e""0 #on%ervr e! ro' ) e! %bor "e! (ro"$#to0 (roteger!o "e !o% t$e% t'o%3ri#o% ) "e $'i#o%. Debe tener re%i%ten#i  ! tr##i,n0 e%tir'iento ) "e%grr'iento0 3#i!i"" (r brir%e ) #errr%e0 otr% (ro(ie""e% i'(ortnte% %on %$ 3#i!i"" "e re#i#!"o0 %$ bjo #o%to ) en !g$no% #%o% trn%(ren#i '$) b$en. C!or$ro "e (o!ivini!o E% '(!i'ente $%"o0 e%te '(!io $%o %e "ebe  %$ b$en re%i%ten#i $'i# ) $n '(!i 3#i!i"" (r 3or'$!r #o'($e%to% #on "itivo% $e (er'iten tener  (ro(ie""e% "i3erente% tnto 3%i#%0 $'i#% ) bio!,gi#% $e ningHn otro (o!'ero tiene. E! 6VC %e e%t7 $%n"o #o'o #e!o37n (r envo!ver bn"ej% "e !i'ento% 3re%#o% 6o!ieti!n tere3t!to L (e!#$! "e 6ET %e #r#teri (or tener !t re%i%ten#i  ! tr##i,n0 re%i%te ! "ob!e0 b$en brrer ! v(or "e g$ ) ! o+geno0 b$en bri!!o ) !t trn%(ren#i E! 'teri! tiene (rob#i,n "e ! /DA (r e%tr en #ont#to #on !i'ento%. Se $% en env%e% (r #o#o!te%0 "$!#e%0 botn%0 g!!et%0 (n0 (%te!e% )  j$g$ete%0 err'ient%0 (r bo!%% "entro "e #j% (r #!entr !i'ento% $e %e "eben e+(oner  'i#roon"%0 et#. 6o!i(ro(i!eno orient"o L bj "en%i"" "e! 'teri! #e $e %e intere%nte (or %$ bjo (re#io0 e% $n %$%tit$to '$) %ti%3#torio "e !o% "eriv"o% "e ! #e!$!o% (r env%e0 e% i'(er'eb!e ! ire #$n"o %e tiene #err"o er'ti#o. Tiene 3#i!i"" (r re#ibir  i'(re%i,n ) %$ ter'in"o e% bri!!nte. L (rien#i "e ! (e!#$! "e (o!i(ro(i!eno e% "e #o!or b!n#o0 %e e'(!e (r g!!et%0 !i'ento% ) #on3iter. 6o!i(ro(i!eno biorient"o Tiene ! 'enor "en%i"" "e to"% !% (e!#$!% #o'er#i!e% (or !o $e ($e"e #o'(etir ventjo%'ente #ontr e! #e!o3n0 e! ((e! ) to"o% !o% otro% (o!'ero%. Tiene grn #!i"" #o'o brrer  ! $'e"" evitn"o ! (r"i" "e #on%i%ten#i "e !o% #ere!e%0 reb!n"e#i'iento "e !% g!!et% o e! reveni'iento "e #r'e!o%.

Otr% (ro(ie""e% %ing$!re% %on9 E% b$en brrer #ontr gr%%0 %$% #$!i""e% %e 'ntienen Hn en #!i'% e+tre'o%0 tiene e%tbi!i"" "i'en%ion!0 tiene e+#e!ente re%i%ten#i  ! ten%i,n e i'(#to0 "e%!i'iento "e#$"o0 %$ trn%(ren#i e% "e#$" (r $%o en ventn% o envo!t$r "e #j%. S$ #o'(ort'iento (r (ert$r #on $totir e% '$) b$eno ) $e tiene r%g"o $ni3or'e. Co(o!'ero% "e eti!eno Q #etto "e vini!o EVA M$#% 'o!#$!% "e 'on,'ero% %e ($e"en #o(o!i'erir #on e! eti!eno (r (ro"$#ir #o(o!'ero%0 #$n"o %e (o!'eri e! eti!eno #on e! #etto "e vini!o %e (ro"$#e e! EVA0 #o(o!'ero $e #on%erv %$% (ro(ie""e%  bj% te'(ert$r% o #$n"o %e re$iere b$en (rote##i,n #ontr ! gr%0 e! g$ o !o% g%e% Ce!o3ne% Uno "e !o% (ri'ero% 'teri!e% #on +ito en ! 3bri##i,n "e env%e% 3$e $n "eriv"o "e ! #e!$!o% "eno'in"o #e!o37n0 e! no'bre viene "e! ing!e% #e!$!o%e (or ! 'teri (ri' #e!$!o% ) "i(ne (or %$ trn%(ren#i ) #!ri""0 "n"o #e!o(ne  #e!o37n E! #e!o37n tiene e+#e!ente #!ri"" ) bri!!nte0 e% 37#i! "e '$inr0 e% re%i%tente  ! tr##i,n0 (er'ite i'(re%ione%0 %e ($e"e re#$brir (r 'ejorr %$% #$!i""e%0 %e ($e"e %e!!r (or te'(ert$r ) "e(en"ien"o "e !o% re#$bri'iento% %e ($e"e reg$!r %$ (er'ebi!i"" ! o+geno ) ! v(or "e g$. Se #$ent #on ti(o% o(#o% ) #o!ore"o%. Tiene e! in#onveniente "e %$3rir #'bio% "i'en%ion!e% #on ! $'e"". E%te #'bio "e "i'en%ione% "ebe evitr%e #$n"o %e (re(rn !'in"o% "e #e!o37n #on otro% 'teri!e% (r evitr $e %e %e(ren. Se re"$#e '$#o e! (rob!e' trtn"o e! #e!o37n #on g!i#erin. L #r#ter%ti# "e! #e!o37n "e 'ntene( C Con #o!or (ero trn%(rente DM

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Re#$bierto (or 'b% #r% #on $n %o!$#i,n en %o!vente "e #!or$ro "e (o!ivini!i"eno.

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Sin re#$brir  

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Se!!b!e #on #!or  

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 Ante% "e ! !etr %e #o%t$'br (oner $n nH'ero "e tre% "gito% $e i"enti3i# e! #!ibre "e ! (e!#$!. Se ($e"en gr$(r vri% !etr% (r in"i#r e! ti(o e%(e#3i#o "e! (ro"$#to. 6e!#$!% ter'oj$%tb!e%  A!g$n% (e!#$!% %e ($e"en retrer #$n"o %e #!ientn0 (ro(ie"" $e %e (rove# (r j$%tr ! (e!#$! ! (ro"$#toG #on !o $e %e !ogr 'ejorr ! (rien#i "e! (ro"$#to in'ovi!i7n"o!o ) %eg$rn"o '7% %eg$ri"" (r %$ 'nejo ) trn%(orte. En re!i"" %e trt "e (o!'ero% #on 'e'ori0 biorient"o% ) $e %e n e%tir"o '7% "e !o nor'! 6e!#$!% e%tirb!e%. E%t% (e!#$!% ($e"en $to "erir%e (r 3or'r envo!torio% bien %e!!"o% ) $e brin"n b$en (rote##i,n  !% e%tib% "e (ro"$#to%0 ($ete% grn"e%0 !!nt%0 'ng$er%0 et#. Lo% 'teri!e% '7% $%"o% %on e! (o!ieti!eno !ine! "e bj "en%i""0 EVA ) 6VC.  A!g$no% env%e% 3bri#"o% #on (e!#$!% 3!e+ib!e% %e "e%#riben  #ontin$#i,n9 Bo!%% L bo!% "e (!7%ti#o %on '$) (re#i"% ) ! 'i%'o tie'(o '$) "i3erente%  !% "e ((e!0 ! (rin#i(! "i3eren#i r"i# en %$ 3bri##i,n. E! (er3i! "e ((e! e% (!no 'ientr% $e e! "e (!7%ti#o e% t$b$!r0 "e 'ner $e #on %,!o %o!"r ) #ortr  interv!o% "e#$"o% %e tiene ! bo!%. L bo!% 3bri#" #on (o!ieti!eno tien"e  in#re'entr%e (or !% #r#ter%ti#% $e (re%ent ) $e %e ($e"en re%$'ir en9 Tienen b$en re%i%ten#i  ! ten%i,n0 (or !o $e ($e"en %o(ortr '7% (e%o $e e! ((e! %in ning$n "i3i#$!t". S$ re%i%ten#i  ! $'e"" e% e+#e!ente0 'ientr% $e e! ((e! e% "e3i#iente. Se ($e"e re$%r vri% ve#e%0 (r g$r"r! %e ($e"e "ob!r ) o#$( '$) (o#o e%(#io0 e! ((e! %e "eterior '$) r7(i"o ) o#$( '$#o e%(#io (r g$r"r!o.  A! ig$! $e e! ((e! %e ($e"e re#i#!r.

L ($b!i#i"" (!%'" en ! bo!%0 e% '$#o '7% tr#tiv en e! (!7%ti#o $e en e! ((e! (or e! bri!!o ) #o!or $e %e obtienen.  A!g$no% "e !o% env%e% $e %e ($e"en obtener "e (e!#$!% %on9 Bo!%% (!n% Bo!%% #on 3on"o Bo!%% "e % S#o% Mng$er% T$bo% Re"e% B!i%ter% SKin 6#K B$bb!e L'in#ione% Se entien"e (or !'in#i,n ! #o'bin#i,n "e "o% o '7% (e!#$!% "e (o!'ero%0 ((e! o 'et!0 (ro#e"ente% "e "i3erente% bobin% ) $e %e $nen #on "e%ivo% (r 3or'r $n n$ev (e!#$!G "e e%t 'ner or %e tiene $n %o! !7'in #on vrio% e%trto%. B7%i#'ente %e 3or'n !o% !'in"o% (or "o% %i%te'%9 6or e+tr$%i,n ) (or "e%i,n. Lo% (!7%ti#o% %e ($e"en (!i#r (or e+tr$%i,n %obre !7'in "e ((e!0 obtenien"o % $n ((e! re#$bierto. L !'in#i,n (or e+tr$%i,n %e obtiene ! $nir "o% o '7% e%trto% "e 'teri! (or  'e"io "e $n #( "e (o!'ero 3$n"i"o $e %e #o!o# entre !% #(% (or $nir0 $%n"o (r #er!o $n ""o "e e+tr$%i,n. L !'in#i,n (or "e%ivo0 #o'o %$ no'bre !o in"i#0 %e e3e#tH (or 'e"io "e "e%ivo%. Tiene ! ventj "e %er '7% !igero e! 'teri! obteni"o $e e! (ro"$#i"o (or e+tr$%i,n. Lo% "e%ivo% '7% $%"o% %on (o!i$retno% "e $no ) "e "o% #o'(onente%. C$n"o %e #en !'in#ione% #on #e!o37n0 ! i'(re%i,n %e #e (or e! rever%o "e ! (e!#$! "e #e!o37n ) %e re#$bre #on $n #( "e brni "e (o!i$retno "e $n #o'(onente0 e! objeto e% "r $n (rote##i,n e%(e#i!  ! i'(re%i,n #on e! objeto "e $e no %e '$evF ! $nir !% %ig$iente% #(% "e !o% "i3erente% e%trto%. Entre L% !'in#ione% '7% e'(!e"% %e tienen !% $e %e #en #on #e!o37n0 !$'inio ) #rt$!in. Entre !% #o'bin#ione% '7% $%"% #on #e!o37n %e

en#$entrn e! 6o!i37n $e e% $n #e!o37n #on ter'o%e!!o0 %e e'(!e #o'o 'teri! "e brrer 'e"io ! v(or "e g$ )  !o% g%e%0 tiene b$en trn%(ren#i0 e% 3!e+ib!e0 (or !o $e %e $ti!i en (ro"$#to% $e tienen '$#o 'nejo ) $e e% ne#e%rio $e no (re%enten rr$g% o 3r#t$r% #o'o en e! env%"o "e #3 to%t"o0 !i'ento% "e%i"rt"o%0 'e"i#'ento%0 botn%0 et#. En e! 'er#"o n#ion! %e en#$entr $n !'in#i,n "e !$'inio #on #e!o37n0 brin" '7% (rote##i,n ) (er'ite #er env%"o ! v#o o en (ro#e%o% $e %e e%teri!i#en #on g%e%. A! no (er'itir e! (%o "e! v(or "e g$ %e e'(!e (r env%r (ro"$#to% $e tien"en  to'r $'e"" "e! 'e"io 'biente. T'bin %e en#$entrn !'in#ione% "e !$'inio #on (o!i%ter0 (o!i(ro(i!eno0 (o!i(ro(i!eno biorient"o0 (o!i'i"0 !#oo! (o!ivini!o0 ) (o!ieti!eno% e%(e#i!e%. Env%e% 3bri#"o% #on 'teri!e% #o!'in"o%. i%tori R$ben R$%ing j$nto #on EriK AKer!$n" 3$n"ron en S$e#i %$ (ri'er 3bri# e%(e#i!i" en e'b!je%0 #on e! tie'(o %e #onvirti, en $n "e !% e'(re%% '7% i'(ortnte en e! r'o "e !o% env%e% 3bri#"o% #on 'teri!e% #o!'in"o%. ;r#i% ! "e%rro!!o "e $n env%e revo!$#ionrio. Tetr 6K0 "eriv "e ! 3or' geo'tri# "e! env%e0 $n tetre"ro  $e #orre%(on"e  $n #$er(o #on #$tro #r% tring$!re%. E! (ri'er env%e #on "i# 3or' (re#i, en e! 'er#"o en 1:&0 !!'o '$#o ! ten#i,n "ebi"o  %$ 3or' tn %ing$!r ) ! (rin#i(io en e! $e %e b%, %$ "i%e4o. E! %i%te' "e%rro!!"o (or Tetr 6K (er'ite #on%ervr !o% (ro"$#to% env%"o% en ! (or (erio"o% re!tiv'ente !rgo% %in ne#e%i"" "e 'ntener en re3riger#i,n. E! 'to"o e'(!e"o e% e! "eno'in"o UT  U!tr ig te'(ert$re $e #on%i%te en $n #o$e tr'i#o '$) r7(i"o -P %eg$n"o%  1-P 1X C %eg$i"o (or $n en3ri'iento '$) r7(i"o. A! obtener #on"i#ione% e%tri!e% (or e! #o$e tr'i#o0 e! (ro"$#to 'ntiene %$ %bor ) v!or n$tritivo %in ne#e%i"" "e re3rigerr %t brir e! env%e (r e+trer e! (ro"$#to. Se ($e"e (re#ir $e e! #on#e(to "e 'teri! #o!'in"o "t "e (o#o tie'(o ) %e (!i# ! 'teri! #o'($e%to "e (o!'ero%0 ((e!e%0 !$'inio (eg'ento% ) tint% $e %on (ro(i"o% (r !ogrr 'teri!e% #on !% (ro(ie""e% ne#e%ri% (r (ro(or#ionr ! (rote##i,n "e#$"  !o% (ro"$#to% $e %e #ontienen en !o% env%e% % "i%e4"o%. Tenien"o en #$ent $e !% #(% "e "i3erente% 'teri!e% en $n %o!o #o!'in"o ($e"e %er "e %iete o '7% #(%0 e% 37#i! enten"er $e e! n$'ero "e (o%ib!e% #o'bin#ione% en e! #o'o"o "e !% 'i%'% e% '$) grn"e. E! ((e! !e " e! %o(orte0 e! (!7%ti#o !e " er'eti#i"" #on re%(e#to  !o% !$i"o%0 e! !$'inio i'(i"e e! (%o "e ! !$ ) "e! o+geno. En e! interior "e! env%e e! Hni#o 'teri! $e %e en#$entr en #ont#to #on e! #onteni"o e% e! (o!ieti!eno.

E+i%te $n i'(ortnte (rob!e' en e%te ti(o "e 'teri!e% ) e% $e no e% 37#i! %$ re#i#!"o0 ($e% %e re$iere "e #o'(!ej% o(er#ione% (r %e(rr #" $n "e !% #(% $e !o #on3or'n. Se "ebe tener (re%ente $e no e% brto #er!o0 (ero $e % e% (o%ib!e. L (tente %$e#0 '(r tnto ! e$i(o #o'o e! "i%e4o "e! env%e ) ! (ro"$##i,n "e! #o!'in"o ((e!Q(o!ieti!eno0 e! %e!!"o (or #!or ) "e%ivo% e%(e#i!e%. Lo% env%e% #on ! 3or' origin! "e! tetre"ro %e n retir"o "e! 'er#"o en %$% (re%ent#ione% grn"e%0 "ebi"o  $e ! 3or' (re%ent (rob!e'% "e 'nejo ) !'#en'iento ! #o'er#inte ! "et!!e. L i"e "e! env%e #o!'in"o re(re%ent $e e! (e%o tot! "e! env%e ) e'b!je re(re%ent %,!o $n 5 "e! (e%o tot! "e! (ro"$#to env%"o.  A! env%e origin! !e n %eg$i"o otro% env%e% "e 'ner $e en ! #t$!i"" (o"e'o% "i%ting$ir 9 Tetr 6K C!%%i#0 $e e% e! "i%e4o origin! ) $e gr#i%  %$ 3or' e% e! $e re$iere 'eno% 'teri! (r 3or'r e! env%e. Tetr Re+0 tiene b%e #on %e##i,n #$"r"0 ! t( ($e"e %er in#!in" o (r!e!  ! b%e. Tetr BriK A%e(ti#0 tiene 3or' "e (r!i!e(i(e"o $e no% re#$er" ! 3or' "e $n !"ri!!o0 %$ 3or' (er'ite e! #o'o"o ) !'#enje '$) e3i#. Se  #onverti"o en e! env%e '7% $%"o (r (ro"$#to% trt"o% #on !rg "$r#i,n "e vi" en n$e!. Tetr To(0 e% $n ti(o "e env%e re!tiv'ente n$evo0 ! (rte %$(erior e% "e (o!'ero 3or'"o (or in)e##i,n e in%ert"o %obre $n #rtonje #o!'in"o0 L b%e e% #$"r" ) ! t( ($e"e %er #$"r" o re"on". E%te env%e %e  e#o '$) (o($!r ! integrr en ! t( #ierre% "e ti(o verte"ero j$go%. Se ($e"e 3ir'r $e #$n"o e%to% ti(o% "e env%e "e #rt,n #o!'in"o0 %e ($"o !!enr ) 3or'r en $n (ro#e%o #ontin$o0 to"o% !o% #on#e(to% tr"i#ion!e% "e env%"o $e"ron ob%o!eto%0 entre e!!o% e! $%o "e bote!!% (r !$i"o% no #rbont"o%.  Ante% %e e%teri!ib "entro "e! env%e "e vi"rio0 tr"b en #!entr%e ) en3rir%e !o $e retr"b e! (ro#e%o "e env%"o. En #'bio0 e! %i%te' Tetr Bri+ e%teri!i "e nte'no e! (ro"$#to ) !$ego ! !!en en $n 'biente e%tri!. C$n"o %e 3bri# e! 'teri! #o!'in"o (r e! env%e0 %e re#$bre #on 'teri! ter'o(!7%ti#o  '7% "e 1X C %$rtin"o%e "e%($% en 3or' "e bobin%

(rotegi"% #on (e!#$! retr7#ti! #on !o $e %e 'ntiene $n n"i#e b#terio!,gi#o '$) bjo0 "e'7% e! 'teri! "e! ro!!o %e #e (%r (or $n b4o #on g$ o+igen" #on#entr" (r $e e! 'teri! #on e! $e %e 3or' e! t$bo (r e! !!en"o $e"e #o'(!et'ente e%tri!. L% #(% "e! 'teri! (r env%e0 %e en#$entrn en e! #%o "e Tetr BriK #o'o""% "e ! %ig$iente 3or'9 1.P &.P *.P -.P .P 2.P 5.P

6o!ieti!eno e+terior  C( "e tint% Crt$!in 6o!ieti!eno !'in"o A!$'inio en oj 6o!ieti!eno interior  6o!ieti!eno interior #ont#to #on e! (ro"$#to

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"e ! 3#i!i"" #on $e %e ($e" trbjr0 "e %$ re%i%ten#i ! #o$e0 "e ! 3#i!i"" "e e+tr##i,n "e !o% #!vo% o gr(%0 "e %$ o!or0 "e %$ "en%i""0 "e %$ re%i%ten#i  ! ($tre3##i,n ) "e %$ (re#io. L% e%(e#ie% $%"% en e'b!je% "eben %er 37#i!e% "e %errr0 %in (re#$#ione% e%(e#i!e%. Se %e!e##ionn "e #$er"o #on e! $%o $e %e !e% v)  "r0 #o'o #$n"o %e v  $ti!ir en ! #on3e##i,n "e #j%0 j$!%0 e%tib% o (!et%0 et#. 6r !o% e'b!je% (r (ro"$#to% !igero% %e ($e"en $%r !o% #ontr#("o% e in#!$%o %e ($e"en $%r #!i""e% "e %eg$n". Co'o ($nto "e (rti" %e ($e"en 'nejr !% %ig$iente% e%(e#i3i##ione% (r '"er% (r e'b!je%9 Den%i"" Re%i%ten#i  ! 3!e+i,n r$(t$r $'e""

.-  .5 2  - g#'& 1  &

Den%i"" De .-  .2

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De .2  .5

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$'e"" L '"er re#in #ort" g$r" grn"e% #nti""e% "e $'e""0 (or !o $e ne#e%ri'ente %e "ebe (ro#e"er ! %e#"o "e ! '"er nte% "e $%r! (r e'b!je%. E! (ro#e%o "e %e#"o ter'in #$n"o ! '"er tiene $n $'e"" re!tiv entre e! 1 ) e! &. C$n"o ! '"er %e en#$entr %e#0 !% re%i%ten#i% e%t7ti#% )  ! e+tr##i,n "e !o% #!vo% $'ent %t en $n *. N$"o% Lo% n$"o% %on %e##ione% trn%ver%!e% "e r'% #ort"%0 $e (re#en vi%ib!e% en ! %$(er3i#ie #ort" "e ! '"er0 interr$'(en ! #ontin$i"" "e ! vet ) "n !$gr  on% !o#!e% "e vet trn%ver%! #on grn in#!in#i,n. E! e3e#to "e $n n$"o %obre ! re%i%ten#i "e $n (ie "e '"er "e(en"e "ire#t'ente "e ! (ro(or#i,n $e g$r"e #on ! %e##i,n trn%ver%! "e "i# (ie. E% ne#e%rio ($e% "eter'inr !% "i'en%ione% '7+i'% "'i%ib!e% "e !o% n$"o% en 3$n#i,n "e! n#o "e ! (ie. Lo% n$"o% "i%'in$)en ! re%i%ten#i  ! #o'(re%i,n ) ! #i!!'iento. Si ! '"er v  e%tr %o'eti"  e%3$ero% "e

3!e+i,n0 e% (re#i%o tener en #$ent ! (o%i#i,n $e o#$(n !o% n$"o%  !o !rgo "e ! (ie. Vet. L in#!in#i,n en ! vet e% '$) i'(ortnte ) %e re3iere  ! "ire##i,n $e g$r"n !% 3ibr% #on re%(e#to ! eje !ongit$"in! "e ! (ie "e '"er0 #$n"o !% 3ibr% no %on (r!e!% %e "i#e $e tienen vet ob!i#$F ) origin ! "i%'in$#i,n "e ! re%i%ten#i 'e#7ni# "e ! (ie. L '"er i"e! e% ! $e (re%ent vet %in in#!in#ione% o $e e% (r!e! ! eje !ongit$"in!0 en e%te #%o %e tiene ! '7+i' re%i%ten#i 'e#7ni#. 6$tre3##i,n L ($tre3##i,n e% e! re%$!t"o "e! t$e "e ongo%  ! '"er0 %e "ete#t (or  $n #o!or#i,n $!"  ! %$(er3i#ie t#". En re!i"" e! t$e "e !o% ongo%  ! '"er %e# e% '$) !ento0 "e 'ner $e %e ($e"e #on%i"err $e no 3e#t  !% (ro(ie""e% "e ! '"er0 (ero0 ($e"e ber #on"i#ione% "e $'e"" "$rnte e! trn%(orte0 $e 3#i!iten e! "e%rro!!o "e !o% ongo% ) #e!ere ! "e%#o'(o%i#i,n "e ! '"er o en %$ #%o ! "e! (ro"$#to #onteni"o.  Ani'!e% L '"er ($e"e %er t#" (or roe"ore% o (or !rv% e in%e#to%0 #o'o e% nt$r! ! "i%'in$#i,n "e ! re%i%ten#i 'e#7ni# "e(en"e "e! gr"o "e t$e $e %$3r ) '7% #!r'ente "e ! "i%'in$#i,n en e! 7re "e ! %e##i,n "e !% (ie% (or ! "i%#ontin$i"" "e !% 3ibr% (or e! e3e#to "e !o% ni'!e%. Rj"$r% L% #$rte"$r% o rj"$r% %on %e(r#ione% intern% ) e+tern% $e %e (re%entn entre !% 3ibr% "e ! '"er0 %on (ro"$#i"% gener!'ente (or !% #ontr##ione% (ro"$#i"% (or $n '! %e#"o. L% rj"$r% "i%'in$)en ! re%i%ten#i "e !% (ie% #!v"%0 % #o'o ! #i!!'iento. E'b!je% "e '"er E+i%ten !g$no% ti(o% "e e'b!je% "e '"er $e %e en#$entrn e%tn"ri"o% en %$% 3or'%0 !o% '7% #o'$ne% %on9 L% j$!% L% b%e% (r (tine% Lo% #jone% L% #j% "e te%tero% L% #j% "e te%tero% re3or"o% L% #j% "e "ob!e #int$r L% (!et% o e%tib%

Lo% e'b!je% "e '"er #ontr#(" J$!% "e e'b!je T'bin !!'"% $#!e%0 %on r'one% grn"e% "e '"er $e 3or'n $n (r!e!e(i(e"o0 e%t7n 3or'"o% (or e%tr$#t$r% "e (ie% "e '"er en%'b!"% "e 'o"o $e 3or'en $n re#into rgi"o #( "e (roteger %$ #onteni"o "$rnte e! trn%(orte ) 'nejo. L% j$!% "e e'b!je %e $ti!in (r tn%(ortr (ro"$#to% in"$%tri!e% #on (e%o% %t "e * tone!"%. S$% "i'en%ione% %,!o %e en#$entrn !i'it"% (or !% (o%ibi!i""e% "e !o% 'e"io% "e 'nejo ) "e trn%(orte. No e% in"i%(en%b!e #$brir !o% !"o% ni !% t(% "e !% j$!% %i e! #onteni"o no !o (re#i%0 e% "e#ir0 ! j$! e% %o!'ente $n r',n "e e!e'ento% "e '"er #!v"o% o torni!!"o%0 (ero #$n"o e% ne#e%ri $n (rote##i,n "i#ion!0 b%t #on %obre(oner  !o% e!e'ento% "e !% r'one% reve%ti'iento% #on tb!% o #on '"er #ontr#(". L j$! "e e'b!je %e #o'(one "e $n b%e ) #$tro (re"e% verti#!e%0 e! (ro"$#to "e%#n% %obre ! b%e0 %$jet7n"o%e 3ij'ente  e!! #on torni!!o% o 3!eje%. L% (re"e% %e #o!o#n (or en#i' "e ! b%e0 %in $e %e en#$entren en #ont#to #on e! #onteni"oG ! j$!  "e %o(ortr (or %i 'i%' !o% e%3$ero% "ebi"o%  ! #o'(re%i,n (ro"$#i" (or e! (i!'iento0  ! 3!e+i,n ) ! (!%t'iento. En e%te ti(o "e e'b!je !o% 'ontnte% ) !% #$4% (r %$jetr  n "e #o!o#r%e e%trtgi#'ente  3in "e grntir $n b$en re%i%ten#i0 ) $n #orre#t "i%trib$#i,n "e !% 3$er% (r evitr $e ! j$! o e! (ro"$#to re%$!ten "4"o% "$rnte e! !'#en'iento0 trn%(orte ) 'nejo B%e% "e (tine% L% b%e% "e (tine% %on e!e'ento% (r ! b%e "e ! j$! ) %e #o'(onen "e "o% o '7% e!e'ento% gr$e%o% "e '"er o !rg$ero% "e $n %o! (ie (tine% "i%($e%to% !ongit$"in!'ente "ebjo "e ! j$!. E%t% b%e% "e (tine% ne#e%ri% (r (o"er 'nejr !% j$!% #on 'ont#rg% o t'bin (r (o"er  "e%!ir %obre e! (i%o e! e'b!je #on (tine%. Cj,n %en#i!!o E! #j,n %en#i!!o no !!ev brrote% en ning$no "e %$% !"o%0 %ien"o (or e!!o e! ti(o "e #j '7% %en#i!!o. No ($e"e ni "ebe en grn"e% "i'en%ione%0 ni %$ !t$r %er  ')or  !o% * #' ) $e #" !"o "ebe 3bri#r%e "e $n %o! (ie o #on & o * e!e'ento% en%'b!"o% #on (eg'ento0 #on rn$r% ) !engfet% %e!!"% ) !%  j$nt% bi%e!"%. E%te ti(o "e #j,n %,!o %e $ti!i (r (ro"$#to% #$)o (e%o no e+#e" !o% - g. Cj "e te%tero%.

E%te ti(o "e #j %e 3or' #on #$tro !"o% (!no% $e 3or'n !o% !% (re"e% !ter!e%0 e! 3on"o ) ! t(0 '7% "o% !"o% en#$"r"o% #on #$tro brrote% $e 3or'n !o% te%tero% "e ! #j. E%te ti(o "e #j %e ($e"e $ti!ir (r e! trn%(orte "e (ro"$#to% %t #on $n (e%o "e 1 g. Cj "e te%tero% re3or"o% L #j "e te%tero% re3or"o% e% '$) %i'i!r  ! nterior (ero #on brrote% verti#!e% e+teriore%0 t'bin ($e"e $%r%e (r trn%(orte "e #rg %t "e 1g. Tiene #o'o in#onveniente $e en #%o "e go!(e% 3$erte%0 e! e%3$ero ejer#i"o (or e! #onteni"o no %e "i%trib$)e %obre to" ! b%e0 %ino %obre %$ #entro0 !o $e #e $e !o% #!vo% $e %$jetn !% tb!% 'e"iner% "e !o% !"o% !ter!e%0 ! t( ) e! 3on"o #on !o% te%tero%0 %e ven %o'eti"o%  ')ore% e%3$ero% $e ($e"n rrn#r!o% #on to"o ) #!vo%0 (ro"$#in"o%e "e%j$%te% en ! #j ($"ien"o !!egr  "e%r'r!. Cj "e "ob!e #int$r. E! e'b!je "e "ob!e #int$r %e #o'(one "e #$tro (ne!e% '7% !rgo%0 #on !o% $e %e 3or'n "o% !"o% ! t( ) e! 3on"o0 #" $no "e !o% #$!e% !!ev (or !o 'eno% "o% brrote% o '7% %i ! !ongit$" "e !o% (ne!e% !o e+ige0 L #j %e ter'in "e 3or'r #on !% "o% #be#er% o te%tero%. Lo% (ne!e% %e 3or'n or"inri'ente #on tb!% )$+t($e%t% $e ($e"en e%tr $ni"% #on (eg'ento en !% j$nt%. Lo% brrote% $e re3$ern !o% !"o%0 e! 3on"o ) ! t( %e #o!o#n  $n "i%tn#i "e !o% e+tre'o% $e e% ig$! (ro+i'"'ente  ! #$rt (rte "e ! !ongit$" tot! "e ! #j. E%te ti(o "e #j% ($e"en %o(ortr #onteni"o% "e %t &g. Un e'b!je bien "i%e4"o no "ebe tener on% o ($nto% "bi!e%0 e% "e#ir0 %i o#$rren r$(t$r%0 "eben o#$rrir en #$!$ier ($nto "e! e'b!je ) no %ie'(re #on ten"en#i  $n 'i%' on. 6!et% o e%tib% L% (!et% o e%tib% %on (!t3or'% (r e! trn%(orte0 %obre !% $e %e #o'o" $n #nti"" "eter'in" "e 'er#n#i% o $ni""e% "e #rg0 ) $e (r e3e#to% "e! 'nejo %e "e%(!n #on "i%(o%itivo% 'e#7ni#o% #o'o 'ont#rg%0 (tine%0 #rreti!!%0 et#. Se #o'(onen "e "o% entb!on"o% $ni"o% entre %0 (or trve%4o% %e(r"ore%. E+i%ten #o'bin#ione% #o'o ! (!et #on #j en ! $e ! (!et ($e"e %$%tit$ir ! (i%o "e ! #j ) #onvertir%e en (rte "ire#t "e! e'b!jeG %e ($e"e #o'binr ! (!et #on #j% "e '"er0 'et! o #rt,n 3or'n"o $n %o! $ni"".. E'b!je% "e #ontr#("o% tri(!) 6or !% (ro(ie""e% "e e%te ti(o "e (ro"$#to in"$%tri!i"o "e ! '"er0 %e $ti!in !o% #ontr#("o% en grn e%#! (or %$ $ni3or'i"" "e %$% 'e"i"% )

%$ 37#i! obten#i,n. Lo% e'b!je% 3bri#"o% #on tri(!) %on %,!i"o%0 rgi"o% ) ! 'i%'o tie'(o !igero%. 6r e+(ort#i,n e%te 'teri! %e $ti!i en ! #on3e##i,n "e #j% re3or"% #on 'ontnte% ng$!re% o %in e%to%. E%t% #j% %e #o'(onen "e %ei% (7ne!e% re3or"o% #on brrote% $e vn #!v"o% o "e (re3eren#i engr("o%  !o !rgo "e %$% bor"e%.  A!g$n% "e !% 3or'% e%(e#i!e% "e e'b!je% 3bri#"o% #on '"er #ontr#(" %on9 C$4ete% Brri!e% Cj% (e$e4% Cj% en#$"r"% Cj% re3or"% #on 'ontnte% ng$!re% "e 'et!

ENVASE Y EMBALAJE I

INTRODUCCIÓN

I.1 I.& I.* I.-

Objetivo gener! "e! #$r%o I'(ortn#i "e! env%e ) e'b!je E+(!i##i,n "e! (!n gener! Crono!og "e! env%e

II

ENVASE

II.1 II.& II.* II.II. II.2

/$n#ione% "e !o% (ro"$#to% /$n#ione% "e! env%e Env%e (ri'rio0 %e#$n"rio ) ter#irio E! env%e #o'o objeto %e'i,ti#o /$n#ione% "e! env%e #o'o !eng$je vi%$! In3or'#i,n in"i%(en%b!e (r "i%e4r env%e% "e#$"o%

III

MERCADO

III.1 III.& III.* III.III. III.2

Re!#i,n "e! env%e #on e! 'er#"o L 'er#"ote#ni Nive!e% "e (ro"$#to% Re!#i,n "e env%e #on ! #o'(r "e! (ro"$#to L i'(ortn#i "e ! 'r# E! env%e #o'o (ro"$#to

IV

EL ENVASE Y EL CONSUMIDOR

IV.1 IV.& IV.*

Ti(o% "e #on%$'i"ore% E%t$"io% "e 'er#"o Nor'% o3i#i!e% n#ion!e%

V

EMBALAJE

V.1 V.& V.* V.V. V.2 V.5

/$n#ione% "e! e'b!je Ventj% "e! e'b!je Env%e ) e'b!je #o'o %i%te' Di%trib$#i,n E+(ort#i,n Si'bo!og en e! e'b!je In3or'#i,n in"i%(en%b!e (r e! "i%e4o #orre#to "e! e'b!je

VI

MATERIALES A6LICACIÓN Y /UNCIÓN

VI.1 VI.& VI.* VI.VI. VI.2 VI.5 VI.8 VI.:

Env%e% "e vi"rio Env%e%0 e'b!je% ) #ontene"ore% 'et7!i#o% Env%e% ) e'b!je% "e ((e! ) #rt,n Env%e% ) e'b!je% "e (!7%ti#o Env%e% ) e'b!je% "e '"er 6r$eb% "e 'teri!e% An7!i%i% "e! (ro"$#to  env%r   6r7#ti#9 /bri##i,n "e (rote##i,n (r $n (ro"$#to Re#i#!je "e 'teri!e%

VII

METODOLO;?ITO ENVASES Y EMBALAJES 6ARA 6RODUCTOS DE E?6ORTACIÓN

VII.1 VII.& VII.* VII.VII.

An7!i%i% "e! (ro"$#to  e+(ortr   Inve%tig#i,n "e !% et(% "e "i%trib$#i,n Line'iento% ) (o!ti#% e#o!,gi#% intern#ion!e% 6r$eb% "e !o% env%e% (r e+(ort#i,n Si'bo!og en e! e'b!je

OBJETIVO DEL CURSO9 @$e e! !$'no #o'(ren" ! i'(ortn#i "e !o% (ro#e%o% "e env%e ) e'b!je0 $e teng #ono#i'iento% "e !o% "i3erente% 'teri!e% $%"o% en e! env%e ) e!