DIRECCIÓN EJECUTIVA DE PROGRAMAS Y PROYECTOS DE DESARROLLO-ONG’D
DIAGNÓSTICO SOCIO ECONÓMICO DE LA COMUNIDAD CAMPESINA MUQUIYAUYO
PROVINCIA-JAUJA DEPARTAMENTO-JUNÍN 2008
Mg. María Maura CAMAC TIZA, Directora Ejecutiva ONG’D Delphine GRANDJEAN, practicante en Máster de Cooperación Internacional. Convenio de prácticas entre la ONG’D APRODE-PERÚ y la Universidad Stendhal de Grenoble-Francia 1
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DEDICATORIA Agradezco a los Asociados de la ONG’D Asociación Pro Desarrollo Perú Vida “APRODE-PERÚ” por haberme brindado la oportunidad de descubrir comunidades del Perú rural y por haberme permitido realizar este trabajo de investigación y de redacción con la mayor libertad. Agradezco a los pobladores de este maravilloso lugar de Muquiyauyo que destacan por su carácter acogedor y cariñoso.
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PRESENTACIÓN CAPITULO I: UBICANDO LA COMUNIDAD 1.1 1.2
El departamento: Junín La provincia: Jauja
CAPÍTULO II: MUQUIYAUYO, ASPECTO FÍSICO 2.1 2.2
Descripción del lugar Los recursos
CAPÍTULO III: ASPECTO HISTÓRICO 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Período pre inca Origen del nombre Bajo la colonia La comunidad campesina en su proceso histórico
CAPÍTULO IV: ASPECTO SOCIAL 4.1 4.2 4.3
Condiciones de vida Relaciones de producción Vida espiritual
CAPÍTULO V: LAS INSTITUCIONES 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
Políticas Educativas Salud Religiosas Organizaciones Sociales de Base y asociaciones
CAPÍTULO VI: PERSPECTIVAS DE DEARROLLO SOSTENIBLE 6.1 6.2 6.3
Medioambiente Desarrollo social Desarrollo económico
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PRESENTACIÓN El presente trabajo “Diagnóstico socioeconómico de la comunidad campesina de Muquiyauyo” constituye una investigación basada en un análisis de la situación real a través de un diagnóstico situacional in situ que nos ha permitido identificar y conocer la realidad comunal con sus innumerables problemas y sus necesidades básicas. La estancia en el distrito de Muquiyauyo, provincia de Jauja, departamento de Junín, fue posible gracias a un convenio de cooperación interinstitucional suscrito entre le ONG’D Asociación Pro Desarrollo Perú-Vida, APRODE-PERÚ, y la municipalidad distrital. Sin embargo, nuestra organización está comprometida no solamente con las autoridades municipales sino también con toda la población y en este sentido la investigación se realizó con la participación activa de un gran número de comuneros, sin importar la función que ocupan como autoridades ediles y civiles. Durante más de tres semanas, del 11 de octubre al 5 de noviembre del año 2008, la practicante extranjera, estudiante en Máster de cooperación internacional, pernoctó en el distrito con la finalidad de observar y captar toda la realidad de su vivencia y de esta manera levantar las informaciones necesarias para la redacción del presente informe. Mediante el presente documento, APRODE-PERÚ pretende no sólo identificar las insuficiencias de los pobladores sino también proveer una base de datos para planificar acciones y determinar prioridades de proyectos a desarrollar y materiales a captar. Según la definición general, la comunidad campesina es una institución conformada por familias campesinas que se organizan bajo determinadas normas y parámetros sociales y culturales con el fin de enfrentar las difíciles condiciones físicas y sociales que se viven en los Andes y cuya existencia les permite subsistir y avanzar. En una época en la cual los fenómenos de la globalización llegan hacia los pueblos más lejanos y aislados del mundo, acelerando las transformaciones sociales, nuestro estudio debe analizar la comunidad para determinar si sigue desempeñando los mismos papeles que ayer y de que manera puede afrontar los grandes desafíos de mañana. Esta comunidad de la Sierra Central es muy peculiar por su historia y también por sus características actuales que han hecho y siguen haciendo de este lugar un centro de interés para muchos sociólogos, antropólogos e intelectuales en general. El pasado del distrito es un tema que se debe estudiar atentamente para entender los orígenes de sus pobladores y la formación de la identidad muquiyauyina, una identidad que sigue muy fuerte hasta el día de hoy. Otro tema muy relevante en el Perú y en todo el mundo hoy día es la cuestión del género, y por eso decidimos tomar en cuenta este factor en las relaciones económicas y en la participación de las personas en las diversas actividades de la comunidad. En el capítulo I, ubicaremos al distrito de Muquiyauyo en su entorno. En el capítulo II, descubriremos el aspecto físico del lugar.
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CAPÍTULO I UBICANDO LA COMUNIDAD 1.1
El departamento: Junín 1.1.1 Geografía El
departamento de Junín, cuya capital es Huancayo, se encuentra ubicado en la zona central de los andes peruanos. Por su situación geográfica tiene zonas de pendientes elevadizos y punas concentradas. Es el departamento dotado de todos los climas y riquezas, aunque en general, su clima es templado. Su temperatura promedio es de 11 ºC. En Tarma, la época lluviosa va de octubre a abril. La zona de selva, San Ramón y La Merced, tiene clima tropical con lluvias intensas de noviembre a marzo. Su clima en la sierra es frío y seco, con marcadas diferencias de temperatura entre el día y la noche, siendo la época de lluvia entre noviembre y abril. 1.1.2 Breve reseña histórica El departamento fue ocupado primero por los Pumpus (provenientes de la selva). Posteriormente los Huancas, durante el intermedio tardío, pastores y cazadores, junto con los chancas de Apurímac, opusieron feroz resistencia al avance incaico, pero cayeron bajo su dominio. En la región de selva, que es el 54% del territorio, se desarrollaron las culturas de las etnias Campa y Yanesha, a las cuales el imperio incaico no conquistó y que éstos recién se contactaron durante la colonia. Durante esta época, una rebelión organizada por Juan Santos Atahualpa expulsó a los misioneros cristianos de la selva central. Huancayo proclamó y juró la independencia el 20 de noviembre de 1820. Luego, el 6 de agosto de 1824, en las Pampas de Junín, se ganó una de las batallas más importantes de la historia peruana, la Batalla de Junín. Sólo 45 minutos duró el violento combate, donde mostraron coraje soldados trujillanos y lambayecanos que formaban el regimiento de caballería "Húsares de Junín" apoyados por campesinos de la zona. Más
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armados con hachas y unos cuantos fusiles, impidieron el paso del adversario sosteniendo un duro combate, hasta lograr cortar las amarras de un puente cuando era cruzado por una vanguardia del ejército Español. A fines del siglo XIX, el valle del Mantaro se comportaba todavía como un núcleo aislado de la cultura indígena. La llegada del ferrocarril en 1906 generó transformaciones socio económicas importantes en el valle, con una política de construcción de vías que obedeció a una economía de exportación. Esos hechos generaron un incremento progresivo de las migraciones procedentes de las zonas deprimidas hacia las ciudades de Jauja y Huancayo. La elevación de Huancayo a capital del departamento de Junín ocurrió en el año 1931. 1.1.3 Economía Los suelos agrícolas del valle del Mantaro son sumamente productivos (papa, maíz, habas, trigo, cebada, olluco, avena, etc.). En ellos se cría ganado vacuno, donde se caracterizan principalmente por la producción de la leche en las vacas y en los toros, sirve de herramienta de trabajo con la yunta. Además, hay abundante producción de ovejas. Lo cual produce abundante lana y al mismo tiempo, se desarrolla una serie de industrias locales de tejidos, derivados lácteos y artesanía. En el valle de Chanchamayo se produce café, frutales y maderas de excelente calidad. En La Merced se cultiva la uña de gato de importancia médica a nivel mundial. Además, se cosechan muy buenos cítricos, paltas y muchos otros frutales. Por otro lado, en La Oroya se encuentra la fundición de minerales más grande del Perú. La región cuenta con las centrales hidroeléctricas de La Oroya y Malpaso, ambas utilizan las aguas del río Mantaro. 1.1.4 Problemática ecológica de la zona La famosa promesa (“dentro de dos años me voy a bañar y tomar el agua del Río Mantaro”) que hizo Alan García en Huancayo durante su primer mandato no se cumplió y el Río más importante del Perú sigue llevando en sus aguas materiales pesados, altamente corrosivos y muy poco
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por los países (europeos) importadores; todo el negocio se cerró y se acabó “la fiebre del alcachofa”. El principal responsable de la contaminación del agua del río Mantaro es el complejo metalúrgico de la mina de La Oroya, la Doe Run y los Cementos Tarma. Además los responsables, en menor escala son los pobladores cuyas viviendas están situadas a las orillas del río, los que vierten sus aguas ensuciadas en él.
1.2
La provincia: Jauja 1.2.1 Geografía
La tierra de Jauja es una provincia cuya principal cualidad es su prosperidad auspiciada por la bondad de su clima y riqueza natural. En España, cuando se da el calificativo de “jauja”, se refiere a que cierta cosa o asunto es próspero y abundante. Jauja limita al norte con las provincias de Yauli, Tarma y Chanchamayo; al este con la Provincia de Satipo; al sur con la Provincia de Concepción y al oeste con la Región Lima. Esta dividida en treinta y cuatro distritos y tiene una superficie de 3,749.10 Km2. 1.2.2 Breve reseña histórica Se conoce que este espacio de territorio fue habitado por diferentes grupos autóctonos; durante el período lítico (aproximadamente hacia el año 5000 A.C.). Los pobladores de estos lugares fueron recolectores cazadores que llegaron al valle
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Hacia el año 1200 D.C. se dio inicio a la nación Wanka que sometió a los Chancas y amplió su territorio hacia el Sur. Producida la incorporación al Tahuantisuyo, los pueblos del valle y todo el territorio se reorganizaron en tres áreas: Atún Xauxa (Jauja) fue uno de éstos y para evitar levantamientos se movilizaron mitimaes en la provincia. El 4 de octubre 1533, Francisco Pizarro en su camino al Cusco ordenó trazar el pueblo de Xauxa Tambo y ordenó la construcción sobre las ruinas del templo incaico de la primera capilla española en el Perú.
Hacia el 20 de abril de 1534, Francisco Pizarro regresó a Jauja y procedió a fundar la ciudad de Santa fe de Xauxa, como capital de la gobernación de Perú pero fue de poca duración porque el 29 de septiembre de 1534, se resolvió y determinó el traslado de la capital de Nueva Castilla al valle del Rímac y el 18 de Enero de 1535 se fundó la ciudad de Lima. Jauja en la colonia fue la despensa de Lima por la actividad agrícola que ofrecía muchas provisiones. La creación de la Provincia se dio por reglamento provisional del 12 de Febrero de 1821. En el siglo XIX, la guerra de la independencia y las necesidades de abastecimiento del ejército realista replegado en el centro del país, dieron lugar a nuevas actividades económicas y en esta época apareció la feria dominical. El avance en la construcción de la carretera central, la bondad climática de Jauja para el tratamiento de la tuberculosis y el debilitamiento de las comunidades campesinas originaron un crecimiento demográfico que hizo necesario la dotación de
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techos de tejas. La plaza de Armas de Jauja se caracteriza porque en ella se encuentra la primera iglesia que mandó construir Francisco Pizarro, ahora llamada catedral. El calendario festivo de la ciudad es muy amplio, celebrándose gran cantidad de acontecimientos sociales, religiosos o municipales con gran algarabía y festejo. El clima de la ciudad es templado con marcadas temporadas de lluvias a partir de noviembre hasta abril y seca, fría por las constantes heladas a partir de mayo hasta septiembre.
1.2.4 Aspectos culturales El patrimonio arqueológico de la provincia es enorme y grandioso, basta con señalar dos centros arqueológicos que maravillaron desde la época de los españoles: Tunanmarca y Huajlasmarca. El patrimonio vivo lo representa el folklore mediante el desarrollo de fiestas costumbristas, que se realizan en la provincia de Jauja casi todo el año, lo que constituye una de sus principales riquezas, no sólo por el enorme potencial turístico que significa, sino también por que ayuda en la formación de la identidad cultural. Las principales festividades de la provincia se concentran de Enero a abril, y la fiesta patronal de Jauja en homenaje a la Virgen del Rosario, en octubre. Entre las principales danzas y bailes de la provincia tenemos en primer lugar el carnaval jaujino, la más típica expresión de lo que es ser jaujino; la tunantada también es importante, así como la Jija, la Huailijía, los Corcovados, la Pachahuara, etc. Es importante señalar que el calendario de fiestas de la provincia tiene bastante que ver con el ciclo agrario y la cría de ganado, encubiertas con celebraciones de carácter religioso en homenaje a algún santo o patrón de la comunidad.
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CAPÍTULO II MUQUIYAUYOASPECTO FÍSICO 2.1
El lugar 2.1.1 Geografía y demografía
Altitud: 3,342 msnm Superficie: 2,072.12 hectáreas Población: 2.688 Densidad: 135.35 habitantes/km2 La comunidad campesina de Muquiyauyo pertenece al distrito del mismo nombre y se encuentra a 7 Km. al sur de Jauja y 34 Km. al norte de Huancayo, está ubicada en la margen derecha, al oeste del río Mantaro. Tiene como límites; por el norte al río Mantaro; por el Sur colinda con la comunidad de Llacuari Pampa; por el Este con la comunidad de Muqui y por el Oeste con la comunidad de Huaripampa. El relieve del suelo corresponde al piso ecológico suni (montano bajo), o sea suavemente ondulado. Tiene suelos de morfología desarrollada y de naturaleza orgánica y caliza de gran importancia agraria. Goza de un clima templado seco, con precipitaciones de lluvias anuales de un promedio de 600mm. y una temperatura media anual de 12ºC. 2.1.2 Descripción general Las condiciones de vivienda en la comunidad refiriéndose al ordenamiento físico, es nucleado, vale decir ordenado en torno a la plaza central, como punto de referencia. En esta plaza, se encuentran el palacio municipal, la iglesia y un parque. El parque y la entrada principal del pueblo están adornados con
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Se observan muchas casas abandonadas en el lindero entre Muquiyauyo y Huaripampa, por causa de las emigraciones a la capital y a otras ciudades del país. 2.1.3 Las viviendas No se observa hacinamiento en las familias. Habiendo realizado un muestro de una quincena de viviendas de un barrio de la comunidad, nos informamos que las viviendas se componen de 3 o 4 ambientes y además de un patio, pasadizos y corrales. Las habitaciones son de dimensiones adecuadas y normales, ofrecen comodidad a sus ocupantes o familias. En cada vivienda habitan un promedio de 5 a 6 personas. Un 39 % de los comuneros viven en casa de adobe, un 13% sus casas son de tapia y sus techos de tejas, un 16% de cemento y ladrillos. Las casas de adobe y tapia son buenas para la zona, sin embargo cuando no se mantienen se deterioran y empiezan a ser un problema para ellos. Las lluvias y el sol fuerte debilitan sus estructuras. En cuanto a los servicios básicos en el pueblo, éstos carecen de modernidad. El servicio de agua potable es muy deficiente y en su mayoría los pobladores la consumen por horas determinadas, sólo en la mañana, lo que les obliga a almacenarla en tinas y reservorios para el consumo tanto de animales como de personas durante el día. La gran mayoría de los pobladores cuentan en sus domicilios con un caño en sus viviendas pero la calidad del agua es alterada porque no recibe un tratamiento adecuado. Actualmente el servicio de electricidad está administrado por la empresa Electrocentro S.A. La cobertura del servicio es de más de 95% en las viviendas y en las vías públicas también, aunque siempre con los límites del uso, es decir una inconstancia del flujo
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2.2
Sus recursos naturales 2.2.1 Recursos vegetales
Los vegetales que más se cultivan son: la oca, olluco, mashua, papa, habas, arvejas, trigo, cebada, maíz, cebolla, col ,lechuga, zanahoria, ajos, nabo, apio, avena y yerbas aromáticas.
La ubicación de Muquiyauyo en el Valle del Mantaro es favorable respeto a la cercanía de la capital del Perú porque las familias aprovechan la oportunidad para ofrecer y competir en los mercados sus productos porque sus tierras son de buena calidad por ende sus productos también. Por otra parte, en las zonas altas (puna), se encuentran muchas plantas naturales o silvestres así como la ocsha, de dos clases, una para pasto y otra para techados de casas. La taya, una planta que sirve para leña y baños medicinales. La pachacra que se utiliza como escoba de las trillas, porque sus ramas son fuertes y arañan los interiores de la grama para proteger los granos de la trilla.
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Las plantas frutales son: manzanos, melocotoneros, tumbo granadilla, yalan níspero, guinda, capulí y frutilla. Entre los arbustos que más abundan se observan: el pacte, la retama (amarilla), el junco (morado) y la cantuta que florece casi todo el año (de color amarillo, rojo, rosado, y blanco), el maguey (chahual) muy utilizado para leña y su tallo para la fabricación de caretas y para el techado de las casas. Entre los árboles abundan el eucalipto, el aliso, el quingual, el guindo, el quishuar, el molle, la tarca, el ciprés. El eucalipto, fue introducido por los mestizos más o menos en el año de 1800. Ahora el pueblo está inundado por estas plantas que son muy apreciadas por sus múltiples aplicaciones como leña para cocinar, porque proporciona el mejor fuego, es muy solicitado por las empresas mineras. Sin embargo, este árbol está considerado por ecólogos como peligrosos para el medio ambiente porque capta mucha agua para su crecimiento y su presencia en la zona amenaza con secar los subsuelos. Los demás arboles utilizan en sus construcciones caseras, especialmente el aliso, que casi nunca es atacado por la polilla si se corta de acuerdo a la luna. Además se utiliza en la fabricación de cucharas, cucharones, bateas y pucos. Todas las casas exhiben en la armadura del techo (terrados), paños de aliso, eucalipto, quishuar, quingual y también los tallos menores, como palizadas. Entre las variedades de cactus de la parte llana o irrigada del pueblo crecen los gigantones, para colocar sobre los muros o paredes a manera de defensa de las chacras, casas, etc. Son de 30cm. a 2 metros de tamaño y florecen por los meses de Enero a abril.
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con el último adelanto de la técnica moderna y esto por obra de algunos alumnos muquiyauyinos estudiantes de zootecnia. En la crianza del ganado vacuno, lanar, porcino, no se siente ningún mejoramiento de las razas. Unas cuantas personas tienen ganado fino, los llamados “de sangre buena”, como las vacas suizas y carneros merinos, pero la mayoría de los pobladores crían ganados chuscos. Los cerdos que no faltan en cada casa, por lo general son alimentados con los desperdicios yerbas y pastos del campo. Sólo en algunos casos, cuando se requiere de carne, los engordan con afrecho y los matan. Durante la época de abundancia de pastos y ausencia de lluvias los animales engordan y toman cuerpo, esto es en los meses de abril a setiembre y el resto del año se alimentan de pastos secos, que los campesinos han almacenado durante las épocas de la cosecha: tallos de maíz, cebada, trigo, habas, arvejas que conservan en lugares especiales llamados ramadas, donde se apilonan los tallos y poco a poco sacando para la alimentación de sus animales, acompañado de alfalfa, alcacer o avena que crecen en los terrenos de regadío. Otros tienen que conducir su ganado a la región de la puna, donde en todo tiempo abunda la ocsha. 2.2.3 Recursos Minerales
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CAPÍTULO III ASPECTO HISTÓRICO DE MUQUIYAUYO 3.1
Tiempos pre incaicas
En los años 2000 A.C. en el Perú se desarrollaron algunos centros organizados a manera de ayllus, como producto del conocimiento, de la agricultura y de la propiedad de la tierra para justificar el mecanismo social indispensable a la forma de trabajo colectivo. Eso también ocurrió en el valle del Mantaro y Muquiyauyo. A este período corresponde las ruinas de Huayaj Loma enclavados en la ola cultural del dominio Chavín.
1000 años A.C, aparece el curaca quien era dueño de lo que producía mediante el trabajo de los dominados. Los “Muquis” eran un ayllu pequeño dominado por los Lurin
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trataban de eliminar el yugo de dominación de los incas, el Imperio tuvo que poblar los puntos más sediciosos del Valle, con mitimaes traídos de otros lugares. De tal manera, en el pueblo que hoy se le conoce como Muquiyauyo, se establecieron grupos étnicos procedentes de Yauyos (Lima). La llegada de los Yauyos- dice la leyenda- coincidió con el hallazgo de unas minas de pintura de variados y bellos colores en Jala Malay, cuyas propiedades maravillosas fascinaron a los Yauyos, quienes se entregaron a su extracción y aprovechamiento, para lo cual abrieron túneles en el subsuelo. En ese laberinto subterráneo hizo su aparición un personaje mágico: el muqui. Ése era une gnomo, con las apariencias de un hombrecillo barrigudo ,travieso y burlón que hacía malas jugadas a los mineros, llevándolos con engaños hasta los rincones más desconocidos de las galerías y donde, muchas veces, desaparecieron trágicamente: Ese personaje fantástico, según viejos relatos, se enamoró de la muchacha más hermosa de Jala Malay a quien la condujo en las galerías de donde nunca salió. Corrió la noticia entre los pobladores del lugar que el rapto era obra del muqui que había venido con los Yauyos y desde entonces se ha venido asociando los nuevos vocablos ¡Muqui-Yauyo! Más tarde, se transformó en una sola palabra, surgiendo así el evocador nombre de Muquiyauyo.
3.3
Conquista
Desde los primeros años de la conquista, los pobladores de estos lugares dieron su apoyo al invasor español. Tras la derrota de Atahualpa iniciaron rebeliones y buscaron su emancipación a partir del año 1565. Al producirse las manifestaciones
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3.4
La comunidad campesina en su proceso histórico
La historia de Muquiyauyo es la historia de la comunidad campesina, organizada desde la época virreinal como reducción para luego transformarse en comunidad cuando se entró en la República. Los españoles que invadieron estas tierras y que no pudieron regresar a su patria, los criollos provincianos, los mestizos indios, se reunieron bajo el mismo destino comunal. Luego, entre los años 1800 a 1846, por obra de hombres destacados tales como Bruno Terreros Baldeón y Román Amanzo, transformaron la reducción en una cooperativa de producción, abastecimiento y consumo, propiedad colectiva de tierras de cultivo. En esta etapa, se logró realizar obras en la comunidad, entre otras un canal de regadío de 7 Km.de largo para ampliar el área de regadío de cultivo. En 1857, se logró construir el primer puente sobre el río Mantaro de propiedad de la comunidad, permitiendo mejorar el tránsito de los productos agrícolas, hombres y animales entre pueblos de ambas márgenes del río. En 1860, se construyó el primer cementerio del pueblo de Muquiyauyo, también obra
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La comisión técnica ubicó el lugar apropiado donde se podía construir un canal de agua con suficiente caída para dar impulso a las máquinas generadoras de electricidad. Se hizo en pocos meses. Desarmaron todos los equipos para volverlos a armar en el sitio donde iba a construirse la hidroeléctrica. Para las partes más pesadas se construyeron andas y se formaron cuadrillas de cargadores quienes abrazados hombro con hombro llevaron las turbinas y generadores " a fuerza bruta”. Con el agua a la cintura cruzaron el rio Mantaro. Cuentan los más antiguos que los pobladores de las otras comunidades vinieron a dar una mano siguiendo sus costumbres ancestrales del ayni o la minka. En 1918 se abrieron las compuertas del agua que con su fuerza de caída hizo dar vida a este equipo electrógeno, las turbinas y generadores empezaron a funcionar y la luz fue una realidad en el Valle del Mantaro. Todas las comunidades circundantes se beneficiaron con la energía eléctrica como es
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CAPÍTULO IV MUQUIYAUYO, ASPECTO SOCIAL La composición de la población muquiyauyina se caracteriza por subir dos flujos demográficos contrarios. Por una parte, una alta proporción de los pobladores de la comunidad, comprendidos entre grupos de 17 a 40 años de edad migran a otras ciudades, capitales de departamentos o ciudades grandes como la capital Lima. Por otra parte, se observa la presencia de familias foráneas que han emigrado desde los departamentos de Ayacucho, Huancavelica y Apurímac por razones laborales, para trabajar en las chacras, o por consecuencia de los actos de violencia política del período del terrorismo. Los Muquiyauyinos son en general mestizos, la misma mezcla de incas y blancos que caracteriza a los otros pueblos del Perú y de América latina. Observando detenidamente sobre los rasgos físicos de los pobladores, encontramos un predominio de la raza indígena con pómulos pronunciados, la tez cobriza, ojos algo rasgados, de
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cubrirse la espalda llevan una mediana o “llicla” de vistosos colores, así mismo completan su vestimenta con un juego o conjunto de polleras. También llevan sombreros de lana, en algunos casos, paja en otros. Las jóvenes generaciones visten acorde a la época y moda actual, con pantalones y blusas de algodón y jeans. 4.1.2 Alimentación En la población, persisten hábitos o costumbres alimenticios ancestrales por lo que las familias consumen mayormente gran proporción de carbohidratos: papas, cereales, arroz, harinas y fideos, proteínas en cantidades mínimas (huevo, leche, carnes, etc.), verduras y fruta en pocas cantidades. Aquí viene la dieta más difundida entre los pobladores. Para el desayuno: sopa de fideos o sopa verde (chupe verde), papas azadas (chunya), panes, quaker, café de cebada y hierbas aromáticas. Complementando al desayuno, acompaña la cancha y la machca. Para el almuerzo: sopa de verduras, papas revueltas con huevo, arroz, mate, sopa de
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acompañado con ají picante de verduras como para el paladar de niños algunas veces y comen al lado del horno o en mesa a parte, muchos la asientan con chicha, otros con vino, otros con cerveza y la mayoría no usan licor, sólo agüita de toronjil o cedrón o manzanilla. 4.1.3 Higiene La falta de higiene es innegable en los pobladores, observándose la poca importancia que le dan a la limpieza de sus viviendas y los alrededores. En su aspecto personal, se observó el problema de la pediculosis en los niños y la falta de higiene corporal. Esta negligencia se nota por su aspecto, donde la suciedad de sus manos, uñas y el despeinado de su cabello añadido con la falte de recorte en algunos niños se agudiza este problema. También se ha observado que no tienen la costumbre de lavarse las manos antes de comer o después de miccionar además que tienen muy poca costumbre de cepillarse los dientes diariamente. Los pobladores no tienen el hábito de arrojar la basura en los tachos, haciéndolo en cualquier lugar e incluso en sus propias viviendas se observa la presencia de desperdicios en el piso.
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La racionalidad de los comuneros en realidad se basa en asegurar ingresos a través de un conjunto de actividades que les permita disminuir riesgos ante el fracaso en alguna de ellas, lo esencial es asegurar la supervivencia y el bienestar de la familia. La pluriactividad se constituye en una estrategia campesina frente a la escasez de los ingresos para cubrir las necesidades básicas. En este sentido, la actividad agrícola se torna insuficiente y el campesino se ve obligado a incursionarse en otras actividades. La pluriactividad permite un seguro frente a los riesgos por ejemplo de la caída de los precios de determinados productos agrícolas, o frente a fenómenos de la naturaleza
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Prácticas sociales: aquí tenemos la participación de los comuneros y sus familias en las fiestas comunales, patronales y eventos deportivos. Que proporcionan status y privilegio, asimismo estas fiestas tienden a dinamizar las economías locales con actividades temporales como la contratación de músicos en bandas y
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Esta realidad de repartición de las tareas se explica en la medida que la mujer históricamente ha asumido la responsabilidad de un rol reproductivo. Se considera a la mujer madre, encargada de cuidar a los niños y al varón al responsable de la economía y jefe del hogar. En esta perspectiva los espacios se delimitan de acuerdo al género: el mundo privado corresponde a la mujer, es su territorio, a ella le corresponde el lavado, la limpieza, la cocina, la crianza de los niños, trabajo que no es remunerado ni valorado por los hombres y la sociedad. El territorio del hombre es lo público, a él le corresponde la calle, los amigos, las experiencias amorosas, la organización comunal, la política. El
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de ciertos dirigentes de la Comunidad Campesina, permitiendo no poder superar las formas tradicionales de producción y la pobreza existente. Actualmente, la comunidad y el pueblo están sumidos en la más grave crisis de su historia por las repercusiones del individualismo y la apropiación frontal de la propiedad individual en contra de la propiedad colectiva comunal. Las tierras de la comunidad campesinas están despedazadas en minifundios por consiguiente no permite el desarrollo de la producción agraria a gran escala. Además, las tierras comunales se dividen entre los cuatro cuarteles con personería jurídica propia, que luego la junta directiva de cada cuartel lo subarriendan incluso a personas que no son de la
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persona embriagada, durmiendo en el cemento de la plaza principal, en pleno sol y a las 10 de la mañana, durante un día de fiesta. Las grandes relaciones históricas entre el pueblo y la iglesia han sido encaminadas a la separación del clero de la vida de la gente. Cuando la iglesia originalmente vino al Perú, formaba parte de los planes del conquistador y su norma se ha retenido, aún en principios en los valores la república. Durante el siglo XIX, sin embargo, los indios de muquiyauyinos se desilusionaron con la iglesia porque observaban que las exigencias que se les hacía era para concurrir a las misas dominicales y el sostenimiento de fiestas se habían tornado estériles, entonces ellos cesaron de practicar estas cosas.
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adultos tampoco se encargan de vigilar a los niños para averiguar si cumplen con sus
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Principales fiestas costumbristas:
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En el tercer día se realiza la famosa pandillada general; en la mañana plantan sus
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El desarrollo de la fiesta es como sigue:
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Día de la comunidad
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01/07: La Central Hidroeléctrica de Muquiyauyo
Por: Sergio Paitán Vega En tiempos actuales, transformar energía, es una de las actividades en las que el hombre obtiene una fuente inagotable de recursos económicos. Los empresarios capitalistas del mundo saben que la mejor inversión que podrían realizar en su vida está en la venta de energía. Todo ser humano habitante de este mundo cualquiera que sea su línea filosófica, cultural o moral necesitará iluminar su oscuridad y usar energía para sus necesidades básicas. Por lo tanto cada ser que llega a este mundo es un potencial consumidor de energía cualquiera que sea el tipo.(Eléctrica, Calorífica, Luminosa, etc.). En nuestro medio, en la actualidad utilizamos energía eléctrica que distribuye una empresa llamada electro centro, la cuál comercializa el producto de la transformación hidro energética de la central “Santiago Antunez de Mayolo” ubicada en Campo Armiño Departamento de Huancavelica. Esta central inició sus operaciones en la década del 70 por lo que posteriormente proyectó su alcance en primer lugar hacia los pueblos del sur medio, para luego llegar al valle del Mantaro, extendiéndose finalmente hacia el norte del país. En nuestro valle algo singular respecto a esto sobresale y nos llena de admiración. Es el hecho que antes de grandes proyectos con inversiones transnacionales, la comunidad campesina de MUQUIYAUYO entre los años 40 y 50 debe haberse organizado, de tal manera que llegaron a adquirir el apelativo popular de “la pequeña Rusia”. No hemos recopilado información a cerca de los procedimientos y propuestas filosóficas que manejaron los hombres de aquel entonces, pero sí estamos seguros que fue una original forma de trabajo y organización social. Quizá pudo ser del tipo socialista, pero de seguro tuvo mucho de singular . Esto llevó a esta comunidad a gestionar e instalar una CENTRAL HIDROELECTRICA, que funcionó casi por DOS DÉCADAS, consiguiendo suministrar energía eléctrica a los habitantes del propio Muquiyauyo, Huaripampa, cercado de la ciudad de Jauja e incluso otros pueblos aledaños. Esta venta de energía permitía una importante captación de divisas, lo que iba fortaleciendo la economía comunal.
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artesanal y bien lograda. No interesa de donde salió la idea, ni tampoco el dinero para solventar el material que debería utilizarse para tal fin, es también tácito que la mano de obra la pusieron los mismos comuneros. Cuando uno asiste a observar la parte externa de lo que aún queda en estos tiempos de esta central, se queda ensimismado pensando cómo en esos tiempos los hombres lo lograron. Nos percatamos que no fue simple construir el sistema de represamiento, encausamiento y distribución del agua, seguramente que también tuvieron a la vez la encomiable tarea de instalar las turbinas el generador y el sistema de transformación de electricidad, todo en un ÁREA no menor de 5000 m2 y con la tecnología de aquel entonces. En todas partes del mundo existen los medios de alienación, aquellos que someten a poblaciones y países enteros, introduciendo ideas, criterios y conveniencias ajenas que nada tienen que ver con la realidad encomiable de los pueblos. Esto es lo que sucedió en el tiempo de funcionamiento de la famosa FEBO(Empresa comercializadora de Energía Eléctrica de Muquiyauyo), la demanda era mucho mayor que la capacidad instalada, por lo tanto quienes la utilizaban por ejemplo en la ciudad de Jauja experimentaban el suministro con un VOLTAJE muy bajo el cual no permitía una adecuada iluminaciónpunto principal de referencia-por lo que se calificaba como “malo” al servicio. Había cierto porcentaje de razón en esto. Los ingenieros no estaban trabajando adecuadamente para proporcionar el servicio eficiente solo hasta los puntos donde se comprobaba eficiencia, por lo que muy pronto hubo mucho descontento por la ineficiencia, los comuneros de Muquiyauyo experimentaban con esto una incomodidad, pese a que tenían instalado en su territorio una central Hidroeléctrica, que de funcionar hasta hoy habría solucionado muchos problemas de la comunidad. Durante los primeros años de la década de los 80s llegó al valle del Mantaro el sistema interconectado del Mantaro. Automáticamente los demás pueblos suministrados comprometieron su voluntad para consumir energía a este nuevo acreedor, mientras que Muquiyauyo se resistía. Los comuneros debían decidir si se quedaban con su sistema o se integraban a la modernidad del nuevo servicio. Luego de mucha polémica se decidió ingresar en ese nuevo sistema de distribución que por cierto era 100% eficiente. Esto terminó con las aspiraciones de bien intencionados antepasados de hacer del distrito una potencia energética, desactivando por completo el sistema de generación de energía. De haber continuado el funcionamiento de esta central; Muquiyauyo tendría para auto abastecerse con una energía, a bajo costo e incluso podría haber formado parte del sistema interconectado vendiendo energía al gigante ELECTRO CENTRO. Una vez más se comprueba la fácil manera cómo las ideas e intenciones comerciales ajenas prosperan en nuestros pueblos gracias a la incipiente capacidad de análisis en conjunto de sus pobladores, que esperamos cambien evolucionando cada día gracias a la adecuada preparación de sus nuevas generaciones.
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La contaminación del Río Mantaro Manuel Bermúdez tapia Revelan que ríos Yauli, San Juan y Anticona son los que más contaminan el Mantaro Huancayo, nov. 14 (ANDINA).- Los ríos Yauli, Anticona y San Juan presentan altos niveles de contaminación, por lo que son los que más contaminan al río Mantaro, informó hoy el proyecto El Mantaro Revive. Los 53 puntos de monitoreo, que van desde el río San Juan –afluente del lago Chincha y cocha- hasta las aguas del río Mantaro, en el distrito de Chupuro, incumplen con los estándares de calidad de agua dados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y en algunos casos no alcanzan los rangos de la Ley General de Aguas del Perú. Para el análisis de agua, el equipo tomó en cuenta 19 parámetros, de los cuales destacan el nivel de acidez, siendo el río Yauli, luego de las descargas del túnel Kingsmill, el que presenta el más alto nivel de acidez. En lo que se refiere a la turbidez, los ríos con más altos niveles son San Juan, Anticona y el río Yauli y, en el valle del Mantaro los ríos Shullcas y Chilca. El estudio también revela la presencia de elementos tóxicos en las aguas del río Mantaro. Los niveles de cianuro están por encima de los niveles del estándar de calidad de agua (Clase VI) y la Línea Base de Calidad para la cuenca. La presencia de plomo es variable, encontrándose en mayor grado en los ríos Anticona, Yauli y Mantaro a su paso por la ciudad de La Oroya, superando considerablemente los estándares de calidad de aguas, según la Ley General de Aguas para la clase I y III. También se superan los estándares de la OMS a lo largo del Valle del Mantaro hasta el distrito de Chupuro. El cromo, agente cancerígeno para las vías respiratorias, se encuentra disperso a lo largo de las cuencas alta y media del río Mantaro. En el río Anticona supera los estándares de calidad de aguas de la OMS. Asimismo, en los ríos Yauli, antes de su descarga al Mantaro, y el Shullcas se superan los niveles de Línea Base del estudio. El arsénico es también un importante contaminador de cultivos, aunque es absorbido por los cultivos en concentraciones menores a la del suelo. Se encuentra en niveles elevados que superan la Línea Base de Calidad y lo recomendado por la OMS. Las estaciones ubicadas en el río Huasca chaca (Carhuacayán) superan el Estándar de Calidad de Agua Clase I. Mientras que el Anticona y el río Yauli, después del Túnel Kingsmill, superan el Estándar de Calidad de Aguas Clase III. Además, los ríos Chulcas y Chilca también tienen altos grados de contaminación. Según el proyecto “El Mantaro Revive”, anualmente el canal de irrigación de la margen izquierda del Mantaro recibe 146.7 toneladas de cobre, 388.9 toneladas de hierro, 12.7 toneladas de plomo y 10.2 toneladas de arsénico. De esta manera la Mesa de Diálogo Ambiental Regional, con el apoyo del Fondo Ítalo
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El poder de uno y de todos Carlos Pongo H.
[email protected] 25 de Agosto 2004
" Ud. debe ir y visitar mi comunidad de Muquiyauyo en el centro del país" es lo que me dijo la Sra. Encarnación Espíritu. Esto fue al finalizar la exposición que hago todos los años en enero sobre la Batalla de San Juan y Miraflores. Las razones por las cuales quería que fuera a Muquiyauyo eran porque la comunidad queda en el Valle del Mantaro donde se habían librado sangrientos combates contra el ejercito invasor en la Guerra del Pacífico .Otra era porque los comuneros de Muquiyauyo sin ningún apoyo del gobierno habían construido una de las primeras o quizás la primera hidroeléctrica en el Perú en 1918. Y la última razón era porque quería que conociera al Alcalde comunero que era un ingeniero civil graduado de la Universidad de Ingeniería de Lima que había abandonado el ejercicio de su profesión para volver a su comunidad. Con diez años como alcalde estaba modernizando a Muquiyauyo. Me hice muchas preguntas : ¿ primera central hidroeléctrica? ¿cuantas personas lo saben? ¿que una comunidad campesina indígena lo haga y con que dinero? ¿un ingeniero civil de la UNI que se vuelva comunero ? ¿Que impulsa a un hombre a abandonar una profesión lucrativa para retornar a su comunidad? ¿ que experiencias nos puede transmitir este joven alcalde de una comunidad campesina de la sierra central? ¿ que han sido sus logros? ¿ que sus dificultades? . El 15 de Julio a las 4pm llegue a la comunidad campesina de Muquiyauyo. El Sr. Alcalde Wilson Amaya Huaytalla al principio me recibió con desconfianza pero una vez roto el hielo logre conversar mucho con el y de sus experiencias como profesional y como autoridad. LA HIDROELECTRICA ¿Como se han dado maña nuestros abuelos para construir esta Hidroeléctrica en 1918? En esa época nos llamaban indígenas, no habían carreteras, ni TV, ni periódicos, era el Gobierno de José Pardo y Barreda. La idea vino de algunos hijos de Muquiyauyo que trabajaban en las minas de Cerro de Pasco y la Oroya y habían visto como se generaba la energía eléctrica. Les costó trabajo convencer a las autoridades de la Comunidad la idea de construir una pequeña hidroeléctrica para generar nuestra propia energía eléctrica y distribuirla al resto de comunidades aledañas. Los comuneros eran incrédulos que la luz pudiera venir o trasmitirse por cables. Pero una vez que la idea prendió, toda la comunidad aceptó el reto. Se armó una comisión para recaudar los fondos y otra para la adquisición de los equipos. Esto fue en 1917. Se alquilaron los potreros comunales para tener liquidez y se colectó todo el dinero de la venta de parte de su ganadería y de su producción de trigo, cebada y quinua. Con el esfuerzo de todos se juntó el dinero para la compra de las turbinas y generadores de la empresa Westinghouse. La comisión técnica ubicó el lugar apropiado donde se podía construir un canal de agua con suficiente caída para dar
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en la estación del Puente Stuart , cerca a Jauja ,a unos quince Km. de Muquiyauyo . Como llevar todo ese equipo. No habían carreteras, ni camiones de carga, ni montacargas y lo peor era que había que atravesar el rio Mantaro para ir a la comunidad. Como para desanimar al más valiente pero cuando se tiene un firme propósito no hay barreras que valgan. En la reunión comunal convocada para estudiar como traer todo el equipo al lugar designado, un comunero dijo que había que estar agradecidos de las autoridades que hasta ahora habían llevado la batuta pero ahora era la hora de usar la fuerza bruta para llevar los equipos así como lo hicieron nuestros antepasados. Algún día habrá un cineasta que podrá plasmar en una película esta obra común de amor, de progreso, de ansias de superación que existe en nuestros pueblos, olvidados por todos los Gobiernos. Desarmaron todos los equipos para volverlos a armar en el sitio donde iba a construirse la hidroeléctrica. Para las partes mas pesadas se construyeron andas y se formaron cuadrillas de cargadores quienes abrazados hombro con h ombro y a un mismo ritmo y paso como en una procesión llevaron las turbinas y generadores " a fuerza bruta”. Con el agua a la cintura cruzaron el rio Mantaro. No podían fallar. Si algún equipo caía al rio todos los esfuerzos de la comunidad se vendrían abajo. A paso lento marcharon hacia la Comunidad una y otra vez hasta que todo el equipo llegó al sitio designado. Cuentan los más antiguos que los pobladores de las otras comunidades vinieron a dar una mano siguiendo sus costumbres ancestrales del AYNI o la MINKA. En cada parada se brindaba, se bebía, se chacchaba coca, se festejaba y los niños de las escuelas con sus trompetas en los cerros alentaban el paso lento de los cargadores. En 1918 en medio de un silencio expectante se abrieron las compuertas del agua que con su fuerza de caída hizo dar vida a este equipo electrógeno, las turbinas y generadores empezaron a funcionar : la LUZ era una realidad en el Valle del Mantaro . Todas las comunidades circundantes se beneficiaron con la energía eléctrica como es el caso de Huaripampa, Ataura, Muqui, Huancaní y hasta Jauja la misma capital de la Provincia y primera capital del Perú.
En 1958 se amplio la capacidad de la Central Hidroeléctrica con nuevos equipos y en ella participó un hijo natural de la comunidad el Ing. mecánico Encarnación Huaytalla abuelo del actual Alcalde. Esta Central hidroeléctrica ha funcionado hasta el año 2000. Las bases del reservorio de agua con el paso de los años se ha desestabilizado lo que ocasionó la rotura de algunos muros de contención. En la actualidad los hijos de Muquiyauyo quieren volver a hacer andar la pequeña hidroeléctrica en honor y tributo a sus abuelos que la construyeron con tanto sacrificio y tanto amor. El panorama eléctrico del valle del Mantaro ha cambiado completamente. El Gobierno Militar del Gral. Velasco Alvarado llevó un programa fuerte de electrificación de la zona y luego se haría lo mismo durante el Gob. de Alberto
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