Etica en la Ingenieria Petrolera

INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA Y  ARQUITECTURA “CIENCIAS “CIENCI AS DE LA TIERRA” TIERRA” UNIDAD TICOMÁN

Desarrollo Profesional y Ética Aguilar Hernández Moshé Profesora: Profesora: Alma Carrillo M.

Proyecto Proyecto de investigacin !PM!

Índice. 1.-Introducción. ………………………………………………………………..……1 2.-Desarrollo. 1.- INGENIERIA PETROLERA………………………………………………………….…2 PETROLERA………………………………………………………….…2 2.- MISIÓN Y VISIÓN DE LA INGENIERÍA PETROLERA………………………….. PETROLERA…………………………..….5 ….5 3.- PRINCIPALES PRINCIPALES CARACTERÍSTICAS QUE DEBE POSEER UN INGENIERO PETROLERO……………………………………………… PETROLERO…………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………..….6 ..….6 4.- AREAS DE ESPECIALIACIÓN EN LA INGENIERIA PETROLERA……… ..…! 5. "CAMPO LABORAL ……………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………….1# 1# 6.- DESCRIPCIÓN DEL TRABA$O DE CAMPO Y DE GABINETE% ASÍ COMO DE LAS CONDICIONES EN QUE ESTOS SE E&ECT'AN…………………………….…12 E&ECT'AN…………………………….…12 (.- CODIGO DE )TICA Y DE VALORES………………… VALORES…………………………………………….…1 ………………………….…15 5 *.- PER&IL DE EGRESO EGRESO DE UN INGENIERO PETROLERO…………………….… PETROLERO…………………….….1* .1* !.- DEREC+OS Y OBLIGACIONES DE UN INGENIERO PETROLERO……………21 1#.- ESIA TICOMAN ,ING. TOPOGR&ICA% GEOLOGICA Y GEO&ISICA………..25 GEO&ISICA………..25 11.- PETROLERO ME/ICANO DESTACADO………………………………………….2(

3.- Conclusiones. ……………………………………………………………..…...2!

4.- Bibliografías. ……………………………………………………………….…..3#

Índice. 1.-Introducción. ………………………………………………………………..……1 2.-Desarrollo. 1.- INGENIERIA PETROLERA………………………………………………………….…2 PETROLERA………………………………………………………….…2 2.- MISIÓN Y VISIÓN DE LA INGENIERÍA PETROLERA………………………….. PETROLERA…………………………..….5 ….5 3.- PRINCIPALES PRINCIPALES CARACTERÍSTICAS QUE DEBE POSEER UN INGENIERO PETROLERO……………………………………………… PETROLERO…………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………..….6 ..….6 4.- AREAS DE ESPECIALIACIÓN EN LA INGENIERIA PETROLERA……… ..…! 5. "CAMPO LABORAL ……………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………….1# 1# 6.- DESCRIPCIÓN DEL TRABA$O DE CAMPO Y DE GABINETE% ASÍ COMO DE LAS CONDICIONES EN QUE ESTOS SE E&ECT'AN…………………………….…12 E&ECT'AN…………………………….…12 (.- CODIGO DE )TICA Y DE VALORES………………… VALORES…………………………………………….…1 ………………………….…15 5 *.- PER&IL DE EGRESO EGRESO DE UN INGENIERO PETROLERO…………………….… PETROLERO…………………….….1* .1* !.- DEREC+OS Y OBLIGACIONES DE UN INGENIERO PETROLERO……………21 1#.- ESIA TICOMAN ,ING. TOPOGR&ICA% GEOLOGICA Y GEO&ISICA………..25 GEO&ISICA………..25 11.- PETROLERO ME/ICANO DESTACADO………………………………………….2(

3.- Conclusiones. ……………………………………………………………..…...2!

4.- Bibliografías. ……………………………………………………………….…..3#

Introducción. L0 0 78 9:;8<% 0 9:<80 < 0 7 9:;8<= = >0 7 80= :0:0= 0?0= 7 80 90: 7 80 0 @> % 98<:0% 7=0<880% :0=9<:0% 8<= H7<0><= 7=7 => =:07< 0:>08. E=:< H0 = @> =:0 0 =0 >0 7 80 ?F= 7=:0070= 0 8 ?>708 9>=:< @> 8 >=< 9?0< 9908 7 :<7<= 8<= 90== = 8 9:;8<% = =: >=<= ?>H0= <<=<=%  0 > 9< @> 070  7=7 ?F= 7 8< 9=:<. T0? T0? 80 0 9:<80 < 0 78 9:;8< =  0:070 9< =:< =>=<= 9<8:<=% 07?=:0:<=  7 := 9=<08. M< =  0:07<  80= <0<=  =:0<= 900 80 :0; : 78 9:;8<  8 90=% =:< = H0 > :< 900 8 < 9:<8< 8 880 80 9<7>;  0 0 =:F70= 7 08707 ?>708.  A7?F= 0 08:0= 7 =:<= >=<= 7 <0;   8 < 7 7 =<8><0 >08@> 9<8?0  =08 0780: < => @>9< 0>@> < = :0 8<= >=<= =0<=% 900 =:< => ?9<:00 7 80 9900; =>9< @> 880 7>0: => 70 007?0  => 90 7 :00<. P< :<7< =:<%  =:0 :0 >707 880?<= 0 0< 80 =:0; 7 8< @> = = > < 9:<8<% :0:< 007?<% :<% ?<08% 80= ><= @> 080 :%  80 ?9<:00  =9<=08707 @> <880 =8<.

!

Desarrollo. 1.- I0 P:<80 P00 7 0 9:<80 9?< 7?<= 7 :7 @> = 8 9:;8<. E8 9:;8< = > H7<0>< < 070= ?<8>80= ?F=  8@>7< 0:<=<  =<=<% @> <: <8<= @> 0 7=7 8 0?088< 80< < ?0; 08 < <=><. E8 0?< 7 <8<%  8>=< 7 <==:0% = 7 0 8<= H7<0><= 9=:=  80 ?80. E8 9:;8< = ?> 80?08  : > <8< >: =?0: 08 7 80 0=<80 < @><=. T0? = =<8>8  0>0% 9< =<8>8  <:<= =<8:= < 7 0<<. L0 7=707 78 9:;8< <=80 : #%*  #%! ?8. L0 9<9707 7 = 80?08 8 < 80 00:=:0 7 = > 8:  =:8% 9< =: ?<:< = :0 ?9<:0: 7=7 8 9>:< 7 =:0 :<. E8 9:;8< = > H7<0>< 8 >08 <: > 08:< 9<:0 7 0; ,*4*(. E=: >0 0 0707 7 >7<=. E8 9:;8< 9>7 = > 8>7< 80<  9@>K< 9<:0 7 0> : #.#6-2.D 0>7< 0 =:0= 00:=:0=% 8 9:;8< H0 =7< 80=07<  80<  9=07<%  7>8  0<.

P:<8< P=07<. E=: H7<0>< = 0=:0: =<=<  <=><. T > 0 <:7< 7 0=08:<= 9< 8< @> => :0; = ?F= 78 77< 0 => 9=<. E8 <=:< 7 80 :0; 7 =: 9:;8<  > 0< 9< 7 =:  8 ?07< 8< H0 > H7<0>< < ?> 0:0:< 900 80= 7< 9=07< = =0< ?808< < > >7< ?F= 80<. D =:0 ?00 80 ?80 9>7 =

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:0=9<:070 0 :0= 78 <8<7>:<% 9< 8 9< 78 9:;8< 80< = 0:0F. P< <:< 807<% 8<= 70?= 0>=07<= 9< =:<= H7<0><= =< 78= 7 8?90 0 @> =: 8>7< = ?> 9=07<  90<=<. E8 9<=< 7 8?90 = ?> 0<   =:F 9>=:<= 0 =: :9< 7 9:;8< 9>7 ?< ?F= F97< @> 8<= <:0?07<= < >7< 80<. A7<08?:% 8<= >7<= 9=07<= 9>7  08 <7< 78 >9< 7 0>0 ?F= F97<. D =:0 ?00% 8 :?9< 900 >90 8 9:;8< 70?07< =< 8<= >9<= 7 0>0 = ?F= <:< @> 8 :?9< 900 >90 8 9:;8< 80<. E8 08:< 9< 78 >7<  8 ?07<  80 :<8<0 H0 HH< 9<=8 80 98<:0; 7 =:<= =<<=. P00 0 =: >7< = =0< <=:> 0= 80= >08= 9>70 9<=0 =: >7< 9=07<. E=:< 9<70 ?:0 8 <=:< 7 8<= 707<=.

P:;8< 80< E=: 9:;8< = ?> =?80 0 80 0=<80. E= ?> 8>7<% 80<  :0=90:. L0 9<7>; 7 =: :9< 7 9:;8< = ?F= F8 @> 80 9<7>; 7 >7<= 9=07<=  < =:0  =900; 78 0>0 7<?0;. E=: 9:;8< = ?> 0<  8 ?07< 77< 0 @> = F8 7 0  9>7 = <:7< > 0 <8>? 7 0=<80 .&08?:% 70?= 7 9:;8< 80< =< ?F= F8= 900 8?90 77< 0 @> =: >7< = 9>7 09<0 ?F= F970?: @> 8 >7< 9=07<. A7<08?:% =: >7< < = ?> 90<=< 9< 8< @> 8<= 0?08=  980:0= <:0?07<= < =: 9:;8< : ?F= <9<:>707= 7 =<.

P:;8< 7>8  0<. E8 9:;8< 7>8  0< =:0 0=07<  8 <:7< 7 0>. E8 9:;8< 7>8 : ?<= @> 1 7 0>  8 9:;8< 0< : ?F= 7 17 0>. U >7< < 08:< 9<:0 7 0> 7=:>F 8<= <8<7>:<=  80= 0=. E8 0> = ?> <<=< 9< 8< @> > >7< < 08:< <:7< 7 0> =F ?<= <=:<=<. E=: ?>H<= =<<= @> <: >7< ?> 80< 9< =>

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<:7< 7 0> = ?> 08:<. D =:0 ?00% => 9<  8 ?07< =F 0:07<. E:77< 9< 8< @> = 9:;8<  =>= 4 ?F= ?9<:0:= 80=0<= 9<7?<= 0H<0 7 0 9:<80.

I0 P:<80 E8 I< P:<8< = 8 9<=<=:0 @> 9<= 8<= <<?:<= @> 8 9?: 880 0 0<% < 80 :0% 80 9<0?0;% 80 >;  80 7; 7 8<= 9<=<= 7 98<:0; 7 H7<0><=% 7 0>0  7 0 <:?0% 0  7 7:>0 <= <;?<= 08 90=  9 8<= 9<=8= 70K<= <8;<= 08 ?7< 0?: 07?F= =:0 0 = 8 0: @> =:08  0 80 0980; 7 :0= 900 7=>% 98<:0  :0=9<:0 8<= H7<0><= @> = >:0  8<= 7=<= 0?:<= 9:<8<=.

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2.- M=;  V=; 7 80 0 9:<80. NACIONAL V=;. C<=<870 0 80 00  9<0?0 <07<% 88  :07<  8 0970% >0 08707  8<= 9<=<= 7 0;% 7>=;  :0=0 78 <<?:< 7 80 I0 P:<80% 9<9 =>8:07<= @> ?90: 9<=:0?: 8 7=0<88< =>=::08 78 90=  7 8>0 08 <<?:< 0<08  :0<08.

M=;. &<?0 9<=<08= =90807<=  0 9:<80% < 8<= 98=  8= 7 08707 @> 80 7>=:0  80 =<707 7?07% 900 0= <:> 08 7=0<88< =>=::08 78 90=% 0 =::>; 9J80 77070 0 80 0;.

 ACAD)MICO ,ESIA TICOMAN M=; &<?0 9<=<08= 7 08707  8 0?9< 7 80= <0=% < 0=  98=  980= 7 =:>7< 7 80:>0  9<=:07<% 88=% 9::=% 9<808:=  ?>8:7=980<=% @> <9< 9?0:?: 8<= <<?:<=  :<8<0= 7 <:0 0= =:0 78 9:;8<% 8:707% ?0% 0>0% 7=0<88< 7 0=:>:>0 : <:0=% 900 ?9>8=0 8 ?:< <;?<  8 7=0<88< =<08% =<=:7<  =>=::08 7 M<.

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V=; C<=<870 0 80 ESIA% U707 T0 E=>80 7 <<?:< 9=:< 0<08  :0<08%  80 <?0; 7 9<=<=:0=% =908=:0=  =:07<=  8<= 0?9<= 7 80= I0= G<8;0% G<=0% P:<80  T<9<F0% 0=070  80 07:0; 7 80 08707  80 80 007?0 7 =>= 9<0?0= 7 80:>0  9<=07<% 80 7=0;  9:0 7 => <:0 7>0:0 7 0>7< 0 8<= 00= :<=  :<8;<= 8 7=K< 7 ><= 98= 9<=<08=  ?<78<= 7>0:<=% @> 070?: <<?:<=% H08707=% 09::>7=  08<= 900 9<90 80 090707 ?977<0% =9<=08707% 0:707  88707  8 7=?9K< 80<08%  80 0980; 7 80= :<8<0= 7 80 <?0;  0:>080; 9?0:.

3.- P908= 00:=:0= @> 7 9<= > < 9:<8< C<<?:<= C<<?:<= @> 9?:0 
<=:>; 7 80= 7=980= F=0=% =>= <9:<=  80= :80<= < <:0= 7=980=. C<<?:<= F=<= @> <:080 80= 090707= 900 80 0>:<<?0; ,D=0<88< 7 8>0=  C090707= 7 0;. C<<?:<= >70?:08= =< C0;  9=; <08  =:0  8>0 =90K<80% 8>0 :00% :0;% :<8<0= 7 <?0;  0;% 0:707= 79<:0=  0:707= 0:=:0=.

&

+08707= +08707= 7 9=0?:<  0970.

E= 7 :08 ?9<:00 @> >08@> < =0 <07<  0:>0807< =>= <<?:<= 900 : ?< 7=?9K< 80<08 < => @>9< 7 :00<% 07?F= 7 9<7 ?00 7=<= =<:0 @> <=:0:?: = 0:>080. E9=0= <:0?:  <?0 <08% =:0  F0.

L0 >0 0;%  > @>9< 7 :00< = =08 900 @> 8 <:< 70 = 0807< = 9<8?0=% 80 :<800  8 =9:< =< ?9<:0:= 900 9=0= 7 ?070 <:0. C0:707. S 0:<%  <07< H0 > @>9< 7 :00< ?F= :  : ?< 9<7>:707%  80= 980:0<?0= 0 ><= ?0=?<= ?F= <;?<= 900 80 98<:0; 78 9:;8< = ?9<:0: 900 : ?< 7?:<. I0:0. L<= <= 9:<8<= 7 7 : 80 0:0 7 880 08 ?F?< => 7=?9K< 80<08  < =:0 0<=:>?07< 0  ;7= <:700=% @> H0 > @>9< 7 :00< :. A709:0; 08 ?7<. U < 9:<8< < 7 7 0:0 >0 =:>0; :0<700 < => :00<%  9<7 =<8><0 >08@> 9<8?0 < 8<= >=<= @> 8 :0. S =9<=08  :<70=  070 >0 7 80= 0:707= 7 => 9<=< <?0:<.

'

U < 9:<8< 0=>? :<70 80 =9<=08707 0=>?70% < <? 08 0<  0 =>= 7=:0=% 0=>? 80 =9<=08707 7 8<= 8<<=  8<= 00=<= = 078<=. S H<=:<= <=< ?=?<=%  8 @>9< 7 :00<. D 80= <=0=% = <>8:0 J 0=< 7 800% 900 @> 8 @>9< <  = ?=?<=. L08:07. S?9 =:0% 09<07<  0>707< 0 :> @>9< 7 :00< 07?F= 7 80= ?9=0= @> 80<0. N0<08=?<. S < 808:07 08 90= 707< 8:= =>8:07<= 7 :00<. A?=:07. C< 7 ?00 0?;0% 7 :<800  =9:< < 8 @>9< 7 :00< 900 @> =: < :0 9<8?0=  :<7<= =0 90:9= 78 :00<. C090707 900 :0 =:>0<= 7 ?0. T 80 7=:0% 900 080 8<= HH<= @> = 9=: :0<70<=% <<? 0 80 <070 80<08.

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4.- 0= 7 =9080;  80 0 9:<80. D>0: 80 <8>; 7 80 0 9:<80% = 7=0<880< 80= =>:= F0= 7 =9080; 80= >08= =<

I0 7 P<0; E =:0 F0 7 =9080; 8 < 7 9<0; = =9<=08 78 7=K<  7 80= :0= 7 9:0; 7 80 :0% 8 7 7 : 7=::<= 9>:<= 9< 7 =>707%  0 ?>7< 7 80 7; 7 80= <90<=. E=:< ?980 : <<?:< 7 80 0:>080 7 80= <0= 0 = 9<070=% 8 =:=  =:0= <0=%  80= :0= 7=9<8= 900 9<0  <:<80 8<= =<<= 0< :0.

I0 7 P<7>; E8 :00< 78 I< 7 P<7>; ?980 <:<80  ?7 8<= 8>7<= 9<7>7<= ,9:;8<% 0=  0>0% 7=K0  =:080 ==:?0= 7 <8;  08?00?:<%  :0 7 9<7>:<= 9><= ,0=  9:;8< 0 80=  = :0 ?0< 7?:<  ?<= 0=:<=. T0? = <>90  :?0= :08=  : >0 70 J:8  80= 980:0<?0= 9:<80=.

I0 7 R=<< L0 I0 7 R=<<= : @>  < 80 =0 7 80 7=:>; 78 9:;8<  0=  => 8>< 0 :0= 7 80= <0= @> =:F >8:0=  8<= 0?:<= 7 9:;8<. S< =9<=08= 7 0080 8 ==:?0 <0-8>7<% =:087< := 90:<= 7 70 7 8<= 9<<= 07?F= 7 97<= 78  ?:<7<= 900 80 ?F?0 9<7>; :.

)

I0 P:<=0 U I< 7 9:<=0 < 08>07< 7 <?0<= = @> 9< H0?:0=  :0= 008:0= 900 7:?0 80= 00:=:0= 7 80 <0  7 8<= 8>7<=. E8 I< P:<=< ?7 80= 9<9707= 0J=:0=% 07<0:0=  8:0= 7 80= <0=  :=:0= 7 <0=  8>7<= 78 9<< 900 7:?0 80 9<<=707% 9?08707%  = 70 <9<= 0 :9<= 7 ?0:08= 0 <8>0. E=:0= =< 80= 4 ?F= ?9<:0:= 0?0= 7 =9080<=  8 F?:< 80<08 78 < 9:<8<% 900 : ?< 7?:<  => 0?9< 80<08.

5.- C0?9< 80<08 P?  8 I=::>:< M0< 78 P:;8< =< 8<= <0=?<= @> 9908?: @> 78 I< P:<8<% :0:<  8 0=9:< 7 :00< :<% :0 80= ?9=0= ?0>0:>0= 7 @>9< 9:<8<  80= = : < 7 =>= 8:= 9<:08= 0 P:;8<= M0<=. P? : 8  H7<0><=  =>= 707<=% :0=9<:08<=  
!*

D >08 ?00% <80<0  7970= 9J80= 80<070= :0:< < 80 98<:0; 7 >=<= <:?<=% <= C8:>0% G0070  D=0<88< R>08% 7 E0  80 C0. L0= 9908= F0=  80= @> = 9>7 7=0<880 8 I< 7 P:;8< =<

 E98<0;. L0 98<0; 9:<80 = 9>7 7 :< 7 0:707= 08070=  0?9<   0:% @> : 70  8<080; 7 0?:<= 9:<8<=.

P<0;. L0 9<0; 7 > 9<<  :0 < ?0 <==:  80 9:0; 7 80= 7=0= 090= 7 <0 H0=:0 880 08 0?:<. E 0=< 7 M< 80= 9<0<= <>  8 <8< 7 M<.

P<7>;.

!!

U0  <8>70 80 9<0; 78 9<<% = 9<7 0 => 9<7>;% 900 88< = :<7> >0 :>0 0 :0= 7 80 >08 = :0 8 9:;8< 0 80 =>9. D 0H% = 77< 0 >0 :08 7 =900; 707< =08 7 =:0 0:0 @> =900 0= 78 0:  = ?7 =>= 0:707=% = 0 ?70: 7>:<= 0 7:= 8>0=% 0 =0 900 => 0;% => 08?00?:< < => :0.

6.- D=9; 78

:00< 7

0?9<  7 0:% 0= 7 80= <7<=  @> =:<= = :J0. C0?9< 80<08 E8 80= :<= 9:<80= 80 70 = ?> 90:>80% 707< @> = 7 9?0  > =:< :<:08?: 0=807<% = 9<=8707= 7 00 0 :0 7>0: ?==   > 0?: @> 9=:0 :0:< 08<  =:< 78 <90<% =7< ?>H< ?F= >7< 900 8<= @> :000 08 0 8.

!"

L<= :><= 797 78 9>=:<% 9< 8< <?08 = @> = 08: 80= =?00= 7 :00< ,0807< H0=:0 1## H<0= =?008= < 80= 7 7=0=<% 9>77< 880  0 1 ?= 070 0:707% 0>@> 08>0= >=:00= =908= 9>7 @> :000 H0=:0 @> = 00 80 80<.

R=<= L0= 980:0<?0= 9:<80= =:F 9>=:0 0 =<= 77< 0 @> => 9<90 0:>080 ,:0; 7 =>=:00= <8F:8= 0 = 0< 9=; :?0 0< 80 <>0 7 07:= < >80707 7?:< 7 :0 0 78 00?:< 78 0?:< < 9<8?0= <8;<= 9< 8<= 70?= 7 9:;8< 9<7>7<=. E: 2##1  2#1#% <>< 6! ?>:=  980:0<?0= >0 7 80 <=:0% 1.34! H7<=  *5* 7<=  98<=<=  8 G<8< 7 M< =J 8 B>0> < O0 E M00?:% R>80:< 07 E<?: 7 E=:07<=. E=: <:<= =<= 707<= 7 => 0:707.

D:< 7 =>= 9908= 0:707= =:F 1.- E98<:0; 7 H7<0><=. 2.- P800 8 7=0<88< 7 0?:<=  0?9<= 9:<8<=% 07?F= 7 7:?0 80 8<080; 7 8<= 9<<= 0 9<0. 3.- P<0?0% 7  =>9=0 8<= :00<= 80<07<= < 80 9<0;% 80 :?0;  80 900; 7 9<<=% >08?: <<70 80 :08:0:0=  >0::0:0= 7 88<=. 4.- P<:0  7=K0 80= =:?>80<= =00=  8<= 9<<=% 07?F= 7 =:080  8<= ?:<7<= 0:08= 7 9<7>; @> =:<= @>. 5.-D=% 0080  :9:0 80 <?0; @> = <: 9< 7=<= ?7<= 7>0: 80 9<0; 7 8<= 9<<=.

!#

6.- C00:0 8<= 0?:<=  7:?0 80 0:707 7 H7<0><= @> <:% 07?F= 7 97 => 70<. (.- S>9=0 80 <:0 <7>; 78 9:;8<% 78 0>0  78 09< <:?<% 7=7 8 =>=>8<% H0=:0 80 =>9. *.- R080 80 <8;% 80 ?7;% 8 :0=9<:% 8 08?00?:<  8 0<7<0?:< 7 8<= >=<=. !.- E98<:0; 7 0><= 1#.- I:  80 <90; 08 7 8<= ==:?0= 7 9<0;%  80 07@>=; 7 @>9<  ?0:08= 7 <=>?<. 11.- P<0?0% :?0  900 9<<= <:?<=. 12.- D:?0 80 :=; 7 =: :9< 7 0?:<=% 97 => 0 ?< 98<:0; 7 8<= ?=?<=. 13.- S8<0 @>9<  0709:0 >0= :0= 7 9<0;  :?0; 7 9<<=. 14.- D<0  =:0; 15.- P0:90  9<:<= 7 =:0;. E=:<= =< ><= 9>:<=  8<= @> 8 < 9:<8< 080 70 < 70  80= 980:0<?0= 9:<80= 900 880 >0 ;9:?0 9<7>; 7 80 :0; 78 9:;8<.  A= ?=?< 7 7 << 7=<= =<:0 @> 9>70 <:<80 8<= 7=::<= 90F?:<=  80 :< 9:<80% E8 < 7 9:;8< : 80 090707 7 :9:0 8<= 70:<= 7<= 7 90: 7 ;8<<=% <=<=% @>?<=  =<=%  7 7=0<880 ?:<7<= ;9:?<= 900 8 7=0<88< 7 8<= 0?:<= H07< >=< 7 :<70= 80= :<8<0= @> :0 08 080.

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(.- C;7< 7 :0  7 08<= C;7< 7 :0 78 < ?0<. 1.-E8 I< << @> 8 ?0< ?:< = 8 :00<% 9< 8< @> F => 9<=; 
2.-A8 :0=<?0 80 0:>080  < 7 80 H>?0707% 8 I< 7 0:0 => <0 7 @> 8 ?>7< = 80 ?<070 78 H => := 9< 8 >=< = >0 00:0 7 80 =>90; 7 => =9:>  78 <<?:< 7 80 08707 900 H080 ?F= >=:0  8.

3.-E8 I< 7 H00 8<= :00<= @> :0 0<= @> <8> 98< < <=::>0 >0 0?00 <:0 8 ?7< 0?:% 80 70% 80 =08>7  7?F= 7H<= 78 = H>?0<.

4.-E= > 7 8>78 78 < =<=: 8 9=:< 7 80 9<=;  80 9< => 008 < 0= ?=?<% ?0: >0 0::>7 9<=<08 0?:070  80 090707% 80 H<07% 80 <:080% 80 :?9800% 80 ?<7=:0% 80 0@>0  80  >=:0% < 80 <0 7 =><70 8 =:0 77>08 08 =:0 =<08.

5.-E8 I< 7 9<>0 8 9<0?:< <=:0: 7 =>= <<?:<=%  90:>80 7 => 9<=;% 7>80 => =0%  90% 9< <9<:>707= 900 80 <?0;  090:0; 7 8<= :0007<= 70 <<?:<% 09<< ?<08  ?0:08 0 80 7>0; 7>0:0 7<7 08; =>= =:>7<= 7 =:0 ?00 :F 0 80 =<707 80= <9<:>707= @> H0 7<.

!%

6.-E= =9<=08707 78 I< @> => :00< = 08 < 0  09< 0 80= 7=9<=<= 808=. E 90:>80 800 9< 8 >?98?:< 7 80= <?0= 7 9<:; 0 8<= :0007<=% =:0870=  80 8=80; 80<08 ?00.

(.-E 8 7< 7 => 9<=;% 8 I< 7 >?98 < 780 8<=  H00 0=>?7<  7=?9K00 < 770;  808:07 8<= :00<= @> = 8 0=% :07< 0:9< =>= :== 9=<08=  80 0:; 7 8<= 0=>:<= @> = 8 7= 900  < 7 @> 0 =>= =<=.

*.-O=00 >0 <7>:0 7<<=0% :0:07< < =9:<% 780% ?9008707  ::>7% 0 80= 9=<0= < 80= @> :0 80;% 90:>80?: 0 =>= <80<07<=% 0=:7<= 7 >  7=0<= < 0>=< 7 0>:<707  7 7=9< < 0>:<0 0 > =><707< <7>:0= 8:0=% 0= 
!.-D =080>070 8<= :== 7 80 =::>; < 9=<0= 900 80= @> :00  H0 > >=< 7 8<= >=<= @> = 8 H00 0=07< 900 8 7=?9K< 7 =>= 80<=.

1#.-C>?98F < 0 @>  < 7 =>= 0:><= 8 7: =>= =>9<= F@><=% =9:0F  H0F =9:0 => 9<=;  :00< = 7=900 7 =>= =>9<= :7F 80 <80; 7 ?0=:0 0: 88<= 80= 0<= 7 => 7=900.

11.-E8 I< :7F 707<  80 @> 80 :0=<?0; :<8;0 = 0709: 0 >=:0= <7<= <<? 8 ?0< 808 =:087<. S <800 0 >070 =:< 9<=<08 7 8<= 70:<= <708= @> <<0  7< 7 => 9<=; =08< @> =0 @>7<= 9< 0>:<707= 
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V08<= 78 < M0<

R=9:<  E8 =9:< 070 70 @> 90=0  :<= 0=<= = H0 7< 007<% 0 @> H<  70 = =9:0 ?>H< 8 = >=:<=% 90=. P00 =:0  0?<0 < 8<= == @> <= <70.

+<=:707  L0 H<=:707 = H0 7< ?<07< < 8 90=< 78 :?9<% 0>@>  80 0:>08707 80 H<=:707  ? <9; < 8 700 > *# 9< @> < :<70= 80= 9=<0= 7 >=:< 90= =< H<=:0=% ?<= >=:< <<.

+<07  S >0 9=<0  @> = 9>7 <0 = >0 :00 070  ?F= 78. Y ?F= = = > 9098 7 ?9<:00 =:0 9:<80. E=: 08< H<  70 = H0 977<% 9<@> =: ?>H0 <>9;  >=:< 90= , 8 <<% ?9=0=% :..

$>=:0 S >=:<= < 80= 9=<0= = > 08< 7 =>?0 ?9<:00  80 0 9>=:< @> = < :?<= >=:0% 8 @>9< = F 0:07<  = =:F ?08 < 8  @> :000.

G<=707  E 8 <::< 08% 80= 9=<0= 78 90= =< ?> <=0=% 0 @> 0>70 0 80= 7?F= 9=<0=. U ?98< >07< <> 7=0=:= 0:>08= 0>70 < ,08?:<=% ?70=% <90% 8 0>70 0 80= 7?F= 9=<0= = 80 =0 7 > > <.

 A?=:07 T =9:<  <0 0?;0% <= 880 : >0 0?=:07 >:0%  9<==:0 < 80= 7?F= 80<=.

R=9<=08707  8<0% 07?=:0% <:0  08<0 80= <=>0= 7 =>= 0:<=% =?9  8 980< 7 8< ?<08.

D0  T ::>7 < 8<= 0<= @> = :
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*.- P8 7 =< 7 > < 9:<8< M<=:0?<= 8<= 2 98= 7 =< 7 80= 2 =::><= <<70= 7 0 9:<80 7 M<% I=::>:< P<8:< N0<08 ,IPN  U=707 N0<08  A>:;
P8 78 E=07< ,UNAM C>707 U=:00% &0>8:07 7 0.  A8 <8> 80 L0:>0% 8 =07< 9<=F 090707 900 •

 A080% =::0  70 =<8>; 0 8<= 9<8?0= 9<9<= 0 => @>H0% 07?F= 7 70 0==<0  8<= 0=<= 90:>80= 7 80= <:0= =908707= 7 80 I0.

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T000  @>9<  90:90  >9<= :7=980<= <<?07<=% : <:<= 9<=<=:0=% 9< <= ;8<<=% <=<=% ?F<=% 8=  @>?<=.

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E=:08 80 0;  8 :0?< 7 70=.  A709:0= 0 :000  =7  7=::<= ?7<=  <7<=.

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P800 0:707=  <00 8 :00<.

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E08>0  =8<0 <9<=.

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T707.

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D=0<880  0980 ?<78<=% 07?F= 7 0080  :9:0 =>8:07<.

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M00 8 7?0 >:8707 900 => 7=?9K< 9<=<08.

 A=?=?<% <:0F < •

D=9<=; H00 80 =>90; 9?0:.

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V<0; 7 =<.

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U0 0::>7 <=: =9:< 0 80= 9>=<= 7 => 0:707  8 F?:< =<08  0?:08.

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P<>7< =:7< 7 H<=:707  =9<=08707.

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I:= 9< ?9>8=0 80 
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M<:0; H00 8 < 7 80 7<0  80 080; 7 =:0;.

P8 78 E=07< ,IPN E=>80 =>9< 7 I0  A@>::>0 >707 T
E8 =07< 9<= >0 <?0; :08  0= F=0=  7 0 @> 0980 0 80 =<8>; 7 8<= 9<8?0= ?70: 8 ?0< 7 ==:?0=  ?7<= <?F:<=% =?>80;  <:<8 7 9<=<=% 8?:<= 7 :<8<0 7 ?0:08=% 0H<< 7 :<=  80= <= 9<7>:<=  9<=<= @>70 < 8 7 8 9?: 0709:0= 08 0?: 8<0807<.

!)

D=9< 7 H08707= 7 870<% 090707 <00<08% :0;  0F8== 7 <?0;% 090707 7 0709:0; 0 80= =:>0<= 0?0:=% 9=0?:< =:0:<% 0:0 ?9=008% 090707 008:0  7 :00<  @>9<% 08707 900 0=  < 08<= : 8<= @> 7=:00 80 :0% :<800% H<07  =9<=08707.

C<<?:<= •

L0= 9<9707= =0=% @>?0=  80= <?0= @>  80= ?:<7<8<0= 7 0F8== 7 80 00:0;  08<0; 78 9:;8< >7<% 78 0= 0:>08  =>= 707<=.

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L0= 0== 78 ><0?:<  80= ?:<7<8<0= 7 080; 7 8<= @>9<= 7 0F8== =:>?:08.

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E8 :0:0?:< =:07=:< 7 70:<= 008:<=  7 9<7>;.

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L0= ?770= 7 =>707  H% =<= 7 <90;% 7 9<=<% :0=9<:  08?00?:< 7 =>?<=  9<7>:<= 78 9:;8<.

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L0 07?=:0; 78 ==:?0 7 =>707  980:0= 7 9<=<.

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L0= <?0= 7 08707 7 ?0:0= 9?0=% 9<7>:<=  9<=<  9<7>:<= :?07<=.

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L0 <?0:707 0?:08 7 7=H<=  0% :0  0>0.

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L<= >70?:<= 7 80 0 7 9<=<=.

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L0= :<8<0= 7 ?0:08=  ?0:?:< 7 ?0@>00  @>9<.

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L<= >70?:<= 7 80 :<0 7 <:<8  =:>?:0;  8<= 9<7?:<= 7 080; 7 8<= =:>?:<= 7 ?7;  <:<8.

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L<= <<?:<= F=<= 7 @>9<= 7 9<=<=.

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E8 7=K<% =8; 7 @>9<=  980:0= 7 9<=<.

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L0 ?<780;% =?>80;  <9:?0; 7 @>9<=  980:0= 7 9<=<.

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L0= ?:<7<8<0= 7 0 7 9<:<=.

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L0= 0== 7 80 <?>80;  08>0; 7 9<:<=.

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L0= :<8<0= 7 0; 78 9:;8< >7<% 0= 0:>08  707<= 9:<@>?<=.

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L0= 0== 900 80 07?=:0; 7 ?9=0=  =>= ==:?0= 7 08707.

!.- DH<=  <80<= 7 > < 9:<8<.  A:>8< 31. D= 08= 7 8<= 9<=<08=. S< 7= 08= 7 8<= 9<=<08= 8<= =>:=

"!

 0 C>?98 < 8<= @>?:<=% :0<=  7?F= 780= @> <?>8 > <7 8 C<=< P<=<08 N0<08 7 I0 =9:< < >08@>0 7 =>= C<=<= S<08= < R<08=

 C>=:<70  >70 8<= =% 08<=% 7<>?:0;  <?0; @> 9< 0; 78 < 7 => 9<=;% = 8 H00 08= :0 0=< ?977< < :07< => =>=:0;% 7=:>;% <>8:0?:< < >:80; 77<=% 7 <<?707 < 8<= = 0 @> H00 =7< 7=:07<=

 P?: 8 0=< ?70:< 0 8<= 9=:0:= 78 C<=< P<=<08 N0<08 7 I0 =9:<  0>:<707= 7 9<80% 0 8<= 8>0= 7<7 70 0780:0 =>= =:0<=  8 0? 7 8<= 8<=% 7<>?:<=  780= <=9<7:=% 0= ?987< 7=?9K< 7 =>= ><=

7 D>0 8<= 78:<=% <:0<=  08:0= <:0 =: C;7< 7 ):0% 7 @> :> <<?:< < <0=; 78 < 7 => 9<=;% 09<:07< :<70 80 <?0;  9>0= @> :>  => 9<7

 L<= 7?F= 7= 8>7<=  80 9=: 8  8<= 707<=  :<70= 80= <?0= 808=  :0= 80<07<= < 8 < 7 => 9<=;.

 A:>8< 33. D= =908= 7 8<= 9<=<08= 900 < 80 =<707. S< 7= =908= 7 8<= 9<=<08= 900 < 80 =<707

""

0 I:=0= 9< 8  9J8<% < 8 <:< 7 <:> < =>= <<?:<=% 090707  90 900 = 0 80 H>?0707.

 C<<90 900 8 9<=< 7 80 =<707% 09<:07< => <80<0; :8:>08  ?0:08  <0= >8:>08=% 8>=:0; :0% 0 098070  =:0; :0.

 A980 8 ?F?< 7 => =><  8 =:7< 7 8<0 >0 800 9=; H00 80 707 7 8<= 0=9:<= :<=  7 8<= 0=>:<= 80<07<= < =>= =9:0=% 9<=<=  => <.

7 E=:>70 >707<=0?: 8 0?: @> =F 0:07<  070 9<9>=:0 7 :00% 08>07< 8<= ?90:<= 0?:08=  8 <==:?0 <8>07<% >007< < 0:>08% 8>7< 8 :<< =<<<;?<% =8<07< 80 ?< 08:0:0 900 <:> 0 > 7=0<88< 0?:08?: =0<  =<=:8% < 8 <:< 7 8<0 80 ?< 08707 7 70 900 80 9<80;.

 RH00 :<70 80= 7  ?98@> 70K<= :08= 900 8 :<< H>?0<  80 0:>080% :0:<  =90<= 0:<=% 07< => ?90:< 0?:08% :0:<  <:< 
 E 80 9<=; = =>97:0 =>= <9:<= < =>= :<= 9<=<08= 0 0:707= 90:7=:0=.

 O 7=:=070?: =>= =<= 9<=<08=  0=< 7 080?707 9J80.

H P<: 80 70  =08>7 7 8<= ??<= 7 80 707% :07< =<= =0<=  80 >; 7 8<= :00<=.

 A=:= 7 ?: <9:<= 9<=<08=% = : 80 <; 0=<8>:0 7 =:0 770?: <?07<= 08 =9:<.

"#

  V80 9< 80 9<:; 7 80 :707 78 90:?<< 0<08.  A:>8< 3(. D= 7 8<= 9<=<08= 900 < =>= <80=  7?F= 9<=<08=. S< 7= 7 8<= 9<=<08= 900 < =>= <80=  7?F= 9<=<08= 7 80 0

0  A=:= 7 ?: 9J80?: ><= 07=<= =< 80 0:>0; 7 08J <80% =K0807< <= 9<=<08=  @> 9=>:0?: H00 >7<% 0 < = 7 @> 88< =0 7=9=08 9< 0<= 8>78= 7 := 08 <% @> = 8 H00 707< 0:<?: 80 9<=8707 7 <<  :0 0@>880= 0:>0<=  <=% H07< 7H< 9<=<08 0=<
 O0 < 80 ?0< 9>70  780 >07< = ?:0 <9:<= =< 80= 0:>0<= 7 8<= 7?F= 9<=<08=.

 &0 900 8<= <80= @> 0:J <=% =080<=% H<<0<=% :><= < =:0=  07>070=% 0<7= < 80 7707 7 80= 9<=<=  80 ?9<:00 7 8<= =<= @> 9=:0 7 R=9:0  << 80 9<9707 :8:>08 7 8<= 7?F= 9<=<08= =< =>= 7=K<=  9<:<=.

 A:>8< 3!. D= 7 8<= 9<=<08= 900 < =>= 8:=  8 9J8<  08. S< 7= 7 8<= 9<=<08= 900 < =>= 8:=  8 9J8<  08

"$

0 M0: 8 =:<  =0% =9:< 7 :<70 >=:00 80<070 < 8 8:  < 8<= :00<= @> 900 8 = 080% =08< <80; 808 7 8080 < @>?:< 78 C<=< P<=<08 =9:<

 M00 < H<=:707  9>8:>7 8<= <7<= @> 8 8: 8 <0 < 7=:< 0 7=?<8=<= 7<= 9< 8<= :00<= 0 => 0<  7 >:0= 800=% 9=0=  >:=. T<7< 88< 797:?:  = 9>< 7 8< =:087<  80= 8= :=

 L<= 9<=<08= @> 70 8 >?98?:< 7 <:0:<= : =>= 8:=  :0= 9=<0=% =< 0: :<7< 0==<=  >070= 7 8<= :== 7 =>= 8:=   J 0=<% 8= = 8:< 0:>0  9>< 7 0@>88<= :<=

 A:>8< 41. D= 7 8<= 9<=<08= @> = 7=?9K  08707 7 =7<= 9J8<= < 907<=. S< 7= 7 8<= 9<=<08= @> = 7=?9K  ><= 9J80= < 9070=% 8<= =>:=

0  A:>0 7 ?00 ?9008% >07< 9< 80= ><= 7 => 0< 9J8< < 907<% =0 =9<=08= 7 0% 9900 < 08>0 98<= 7 <7<= 7 8:0<= < <>=<=

 L<= 9<=<08= @> = H088 807<= : = 9< 0; 7 0@>0% 0 =0  80 07?=:0; 9J80 < 9070% = 7 ?>:>0?:% 797:  = 9>< 7 0@>880 80;% 8 =9:<  8 :0:< ?9>=:< 9< => <7; 7 <80=.

1#.- ESIA T
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I0 <8;0 = 80 7=980 77070 0 80 =:0;% =:>7<  =<8>; 7 9<8?0= 7 0  ?7<0?: @> 9>7 =>8:0 7 80 :0; : 80 <8<0  8<= :00<= < 0:707= H>?00=% <=%  80 0:>08707 =: 00= F0= 7 9<:; 0?:08 <:0 80 98<:0; 7 >=<=. A= 
I0

G<=0

 A8 >08 @> 80

0 9:<80%

88<= = 00

7 98<:0 >=<=

78 =>8<% 080 80 =:0;% 98<0;% 08>0;% 98<:0;  09<H0?:< 7 >=<= :<=% ?08=. E8 <:< 7 80 I0 G<=0 = 80 08>0; 78 =>=>8< < >  <;?< < :<. E=:0 08>0; = :J0 ?77< 9<9707= =0=  80 =>9 78 =>8< <  9<<= 9:<8<=. L0 0; 7 =:0 00 = 0=0  80 =707 ?>708 7 98<0 8<= 0?:<= 9:<8<=%  <:<= >=<= 0:>08= 7<= =90807<= 8 ?>7< 9>7< 0>?:0 7 ?00 =0:0 8 9<=< 7 :0; 78 9:;8<.

I0 T<9<F0 E=:0 0 @> =:>70 8 <>:< 7 9<7?:<= 900 7:?0 80= 9<=<= 80:0= 7 8<= 9>:<= =< 80 =>9 7 80 :0  70< 7 80 "&

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11.- I< 9:<8< ?0< 7=:007< &RANCISCO GARAICOC+EA PETRIRENA

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E= < 9:<8< >807< 7 P:;8<= M0<= ,P?% =07< 7 80 &0>8:07 7 I0 7 80 UNAM. +0 =7< 9<=< 7 80 &0>8:07 7 I0 7=7 1!65   80 U=707 7 O:  V>80. E= P?< N0<08 7 I0 1!!(. &> 0807<07< 9< P? < 8 9?< 7 L0< D<: 7 E80  > ?7< 7 80 L; 7 +<< 7 80 S<: < P:<8>? E=% @> << =>= <80<0<= 0 80 0 78 9:;8<. +<  70 9=7 8 G>9< I<= P?-C<=::>; 78 1(% 0=<0; ?00 7 <= 9:<8<= < ?0< 9=:<% 9=0  <<?:< 9J8< 0<08  ?0:0 7 0  >=:< 90=.

 A:>8<= P>807<= E =>= 0:>8<= 9>807<= H0 >0 0 ?; 7 @> 8 9:;8< < 7 7 90=0 0 ?0<= 7 :0<=% 8 77 8 9:;8< ?0< 900 @> 8 ?=?< @>7  ?0<= ?00=% :0? H0 0 7 > 0>7< @> : P? < SH88  0?:<= 9:<8<=% SH88 70 @> 98<:  0>0= <:0= 0 0?< 7 >0 ><:0 7 9<7>;.

1.-P900= 9?<% 0:= 7 :0 0 0>0= 9<>70=  ,08 2##6 2.- C=:0 900 ?<70 8 ? =08 7 P? ,08 2##4 E=:<= =< ><= 9>:<= 7 0 <@> @> H0 8 < =< 08><= 9<8?0= @> : P?. 1. A:>080 >=:< R80?:< 7 T00<= P:<8<=% ?70: 80 :07>;  07<9; 78 C;7< &708 7 R80?:<= 78 D90:0?:< 78 I:< 7 8<= S<= 7 A7?=:0; 7 M08= 7 8<= E=:07<= U7<= 7 N<:0?0.

"(

2. N< =:08 <<= < <:0:<= 900 080 80 98<:0; 7 0?:<= 8<0807<=  0>0= 9<>70= @> 9: 0 >=:< 90=. 3. E 0?:<= 0= ::<08= 0<08= 0 7 80 <:0  09:0 8<= 80?:<= 7 >0; 7 80 98<:0; 9>807<= 9< 8 MMS. 4. C >9< :7=980< 7 <=  80 =908707 7 98<:0;  0>0= 9<>70=% < 8 <:< 7 0 0:707= 7 9<7>; 7 H7<0><=  =0= 0>0= 7:< 7 ><= 4 < 5 0K<=. 5. A:= 7 >=<0  0>0= 9<>70=% P? 7 > 0 80= 0?980= <= @> =:F = 98<0  8 ::<< 0<08  0>0= ==:< @> 80 :<8<0 900 7=>  :0 =0=  =:0= 7<= <= 80= 7=<=  9<:<= 7 >90; ?<070% 900 <9<0% 0 0 0:707 7 H7<0><= 80=07<= 
Conclusiones. ")

L0 0 9:<80 = 8 0: 7 :0 8<= >=<= 78 =>8< ,H7<0><=  0= 0:>08 900 => 09<H0?:<% H 0@> 80 ?9<:00 7 = > < 9:<8< ?0<% 0>70 08 90=  8< @> = @>0  09<H0 08 ?F?< 8 @>9< 7 :00<  7 <0 900 <: ?<= =>8:07<=. E =:0 =:0;% = 0< 0<= 9>:<= 7 8<= @> < :0 70 7 8< @> = :0:00% 80 0 9:<80 = >0 00 @> =:0 7 ?>H0 =9<=08707% 7 : 08<=% = :<% = 9<7>:<  :  :<7< 8 F?:< 80<08. L0 <?0; <980  =:0 =:0; ? =>8:< 7 80 0 @> 0? ? >=:< 9< =:0 0% 7 80 >08 797 ?>H<= =:<= =:0 98F=:0% 80 7>=:0 0>:=:0 :0 @> =< 7 0 >:8707 900 8 7=0<88<  =:0 7 80 =<707   80 00 = 8 0?9< 80<08% 0 @>  M< < = H0 7=0<8807< :<8<0= @> 09< 0 =:0= 0=%  80?:08?: = :0 @> =08 78 90= 900 880 =>= 9<:<= 7 =:0;  <:<= 90==% 7 = 8 : ?<= ?90:< 7 <:0?0; 0?:08 <<? 0 80 98<:0; 9:<80. M< = > 90= 7 0 @>0 9:<80%  = :0 ?F= @>0=  0 0= ?0= 09<< 08 F?:< 7 =:0; 0= 9<>70=  >=:< ::<< ?0<.

Bibliografía o cibergrafía. #*