FACTORS THAT AFFECT ILLUMINATION
The concept of lighting design as a tool in a larger interior design plan is a relatively new phenomenon that has enjoyed strong growth thanks to recent scient scientic ic advanc advances es in the produc productio tion n of artic articial ial light. light. A centur century y ago, a crystal chandelier in the centre of the room was considered the non plus ultra ultra of electr electric ic light light xtur xtures; es; that that chande chandelie lierr was itself itself a techno technolog logic ical al advancement over the candle-holding predecessor from which its name is derived. Today, numerous lighting options exist from a variety of sources. The formerly omnipresent and comparatively inecient incandescent !ul! is !eing !eing repla replaced ced !y light light produ produced ced from from "uore "uoresce scent, nt, lighte lightemi mitti tting ng diodes diodes #$%&', and high-intensity discharge #()&' sources. As in every other aspect of design, new technology is spurring creativity on the eld. *ne of +wite +witerl rland ands s leadin leading g compan companies ies in its its eld, eld, uric urich-!a h-!ased sed dlite dlite lichtdesign adroitly em!races the latest possi!ilities in lighting design. )t has realised a num!er of nota!le projects around the country with an artistic "air to complement the functionality of lighting needs, as shown to great e/ect in the implemen implementatio tation n of 0hristoph 0hristoph T. (unike (unikers rs !rilliant !rilliantly ly original original lighting lighting design for urichs $eutschenpark. *ther dlite lichtdesign projects include everything from highway viaducts to pu!lic swimming pools and museum !uildings. 1erhaps it is the play of Alpine colours and light that encourages thinkers to see lighting in new ways. +witerlands neigh!our to the east is a surprising locus for research and development of new techni2ues in lighting design. As any visitor to $o!mayrs daling 34rntner +tra5e showroom in 6ienna can tell you, the Austrians have known a thing or two a!out lighting for a long time. The interest in lighting continues today in the 2uietly innovative Tyrol region, where just outside )nns!ruck lies the modest head2uarters of one of the worlds leading light design companies, 7arten!ach $ichtla!or. A round !uil !uildi ding ng const constru ruct cted ed with with maxi maximu mum m thou though ghtt to natur natural al dayl daylig ight ht,, the the 7arten!ach $ichtla!or head2uarters is itself a prime example of the use of light light in the most most energ energyy-e ecie cient nt manner manner possi! possi!le. le. 8or 8or !oth !oth natura naturall and artic articial ial light light applic applicati ations ons,, the company company under undertak takes es exten extensiv sive e resea researc rch h !efore applying it to the clients needs; sometimes it invents research tools for its own use. A white dome sitting at one end of an expansive room ena!les 7arten!ach $ichtla!or to replicate the daylight at any given time of day on any point on %arth. This articial sky, six metres in diameter, allows for viewing three-dimensional models of !uildings to o!serve the e/ects and resul esults ts of exter xterio iorr ligh lighti ting ng stra strate tegi gies es in ways ways not not poss possi! i!le le in digi digita tall simulation. *ne *ne of 7art 7arten en!a !ach chs s most most am!i am!iti tiou ous s proj projec ects ts was was a plan plan to us use e lar large heliostats #turning mirrors' to ref lect winter sunlight into the Alpine town of 9atte 9atten!e n!erg rg,, where where the near!y near!y 9at 9at :ounta :ountain in !locks !locks direct direct sunligh sunlightt in the
coldest months of the year. ith its articial sky, 7arten!ach $ichtla!or has !een a!le to take on some very large projects ranging from imposing edices making statements of power to sacred !uildings where lighting must !e particularly sensitive to the spirituality of the venue. 8rom the intimate pu!lic rooms of urichs stunning idder (otel to the 9oche 0onvention 0enter in 7uonas #<' and the even larger 7asel Trade 8air, 7arten!ach $ichtla!or has a wellesta!lished presence in +witerland = though, as is the case with welldesigned lighting systems, you may not have even noticed. ESTIMATING ILLUMINATION AND BRIGHTNESS
This paper descri!es a new method for estimating the illumination distri!ution of a real scene from a radiance distri!ution inside shadows cast !y an o!ject in the scene. 8irst, the illumination distri!ution of the scene is approximated !y discrete sampling of an extended light source. Then the illumination distri!ution of the scene is estimated from a radiance distri!ution inside shadows cast !y an o!ject of known shape onto another o!ject in the scene. )nstead of assuming any particular re"ectance properties of the surface inside the shadows, !oth the illumination distri!ution of the scene and the re"ectance properties of the surface are estimated simultaneously, !ased on iterative optimiation framework. )n addition, this paper introduces an adaptive sampling of the illumination distri!ution of a scene. 9ather than using a uniform discretiation of the overall illumination distri!ution, we adaptively increase sampling directions of the illumination distri!ution !ased on the estimation at the previous iteration. >sing the adaptive sampling framework, we are a!le to estimate overall illumination more eciently !y using fewer sampling directions. The proposed method is e/ective for estimating an illumination distri!ution even under a complex illumination environment CLASSIFICATION OF THE LIGHTING SYSTEM
)n the previous topic ?Articial $ighting types and design@, ) explain the di/erent sources of Articial lighting and indicate the two forms of it; indoor and outdoor lighting, also ) show that the indoor lighting xtures can !e divided to many categories according to the following The light function. $amp type. )nstallation method. The percentage of light output a!ove and !elow the horiontal. The !uilding type. ) explained the rst factor in the previous Topic and today ) will explain the other factors that categorie the light xtures as follows
WHAT IS SIGNAL?
A signal as referred to in communication systems, signal processing, and electrical engineering Bis a function that conveys information a!out the !ehavior or attri!utes of some phenomenonB. )n the physical world, any 2uantity exhi!iting variation in time or variation in space #such as an image' is potentially a signal that might provide information on the status of a physical system, or convey a message !etween o!servers, among other possi!ilities.CDE The )%%% Transactions on +ignal 1rocessing states that the term BsignalB includesCFE audio, video, speech, image, communication, geophysical, sonar, radar, medical and musical signals. *ther examples of signals are the output of a thermocouple, which conveys temperature information, and the output of a p( meter which conveys acidity information.CGE Typically, signals are often provided !y a sensor, and often the original form of a signal is converted to another form of energy using a transducer. 8or example, a microphone converts an acoustic signal to a voltage waveform, and a speaker does the reverse. The formal study of the information content of signals is the eld of information theory. The information in a signal is usually accompanied !y noise. The term noise usually means an undesira!le random distur!ance, !ut is often extended to include unwanted signals con"icting with the desired signal #such as crosstalk'. The prevention of noise is covered in part under the heading of signal integrity. The separation of desired signals from a !ackground is the eld of signal recovery,CHE one !ranch of which is estimation theory, a pro!a!ilistic approach to suppressing random distur!ances. %ngineering disciplines such as electrical engineering have led the way in the design, study, and implementation of systems involving transmission, storage, and manipulation of information. )n the latter half of the DIth century, electrical engineering itself separated into several disciplines, specialising in the design and analysis of systems that manipulate physical signals; electronic engineering and computer engineering as examples; while design engineering developed to deal with functional design of man=machine interfaces.
WHAT IS ALARM?
An alarm device or system of alarm devices gives an audi!le, visual or other form of alarm signal a!out a pro!lem or condition. Alarm devices are often outtted with a siren. Alarm devices include !urglar alarms, designed to warn of !urglaries; this is often a silent alarm the police or guards are warned without indication to the !urglar, which increases the chances of catching him or her. alarm clocks can !eep, !u or ring o/ as an alarm at a set time to wake a person up or for other reminders distri!uted control systems #&0+', found in nuclear power plants, reneries and chemical facilities also generate alarms to direct the operatorJs attention to an important event that he or she needs to address. alarms in an operation and maintenance #*K:' monitoring system, which informs the !ad working state of #a particular part of' the system under monitoring. rst-out alarm safety alarms, which go o/ if a dangerous condition occurs. 0ommon pu!lic safety alarms include civil defense siren also known as tornado sirens or air raid sirens re alarm systems re alarm notication appliance B:ultiple-alarm reB, a locally-specic measure of the severity of a re and the re-department reaction re2uired. smoke detector car alarms autodialer alarm, also known as community alarm personal alarm tocsins = a historical method of raising an alarm Alarms have the capa!ility of causing a ght-or-"ight response in humans; a person under this mindset will panic and either "ee the perceived danger or attempt to eliminate it, often ignoring rational thought in either case. e can characterise a person in such a state as BalarmedB. ith any kind of alarm, the need exists to !alance !etween on the one hand the danger of false alarms #called Bfalse positivesB' L the signal going o/ in the a!sence of a pro!lem L and on the other hand failing to signal an actual pro!lem #called a Bfalse negativeB'. 8alse alarms can waste resources expensively and can even !e dangerous. 8or example, false alarms of a re can waste reghter manpower, making them unavaila!le for a real re, and risk injury to reghters and others as the re engines race to the alleged reJs location. )n addition, false alarms may acclimatise people to ignore alarm signals, and thus possi!ly to ignore an actual •
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emergency AesopJs fa!le of The pro!lem.
Boy
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Wolf exemplies
this
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? Comm!ica"io! is
when information is passed from a sender to a recipient using a medium. There are di/erent media that can !e used 6isual communication #using !ody language or gestures' 0ommunicating with sounds #like human language, !ut may also !e the !arking of a dog' 0ommunication using touch >sing smell >sing writing 0ommunication can !e good spoken #a word' or non-spoken #a smile'. 0ommunication has many ways, and happens all the time. Mot only humans communicate, most other animals do too. +ome communication is done without thinking, such as !y changing in posture. Another form of communication tries to change some!odyJs mind. )n an extreme case it can !e propaganda. • •
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DIFFERENT #INDS OF SIGNALLING SYSTEM?
+ignaling +ystem is an international telecommunications standard that denes how network elements in a pu!lic switched telephone network #1+TM' exchange information over a digital signaling network. Modes in an ++N network are called signaling points. ++N is used for these and other services +etting up and managing the connection for a call Tearing down the connection when the call is complete 7illing :anaging call forwarding, calling party name and num!er display, three-way calling, and other )ntelligent Metwork #)M' services Toll-free #OII and OOO' and toll #PII' calls ireless as well as wireline call service including mo!ile telephone su!scri!er authentication, personal communication service #10+', and roaming ++N messages contain such information as (ow should ) route a call to PGH FFG-HPOQR The route to network point QON is crowded. >se this route only for calls of priority D or higher. +u!scri!er so-and-so is a valid wireless su!scri!er. 0ontinue with setting up the call. )n DIGH, security researchers in
$EC $RO%ISION IN INSTALLING SIGNAL AND ALARM SYSTEM
+ervice entrance conductors shall !e installed in accordance with the applica!le re2uirements of this 0ode covering the type of wiring method used and limited to the following methods G. *pen-wiring on insulators D. 9igid :etal 0onduit #9:0' F. )ntermediate :etallic Tu!ing #):T' H. %lectrical :etallic Tu!ing #%:T' Q. +ervice-%ntrance 0a!les S. ireways N. 7usways O. Auxiliary gutters P. 9igid Mon-:etallic 0onduit #9M:0' GI. 0a!le 7us GG. :ineral-)nsulated :etal-+heated 0a!le GD. Type :0 0a!les 19*T%0T)*M +ervice entrance conductors su!jected to physical damage shall !e protected in any of the following ways or methods G. 7y 9:0 D. 7y ):0 F. 7y 9M:0 suita!le for the location H. 7y %:T Q. Type :0 ca!le or other approved means
