A N C IE N T
IN D IA
B u d d h is H t, in d u ,J a in
w ith
. W
E A T H E R H I L L
;g l;;r+ l;"4
C o n te n ts
P re fa c e
tc 1 1 1
A
N o te
In tro d u c rio n
C a la rq
P a n r
O N s .
I
2
th e
h rd u s
C iv r liz a tio n ,
S a k y a m u n i E v id e n c e , .
o n c lu s io n ,
P A R r T w o .
4
5 \
,..
M o o o -"rrts ,
6
7
r z 3
8 C e n tu ry
a .o .)
. fi z
9 C e n ru rie s )
a n d Ik 5 v a k u s ,
'
(F ifth
T h e P a lla v a s ,
T h ro u g h
jt9
.
S e v e n th C e n tu rie s ).
2 jg
o n c lu s io r.,
jz z S tru c tu ra l
Illo ra
( R a s t r a k aP t h a a s e j)4, t
P a n r
.
o n c lu s io n ,
F o u n .
j5 J
3 6 8 .K a irn h i
"J 8 .'
j8 7 4 r 3
O ris s a ,
C a n d , e l l oa fs B u n d e l k h a n d ,
o fV a ra rla s i
P a n r F r v r.
T h irte e n th
C e n tu rie s )
C o n c lu s io n ,
" H a n a m l o r. r d a o f S o u t h e r n K a r r. r a t a k a
C o n c lu s io n ,5 3 6
T h e
N a y a k
P e rio d
C o n c lu s io n ,6 o o
C o n c l u s i o nd ,t 5
A fte rw o rd
N o te s
6 t 9
G lo s s a ry
L is t o f
M a p s
Illu s tra tio n
In d e x
In d e x
7 '3 3
A
r h c
s l l i c
- r c v c r : : . I r s ,
s i u p l i c i t v
l p p r o p r i l t e . , r n c l o r h u r
- 'n
t h c
r l e i r v
n a n r c s .
r c l i g i o L r s
t a c h n i t : e l t . r r n s h l l . :
L , : : c ] l
S . r n s k r i r ( S a r r r s l r r a ) l . r n g u r q c
L . o o k .
S e r r k r i t
t r e n s l i t e l e t i o nl n c l
p r o -
: i i r t i o n :
l , r n q L r e q .( .Hr \i r ( l i . P . L i r i a b i . l i r l l o r v s t l r i : ( T e n r i l . : r t c c l
\ x n 1 c s y s t a ! r 1 l l ) r : r l i r l i r n M
e l e l ' a 1 l n r , r t c . ) ,e r c
r r e n s -
l c c o r. l i n g
: ' r r l c r l b l ! e
r r o v i c l c
: l t r : c n r I t h r s
r L r d
I r 1 ) n r n r c i l t i o n
n r. i r ] c
g L r i . l c
t h c m
t o l
i b c r e r .
.
c t c . ) . : L : e
: r c c o r c l i l g ' -
W
I
b
. r d c
C i l c s
s t s t c l u
t c r t ,
p r L r ''iJ c J
t h c
p r r c l t h c s i - s
r l r c i n r l c s . . ) r i q i n r l l y t h a l r
2 . i o r i
n n c i c n t t ' e l l
l b u r t L
c c n t u r v
L n o t . n
I n t l l c
l'ln iu i
B . c . ) ,
S i r n \ k r i .
i s t h c
b c c l r
g i v c r r : r
m
i n r
: : q u e q c k n o * n : : : l n q
s r r i c r l v b e s c , i o n e
c r l r o r l
s o m
e
t h c
T a n t r i c
H r n . l u i r r u
s c i c n t i i L c c l r - s c r i p t i o r r
'
u , h i c h
c lT c 'c r iv c .
n e n r e s
i r c e n t e r i o n s .
l u r l
b c
i n c l L r , l i n q l ; t o - .
a r r r l
F i q .
r 8 . r l ,
r
r r r c n . J c d r o p r o r ' i c 1 c '
\
I
"
1
r c e l ] r '
t h c
c o r r c c t . l i r o r n. i r t : l i g i r , r l s e n c L
r r L r c
S : r D s k r i t i c c o r r s i s t c u t
c v c l r x n l o n g i h c a l .
l : . L r t i r c s o u r d s o i t h c
:
. ' q r r r h n c l
( s c c
b o t h
: i p p c : u s , r b o . " - r : ) .
c r, :
r i r u : r l
t r r c l i t i o n
s k u l l s "
t h c r c ( l , q r r l ai r r r i r r : 1 l om
r v c r c
f i r. c
p l l c c s
c l : r s s i f i c d i h c
r '
r i
I
1
. . 1. i
s o u n c l , l e n q u r g c ,
A
S A N S K ru T
th e re b y
th e
r e p r e s e n t Ilf
m o s t
th e
c h a ra c te rs
th is o r d e r :
- t a o l e
r
" t r u e "
r
v o w e ls
I
a tt
" m i x e d
v o w e ls "
lin g u a l
c o n s o n a n ts
,!tl,i1
b
ja
jh o
;h d th a
d e n ta l c o n s o n a n ts
lh o
]a b ia l c o n s o n a n ts s e m iv o w e ls s P r r a n $ a s p ira te
Ib l
A
[a s p ira te
"m o d ifie r"
( u p a d h n a n i y a ) ]
fu lle r c la s s ific a tio n
- r - s o l i - - -
' N $
F -.,
p ,o '
^ o
A 'S ?
G u ttu ra ls
'g c y _ . ! r y
h
P a la ta ls
j j h n
L in g u a ls
r < s e
v
J
d 4 h t l
D e n ta ls J
la b ia ls
Ib 'l
N o te : V is e rg a
" E '
U p a d h n d n iy a
" O , ' a n d
. , a a ,
a r e - l a b i a l " n d
s u t t . r r a l .
o
q is
A
s e m iv o w e ls . a s p ira te
s p ira n ts ,
h
a re
a s
th e y
are a
p ro n o u trc e d
N O T E
a
tra n s lite ra te d w ith is
v o w e l
fo llo w in g
r e
k h ,
g iv e n
b u t
a s in
g h ,
th ,
r a r h e r a s i n g o a tb u t
th e s e
X 'T I
a
th e m .
tra n s c rib e d fo llo w in g
S A N S K R IT
in
rlin k
in h e re n t
O N
is
p ro n o u n c e d
s to p -lim . C c h u rc h , w b ie
u n le s s o th e rw is e in d ic a te d .
tw o
p r o n o u n c e d a s in
p a r a lle lis m a tte m p t e
a n d
l e t t e r s . H o w e v e r,t h e
d e s ire
in
to s u g g e s tp ro n u n c ia tio n
th ro u g h
o " c h u n d r u "
fo rm
w ritte n ,
p r o n o u n c e d a s lo n g
a re
c l r, s u c h a s
v o w e ls . d is tin c tio n
a s a t o n e
I
b e tw e e n d ific u lt
e ra (a s in ln u s -
llr s n a
b r o n o u n c e o
it
ltr$ n n a .
r n e
re tro fle x
v o w e l,
th e
w ith
lo n g
a c tu a lly a
f
in v e n te d th e
m e t
fo r
th e
u n tra in e d
t
a n d
w o r d s . I
/
in
E n g lis h ,
w h ile th e
ra re ly
re tro fle x e s
p to n o u n c in g
o v e rlo o k e d
b o ttle a x le -tim )_ . It is
th e
e a r to
r i v e r ) .
p ro n o u n c e d
v o w e l
fo r
t
Ita lia n .
p ro n u n c ia tio n
th e
re tro fle x ,
to u c h e s
ju s t
th e
th e g u m s
th e
T e c h r ic a lly , th e
to n g u e
te e th ,
w h ile
fo r
la n g u a g e . th )
. th e
d s a ry a
R "th "r
th a n
re p re s e n tin g
m ,
o ffe r n o
a s n g in m o d ific a tio n w ith
in
w h ic h
th e
e a liz a tio n a re
th e y
o f
th e
w ritte n .
c h a ra c te r a x u s v d ra
s o u n d s ,b u t s y m b o ls
re p la c e ( i r,
a ,4 ,
w h e n
th e th e y
a r e
fiv e
E n g lis h
a r e
th e
In d ic
r e lig io n s ,
e x h a la tio n
b re a th ,
w ith
m u c h
th e lik e
a
v e ry
s o ft
g ra c e
m a n y
F o r e x a m p le ,
fre q u e n tlv p re c e d in g n o tea t
th e
s in c e
it
o m itte d
th e
a b h i5 e k a
th e n w rc ia tio n g u id e c o re c tly ,
th e
p r o -
s u g g e s ts h o w
lik e lih o o d
is
th a t
th e
c o n te x t, a s th e
S o u th
E n g lis h la n g u a g e d ic tio n a r ie s .
n o tic e a b le
v o w e l,
th e m
v k a r g a ( b ) ,
o c c u rin g
fo llo w e d
fo r
n a s a ls
fo llo w e d
c la s s .T h e
e rg e d in
In g lis h w ill
p r o -
x p a d h m a n iy d ;
u is a r g a , it is
o fte n
fro m
r e g a r d
t o S a n s k rit
m u c h
,fT ii
A
S A N S K R IT
th a t
p a tte m
fe te d
a ls o
a llo w
lo r
u s a g e . "K a ru n a
in th e
w o rd s
d e te r
p ro n u n c ia tio n
th i
fin a l
-'.'h a ru r1 a th is re m a in s
a r e a n e c e s s a r y
th e
ip lit.
p o s s ib le .
w h ic h
s e v e ra l
th e
s p lit w o r d s .
s ta te
n a m e s ,
w ith o u t d ia c r itic s . o r. J
w a s i t
o d e rn
In tro d u c tio n
o f p ro d u c e d
w o rk s
art
in
s e e m in g ly
h u m a n k in d .
e n d le s s
p h ilo s o p h ic a l
o n e
le v e l, th e
a rt
v i s u a l i z a t i o on fs t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t ,
e x D r e s s e s c o m p le *
e x o r e s s i o on rs e x e r c i s e s
p h ilo s o p h ic a l
S a n s k rit, a r t d e v o tio n a lis m ,
c o r r e s p o n d in g
to th e
n a tio n s
a re a o c c u p ie d b y
th e
m o d e m
th e le s s ,th e ro le
fe a tu re s a s
"6 lte r s "
In d ic
B a n g la d e s h ,t
In d ia ,
th e s e
th e A lth o u s h
th e
in flu e n c e th e s e
f".
th e
In d ic z
c u ltu re
lim its , o u tly in g
""t.o d J g io n s fo rm
h a v e
re to A lth o u g h
w a s
b r o a d
u n ifie d
c u ltu ra l
th a t flo u ris h e s . c o n ta c t
A lth o u g h
it
a s e a rly
w a s tim e s
w ith
th e
c o n tin u in g
a s
p re h is to ric
m o d e r n
p e rio d
c lo s e ly fo llo w
m o u n ta in
ra n g e s
a n d
a r e
c h a r a c t e r i z e d b ya
a lly
a re
d e fin e d
a n d
riv e r s y s te m s
v a rie ty
o f
c lim a tic
r u g g e d th e
h ig h
o th e r
s o u th e rn
n o rth e rn ,
c e n tra l,
re g io n s . T h e n o r t h e r n re g io n
e x te n d s
A F G H A N I S T
P O
L I T I C AD L I V
G
H
I N
'" ',
-/ t" o€ ^ - ,- O
-
'..
'^ A '*
9 ( T T f l I ^ X D U
F " '% ;,I'g jj B
' N , " - ' 5 1 i i 3 " " " b * * F . i - \ ^
* " * 0 " '.
i . : * : : * " 1 "
I H
A
R
A
I S
I O
N
S
IN T R O D U C T IO N
,C 'C II
th e
fto m
a s s o c i a t i o en xs i s t t h a t
e m ,
o f
p rim a rily
th e
c e n tra l,
fe a tu re s
s o u tle m
w ith
s u b c o n tin e n t. u n m is ta k a b ly
lin k th e m
th e
th e ir
th e s u b c o n tin e n t,
P n o l r r l r
o F
D A T T N G
A lth o u g h a lm o s t u n i n t e r r u p t e d l y f r o m
its in c e p tio n to
th e
c u ltu ra l
tre n d s .
T h e
c h r o n o lo g ic a l th e m o s t c o m m o n
c o in s ,b u t th is e v id e n c eis fr e q u e n tly a rn b ig u o u s , c o n tra d ic to ry ,
o r
s y s te m s
its d e v e lo p -
th e s u b c o n tin e n t's s y s te m s
o fin d iv id u a l
th e In s te a d .
le g a c y
o f
,T 'T II
IN T R O D U C T IO N
R e lig io n
w a s
A c c o rd in g
th e
m a jo r
fo rc e
s tim u la tin g
m o s t
In d ic is illu s o r y ,
in te rp re te d
th e
th o u g h t, -a n d
a re
b e lie v e d
e m b o d y
e n e r g y . T h r o u g h _
t r e m e n d o u s r e lig io u s
th e
v ie w in g
p e rc e iv e d y ie ld
d a ta
rh e o f a
c u ltu re ,
h ic h
r e q u i r e s
o n ly
th e illu s io n u n iv e rs a l
fo s te r
u n ity
th e
th e
r e a liz a tio n
u n d e rs ta n d in e th a t
T ru th
is
e a s ily
u n d e rs to o d
w h y
th e
p r in c ip a l
n u m b e r
d e ta ile d a n a to m ic a l
s y r n b o lic
d e v ic e s
p h e n o m
e n a l
o r l d ,
a r e
r h e i n . " n r r ]
io n s ),
c o lo ra tio n -
(w h ic h t h e
r e a liz in g
a im
c o n s id e r e d
n a tu ra lis tic a
o rld .
lig h t
b e , t r a n s c e n d e n t ,
e v e r,
In d ic
y a x tra s
(m e c h a n ic a l
in
a n c ie n t In d ia n
s c u lp tu re s
d e v ic e s a im In d ic c o n tra d ic t
fa c t.
e n a b le
th e
tb e
p h y s ic a l
w o rlj.
th e
c o n c e p t s r ,h e w h ic h
th e " f a c s "
r e lis io u s
r e lig io u s
p h y s ic a l
th e t
T h is
s iz e .
n " r u . . l i r r n d o " ,
a b ility
w a s
w o rid ,
S lc h
c h a n n e le d
in to
th e
m e te ric o m p lic a te d
r h e
b e
le a s t
fo rm
th e
c o m m u n ic a tio n
u n iv e rs a l e e o is tic
n r o r e h e n s ib lea n d
c o m p r e -
a p p r o a c h a b l e .
w o rk in g -in
u n d e r s r o o d d i r e f f l y tra n s la te d in to
fo rm ,
m
t r o i y v is u a l,
s ty le !
a n y b e
re c o g n iz e d
w e r e
v e rb a i, a rtis tic im a g e s
c o n trib u tio n s a r e
k n o w n
F o r
a rtis t
th e
b a s e d
h is
ta in e d
o m a m e n th e
a tio n , its
m u ltilim b e d
b e in g s
in ia b it
w h o
(v ic to r).
th a t
m u ltih e a d e d ,
re a lm s
n a s c e n t
r e lig io u s c o n c e p ts in
w o rd s ,
In d ic
th e
d o c trin e s .
lig io u s
w h ile
n a m p lin g
c o n te x q
w ith
'
it
d is p o s a l a n d
fro m
w e a lth
g a in e d
k in g s
In d ic e x te n d n e ig h b o r in g
in c o rp o ra te d in to
S e c u la r
fo r
a n n e x in g
e x a m p le ,
r e lig io u s
s tru c tio n e n h a n c e m e n t
c o u ld
k in g
e x is tin g
th e re b y
r e lig io u s
v i g o rw i t h
p o w e r a t
w h ic h
th e y
th e ir
p u rs u e
is
o f
h u m a n
w o rn
n e a rly
fig u re s
a ll
s ig n ifie s s p iritu a l a c h ie v e m e n t.
a
g e m ;
th e
fiv e
c l a s s e so f
g o rg e t,
fre q u e n tly th e fiv e
F u r t h e r,
h ig h e s t
m e d i t a t i o n a la t t a i n -
in
th e
m a jo r
S o u th
th e s h rin e .
le g itim iz e
th e
g o d s
w e a lth
A
re c e n tly
w e a lth
m e n t
m e n ts .
o n
a rc h ite c tu re
a lre a d y
o f
c o m b a t
in
re p re s e n t
o b ta in e d fro m
o o ty
in
a rt
p o liti-
c o m m o n ly
d o m a in s
th e ir
re g io n s .
a n d
s p e n t
v ic to rio u s
th e
a n c ie n t
p a tro n a g e re s u lte d
th ro u g h m ilita ry
re -
g o a ls .
d e p ic te d a rt
fo e
th e
m a te r ia lis m
g r e a t d e a l o f
th e
m a n y
o b s t a c l e - a s - e n e m y .M a n y
a rro w ,
A lth o u g h
a rt.
d e fe a te d
a
th e
th e ir
o f
A c c o r d in g ly ,
to
w h e re
c o n s id e re d
In d ia .
T ru th .
o b s ta c le
in
th a t
e la b o ra te d
a n o th e r
ig n o ra n c e
b e y o n d
r e a liz a tio n re fle c te d
a t-
tra n s la tio n
in to th e
fa m ilia r c h a ra c te ris tic s
h a s
B u d d h is m
w e a lth
m a te ria l re w a rd s
o ffe r
a lo n g
s p iritu a l a c h ie v e m e n t
w e a lth
th e
w ith
to th e ir
o f
p ro -
p itia n ts . p a tte rn s .
ic o n o g r a p h ic a l l i a n c e s , b r o u g h ta b o u t
M a rria g e p a tte rn s
b y
p ro b a b ly
p ilg r im s life
into
r e g i o n a l a r t th e ir
a fte r
e ffe c te d
p rim a rily
m e rc h a n ts tra v e lin g
e s ta b lis h e d ro u te s
a lo n g
w e ll th e
d iffe re n t o a rts
c a p ita ls
m ilita ry th e
th e y
f o r m s .
w a s
h a d
th e
b u ild in g a c h ie v e m e n ts c o u ld
s e e n d u r i n gm i l i t a r y
t e r n r o r y . 'W o r k s
a o r
k in g
p o ra te
th e n
b e
o th e r
lo c a le s . In
w h o s ite s , a n d w e re
e m b o d y e v e n ts o r
in s tru m e n ta l in
fo rm s
p e rs o n s fro m
th ro u g h o u t
s e e n b y
v is ite d
fa m o u s
te m -
te a c h e rs
d is s e m in a tio n
a rt
s u b c o n tin e n t, fo r
th e y
th e
th e
c o u rs e
in to o th e r
s e c u la (
aid
fig u re s
in
th e ir
fro m a ttrib u te s
a s
re fle c tio n s
m a n y
th e
d iv in e .
e x p re s s e d in
fre q u e n tly d e s c rib e d a s
o la c e s
a lo n g
tra d e
w h e re
th e ir
a n d p ilg r im a g e ro u te s s e rv ic e s
to
w e re
tra n s -
m ilita ry c e n d e n t s ta te -th e
r n o v e d
In d ic
r e lig io n s -
a v ic to ry .
b o th
p a tro rx .
In
th e s e
w a y s
o th e rs ,
id e a s
a n d
,C X liJ i
IN T R O D U C T IO N
c o n g ru ity
in
fro m
re g io n
th e
fa c t
W h ile w h ile
d i s t i a c t i v e
c h a ra c te ris tic sth a t
ty p ify
th e
v a rio u s
s u rv iv a l
its e lf
is
it
o fte n
m is le a & n q .
th a t
lo c a l
a rtis tic
s c n o o ls . ffe a tm e n r v o lu m e in
re fe c ts
th e
y .t:
S o u th
th e
A s ia n
s tu d ie d
in
th is
c u rre n t
-o f
fie ld ,
c o v e r a g e
a rt
in e q u itie s
a r e p re s e n t. M a n y -n e c e s s a rily
fro m
a rt
ra th e r
c ru c ia l
h is ro ric a l p o in t
v ie w
tn e m
d u r a b ilir y , w h ic h
n tu re t" od rr at u
A lth o u g h
^
th e
L ta n r
a rr
to ta t
re s e a rc h
w h ile
o th e rs
re m a in
th e
s ite s
c o u ld
r e v e a l
th o s e
r n t o r m a n o n
w o u ld
th e
c u rre n t
o v e rv ie w
S o u th
A s ia n
o f.th e
o tte n
w ith in
in
In d ic
th a t ' e m p h as so imz ee d
v a n g u a rd
w e r e tim e ;
th e
th e
d is tin c tiv e ;
a r t
th a t
m ig h t
w .re
,a p r"r"rrt
tr a d itio n a lly m a te ria k
m o r t " r '" rh .y
p e rio d s th e
W h e n s u b je c *
p o s itio n
a rtis tic
s r y lis tic c o n te x tu a liz e d
h i-s to ry .
w h ic h m o s t
w h o le re g lo n a l
q u a n tity
ti" t
o .k ,
.o f
fio m
fra c tio n
a c tu a l
c h a ra c te ris tic
m d o u b te d ly
p r. s e r v e
m o n u m e n rs a
th e s c h o la r ly
w o u ld
q e n e ra tio n s .
re c e d e o v e ra ll
a v a ila b ility
th e ir
a p p ro iria te
p ic tu re .
b "rt
S * .
th a t.a re
_ " , " i . . , r. 7 p : .
th e
o n ly
p r"r.*"J
k n o w a
th e
p r o v is io n a l
g u is h
c le a r ly
w h a t
is
k n o w n
fro m
w h a t
fro m
is
r h e
th e
s e c u la r s p h e r e s . rftrc _
p la c e d
in .
rh e ir
c h r o n o lo g ic a l
th is
c u ttu le
m a jo r
th ro u g h o u r
p o rtio n
p o rtio n
re tle c t g e n e ra l
th e
h is to ry
its
th a t w o r k s
a r t
s tu d y in g
th e
m ilie u .
c lic h 6 ,
In d ia
d a ily in
p ro d u c tio n
c u ltu ra l
re p e a te d
a n c ie n t w e r e
p e rio d
th e
c u ltu ra l a
s m a ll
v o lu m
o fte n m a d e
a tte m p t
p o rtra y
th e
a rtis tic
d im e n s io n
p r o _ a
f a c i l e
th e d u c tio n
a r r.
g e n e r a lly r e lig io u s
p r o _
a rt,
, h " *
b o ld s tld y c iv ili" a tio n fe w
th e
c u l r u r e m a te ria l p ro d u c ts
th is I
, . p . . r L r, _
a n c ie n t
p ra c tic e .
M a n y
In d ia
-a ,,ro th e
a rc h ite c tu ra l
";;;# T IJ 1 T :'T ; i,d i,id ," i,' s c h e m e s
IN T R O D U C T IO N
'T 'c I'C
P A I { T
F O U N D A T I C N S
C I V I L I Z A T I O N
P R E H I S T O R I C P R O T O H I S T O R I C
', " ,; ., , - ; : : " " f f - * : : r : 4 " * - \ f f i
( I N
- E X T E N T . . - E X T E N T
O o
N E O L I T H SI C I T E S
'E A B L Y
C IT IE S
s l r E s
s l r E s . O
T H
E
R
S I T E S
D
I A
N
)
D e ta il o J r . 4 c ,
C H A P T E R
O N E
A n te c e d e n ts
P A I N T I N c , t r o
A lth o u g h S o u th
h u m a n
A s ia n
b e in g s
h a v e
s u b c o n tin e n t
fo r
th e
liv e d
h u n d re d s
S c u t p r : u n t
a rtis tic
rn e d iu m
fo r
th e
m a n y
g ig a n tic
o f c e n tu rie s , fro m L a te
a re
s to n e
th e
a rc h a e o lo g is tsd e fin e
to o ls
b y
S to n e
A g e s ,
th e
s u g g e s t th a t
M id d le a e s th e tic
w h ic h e a rly
th e in g s
m a d e w ith
th a n
p u re
u tility
is
th e
in
h ile
th e
in
th e i!
e a rlie s t s ig n ific a n t c o rp o ra th a n
c o n ta in in g p a in tin g s
a
t h e a b u n d a sn t to n e t o o l s
re g io n ,
b e lo n g ro c k
a rt
e ffo rts .
H o w -
o f
In d ic a rt
th o u s a n d ro c k
a re in
m a y
s h e lte rs
h a v e b e e n id e n tifie d in
p r o p e r, o v e r h a lfo fw h ic h
a b ly n e v e rb e k n o w n ,
c a rv iu g
m o r e
ro c k
th e
M o r e
W
c a w -
In d ia
th e n o rth -c e n tra l
w ith in
a n
e a rly
h a s
b e e n
c o n tin u o u s in
In d ic
c u ltu re
4
C ffIIZ A T IO N
in g
th e .s u rv iv in g
m a d e
a s lo n g
r o c kp a in tin g s , p o s ib ly
fo rm
th e
th c ir
c h ro n o lo g y ,
a r e
p ro v id e d
th e m s e lv e s , fo r
th e
m a n y
p a in r in g s
th e
th e
c o n tin u a lly
c re a tu re .
T h is
,o O .r_
th e
th e
ta il.
th e
c o m p o s itio n s w e r e
d e p ic tio n
s o - c a lle d
" X - r a y
s ty le ',8
in to
ie n a n im a l
tio n .
p a in tin g s
N e o lith ic
fro m
w ith in .
c o n te m p o ra n e o u sp o t-
tio n
in s o lid
th e
p o .p o s e s . le a s t
_
tw e n ty
s ry le s o f th e
m e n t,
s u b je c t
o f
tic h n iq u le ,
a tre r.4 M a n y
p ig tL e ie
o s h ip m u s t
a
true
p a in tin g
o f
d e v e lo p m e n t w ith
I
id e n tifie d
p ic tu re s
in c lu d e h e m a tite
p r o d u c e
y e llo w ,
o r a n g e ,
in
H o w e v e r,
w h e th e r
o f.In d ic
w a te r A
rn in e ra ls
im p lic it.
p ig -
d r a w
p r in c ip a l
its
p " in tin g s
ro c k
b a s is
th a t-o f
e x ta n t
c o m p le te ly
re ? re s e n ta tio n
a
(B o s
in d ia r
iro n r e d ,
b r o w n ;
th e
th e
p e rio d
n a tu ra lis m s ty le . s in c e th e th e
n a m e tro m
a f e w .
fo rm .
A N T IC ID IN T S
,rrv a tio tr
C IV IIZ A T IO N
5
th a t irn tic ip a te sla te r n a tu ra lis tic re p re -
' r t J l r o r \ o f r n i l r ] . r 1 .
" n d
:
in g in r h c s e p a i n t i n g s l \ ' e r em
. l l p l y
t o
c e n t
r e c o r d l i l i
d e p ic tio n s a n c l
la tc r
c m p h a s is
c o w s
a n d
o n
b u lls
th c
a t
: . L r l A lth o u g h p a in tin e s
ir-r c a v c s a n c lro c k
r
: -
s h c l tc rs
.
ln c , n . l i .
, 1 , . ^ r i. . . r
l
f o r n - r, s r e g c s t i n g
c a rly
' 3 ' . ' l ' ,
n r o \ ' r o . k - . l i , J r . r 1 r , .
l i .
. ,
l , . ,
-
r r c
)
l g
l l
i i l l l \ ( l l L
\
a r e
r o c k -
. l c , i f i , r , c , i " s id c n ti-
c lc a r ly
, . : r t c L l : o n g
p r e d i l e c t i o n .
b o th t h c
S t o r c
a n i u r a l a n c l h u r n l nf o r m s ,
r ' c r e
e
s / t h c r .
c h e n g r n g ' r r
.
, : n t i a l l y s c u l p t u r a l , p r i n t i n e . p r t t c m
:
s u b j e c r i s c f, t t l c . A 1 l
:
M lc d
:
a s k i c a t t l c
n o r t h c l n i n
b o t h
f o r
c r ] n l p l c
K a r n : r t l k a d c p i c t s
s i l h o u c r c
p o p u i a t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t i o n t i n c n t
s
t h c
: r n . l
c , , . , i l i n e
h r c l i c c u l t u r c i t s e l l
" c i v i l i z e t i o r " d c f i r t l r n ot r c
i v i l . z . , r r , , r r
6 c o u n ts , th e
te rm
r a n g e
fro m
b ic h ro m e d e s ig n s .
o f
a
p o litic a l
p o ts
s tru c tu re g e o m e tric th e
th e
k n o w n
th e
c o m p le x p a tte rn s
o f
th a t
c iv iliz e d
a b s tra c t
w h ile
o tifs ,
o th e rs
p o p u la rity
g e o m e tric
fo rm s
a
s h a rd
w ith
m o tifi,
z ig z a g s ,
tria n g le s ,
c h a ra c te riz e th e in
th e
fa r
n o rth -
fio m
th e
V a lle y
Q u e tta
n o rth e m n o r t h e r n c h is ta n
in
M e h rg a rh
a l0 -
P a k is ta n . T h e in
n o rt!.e rn
B a h c h is te n
in
p a rtic u la r
c re a te
th e
e fe c t
a s e a rly a s
th e
th a t
c o n t e m p o r a r y w ith
is ,
p a tte rn s th a t
fie d
r. c . ,
s ix th th e
th e
s o u th e m
M u n d ig a k
S to n e
w e re flo u r is h in g
fu rth e r
fro m
v e g e ta l
m o rifs ,
P a k is ta n
re g io n
k rd ia .
g e o g ra p h ic
in
th e a
p ro v id e d
c o n ta c t
g r a d u a lly
w o rld
s e ttle d th e
rv ith
(F i.u s
b o th
b e e n
id e n tifie d
th e s e
s u p p o s ir io n
e x is te n c e w a s
w e s te m
s p r e a d
fo r
R a ja s th a n ,
d is trib u tio n
e a rly th a t
p ip a l
B a ln c h is ta n th e
P a fi.ja b
th e
w e s r e m
A s ia tic
o o tre r v
c u ltu r e s , w h ile
A s ia tic jo in t
s o u t h w a r d is
th e
n o t
o c c u rre n c e
s e e m s to
te n -
a b le in
in d ig e n o u s d e v e lo p m e n ts .T h e
G a n g e s rJ g io n o f
n o rth e rn
o th e r
s o m e r. c . 1 3
T h is
s u g g e s ts th a t
m o tifs
e m p lo y e d
s y m b o lis m , w h e th e r
e a rly
p o tte ry '
c o n s c r o u s o r
fu rth e r
a r c h a e o lo g ic w a lo r k
A fro m
D a m b
D a tin g
fro m
" o rig in s " fin a l s ta g eo fth e o r
p ro file
th e
its fo o t,
a rtifa c ts p r o d u c e d b y
r o u n d e d
b o w l,
g e n tly
n a rro w
fla d n g
rim ,
p o tte r a n d th a n
th e
h ig h ly d u rin g th is
in g p o tte ry
u n e a rth e d
a t
p e rio d .
th e w id e
g e n e ra l, g re a te r
re {in e m e n t
in
te c h n iq u e
d e s ig n
id e n tifia b le a n d
h a v e
c o u n te rp a rts
in
th e
n a tu ra l
w o rld , th e
e a r l i e r,
h a n d - b u ilt
p o ts
s u o e rs e d e d b v w h e e l-fo rm e d
w e r e
g r a d u a lly w a re s
b o d ie s .
A N T IC E D T N T S
C IV IIZ A T IO N
7
B a la rc h is ra n , M u n d i-
C a .
o f
Ie rra -c o tta :::rh e d
fig u rin e s
a lo n g s id e th e
: - r r i n e s
In d ia , N e w D e lh i.
a ls o
p a in te d
p o tte ry
c a rly
fro r n
:::p lifie d
la tc r fo rm s
th e h u n . r a n s ( m o s t o ftc n
o f
th e
c iv iliz a tio n . B o th
o fte n
i:r b e c a u s e
In d ic
u p rig lrt
p o s tu rc s
a n d
w id e s p re a d
th e
b u ll)
fe n .ra le ) a re fo u n d
t h r o u g h o u tt h e
rc g io n ,
a lth o u g h
a t lc a s t tw o :.:ic tin g
p le x e s .la
T h c
fe m a ie
c o m -
fig u rin e s s u g g e s t s o r r r e
O F IN D IC
8
In d ic
g o d d e s s im a g e ry
a r t
m ig h t
" r n o t h e r p e rh a p s
to o
s tro n g ,
n e ith e r
s in c e
th e y th e
to o .
lin k
D ro v id e
s in c e.
s w ill
b e
la te r
w ith
s h o w n ,
th e
b u ll
In d ic c u ltu re , c a m e
in d ic a te s a
. r. 6 .
s c u lp tu te , F r o m
B u ll
d is tric t,
lls to ry ,
N e w
th e
In d ic
p o s s ib le
w o rld . lin l
B u ll
w ith
b o v in e
im a g e ry
th e
a ls o
S to n e
c re a tu re s a p p a re n tly
P e ria n o
B a h c h is te n ,
N o rth e m
P a k is ta n .
C a '
th itd
N a tu rrl
M u s e u m
m ille n n iu m
in
to r e lig io u s
im p o rta n t m e a n in g
fe m a le
in
a
fro m
re p re s e n ta tio n
th e
Z h o b
V a lle y
(F ig .
r. 6 ) .
Y o tk .
C o r c r u s r o N
s tu d y
th e
p re h is to ric
tlle
p e rio d
th e -In ii.
a n d
la te r
p a in te d
p e rio d s .
p o tte ryo f
e a r\
R o c k
a rt
N e o lith ic p e o p le s
O n e m ig h t
a b s tra c t m o tifs
* o tld
-h ic h
o n
p o tte ry fin d
re p re s e n te d o n
C
H
A
P
T
E
N
' I ' ! q O
C iv iliz a tio n
th c
C a m b a y , - - . : l r L r rl nl l d
a n d
t c c h n o l o g i c a i
:lc u m e n tc c l
fro m a tr
t h c
c lr ly
n o rtlr
to
n o r d r th e
b o u n d a rie s a n d
d e fin itio ts
th is
c u ltu re
c ity ','.r 1 lc y .
:rm p le x
H o u 'c v c r , rv h ic h
th e
c a r lic s r
ln c lic
k n o w n
th c
c ln
rlte rn a tc c lc s ig n a tio n fo r th is
c u ltu rc . ' i t r c e
a u n iq u c a : r
1 r o l o n q e r
n a m e
u 'h ic h
q 1 1 6 , 1 ' Jn co . r n e c L r . . , n l y
c o n s i d c r c c l A l t h o u s h
l o r r r . r i r r
: : o n r
t h e n o r t h c r n
c r t c n s i v c
a r c h a c o l o g i ce ax i p l o r a -
k n o r v n
c u ltn re
l l t e l v
o f t l r c
. . r v e s t e m
r e . . : t u. rr pr p r , ' ' i E u r o p c , r c a c h i n g t h e
A l g h a l f s t a n th c
s ite s
fo r
m u c h
b o r d e r
G u ll'o f
rv h a t
c e n tu ry ,2
in fo rn a tio n ' n , n i
, L b o r r t
rv c s t, s o u d r
t h c
th is
is
C IV IIZ A T IO N
IO U N D A T IO N S
.lO
d e riv e d fro m In d u s p h e n o m e n a ) o r p rim a rily
fro m
c r o s s - c u l t u r a l a n a lo g ie s ,
w ith w h ic h
m ig h t r e f e c t
n o t
w h ile
th e
th e
c iv iliia tio n th o s e
o f M e s o p o re li-
ta m ia .
a b o u t r 8 o o
tiv e h a v e
b e e n
th e
id e n tify ,
fic u lt
r.c .4
ra d io c a rb o n d a te s sa n d
a n te c e d e n t5
o th e r a rc h a e o lo g ic a l ris e
fo o d in g
th e
o b s c u re d th e
lo w e s t
th e
e a rly
o f
th e
w a te r
ta b le
In d u s
le v e ls
th e
m a y
s ta g e s , w h ic h
fo rm a tiv e
lt
M a n y w e re
r e c tilin e a r g rid s ,
la id
r
(F ig .
r e lie v e d
e a s t-w e s t
n o rth -s o u th
o rie n te d
s te e ts
w ith
th e
c iv ic
liv e d
in
r e la tiv e ly s rn a ll
s o p h is tic a te d m e th o &
c itie s
d ra in a g e .
w o u ld
c u ltu re
H a ra p p e
b ric k s
is
th a t
th e y
c o n fo rm
q u a lity
u n ifo rrn ity
in d ic a te s
a
h ig h
s e v e ra l s to rie s h ig h .
a
n u m b e r
D a ro ,
a
r o o m s ,
a
w a lls th e
th e
s h o p s ,
ta n k ,
g e n e r a lly c a lle d
in
la te r
th e
r e lig io n ,
life
In d ic
G r e a t
w e s te rn o fte n
d ire c t
th e re
r e lig io u s e v id e n c e
B a th
th e
L o th a l,
th is . In d ia ,
a
la rg e
s tru c tu re
id e n tifie d
s tre e ts w e re o n ly
o fte n th e
in to
d o m e s tic
e n g in e e r in g fe a t
re s id e n ts ' p riv a c y
c o m p o u n d s in v a r ia b ly
g r e a t
s o p h is tic a tio n '
a o th e r
I
a n d
c ita d e ls ,
s q u a r e c o u rt-
b o th
o ff c lo s in e -h ig h
d w e llin g s
life ,
b a th in g
in te rn a l h is to rv
c o m fo rta b le
p riv a te
th e
c itiz e n
id e n tifie d
th a t
y a r d
a
g ra n a rie s
in c lu d in g
th e
th ro u g h o u t
a
le d
u rb a n
s p e c ific
c h r o n o lo g ic a l e x te n t
k n o w n
th e
p p a re n d y ,
a d d itio n
L a d in g
d e c o ra tio n
w h ic h
z .r).
th e
o th e r
p a h tin g
c iv iliz a tio r u .s
L o th a l
m iq h t
IN D U S
z . r .
j o - l ) i r o ,
C IV IL IZ A T IO N
I
- 1
P a k i s r ; L n .
l l 3 r a p p t p c n o d .
. . : t s ,
i v o r y
w o r k e r s , u d
o t h e r e x c rv a tc d
c r : r { t s th c re .
s k e lc ta l re n a in h s a v c
s h c , w r r u r a t a t
t h e r r c h a c o l o q i c ca v l i d c n c c , t h e - : : l c s
o f t h e I n d u s c i v i l i z a t i o n h a v c b c c n s a id
D . r r . - ' . e b c
c r p c c t e c l . I 1 1 f i c t ,a r c h a e , m a k c
.
d o n s
: r [ p o s s i b l e t o
m
e k e
a n
I n
' i r k
c
H a r a p p a
I ' , r n . r g e r r r i r t - l
: : : l u c t s c l o c s s c c r n t os L r q q c st ht x t
:
w e llo r c l e r e c hl ,o n o g c n c o u s s o c i c t y r , v i t h l
t h c
s o c r c t y
c lu ic k lv a b s o r b
i r r s u l a r i t , v
r h . W
h i l c
r n l n y
f . ,
t h a t lc v c ls
\,io h c ljo -L )a ro , ib r : , n q c s
i r 1
t h c
c x rm p lc ,
t1 'p c lllc l
e n v
n e jo r
. r -r : r . t D . r t u r c i t s c i f , f u t u r c
'm
c
i m
p o r t a n t
F h ra p p :i
s tm c tu re
o n i c s , l a t c r
ln d ic
r h o u g h t , a r t ,
d o r n i r u r c c l
C .
f i r , r / r . . r '
c ln
c c r c m
s ig n ific e n t m
:r
[ c s
r n c l l i f e s i n c c n r o s t
o t h c r
\
c e n tra iiz e d
g o v c rn n lc n t,
s itc s , th e la c k r
d is tin c -
to
a c c u r a t e s t i l t e l D c n t o f
l l r ,
f r o r n sitc
c o m
p a r l b l c
. \ ( ] u p r r . r i r i , l . l . r o , n t ' t , n r . t i . ' n
b c lic ls , th is
is
s o n r c
o f
r c s c r r c h n u hv o l c l
a n s \ \ - e r s . t h a t c o u l d r l c m
e x is t, o n -
t h a t h a v e
h o r v e v e r , i n b e e n f b u n d .
th c
s c r - r l p t r - ra r en sc l s c a l s
F O U N D A T I O N S
C I V I L I Z A T I O
N
B .c . L ir1 1 e s to llc .
rl+ J i g h r i n
d r r
e \ c a v . r f i o n \ o n c
w o u ld
I { a t h c r, th c
p r o d u c e d .
o b jc c ts
b r "
e x p e c t in
th e y re fle c t
s c u lp tu ra l
m a tu re
w h ic h
s ta g c o fa rtis tic
p ro b le m s o f
p ro p o rtio n ,
I
N s 't0 :: tc f '
tra d itio n th e fo rm a tiv c c c rta in ly
p rio r
A ll
O n c
s c u lp tu re
r c v e a l i n gs o m e
a fin itie s
M e s o p o ta m ia n im a g e ry
s u r v iv in g H a ra p p a -p c rio d
w i d e l y
in d iv id u a l
. r v . , i l . t b l e
lc v c ls
d e p ic te d
b le n d s th e c o v e tc d
r a w
m a te ria ls .
(F ig .
m ig h t
a
a lrn o s t in .rp e rc e p tib ly in to
fo re h e a d , th e fu ll
lip s ,
a n d
th e
n a r r o w , :
s h e ll w h e n fa c ia l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o ft h e
ty p e s
s u b c o n tin e n t o rth a t
In d ic
fa s h io n )
h a ir
e x ta n t
e x a m p le s
s tric d y
c o n tro lle d
p ro p e n s ity
fo r
in
T h is lin e a rity
a ls o
th e
A s ia n
A s ia n
h rd ic a rt.
d if,e rs
ra th e r
a n d
S o u th
in la te r
a ls o
S o u th
lin e a r
fo rm s . in
o c c u r
fro m a r t
th a n
th e
s c u lp tu ra l
a b s tra c tio n is
e v id e n t
tre a tm e n t
c o n lig u r a tio n
th e b y
s id e
th e
th e
fig u re
w e s te m e x a m p le ,
th e
th a t
g a rm e n t
c o v e rs
o n ly
s e e n in
F ro m
th e
P a k is ta n .
M e s o -
M a tu re
M o h e rl'o -D a ro , p e rio d .
C a .
z 9 .z
c m .
2 r o o - r 7 j o
s im ila r o n e -s h o u ld e re d g a rm e n t
s ty le
o f
in la te r
B u d d h is t
tre fo il
c lo th in g .
h e a d g e a ris
h ig h -
r a n lin g a rt, n o t
b u t
s h o u l d e r e d g a ( m e r ti s
u n c le a r
in
th e
In d u s
in
w h e re
a s
a
m o tif
in
H a ra o o a
p a tte .tt, fto m
th e
s u rfa c e
o f
w h iih
th e
a rt.1 0
is
th is
s lig h tly
tio n s
a s
s u g g e s te d b y its
p o p u la rity
in
la te r
ra is e d
s c u lp tu re , w a s
{ille d
w ith c o n trib u te d
to a
p o ly c h ro m e e ffe c t fo r b y
w ith
its
e n d s
r e s e r v e d
o n ly
h a n g in g
d o w n
" f o r e i g n "
fo r
h a v e
n o
th e
fig u re ,
th e
ty p e s . k n o w n
th e
T o g e t h e r, p re c e d e n t
a l a b a s t e r,
w ith
th e s e e m s o m e
is
to
p e r s is t a s
w e s te m
ln d ic
w e d rs
th e
p o s s ib le
e x p la n a to n
fo r
in fo rm u la tio n
|:
fra
:e '
th e
th e
o f b o t ht h e I n d u s a n d M e s o o o t a m i a n
c iv iliz a tio n s .
rh e
p r e s e n c e o f ln lo
a
p e rs o n
a
A s ia tic
ra n l,
fo r
in
la te r
In d ic
a rt,
th e
s u g g e s ts
I O U N D A T I O N S
O
F
I N
D
I C
C I Y I L I Z A T I O
p e rio d .
ry p e s .
Y e t,
lik e
c a ry in g
th e
C a .
N
2 r o o - r 7 J o
p re v io u s s c u lp tu re ,
s u g g e s t th c
fo rm s
B .c .
R e d
9 .3
,5 q
th is
la te r
ln d ic
la te r
In d ic
H a r a p p a
w e s te rn
A s ia tic
s trik in g fo u n d
tra d itio n s ,
c o n tra s t,
s ite s
te rra -c o tta
th a t
th e
c le a rly d o c u m e n t
th is .
th e statlrc
is
its
s u b tly
H a r r p p d
th a n
w ith
th ro u g h
th e
u s e
Y ':
o f
lin e .
F o r e x a m p le ,
th e
th e In d ic
( f i g .
p ic c e
p re c c d in g
p a ttc rn s , d a te s fro m
tlrE d --
s o ftly
c rc a te d
la te r
I
c a rv in g
H a r a p p a c iv iliz a tio n . H o p e fu lly ,
n o d e le d c o n t i n u i t i c cb c r w c e n
c o m m o n
A s ia tic
th c
e v id c n c e
a
h a v e '
p ic c c s to v e rify a rtifa c ts ,
is
w o r k s ,
w e s te rn
H a r a p p a
s c u lp tu re , b u t
b o th
o th e r s c u lp tu re s
H a r a p p e
s to n e
a
la te r
e x a m p le s
x n d o th e r la tc r
H a r a p p a
s u rla c e
In d ic
p e r i o d . 1 2 H o w c v c r,
in c iu d in g s c u lp tu ra l m c a n s .
s c u lp tu rc ,
e n h a n c e m e n t. In s o m e
t*_
-
IN D U S
C IV IIZ A T IO N
7
Y
I
: 2 .j. B .c . B ro n z e . li[:
A lth o u g h
fro m
th e
r r. {
D e lh i.
fro n t th e
fig u re s e e m s th e
n u d itv . b o th
th a t
o n e
le g
th a n
o n
th e
o t h e r.
th is
fig u re
is
s o
o fte n
d is c u s s e d in re la tio n
T h is
p e rio d , a ro u n d
fa v o r
th e
th e
th ird c e n tu ry
v ie w th a t
th e
n .c .
(F ig .4 .rr).
T h is
p ie c e fro m
D le c e .
u n a d o m e d
th is
n u d ity
6 g u r e in
fa c t o f
th e
te c h n iq u e (th e
M a u ry a
n u d iw
tru e
fe m a le d i f e r. m ig h t
n u d iry re la te d
th e to
M a u r y a
s c u lp tu re
a
w o u ld r e p r e s e n t t h e m d e s c rib e
th e
h u m a n
fo rm ,
u n le s s , o f
t h e m y s te ry , fo r In d ic
a rt,
ra th e r th e
to ta l
th a n th e
h u m a n
m e n ts
b o th
n u d i t y r e m
H a r a p p a
n u d ity
fa r
n o r m a l m a n n e r
fo rm ,
a lth o u g h
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o fm a n v
c o u r s e ,
th e
a r t th e
w h o
a i n s la te r
fo r
e x c e p tio n
o f p re s e n tin g c l i n g i n gg a r S o u th
" S k y - c l a d "
D ig a m b a ra
th e
h u r n a n
w o rld
b o d y ,
re n u n c ia tio n
th e
fig u re s ,
it
p u rp o s e o f g lo r ify in g
ra th e r a n d
J a in
a s
s y m b o l
o f
v ic to ry is
p o s s ib le
th a t
C IV IIZ A T IO N
n u d ity .
c a m e
s e rv e
A
ln d ic m o r e
th a n
d e c o ra tiv e
b o th
s im p le
a rt,
s y m b o lic
w h e r h e r
a d o r n m e n t is
a n y th in g
in te n d e d
h e ri
fto m in
s ty le fro m
lin k s
n u d iry
to
fe rtility , s in c e
th e re
is
no
s e 'x u a l
c la ra c te ris fic s . c e n tlik e
th e
I
q u ite
u n lik e
s ite .
e ith e r
T h e
s ty lis tic a lly
th e
o f
in te re s t
th a t
in c lu d e
m a n y
w o m
to d a y ,
th e
G a tu re s
is
a re
S o u th
6 c ia l
o fte n
A s ia n
tied
w o m e n
c h a ra c te ris tic s ,
s a id
a
in to
in c lu d in s
tv p ic a l
th e r o d a y
s o u th
th e
Ia d ia
o v e ra ll
th a n
th e
s to n e
d iffe re n t fo rm s s c u lp tu re s
ja u n ty
p o s tu re , w ith
N u m e ro u s
w h ile
re c o v e re d
te rra -c o tta H a ra p p a
fro m
c o n s id e r a b ly in
th e
m a v
s c u lp tu re d o c u m e n ts tre n d s
th e
w h o
c o m m o n
s to n e
s ty le
fiq u re s s ite s , b u t th e s e d e c o ra tio n
m e ta l
u s u a lly
m o r e
te rra
m o r e
'
fro m
th e
c o tta s
a re
c ru d e ly
im p o rte d ,
d a n c e in
d if,e r
p re c io u s
m a te ria l,
th e m e ta l
(w h ic h
w o u ld
th e
s o c ie ty ,
w h ile
th e
u b iq u ito u s
re rra
c o ![a
p e o p le a s a A
h o le . c o m m o n
te rra -c o tta
fig u re s
is
r e s e m -
im p o rta n t
r e m e m b e r th a t
d iffe re n c e s p o s s ib le
e ra l,it
is
th e a b s e n c n e o , t p r e s e n c oe f, j e w e l r y la c k
fro m
c o rre la te d
a rtis tic
p la c e
o f
a p p a r e n t
to
d e v e lo p m e n ts
p la c e
m o s t
w ith in
c o m m o n
th e tv p e
tim e H a r a p p a c iv ilio f
G rn a le h a s
w id e a d o r n m e n t s in c lu d in g
" n d
a s , fo r h e a d d r e s s
to rs o
fro m
th e ir
(F ig .
2 .6 ).
p re -H a ra p p a
T e r r a - c o t t a fig u re s
a r e
d e f i n i t e r e F e r e n c e a
.
:
le p re s e n t th e
- - _ 3 r e
n u m b e r
p h a lla s
(lin g a ).
c a rv in g s W h ile b e
: - , - : : h e
s o m e in fe rre d
(y o x i) b e e n
fo u n d . S in c e
th a t
to .
h a v e
a ls o
fe w
s p e c ific a s s o c ia tio n w ith d is c re d ite d th e
in te rp re ta tio n
th e s e
in g
p r o e a rly
n a tu re F e m a le
:.6 .
fig u rc . F r o m
J u d g in g B . c .
fo r
th e ir
w e ll- b e in g
s u r v iv a l.
fro m
Tc r r e
in te n d e d
b y
s u c h
o b je c ts . T h e
lo a i
o n e a g a in ," " m o t h e r
;lle d --i
a p tn e s s
q u e s tio n a b le . W
this
a t u :q g e s ts _ - : : I
g o d d e s s e s , "t h o u g ht h e
a
th e p r e g n a n c y ,
a t
b u lg in g
le a s t
th e re b y
re la tin g
c o u n tle s s ro u n d s
h e n ,
is
rn ig h t " b o r n
th e
o f
la te r In d ic
th o u g h t.
T h lei t g a
w o u ld
a b d o m e n
th e
w h ic h
= o th e rh o o d
th e
e n d le s s c y c le s
r e a liz a tio n
re b irth s y m b o liz e d
:
o f b irth ,
b y th e
o f n o n d u a lity ,
c o m b in a tio n
m a le
:g u re la te r - . j
r h e
d i v i n e n a t u r e - t h e
B u d d h is t
a n d H in d u
g o d d e s s a s p e c t i s
-s u p p o rta b le
::b je c t
te rra -c o tta a r t
fro m
p r e - H a r a p p a th e
w o m e n
th e
c :D s e q u e n tly
rn a jo r
id e a s
In d ic r e lig io n s ,
th e ir p ro m in e n c e
In d ic
a n d a rt.
: : a g e r y 2 .7 .
A
L ih g a .
P a k is ta n .
F r c 'J .
M o h e n jo -D a ro ,
H a r a p p e
p e rio d .
S to n e .
o th e r
o b je c ts
r e c o v e r e d fro m
H a r a p p a
a b o u ts
o f
o r ig in a l
W
C a .
h e r e -
th o u g h t.
C I V ] L I Z A T I O
I ] O L N D A T I O N S
N
th c ' H a r : i p p a
s c c n ls
c u l t u r e
r e p r c s c n t a t i o n s
to
th c
e x is t
I n d u s
b u lls . O n
r D a n !
s c a 1 b s ,u l l s c o m
-
(F ig . 2 . 8 ) .
h ig h lv
t h c
O l t c r ,
v e r i c t i c s o l
b o v i n e
T h c s e m r c p r c s e u t th :rt
:.S .
2 r o o - 1 7 J o R . c .
p e r i o d - C r .
H a r l p p a . r . 7
P :rk is ta n
F r o r r l
B u ll.
D
. . ,
l i i g h l r .v e l u c t l
\\.c rc
th a t
iu
h lr 'c
M a lu re
T c r u
c lo u rc s tic e tc d e n i]n :rls
th e
s o n r c
t h c i r
o r v n c r s . T h e b u ll,
h a v c
l
. j " i .
a s s o c i n t cl vc il r h
s y t r b o l i s r r
b o t h
in .rp o rta u c e o fth is ? c r h a p s
s u c h
a , v
r v c r l t h a lriru a j
b c lic fs
s y n b o lis n l
t t o n ,
S r a r s
O v e r
h c l d
tlv o
c o n r -
v i c r v c i v i l i z e t i o n , t l i o , r g h
t h c t x r t
p r c c 1 u . l c
t h c
g r o u p s
c x i s t c n c c t h c
x n r o r g
t h c
d c s i q n s .
s r n , r l x1 v, c r x g i n s l
f . r r ! c e n t i l l l c t c r s
u s c . l
i n t c r ' l r c t r t i o r l
I I o l v c v c r.
: L s d r c
t h c
p c r s o n x l
:L ls o
t h e
s e e l s
r v o u l c l
l i n g L t i s t i c
H a r a p p l
c l c c o c l e c l l a n g r L a g ct . r i q h t k c 1 ' t o
t h i s
o t h e r
p e o p l c s .
p r o v ic lc
s c e l s a r r d
n l a y
a
t h e i r :
h r v c
r r l x r k s o f i c l c n t i l l c l t i o n
t h c i r o l ' n c r s l u i l t i t l c s
h e v e e l a t r o r ; r t c
a s r v c l l l s
o i
l t h c
r t h i c h
i s
p c r h a p s t h e n l o s t
v c r i n q p r o b l c t n
f o r t h c
o r i g i n s
H l r e p p : r c l c v c l o p u r e n t s: L r c
a u t l
t h c r c f o f e
c t i g r n a t i c
p r o \ c
t h c ' n u m
r h i n o c c r o s c s , x n d
E l c p l u n t s .
d is -
o t h c r
a n i n l a l \
r
c r o L L S n o r p h i c
f o r t h
r n o r i f
i s e p r o f i l c
lo r c l i i t c , .
b . . t a lth o u g h
l
' t r n r r r '| . th .t
r u a n y -
' - 1 . . i .
c llir c t
r l ,
L r 1 1 i c o rA l 1k. h o t i q h
h e s o f t c n t h c t h c
I n r l i c
c o n t c r t
i r L c n r i l l c e t i o t r. f o r e
( r l a - i r r i g a ) i sk n o u , t i
i f i t
i r
t h c
o n c - h o n r c t l
c r c e t u r c
l r t c r
r c l : L t rc os t h e I ) r . r v i . l i : i n
r, r - o r r l c s lL l p p o r t t h c
c o n r m
o t t l y
d c p i c t c r l u r
l
t h c
t w o
I N D U S
1 '-
l
L
i i
.
i ,
-
C I V I L I Z A T I C ] N
,
. r
: r o r
:
:
. r c D t l y s h o \ \ [ a c r o s s t h c
s ] r o L r l c l c r st h c
r : : ' , a l z . r o .
c a l r v i t h h o r r c d
a n i r r r a l . f r o n
H r r r p p : r
i r r r h c
b c s rs c lls
M
o h c n j o - D a r o ,
C a . 2 r o o - r 7 J o
J . 7 c n l .
_ lt
t o
p e r i o d .
R . c .
D c l h j .
b c r c s c l v c , : l
: : : r e s c e l sr ,v h i l c h n r l : u r s a r e n o r n r a l l l d c p i c t c c l . .
c v i c l c n t f i o r l t h e
s r n a l l r c c l n r l l cs t a t u c ,
lc a s t in ',n
: r h c
\ ' : l r i o r. r s b o v ir lc ] c l s t d r r c c
: 1 9
o t h c . r
: .
. r , r r '
l
. l
r ' ,
. 1 r c
t h c
. L ?
. : . ' : c n t e d
r y p c
r v i t h
r . , ' r d c s p r e a ta l r, c h i n g
F r o l r M
r t L r r f l l x m
H
: . .
p p r
p e r i o d . , l V
r
C i .
N { o h c n j o J ) l r o , l , r k i s t a n . : J o o
r T j o ,
C IV IIZ A T IO N
F O U N D A T IO N S
h o r n s .
w a te r
p e r h a p s
b u fa lo '
-
th e
il.H "r"p p a
"iiili""tio o
..."lfu "
a
z .rz .
i" 'u titt g . n " r " t i o r r, " o d o n e rh e le s t' f,"n c e .
fre e fro m
,,J irrn 'S i"t u t " * r )
-ih " to l * . r ,
m u d td s c a m e
i"n d irrd u a l
t h e
a r a p p i
o f th e h e r d s ' r " r u l t " n t a b ttn d a n c " " n d ih .
s p e c ific
c o m m u n ic a tiv e
" r r i o t h " i c o n fig u r" tio is
. 6 n r. " , ,
fo ,
d r c
lin g a
m e a n s
a ra p p a " v o k . "
u n ify
-v irtu a lly
m a jo r
r h e
ln d ic
B u id h is m ,- J a in is m ,
f l " r " o p a .i" illt.tio n
H in d u is m .
" lo d io g th e
".o ..lt' u r
'a
c iv iliz a tio n
H a r a p p a
ie c e s a r ily s o u r c e
m ig h t
* i,lt
fro rri.lt6 e -b o d y
r a r h e r
i l " r " o o ,
d o ;w ";d :N e ith e r th a t
is
s o m e o n e
w o u ld
H a r a p p d ,U ",
"s e a t") re fe rs '
" "ffin i,i.,
^ 'ia
th a n
th a t
m ..i?
firs t
iJ 'it
r o r
in d ig e n o u s
p r ' o b " b l y
,ttu -"a
w ith
h im s e lf
e v e r y
a s s o c ia te d w ith
o r u liiu
w ith
a s s o c ia te d
a r a p p a
d iv in J
a rm
th e
M e d ita tio n
e v e n tu a lly ,
s e v e ra l
o .tit*
d ific u lt
r e lig io u s
p e rfo rm in g a
m a y
ritu a l.
th e
is
it
c o n te n t,
tio n s o fiu lls th e
W h ile
c o n te x t
s a m e
th e
" o a T h e re fo re ,
"ri;.1 , ,o u "l *io v -.rrt.
M o h e n jo -D a ro '
F to rn
D e lh i'
l " " " t i " U f "' H " t " p p ,
t
y o g in .
a
le n g th y
p i;"d
a rt' e v o lu tio n
T H E IN D U S C IV IIZ A T IO N
$ o w n
e ith e r h a v in g
h o m s
(in
w h ic h
th e
rig h t
d a is
u p o n w h ic h
a s s o c ia te d w ith
th e
fig u re
la te r
B u d d h is t
r a n k
th e
is c o m p is e d
if
n o t in
p e rs o n
w h o
s its
a c tu a lity ,
M e s o p o t a m itah , e w e a r i n g o f a h o r n e d h e a d -
t h a t
t h e
" b u l l - m
e le m e n ts
th is
a n "
r h e
fa m o u s
s e a l
a c c o m
p a n y in g
re la te
m a n y
c o n c e p ts fo u n d in c lu d in g In d u s
c u ltu re
trip a rtite
fo rm
h o r n e d
s e e n
h e re
c r e a t u r e sc cl el ea a r l ry l v
s r e a tr g
o f
In d ic
p r e - H a r a p c o n te x ts lik e th e
r o c k
p a in tin g s , w h ic h w e s te m
$ 'h ile
n o t o r
c
ffc u lt p rt
t o
A s ia tic
to
ia te d w ith
, r : e l a t e d
fo u n d o n ly
c o n ta c ts . T h u s .
th e
H a r a p p a b e
m o s t
d is c u s s e d th is
s m a ll
o v e rs tre s s
in fe r
la r e r
th e
in d iv id u a l s c u lp tu re s
n e c e s s a r ily
fro m
th e m
a n
in d e b te d n c s s
o n e c u l t u r e t o t h e o t h e r.
th is
th e
,
llin d u
th e
p e r h a p s a n fo rm
b u ll, th e
S iva
is
s r r o n g l y
e a r l y
o fy o g a
w h ic h
a
h u m a n
c e rta in ,
p ro b a b ly
h o rn e d h e a d d re s s
= :g ro u s a
:
p ro to ty p e
a d d itio n ,
w h ile
rs ith
th e
In d u s
trle a n s
th e
riL
< ln c e P t
In d ic
b e in v o lv e d in
ln t,
y o g ic p r a c tic e s .
a
w h ile
b e e n r e l a t e d t o
0 :.6
h e is L o rd
ro e c fic
o f B e a s ts .
A n o th e r
fo r
lw -.e
a rg u m e n ts
fo r re la rin g
th e
s e a l to
a
s im ila r
h e a d d r se ts as n d i n g r l i [ l p . d i ' * ( F i g . "
z . r 3 ) .
a n d r d s , H o w e v e r, a c t e r i s t i c s
,= l
w h ile
th e
m e a n in g
tre e
th is m a y
rle s e 'r s h e n z i$
rh e
In d ic th e
s u iu d o n
ri? .ie , r
:n ro u g h -
k n o w n
in
S a iv is m
o th e r
In d ic
= - - .
w h e re in
fe w
id e n ti4 a b le
H a r a p p a s e a ls . h s '
;
p la n t
F O U N D A T IO N S
O F
IN D IC
C IV IIZ A T IO N
I
...ln I
F r o m M o h e n j o - D a ?r oa ,k i s r a n .
P a k i s t a iM. a t u r e H a r a p p e S ,rr;
P r e s e nwt h e r c a b o u t s
trE t !tr-
W
,
lre n a p p e a r s
th c
h e a d d r e s s b u t
w ith o u t
s a m e
F i g u r e z . r z . tw o k n e e lin g
th e
e ith e r
fig u r e
s id e , b o th
s c rp e n tsris in g
u p
k n e e lin g a r e
w h o m
fio m th e
H e
,a tir-l
fig u r e s , o n e b a c k e d
g ro u n d
I
b y
lik e c o b r a s
t:tE a
th e id e n tity
tre e
p e r h a p s
tra n s fe rra l.
a
c h in d
th e
w h ic h
m e a n s
d c ity -b y
k n e e lin g
a ,"c
fig u re
tll
b u ll's
th e
a s s o c ia tio n fo r
p r e s e n c e b u lls
( a s d o
th e
h o r n e d
tin u e d
o fs ta n d in g o f
t h e
m u s t
r e lig io u s
re in fo rc e s
d r e s s e s )
s e a l m a y a ls o
fro m
a lth o u g h
th is
th e
th e
d e v o te e
s e e k s
w ith
u n ific a tio n
a
e a rly
s p e c ific
c la tc
h a v e
c o n -
to
m c a n i n g sm i g h t
c h r n g c d .
e l a b o r a t e h e a d d r e s s e Isf . i d c n t i t y t r a n s f e r r a l , b y w h ic h
p o s s ib ilitie s d e p ic ts a n
a n th ro -
w h ic h
p o m o r p h
d i v i n e e s s e n c c . tio n
w o u ld
in d ic a te
v e r y
h o m e d
e s s e n tia ily
z o o m o r p h
tig c r
w ith
b e tw e e n
la te r
i:t''|!
In d ic th in k in g .
s tro n g ly
re la te s to a
th e
fa c t,
th is c o n c c P t
p h ilo s o p h ic a l te x ts
k n o w n
s o a r m s
th in k in g a s
th e
ra th e r lo w c r
th a n lik e h a lf
o f
th e
th e
le g s o f
b o d y , in c lu d in g th e th e
c lo v e n
h e a d , a ll
a p p e a r to
m ig h t its
A la tc r
Itrd ic
c o n c e p ts
in te rp re te d a s
a n
a tta c k
th e
T H X
th e
w h ic h
b u ll- m a n
s in c e fto m th is
th e
th e
m o tif a s fo u n d
in te rp re ta tio n is
X n lid u
p re c is e
a tta c k s
fo rm
rN D U S C I!r'T L T Z A T IO N
a
d iffe rs
in M e s o p o ta m ia n a rt,
u n v e r ifie d . F u r t l e r,
b re a s tis
w o u ld E n k id u s id e , w a s
a lo n g
w ith
th e
tw o
c o m p o s ite
u n d o u b te d ly
n ic a te
o u ts id e
th e
n o rm a l
e v e r y d a y e x p e rie n c e , th o u g h its s till
s c o p e
s e a ls
o th e r
m e a n in g
fu rth e r
H a ra p p a
d e m o n s tra te
iio r io g r a p h y . in
fo rm
(F ig .
p a tte m .
a re
a ls o
c e n t e r,
S o u ld e rs ,
th a t
lik e
la te r
fo rm s .
In d ic
u s e d
s o c ia te d
w ith its
tig e rs '
a rc h ite c tu re .
-s y iib o fc o h -
th e
ir
A r y a n
p e o p le s u s u a lly
p o s t - H a r a p p a tim e s
a p p e a ra n c e in a
r h e p r e s u m e d d a t e a n c ie n t
D e lh i.
ra d ia te
th e
a rt
T h e
b y
C a .
N a tio n a l
in te n ? e d
fo rm s
w h ic h
c m ?
s e a l w ith
fo rm e d
n o te w o rth y , s in c e
m o r J y
in to
in
fo u n d
p e rio d .
2 r o o - r 7 s o
a
w a s th is
F tte m s
M o h e n jo -D a ro ,
c ir c u la r
M u s e u m . N e w
in io
a
a
2 .1 6 ), ;ih
tlie
is e lf
o f
e n ig m a tic .
c o m p le x itie s
of
a n im a ls ,
c a re firlly s e le c te d to c o m m u -
a s -
S o u r h
c o n te x t p rio r
in te r lin k e d tig e rs .
F ro m
M o h e n jo -
o fth e
In d ia
m a y
b o r r o w e d
th e
A r y a n s
p ro b a b ly ,
fro m
th a t
D e lh i.
c o n -
a c ts p a .u s c o m m e n c e d m u c h
rb a t
ln d o -A ry a n s
g n p u la tin g th e
e a rlie r
w e re
In d u s
th a n th e
a m o n g
th e
p la u s ib le
s o m e
F la ra p p a s e a ls
a n d
w ritte n
In d u s
c iv iliz a tio n
th e a r t
v e d fic a tio n
t h e th e
p e o p le
c iv iliz a tio n .
R e g a rd le s s o f
b e tw e e n
d e rn is e
c o n r i n u i t y la te r
lrrd ic
2 .r7 ,
i rc la tiv e c h r o n o lo g ic a l
S e a l w ith
s l'a s tik a d e s ig n .
F ro m
M o h e n jo -D a ro , B .c .
p o s itio n
th e
o b je c ts ,
C IV IIZ A T T O N
p e o p le
w e re
c o n c e m e d
w ith
id e a s
th a t
L " u o r r d " u . r v d " v
v a ria tjo n s .. th o u e h t.
in d ic
, e m " r k " b i .
tiit
i.q r..
th "y
W h ile
th iy
"."
s e a ls , (F ig .
th e
z .r5 ),
H a r a p p e
P o r r r R Y
d e s ig n sr a n q e fro ri
fro m t i p r e s e n t a t i o o at hl . e
m o tifs
"b rtr"-.t
--o tif th .
,p p "..o tly
F o rit e rs is ts '
u t"d
fro *
u o l!.t;o -O ".o ,
re s u rfa c e s
s y m b o lic a lly .
E c l r p s E
ltr i:
r H
E
I N
D
U
s
C
t v r t l z , t t l o t t
fi" y s a y
fo r
w h a t
c e rta in
c a u s e d
M o s t :
s c v e ra l
f,ow
fa c to rs ,
in c lu d in g
c u ltu ra l e v o lu tio n ,
ilr \ln
'W
n a tu ra l
p ro b a b ly ,
s o c ie ty
s ite s s e e m
to
p ro c e s s o f
e lG c t
c o m b in e d th e
c ,:o
th e
O th e r
th e
its
o u tla s te d
h ile
S .h o l"rr h ",r"
th e b rly
th e
r o h e r e . r
rn d
n o rth w e s t o c -
H a r a p p a
o f th e
w h e th e r
s e e m s to
th e
ic . th e
& fo re s ta tio n
r. x G c l O
s o u tle m
re g io n s
lo w e r
re g io n
ln d u s
d e m is e o f
th e
th e y
H a r a o o a
m a d e
n
;rc le d r r,
d im a tic
c h in g e s
w h e th e r
d id
v i o l e n c e . z 5 R a t h e r,
th e y
itis
b e lie v e d
r:s io c h a n g e s
a r e s till
h ig h ly
M o h e n j o - D a r o , flo o d in g p e e n n ia l
p e rio do fs e v e ra l
a rg u a b le a p p a re n tly h a d is
p ro b le m ;
lik e ly
th a t
s e v e re in u n d a tio n s s ra d u a l o lo g ic a l
e v id e n c e
re v e a ls
fro m
fre q u e n t
th e
& c lin e
in
a
s h o d d ie r
a
lin g u is tic
th e
h e ra ld e d
in v o lv e d
g ro u p s
th a t m a y
in
A rc h a e -
la s t
M o h e n jo -D a ro tim e ,
fo o d in g .
r e p a i r e d r e b u ilt
s ite .
th a t
in h a b ita n ts
g e n e ra tio n s s rf,e re d
th e
a b a n d o n m e n t
b e e n
m a n n e r,
th e
o f m u c h o f s u b s e q u e n t
d w e llin g s
s u g g e s tin g its e lfin
a
w h a t
In d ic
c iv iliz a tio n .
rrR lt,f
u a A a ta € ? te ,t rta a m a a a rg fr? n rtta a a k
i I N
n o t
c o m e
D
o - A
in to
R
Y
A
s o m e
N
s
o b je c ts
c o n c lu d e d
th a t
a r c h a e o lo g ic a l e x c a v a tio n s s h o u ld b ro a d
lim its ,
th e
ig ra n ts s u c c e s s iv e
W h ile
a
G w
p e c te d fro m
to
th is
p e rio d .
re m e m b e r
c h a ra c te r-
p ro b a b ly ,
It{o re
th a t
b e fo re
th e
a c c id e n ta l
th e th e s e
p e o p le
e v id e n c e te c tu ra l
m a y
o f
id e n tifie d ,
is
a rt
th e
q u a lity
th a t
T h u s , th e
g a p
s u rv iv in g
fro m
in
a c c o u tre m e n ts w o u ld
s e e n in
d is c o v e re d
s u g g e s te d
little
c iv ic p la n n in g , e n d u rin g a rc h i-
s tru c tu re s
c o m p le x ity
v e ry
e x is te n c e
th a t
th e ii
lin k e d
th e
th o u g h
th e
c o n trib u tio n
th e ir
a p p a re n tly
lite ra tu re
m o s t
im p o rta n t
h r d ic
c iv iliz a tio n .
th e
In d o -A ry a n s
b e c a m e
e n d u rin g
o n e
in fu e n c e s
th e
T I{E
V E D IC
A N D U P A N IT A D IC
P T R IO D S
im p o rta n c e a s
id e n tific a tio n
a n
in tru s iv e
s u b c o n tin e n t. fo r
In d ic
c o m p o s itio n a n d
th e
e le m e n t
a re
th e v
in
s h o rt, th e
c re d ite d
p e rp e tu a tio n o f
H a ra p p a n s .a
o n e
iite ra tu re .
o o e tic
in
h v m n s
th e
S a n s k rit
tw o s o c io lo g ic a l
th e
in fo rm a tio n
im p o rta n t\
rb o
c o n flu e n c e .T h e s e
p e o p le fo r
s e p a ra te p rim e v a l
o u r
m a n y t-h e
re lig io u s
p e rv a d e
th a t
la te r
A s ia n a rt. in
o r ig in , r e -
c o m p le te ,
ra le d u n d iffe re n tia te d
fn o v /in d , c h a rg e d
th is
w ith tra n s m ittin g
th e
q rp o s itio n ,
a c c e s sto
re a d in g th e
re c ite d h a s o f
p e o p le
b e lie l
h a v e
w h ic h
p e s e n te d
fo rn ,
n d ic a te s n o r
in
a
b y
s h g le
In d ra
th e
te x ts
c o m p ile d
w e re
r e r e
fo r
m a n y
fin a liz e d
g e n e ra tio n s
u lrim a te ly
a ll
tra n s -
b e fo re
g iv e n
re p e a te d s tru g g le s
c le a r\
a n d
o r a lly
o f
th e
o m .p o s e d n in e d
c e rta in
c o m p le te
a n a ly s is
th e y
d a y ,
s p ite th a t
b irth
h e a rin g
H in d u
im p lie s
th a t a
p re s e n t
o r
s e c o n d
p re -
p a s s e d fro m
th e
V e d a s
th is
re m a in e d re s tric te d
th e
' f r. n g i n g
b e e n
g e n e ra tio n u n til
g e a e ra tio n
& c m
V e d a s
A
d iv in e g ift
s e le c te d . O n
r
th is
u n iry .
th e y
w ritte n
m e n a c e to o r d e r e d w o r l d . " ?T h is
6 r m . ir o {
q u ite
th e
p ro b le m a tic . A s
a
th e t h e '
p o io d V e d a
u u a lly
a c c e p te d
a s
th e o ld e s t
o f th e
6 u r. th e
V e d a s
t i c , s u c h a s i g n o r a n c eb , u t w h o i s
v a n q u is h e d
T h u s ,o n e o f th e e s s e n tia l
l a d o - A r y a n s in to
d e v a s a rtd
n m e to o k ric to rie s
p la c e a
d e v o id
o n
In d ia n
p e o p le
rite s ,
e x a m p le ,
c a lle d
th e
a d d ic te d
s tra n g e is
a
F O U N D A T IO N S O F IN D IC C N IIIZ A T IO N
th e tin e n t d u rin g
h a v e
w h ic h
th is
little
p e rio d ,
th e
V e d a s
s u b c o n s e t fo rth
th e
in
re g io n s
th e
th e ir
p rio r
is
n o t
u n d e r -
m a te ria ls .T h ro u g h
f i r e( A g n i ) ,
th e s a c rific e
a n a ly s is ,
t h o u g h t w i t h o u t
th e
v e lo p e d
te m p le a rc h ite c tu re ,
e lig io u s
p rg v a le n t in In d ic
d u
c e n tu rie s
tru e
a n d th u s
fo r
p re s e n t
a
p rtja ,
"th irty -
p a n th e o n
t h r. " " s
o ffe rin g
o f fo o d s ,
w a te r, a n d
a r e k n o w n
c e re m o n ie s th e
fo r
a g r o u p
g o d s
p rim a rily
p e rity .
T h e re fo re ,
V e d ic
w o rs h ip
a n d
m e rc e n a ry ra th e r e m o h a s is
th a n m " t e i " l
a
w o rld
lo g ic a l
o n
e x te n s io n
th e
o ft h e
th e c e re m o n ie s .
a fte r a ll, a
w o rld
m u s rh a v e w in
t h u n d e r, s u n , { i r e ,
th e
m o o n ,
th e
in d ,
p la c e
g o d s '
e G
in
E v r n r N c r :
th e A s tik d s , a c c e p te d th e y m u c h
s e rv e d th e p tie s tly
b n h n a n s
e n ta ile d . th e
th o u g h t
a ll
th e
T h e
th e fo u n d
w a y
fo r
B u d d h is m ,
s c h o o ls th a t
re je c te d
U P A N IIA D IC P E R IO D S
d iv e rg e n t
fto m a n tith e
d a rJ c te riz e d
o f
n o n -V e d ic , In d ic
fa b ric
r e lig io u s
th e
w h ic h
th e u n iv e rs e ,
v a rio u s
c re a tio n s
6 o u g h t, th e
a u th o rity
th e
h ic h q u e s tio n e d
h e te ro d o x y ,
fa c t
th e
s p ite
th a t
o r d i s r e g a r d e d
V e d ic a
firs t
o fth e o f
h e ra ld e d
in
d u rin g
th e
a rt,"
a n
i d e n t i c a l m e a n i n g i si m p l i e d .
th o u g h t,
v e r y
o n e n e s s w ith
im p o rta n t
m o re , e c lip s e
th o u
th e
U n iv e r s a l-
a n
c e n tu rie s
c a rly
m ille ru riu m
te x ts , th e
te x ts
re a c tio n a g a in s t
re p le s e n t
th e
s a c r ilic ia l
is
r e lig io n p rie s t
le c tu a liz e d .
s p e c u la tiv e id e a s
p h ilo s o p h ic a l,
e m p h a s iz e
g ro u p .
is
q u e s tio n s .
th a t w e r e
th a t
lik e ly
o fte n
g e s tin g
p u rs u e dth ro u g h y o g a p ra c tic e s , a o
m a n y
s p e c u la teo n
p e rh a p s
fo rm u la te d ,
th e
o th e rs m a y
re fle c t
p e o p le
a l t e r n a t i v ev ie w s
liv in g
d iffe re n tia te d
E rl
th e
s e e m s
th e
c u ltu re .
E v e n tu a lly ,
U p a n is a d s ,
p o rtio n
w e re
a
re tu rn
th e
u n d iffe re n tia te d .
d o m in a te d
V a lle y , V e d ic
G a n g e tic
f o r m )a n d
th e
in
la te r
H in d u is m ,
th e
w o r ld . T h is c o n c e p t
th e
th e
s p a rtic u la rlyth a t o f
a n ti-B ra h m a n ic a l
d e s p ite th e ir
fo u n ta in h e a d fo r
T b i s s u g g e s t i os ne e m
n o n -V e d i c ,
d tm a ne q ta tio n -a n d
th a t
is , h e te ro d o x , th in k in g
A s
in p re s e n t
u n ifie d ,
c o h e s iv e
v ie w ,
re p re s e n t s e v e ra l c e n tu rie s
o f p h ilo s o p h ic a l s p e c u la tio n .
O n e is
r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n
th e
in d iv id u a l
o f
th e
la te r
In d ic
b e in g
e x p la in e d in th e c o m o re h e n s iv e .
fa m o u s
o fte n
B 1 h a d a r c n y a k a h e
: tv a w th e
a tm a fl a ftd
T a t
a s i.ln U n iv e rs a l
*T h e
w ith
a tm a n ,
w ith
w h o
h a s d o n e
g o o d
is
e v il,
fin ite
s u b je c t
b o m a g a in
is
a s
a n
lle
e v il
m o r e 'r n
s a h s a ru , o fte n tra n s la re d a s
b u t
tra n s m ig ra tio n ,
m o r e
r e u i b u t i o r r,
m ig h t
th e
c o rre c tly
ta k e ,
a
r c c o m p e n s e in te rm in e s
tra n s la te d
fu tu re
fo rm
in
a n
th e
a c tio n s
Irr
a c c o u n t
in
th is
R e i n t e g r a t i o nw i t h
th o u g h t
B u d d h is t
in
U p a n ig a d ic
th e
p e fiic n lr ', th is
a n d th e
te rm
in d iv id u a l
In d ic
m a y a u n d e r-
U n iv e rs a l.
th o u g h t, a rt,
n o t
n e c e s s a r ily
p u n is h e d
a n d
fro m is
fro m
th e
life , w h e th e r o rth o d o x
U p a n ig a d ic tim e s
th e
d o m in a te d
s h a re d in to
fo r
a n d th o u g h ts
h u m a n s -w h e th e r
re s tric te d
im p r o v in g
k o rm e
w h ic h
b e in g -a
in d iv id u a l
th a n
a s
in
life .
A ll
w ill
b e in g
im p o rta n t
a c tio n
th e
e s p e c ia lly
c y c le
th e re b y
k n o w ,
p o s itio n
e n d le s s liv a .
to
th e
a n d
u n ifie d w ith ,
p h ilo s o p h e rs .
re fe rrin g
in d iv id u a l
d e s ire
s a th s tu a . T h e b e c o m e
e x is te n c e s
g o a l
o f
o n w a rd ,
a n d
u n ity
re le a s e
re a lm
c o n c e m a m o n g
th e
s e e m in g ly d is p a ra te
h r d i c r e l i g i o n s i s t h e t h e m e o f e x t i n c t i ot hn r o u g h
s y s te m
re in te q ra tio n . a m o n g
u p o n e a c h b e in g .
th ru s t
:
T h ro u g h in d iv id u a l w o u ld
e q u a tio n ,
O
a d d itio n tio n s ,
r H
th e
r n
c e a s e
In d ic
r e lig io n s
la rg e
c o n s is t to a
d e g re eo fth e d iffe re n t m e th o d s a n d id e a sa p p lie d
to
L r r r n a n v
a n d
e d ic
6 tm ft,
th e
th e
U p a n i;a d ic tra d i-
w h ic h p ro v id e
th e
p ro g e n ito r a b o u t
rJ o o
to
is s u e d
th e
in u n d a tio n
s o la r
h u m a n
a n d
ra c e .l8
F ro m
M a n u
lu n a r
w o r k s th e e a rly
lu m in a te a s p e c tso f
th e
h is to ry . a n d
th e
p e rio d s
t'i;v o
in m a n y
c e n tu rie s a r 'e
re c o rd .
d o c u m e n ts th a t th e
h is to ry te x ts . A s
fo rm s
a fte rth e
b e in g
p ro v id e in s ig h t
In d ic
m a y
e v e n ts
im p o rta n t
h is -
h e re
in to th e a s
w o rld
th e y
o th e r
e a rly
u n til
th e
l a t e r.
A lth o u g h
H in d u
g o d s ,
h is to ric ity
th e
in fo rm a tio n
or
fifth
m a y
c e n tu ry
th e
p e o p le s .
a .o .
p ro v id e w o rld , re c o rd
id c lu d in g a
th e
c a ta s tro p h ic a lo n e
re fe c t
r e lig io u s
M a h a b h a rc ta
In d ic
in re rp re ta -
tio n
a re r e c o rd e d .
fo u rth
th e
w h e th e r h is to ric a l s o u r c e s o f ic o n o -
lite ra ry g ra p h ic
fo rm s
fo o d
b e
P u ra 4 a s .
la te r b e c a m e
s o m e
h is to ry
th e
w e re
in
e v e n ts a s th e y
th e
in
g iv e n
P u ra lra s
th a t
c o n s id e re d
s o m e tim e s d ifiic u lt th e
g e n e a lo g ie s a r e
m a jo r
th e fin a liz e d
e a rly
o fIn d ic
w a s
th e
R a m a y a tla
a ls o
E
T IP A N IS ,A D IC
V E D IC
a n u m b e r o f
"
d iffe re n t p le te
re c e n s io n s ,
-re b y b e c a m e
th e
P T R IO D S
p ic tu re
R a n ta y o lta th e
c a s e
th e
s tu d y in g
w h e n
V e d ic
m a te ria ls . a
U n iv e rs a l
m o r e
b a la n c e d v ie w r e c o r d
h is to ry
th e
fro m
n o n - l n d o - A r y a n ,
fl4 y 4
th is
rm d e r:;iv id u a l
fo rm s
re g a rd
th e
:c io d o x :o rv a rd , u .:
h a v e
g o d s .)
b e e n
p ro v id e
S ita
a r-s
b y
th e
a ls o s e e m
It
is
th e
im p o rta n t ic o n o g r a p h ic
i n t e r p r e t a t i o no f
H in d u
a rt.
d ific u lt m e rg e d
tra d itio n s
c o n flic tin g
w h a t
in to
la te r
B o th H r n d
fo r
in fo rm a tio n
o fte n
a r t .
b u t
M a h a b h a ra taa re tJ re re fo re th e
e a rly
th e
im p o rta n t
th e
th e y fo rm
to g e th e r
s lo m e ra te k n o w n
b a s is o f th e
c o n -
a s H in d u is m .
In d ic
p e rio d s o f
trIC
th e
lX E u
p e rio d
In d ic D .'E €
th e V e d ic
io n -A ry *t,
:e le a s e
E
o fte n p la c e
P u re {ra s
th e
o th e r
io ry
t
th a t-
te x ts .
fro m
d e v e lo p m e n ts T h e re fo rc ,
th e
d u rin g th is te x ts
m a y
p ro v id e w h o s e
v e rifie d
h is to ric iry
s o u rc e s
w ith
b e lo n g
th e
-8 5 -
(c a .
w a y
le a d e rs k n o w n
w ith
th e
h is to ry
o f
th is
p e rio d
to
( c a .
5 6 3 - 4 8 3 l.c .)
r. c . ) , p o litic a l
d e a lin g
im p o rta n t
tw o
5 4 o - 4 6 8
"p e rfe c te d b e in g s "
th a t S in c e b o th
th e
re g io n
liv in g
w ith in
th e
s o c ie ty ,
in c lu d in g
th is e ith e r
a
fe w
is
-o s t
v a lle y
le a m ,
c o -p le te
e c o n o m ic s tim u lu s
in
s p h e re s
th e
s u b c o n tin e n t.
fo r f r o m
H o w e v e r,
th e re
c o n s id e r a b le
fo r
p e rio d w e r e
c o m p ile d u s
G a n g e tic
c o n c o r d a n c e
w ith
c o n t a c t
F O U N D A T IO N S O F IN D ICC IV IIZ A T IO N
p o rtio n s la n d s
n o rth w e s t
th e
in
th e
s ix th
re g io n s .c .
c e n tu ry
In d ic
th e
fro m
m a tte r
m a y
b e c o m e
p u re
w h o s in c e th e y
ris e
th e
k in g -
M a g a d h a
o f
V e d a s . B o th
e c o n o m
ic w h ic h
fo r A
th e
w a s
re g io n
w ith
ric h
iro n
a n d
V e d ic
M a g a d h a ,
th e
in c lu d in g ro u te )
th a t
fa m o u s
lin k e d
u tta rc p a th a
re g io n
th e
d e v e lo p .
w e s te m
w ith
T h e G a n g e s M a g a d h a
w ith
(a h itu s a )
n o n io le n c e
c o p p e r,
n e tw o rk
(n o rth e rn
th e
n o rth
o th e r
re g io n s
h rd ic
o th e r
in d iv id u a ls , b o th
fro m
the
h is to ric a l
tw o
r e lig io n s
a r e
e a s t.T h e m a jo r
fo r
In d ia
m a n y
M a u ry a
th e
a n d
e c o n o m ic
p o litic a l c e n te r
in
th e
M a g a d h a
a n c ie n t
p a rtic u la rly d u rin g
c e n tu rie s ,
p e rio d
o f
th ird
c e n tu ry
d o m in a te d
s e r v e
B .c .
th e
o r h is to ric a l
fo re m o s t a re
th is
M a h a v u a (E n -
[C la n ]) O n e ),
a s
in
k 5 a ttiy a
M a g a d h a ,
th e
W h ile
r e lig io n s ,
th e
tw e n ty -fo u rth
is
in
th e
a s th e
e m u la te d . B u d d h is m
fe a tu re s , e a c h
h a s
a re
th e ir
a c c e p te d
a
e a rly
a
c o u lc ils ,l4
w h ic h
lir ,e
th re e
w e re
id e a s
in in
p re -V e d ic
tim e s . a n d
I
w e r e
B u d d h is t
a tte m p ts
m a jo r
u n iry
d e s c rib e d a s
d iv is io n s :
tru ly
in to m a y
b o th
s e rie s o f fo u r
g e n e r a l, B u d d h is m
re fe c t
c o m m o n
h is to ry . T a in js m
o fte n
v a ria n t fo rm s
th e
d is tin c t
a
m a n y
o f
'fh e (b u d d h a s ).
o rig in a te d
s h a re
fo u rth
tra d itio n )
ra th e r
re li-
p ro v id e
h a v in g d h is ts
r e p r e s e n t p e rs o n ific a tio n s
(w a rrio r-
fo u n d e d M a h a v ira
p u r p o s e s . F o r e x a m p le ,
h e a rtla n d
th e y
b e lie v e d
m is ta k e n ly re s p e c tiv e
b o rn
th o u g h t.
U p a n ig a d ic
J a iru
b o th
fa m ilie s in
c a s te )
o fte n
A lth o u g h
m u n i lig h te n e d
v a d e ty
s u b -
c o n u n e r u .
p e rio d
th e y
a
in
th e s e
B u d d h is m
th re e
" H in a y d n a "
b r o a d
u s u a lly
im p o rta n t
m a n y
tF o g 'r
& r i
g r o u p e d
t c p
c a te s o rie s . T h e te rm
p a r t i c u l a r, o r i d
n u m b e r
s trik in g
r e G r
a
r y p e s
re fe c t
B u d d h is m
in te lle c tu a l m ilie u
h a v e
th e
w h ic h
th e y
M a h a y a n is ts a n d h a s c o u ro ta tio n s . T h e s e
fo u ris h e d .
th e
M a h a v ira
M a h a v ira
I
fo rm s
p e jo ra tiv e
B u d d h is m
- d G r e t
liv e s
w ill
r l n m
re la tio n
j)
i
a t\d
m a y a ,
a re
c e n tra l
B u d d h is t
J a in
a tte n tio n w ill J a in
c a n
fio m re a c h e d o w n
w h e n
th e
IJ n iv e rs a l
s im ila r
in d iv id u a l
n a tu re .
a lth o u g h
fu lly J a in s
th e fre e
J a in s th e
r e a liz e s a ls o
in d iv id u a l
fo r
g iv e n it
w a s
o n ly
th e
n a m e
m o r e
b e m o s p h e re ,
h is
s e e k
d e fin e
a rt,
.."otr
a
th e ir
r e lig io n in te rn a tio n a ls c o p e , w h ic h
re m a in e d
in
c o n frre d
im p o rta n t
c o n tra s t th e
In d ic
J a in is m , re s io n .
c ir lls r
in
th e
in v e rte d
d
T IIE
lim ite d d u rin g
tim e s
U p a n is a d ic
th u s
fa r
te x tu a l
fo r
th is
th e o rie s ,
th a t th e w a re re p re s e n ts
a
H o w -
p e rio d
p r e s e r v e d
A N D U P A N IIA D IC P E R IO D S
s o c ie ty
in fo rm a tio n
V e d ic
V E D IC
th a t
i n
o f
th e
a p p a re n tly d is tin c t p a r a lle l c u ltu re s th is
d u rin g
e x is tin g
in
a n c ie n t In d ia
p e rio d
a p p ro x im a te
u n c l e a r, r o f
'W
p o tte ry k n o w n
a
a r e ,
in
th e
n o rth e rn
p o tte ry
a n c ie n t
w h ic h
V e d ic
fu lle s t fr u itio n
in
M a g a d h a in P a in te d
G re y
a re
W a r e
o fte n
e x tre m e ly
tin c tiv e ly
b la c k -a n d -re d
re in fo rc in g th e b e a r
d e s ig n s
r s - c r o s s
m a y tim e
th is
s im p lific a tio n s c a rrie d
f a m i l i a r,
w id e r
o o m e ff.
o c c u r r e d
th e
a
b la c k -a n d -re d
w a re
th a t
a n d d is trib u tio n
g e o g ra p h ic
v ie w
h a s a
d u rin g
s p e c ific
m e a m n g s .
c a lly
th e re b y
b r o w n
b la c k
p a in te d
w a re a re a ,
N o rth e rn
m u c h w a r e
le n g th ie r
s e e m s to
h is to ry , fo r fo u n d is
fo u n d
a s
e a rly
a s
th e
H a r a p p a
w id e ly ,
th ro u g h o u t a n d
o v e r la y in g
b o th
th e
b e e n fo u n d v ir tu a lly
b la c k s ilv e ry
th is
ty p e
th e
n a m e
p r o d u c e d
c ia lly is
in
im p ly .
d u r i n gfirin g
th e
in v e rte d
m ig h t
Its a n
G r e y
fin is h
W a r e
a re a s . T h is d e lu x e q u a lity .
b lu e
p o tte ry ,
Its
lu s tro u s
(s o m e tim e s ra n g in g
b ro w n ,
p o tte ry
( f r o m
p a i n t i n g . a s
P a in te d
b la c k -a n d -re d w a re
ra m ic h a s
e a rlie r
c o lo ra tio n w a s o r y g e n - r e d u c e d
in te rio r
d u rin g
firin g . th e
P a in te d G .e y
iv "t.
th e
b la c k -a n d -re d
