Filtration of water.

C@LTVAT@HG HC [ATEV Fy2 Dr' Thoas U' Kag`rhg Br

C@LTVAT@HG HC [ATEV 

C`ltrat`hg `s used `g add`t`hg th rekular ihakulat`hg agd sedòegtat`hg chr reohval hc shl`ds crho surcaie water hr wastewater' Tm`s prepares tme water chr c hr use as phtafle, fh`ler, fh`ler , hr ihhl`gk oane/up' [astewater c`ltrat`hg melps users oeet ohre str`gkegt eccluegt d`simarke pero`t requ`reoegts' requ`reoe gts'




C`ltrat`hg, usually ihgs`dered a sòple oeimagìal prhiess, aitually `gvhlves tme oeimag`sos hc adshrpt`hg -pmysìal agd imeoìal), stra`g`gk, sedòegtat`hg, `gteriept`hg, d`ccus`hg, agd `gertàl ihopait`hg' C`ltrat`hg dhes ght reohve d`sshlved shl`ds, fut oay fe used thketmer w`tm a shcteg`gk prhiess, wmìm dhes reduie tme ihgiegtrat`hg hc d`sshlved shl`ds' Chr exaople, agtmrai`te c`ltrat`hg `s used th reohve res`dual prei`p`tated mardgess salts reoa`g`gk acter ilar`cìat`hg `g prei`p`tat`hg shcteg`gk'


@g ohst water ilar`cìat`hg hr shcteg`gk prhiesses wmere ihakulat`hg ih akulat`hg agd prei`p`ta prei` p`ta hiiur, at least a phrt`hg hc tme ilar`cèd wa c`ltered' Ilar`cèr eccluegts hc 6/1: GTU o fe òprhved th :'1/1': GTU fy ihgvegt`h sagd c`ltrat`hg' C`ltrat`hg egsures aiieptafl aiieptaf suspegded shl`ds ihgiegtrat`hgs `g tme c`g` water eveg wmeg upsets hiiur `g tme

VAZ@D YAGD C@LTEV 

A &slhw sagd c`lter& `s 1 th 1'5 oeters tmìn tmì Tme c`ltrat`hg ihoes crho sagd partìles tm are afhut :'95 oo `g dàoeter agd ca`rly ug`chro' Tme shl`ds `g tme water ihlleit oh hg thp hc tme c`lter agd are siraped away at `gtervals hc 1 th 3 ohgtms' At tm`s tòe tme sagd `s ileaged fy v`khrhus clusm`gk w`tm water clhw`gk upward'




Tm`s type hc c`lter `s phpular `g Eurhpe feiause a prev`hus step chr ihakulat`hg iag fe ho`tted' Ce suim c`lters mave feeg used `g tme U'Y' feiause tm t water shuries tegd th mave c`ge ilay tmat pegetra agd ilhks tmeo'

Yagd adshrfs hrkagì ihophugds hg wmìm oìrhhrkag`sos iag ceed' Tme m`kmest gutrègt ihgiegtrat`hg `s r`kmt hg tme sagd kragules, sh tm wmere tme hrkag`sos krhw' Oìrhfàl krhwtm ilh




Thh ouim mead lhss `s tme s`kgal tmat ileag `s requ`red' Imlhr`gat`hg n`lls tme oìrhhrkag`sos agd neeps tme c`lter kh`gk lhgker' A &rap`d sagd c`lter& `s less deep> malc a oe th hge oeter `s a typìal tmìngess' Tòe u ileag`gk `s a oatter hc mhurs, ght days' Yo partìles whuld whul d pass tmhukm, sh ihakulat`h ihakul at`h pr`hr th c`ltrat`hg c`ltrat` hg `s oagdathry'

VAZ@D YAGD C@LTEV


C`ltrat`hg dhes ght always perchro sat`scaithr`ly Tmere `s a ir`s`s `g tme U'Y' feiause hc hutfreans kàrdas`s agd irypthsphrhs`s' Tme chroer `s phpu ialled &feaver cever& agd reseofles a really fad hc `gtest`gal clu' Tme latter `s ialled &irypth& chr agd `s ouim ohre hcteg deadly' Tme sphres tmat i irypth are ca`rly larke agd smhuld ght fe d`ccìult d`ccìul reohve fy c`ltrat`hg, fut shoe i`tès mave egihugtered per`hds wmeg tme`r water supplès a


Tme ihakulat`hg step iag fe hperated phhrly th ` tme sufsequegt c`ltrat`hg step' [meg ihakulat`hg depegds hg estafl`sm`gk `gshluf`l`ty, prei`p`tates chro' Mhwever, prei`p`tat`hg `s ght `gstagtagehu agd rates depegd hg ava`lafle surcaie hg wmìm t dephs`t' Yeed irystals iag fe added hg wmìm tme prei`p`tate krhws, hr gatural supersaturat`hg iag tme prei`pàt`hg prhiess' Tme prhfleo steos crho prhv`d`gk succìègt tòe chr ihoplete prei`p`tat


@c tme water crho tme ihakulat`hg step khes quìnly th tme c`ltrat`hg step, prei`p`tat`hg ieoegt sagd kra`gs thketmer' Tm`s oanes ileag`gk d`ccìult agd k`ves ugeveg partìl s`ze w`tm d`cceregt aohugts hc ieoegt`gk a d`cceregt deptms' Zartìles hc sagd stuin thketmer agd trapp`gk bugn are ialled &oudfalls&'

TPZ@IAL IHGYTVUIT@H 



Ihgvegt`hgal krav`ty agd pressure rap`d c`lters hperate dhwg clhw' Tme c`lter oedùo `s usually 9: `g' deep fed hc sagd hr agtmrai`te' Y`gkle hr oult`ple krades hc sagd hr agtmrai`te oay fe use

A larke partìle fed supphrts tme c`lter oedà th prevegt c`ge sagd hr agtmrai`te crho esiap`gk `gt ugder dra`g systeo' Tme supphrt fed alsh serves d`str`fute fainwasm water' Typìal supphrt feds ihgs`st hc 1 = 1 `g' kravel hr agtmrai`te `g kraded krade

TPZEY HC OED@A 

Quartz sagd, s`lìa sagd, agtmrai`te ihal, karget, oakget`te, agd htmer oateràls oay used as c`ltrat`hg oedà' Y`lìa sagd agd agtmrai`te are tme ohst ihoohgly used typ [meg s`lìa `s ght su`tafle -e'k', `g c`lters chllhw`gk a mht prhiess shcteger wmere tme treated water `s `gtegded chr fh`ler ceed), agtmrai`te `s usually used'

TPZEY HC OED@A 

Tme s`ze agd smape hc tme c`lter oedà accei acce tme eccìègiy hc tme shl`ds reohval' Ymarp agkular oedà chro larke vh`ds agd reohv less c`ge oateràl tmag rhugded oedà hc equ`valegt s`ze' Tme oedà oust fe iharse eghukm th allhw shl`ds th pegetrate tme fed 6/4 `g' Altmhukm ohst suspegded shl`ds ar trapped at tme surcaie hr `g tme c`rst 1/6 `g' fed deptm, shoe pegetrat`hg peget rat`hg `s essegtàl essegt` al th

TPZEY HC OED@A 

Yagd agd agtmrai`te chr c`lters are rated fy ecceit partìle s`ze agd ug`chro`ty' Tme ecceit`ve s`ze `s tmat apprhxòately 1:% hc tme thtal kra`gs fy we are soaller agd 0:% are larker' Tmerechre, tme ecceit`ve s`ze `s tme o`gòuo s`ze hc ohst hc tme partìles' Ug`chro`ty `s oeasured fy ihopar`shg ecceit`ve s`ze th tme s`ze at wmìm 3:% hc tme kra fy we`kmt are soaller agd 4:% are larker' Tm`s l s`ze, d`v`ded fy tme ecceit`ve s`ze, `s ialled tme ug`chro`ty iheccìègt/tme soaller tme ug`chro`ty

TPZEY HC OED@A 

C`ger sagds result `g smallhwer zhges chr tme rete hc suspegded oatter' Tme ohst des`rafle oedà s depegds hg tme suspegded shl`ds imaraiter`stìs a well as tme eccluegt qual`ty requ`reoegts agd tme spei`cì c`lter des`kg' @g kegeral, rap`d sagd c`lter sagd w`tm ag ecceit`ve s`ze hc :'95/:'3: oo -:': :':64 `g') agd a oaxòuo ug`chro`ty iheccìèg 1';' Iharse oedà, hcteg :'3/1': oo -:':64/:':4 are used chr ilhsely ihgtrhlled ihakulat`hg agd

O@]ED OED@A C@LTEV FE 

Tme teros &oult`layer,& &`g/deptm,& agd &o`xed oedà& apply th a type hc c`lter fed wmìm `s krad fy s`ze agd degs`ty' Iharse, less degse partìles tme thp hc tme c`lter fed, agd c`ge, ohre degse par pa are at tme fhttho' Dhwg clhw c`ltrat`hg allhws de ug`chro pegetrat`hg fy partìulate oatter agd pe m`km c`ltrat`hg rates agd lhgk servìe rugs' Feiau soall partìles at tme fhttho are alsh ohre degse spaie fetweeg partìles), tmey reoa`g at tme fhtt Eveg acter m`km/rate fainwasm`gk, tme layers reo

O@]ED OED@A C@LTEV FE 

Tafle 3/1 l`sts chur oedà tmat are used `g oult`l c`ltrat`hg' Yeveral htmer o`xed oedà ihof`gat`h mave alsh feeg tested agd used ecceit`vely' Tme u thh oagy d`cceregt oedà layers iag iause severe sever fainwasm`gk d`ccìultès' Chr exaople, `c all chu oateràls l`sted `g Tafle 3/1 were used `g tme sao c`lter, a wasm rate m`km eghukm th expagd tme oakget`te layer o`kmt wasm tme agtmrai`te crho t c`lter' M`km wasm water requ`reoegts whuld alsh

Tafle 3 /1' Oedà used `g oult`lay c`ltrat`hg Oedà

Ecceit`ve s`ze, oo -`g')

Ypei`cì krav`ty

Agtmrai`te

:';/1'; -:':9/:':;)

1'4

Yagd

:'9/:'; -:':1/:':9)

6'3

Karget

:'4/:'3 -:':13/:':64)

9'=

Oakget`te

:'9/:'5 -:':1/:':6)

4'0

Oedà used `g oult`layer c`ltrat 

Agtmrai`te(sagd c`lter feds ghroally prhv`de all advagtakes hc s`gkle/oedà c`ltrat`hg fut requ`re fainwasm water tmag sagd hr agtmrai`te alhge' Y` Y ilaòs mave feeg oade chr agtmrai`te(sagd(karge o`xed ug`ts' Tme oabhr advagtakes hc dual/oed` c`ltrat`hg are m`kmer rates agd lhgker rugs' Agtmrai`te(sagd(karget feds mave hperated at gh rates hc apprhxòately 5 kpo(ct¶ agd pean rates a m`km as = kpo(ct¶ w`tmhut lhss hc eccluegt qual`ty

IAZZ@GK HC YAGD C@LTEV 



Vap`d sagd c`lters iag fe ihgverted chr o`xed o hperat`hg th `girease iapai`ty fy 1::%' Tme ihs tm`s ihgvers`hg `s ouim lhwer tmag tmat hc `gstall `gstal add`t`hgal rap`d sagd c`lters'

Iapp`gk `gvhlves tme replaieoegt hc a phrt`hg h sagd w`tm agtmrai`te' @g tm`s ihgvers`hg, a 6/3 `g layer hc :'4/:'3 oo -:':13/:':64 `g') sagd `s reohved crho tme surcaie hc a fed agd replaied 4 = `g' hc :'0 oo -:':95 `g') agtmrai`te'

IAZZ@GK HC YAGD C@LTEV 

@c ag `girease `g iapai`ty `s des`red, a larke aohugt hc sagd `s replaied' Z`lht tests smhu fe rug th egsure tmat a reduit`hg `g tme dep tme c`ger sagd dhes ght reduie tme qual`ty h tme eccluegt

KVAS@TP C@LTEVY 

Krav`ty c`lters are hpeg vessels tmat depegd hg sy krav`ty mead chr hperat`hg' Apart crho tme c`lter oedà, tme essegtàl ihophgegts hc a krav`ty c`lte c`lt `gilude tme chllhw`gk2 "Tme c`lter smell, wmìm `s e`tmer ihgir steel agd iag fe square, reitagkular, hr i`riular' Veitagkular re`gchried ihgirete ug`ts are ohst w used' "Tme supphrt fed, wmìm prevegts lhss c`ge sagd hr agtmrai`te tmrhukm tme ugderdra`g sy Tme supphrt fed, usually 1 6 ct deep, alsh d`str`f

KVAS@TP C@LTEVY

"Ag ugderdra`g systeo, wmìm egsures ug`chro ihlleit`hg hc c`ltered water agd ug`chro d`str`fut`hg hc fainwasm water' T systeo oay ihgs`st hc a meader agd lateral w`tm perchrat`hgs hr stra`gers spaied su`taf Calse tagn fhtthos w`tm apprhpràtely spai stra`gers are alsh used chr ugderdra`g syste

KVAS@TP C@LTEVY

"[asm water trhukms, larke eghukm th ihll fainwasm water w`tmhut w`t mhut clhhd`gk' Tme trhu w` tmhut are spaied sh tmat tme mhr`zhgtal travel hc fainwasm water dhes ght exieed 9 /9 ct' @g ihgvegt`hgal sagd fed ug`ts, wasm trhukms plaied apprhxòately apprhxòately 6 ct afhve tme c`lter surcaie' Yuccìègt creefhard oust fe prhv th prevegt lhss hc a phrt`hg hc tme c`lter oe

KVAS@TP C@LTEVY

"Ihgtrhl devìes tmat oaxò`ze c`lter hperat`hg eccìègiy' Clhw rate ihgtrhllers hperated fy vegtur` tufes `g tme eccluegt l`g l` authoatìally oa`gta`g ug`chro del`very h c`ltered water' Fainwasm clhw rate ihgtrhl are alsh used' Clhw rate agd mead lhss kauk are essegtàl chr eccìègt hperat`hg'

ZVEYYUVE C@LTEVY 

Zressure c`lters are typìally used w`tm mht prhiess shctegers th t h pero`t m`km/teoperatu hperat`hg agd th prevegt meat lhss' Tme use pressure c`lters elò`gates tme geed chr repuop`gk hc c`ltered water' Zressure c`lter are sò`lar th krav`ty c`lters `g tmat tmey `gi c`lter oedà, supphrt`gk fed, ugderdra`g systeo, agd ihgtrhl devìe> mhwever, tme c


Zressure c`lters, des`kged vertìally hr mhr` tally, mave iyl`gdrìal steel smells agd d`sm meads' Sertìal pressure c`lters ragke `g dàoeter crho 1 th 1: ct w`tm iapai`tès as kreat as 9:: kpo at c`ltrat`hg rates hc 9 kpo(ct¶'


Mhr`zhgtal pressure c`lters, usually = ct `g dàoeter, are 1:/65 ct lhgk w`tm iapai`tès crho 6:: th 3:: kpo' Tmese c`lters are separated `gth ihopartoegts th allhw `gd`v`dual fainwasm`gk' Fainwasm water fe returged th tme ilar`cèr ilar` cèr hr shcteger chr reihvery'


Zressure c`lters are usually hperated at a servìe clhw rate hc 9 kpo(ct¶' Dual hr oultòedà c`lters are des`kged chr 3/= kpo At aofègt teoperature, tme reihooegded c`lter fainwasm rate `s 3/= kpo(ct¶ chr agtmrai`te agd 19/15 kpo(ct¶ chr sagd' Agtmrai`te c`lters asshiàted w`tm mht prhie shctegers requ`re a fainwasm rate hc 16 /15 kpo(ct¶ feiause tme water wate r `s less degse at


Ihld water smhuld ght fe used th fainwas mht prhiess c`lter' Tm`s whuld iause expag agd ihgtrait`hg hc tme systeo oetallurky, wmìm whuld lead th oetal cat`kue' Alsh, tm hxykeg/ladeg ihld water whuld aiielerate ihrrhs`hg'

UZCLH[ C@LTEVY 

Upclhw ug`ts ihgta`g a s`gkle c`lter oedùo usually kraded sagd' Tme c`gest sagd `s at t thp hc tme fed w`tm tme iharsest sagd felhw Kravel `s reta`ged fy kr`ds `g a c`xed phs`t` phs`t at tme fhttho hc tme ug`t' Tme cugit`hg hc t kravel `s th egsure prhper water d`str`fut`h dur`gk tme servìe iyile'

UZCLH[ C@LTEVY 

Aghtmer kr`d afhve tme kraded sagd prevegts clu`d`zat`hg hc tme oedà' A`r `gbeit`hg dur`gk ileag`gk -ght ihgs`dered fainwasm feiause tme d`reit`hg hc clhw `s tme saoe as wmeg `g/servìe) ass`sts `g tme reohval hc shl`ds agd tme reilass`cìat`hg hc tme c`lter oedà' Dur`gk hpera tme larker, iharse shl`ds are reohved at tme fhtth tme fed, wm`le soaller shl`ds partìles are allhwe pegetrate curtmer `gth tme oedà' Typìal servìe

AUTHOAT@I KVAS@TP C@LTE 



Yeveral oagucaiturers mave develhped krav`ty c` tmat are fainwasmed authoatìally at a preset me lhss' Mead lhss -water level afhve tme oedà) ait ai a fainwasm s`pmhg agd draws wasm water crho sthrake up tmrhukm tme fed agd hut tmrhukm tme s p`pe th waste' A lhw level `g tme fainwasm sthra seit`hg freans tme s`pmhg, agd tme c`lter returgs t servìe' Authoatì krav`ty c`lters are ava`lafle `g dàoete dàoet up th 15 ct' [meg equ`pped w`tm a m`km/rate, oult`layer oedà, a s`gkle larke/dàoeter ug`t ia

IHGT@GUHUY ILEAG@GK C@LTEVY 

Ihgt`guhus ileag`gk c`lter systeos elò`ga hcc /l`ge fainwasm per`hds fy fainwasm`gk seit`hgs hc tme c`lter hr phrt`hgs hc tme c`lte oedà ihgt`guhusly, hg/l`ge' Sar`hus des`k mave feeg `gtrhduied'

C@LTEV [AYM@GK/KVAS@T C@LTEVY 

Zer`hdì wasm`gk hc c`lters `s geiessary chr reohval hc aiiuoulated shl`ds' @gadequate ileag`gk pero`ts tme chroat`hg hc peroage iluops, kradually deireas`gk c`lter iapai`t chul`gk `s severe, tme oedà oust fe ileage imeoìally hr replaied'


Chr ileag`gk hc rap`d dhwgclhw c`lters, ileag water `s chr fain up agd tmrhukm tmrh ukm ihgvegt`hgal krav`ty krav`ty tmrhu km tme oedà' @g ihgvegt`hgal tme fainwasm water l`cts shl`ds crho tme fed `gth wasm tr agd iarrès tmeo th waste' E`tmer hc twh fainwasm teimg iag fe used, depegd`gk hg tme des`kg hc tme oedà supph struiture agd tme aiiesshry equ`poegt ava`lafle2 "M`km/rate fainwasm, wmìm expagds tme oedà fy least 1:%' Fainwasm rates hc 16 /15 kpo(ct¶ hr m`kmer ar ihoohg chr sagd, agd rates chr agtmrai`te oay ragke crh 16 kpo(ct¶' "Lhw/rate fainwasm, w`tm gh v`s`fle fed expags`hg


[mere hgly water `s used chr fainwasm, tme fainwasm oay fe preieded fy surcaie wasm`gk' surcaie wasm`gk, strhgk bets hc m`km/ pressure wa crho c`xed hr revhlv`gk ghzzles ass`st `g frean`g c`lter surcaie irust' Acter tme surcaie wasm -wmeg tmere `s prhv`s`hg chr surcaie wasm`gk), tme ug`t ` fainwasmed chr apprhxòately 5/1: o`g' Chllhw fainwasm, a soall aohugt hc r`gse water `s c`lter waste, agd tme c`lter `s returged th servìe'


M`km/rate fainwasm iag iause tme chroat`h chroat` oud falls `gs`de tme c`lter fed' A m`km fainwasm rate agd result`gk res ult`gk fed expags`hg expags` hg result`gk prhduie ragdho iurregts `g wmìm ierta`g zhges hc tme expagded fed ohve upward h dhwgward' Egirusted shl`ds crho tme surca iag fe iarrèd dhwg th chro oud falls' Eccìègt surcaie wasm`gk melps prevegt tm


A`r sihur`gk w`tm lhw/rate fainwasm`gk iag fre tme surcaie irust w`tmhut prhdui`gk ragdho iurr `c tme ugderdra`g systeo `s de/s`kged th d`str`fut ug`chroly' Yhl`ds reohved crho tme oedà ihlle tme layer hc water fetweeg tme oedà surcaie agd wasm imaggels' Acter tme a`r `s sthpped, tm`s d`rty water `s ghr /oally clusmed hut fy `gireased fain water clhw rate hr fy surcaie dra`g`gk' [asm wa ihgsuopt`hg `s apprhxòately tme saoe wmetmer

@G/L@GE ILAV@C@IAT@HG 

@g/l`ge ilar`cìat`hg `s tme reohval hc suspegded shl`ds tmrhukm tme add`t`hg hc `g l`ge ihakulagt chllhwed fy rap`d c`ltrat`hg' Tm`s prhiess `s alsh recerred th as `g /l`ge c`ltrat`hg, hr ihgtait c`ltrat`hg' Tme prhiess reohves suspegded shl`ds w`tmhut tme use sedòegtat`hg fas`gs'


Ihakulat`hg oay fe aimèved `g `g /l`ge ilar`cìat`hg fy e`tmer hc twh oetmhds2

"ag `ghrkagì aluo`guo hr `rhg salt us alhge hr w`tm a m`km ohleiular we`kmt phlyoerì ihakulagt

"a strhgkly iat`hgì hrkagì phlyeleitrh phlyeleitr


Feiause oetal mydrhx`des chro prei`p`tate hgly dual/oedà c`lters smhuld fe used w`t `ghrkagì ihakulagt prhkraos' Clhi partìl oust fe magdled `g c`lters w`tm iharse /th/ kraded oedà th prevegt rap`d fl`gd`gk hc c`lter agd elò`gate fainwasm`gk d`ccìultè d`ccìult`


[mere a m`km ohleiular we`kmt phlyoerì ihakulagt `s used, ceed rates hc less tmag :' ppo oaxò`ze shl`ds reohval fy `gireas`g clhi s`ze agd prhoht`gk partìle afshrpt`hg w`tm`g tme c`lter' Tm`s c`ltrat`hg teimg`que read`ly yèlds eccluegt turf`d`tès hc less tm :'5 GTU


Tme seihgd oetmhd hc ihakulagt pretreato `gvhlves tme use hc a s`gkle imeoìal, a strhgkly imarked iat`hgì phlyeleitrhlyte' treatoegt chros gh prei`p`tat`hg clhi partì part` agd usually gh clhi chroat`hg `s v`s`fle `g c`lter `gcluegt' Yhl`ds are reohved w`tm`g t fed fy adshrpt`hg agd fy clhiiulat`hg cl hiiulat`hg hc ihllh`dal oatter d`reitly hgth tme surcaie h


Tme prhiess oay fe v`sual`zed as seed`gk hc tme fed surcaies w`tm phs`t`ve iat`hgì imarkes th prh pr a strhgk pull hg tme gekat`vely imarked partìles' Feiause kelat`ghus mydrhx`de prei`p`tates are gh presegt `g tm`s prhiess, s`gkle/ oedà hr upclhw are su`tafle chr phly/eleitrhlyte ilar`cìat`hg' @g ilar`cìat`hg prhv`des ag exiellegt way th òprhv eccìègiy hc shl`ds reohval crho turf`d surcaie waters' Eccluegt turf`d`ty levels hc less tmag 1 GT

ZVEIHAT C@LTVAT@HG 



Zreihat c`ltrat`hg `s used th reohve very soall partìulate oatter, h`l partìles, agd eveg faiter` crho water' Tm`s oetmhd `s praitìal hgly chr relat`vely soall quagt`tès hc water wmìm ihgta` ihgiegtrat`hgs hc ihgtao`gagts'

Zreihat c`ltrat`hg oay fe used chllhw`gk ihgveg ilar`cìat`hg prhiesses th prhduie water hc very l suspegded shl`ds ihgtegt chr spei`cì applìat`hg requ`reoegts' Chr exaople, preihat c`lters are hc


@g preihat c`ltrat`hg, tme preihat oedà, typìally dàthoaiehus eartm, aits as tme c`lter oedà agd chros a iane hg a peroeafle fase hr septuo' Tme fase oust prevegt passake hc tme preihat oedà w`tmhut restrìt`gk tme clhw hc c`ltered water agd oust fe iapafle hc w`tmstagd`gk m`km pressure d`cceregtàls' C`lter ilhtms, phrhus sthge tufes, phrhus paper, w`re sireegs, agd w`re/whugd tufes are used as fase oateràls'


Tme supphrt`gk fase oateràl `s c`rst preihated w`tm a slurry hc preihat preihat oedà' Add`t`hgal slurry -fhdy ceed) `s usually added dur`gk tme c`lter rug' [meg tme aiiuoulat`hg hc oatter reohved fy c`ltrat`hg kegerates a m`km pressure drhp airhss tme c`lter, tme c`lter ihat`gk `s slhukmed hcc fy fainwasm`gk' Tme c`lter fed `s tmeg preihated agd returged th servìe' Imeoìal ihakulagts are ght usually geeded fut mave feeg used wmere ag ultrapure eccluegt `s requ`red'

EGD HC ZVEYEGTAT@HG

Filtration of water.

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