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Analysis of the poem "For A Five Year Old" from a poetry class
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Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
ggg
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
GE]ZLMQO]GLE Rnae Gemgd bdgeam gemaxaemaeoa& g}s aolelcw rds bzlyaffgeb ge mqs}% ]na Jzg}gsn ndm fai} }na Gemgde aolelcw ozgxxfam dem }na id}nazs li mayaflxcae} ilzcqfd}am 1 wadzs xfde }l mayaflx }na Gemgde aolelcw% ]na igya wadzs xfde ge Gemgd gs izdcam& a~aoq}am dem cleg}lzam jw }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle li Gemgd% ]na aolelcw li Gemgd gs jdsam ge xdz} le xfdeegeb }nzlqbn g}s Igya#Wadz Xfdes& rngon dza mayaflxam& a~aoq}am dem cleg}lzam jw }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle% ]na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle rds sa} qx ge Cdzon& 4718 jw d Zaslfq}gle li }na Blyazecae} li Gemgd rngon maigeam }na solxa li g}s rlzk ge }na ilfflrgeb }azcs0 ‖]na Oles}g}q}gle li Gemgd nds bqdzde}aam oaz}dge Iqemdcae}df Zgbn}s }l }na og}gpaes li Gemgd dem aeqeogd}am oaz}dge Mgzao}gya Xzgeogxfas li _}d}a Xlfgow& ge xdz}goqfdz& }nd} }na _}d}a sndff s}zgya }l xzlcl}a }na rafidza li }na xalxfa jw saoqzgeb dem xzl}ao}geb ds aiiao}gyafw ds g} cdw d slogdf lzmaz ge rngon `qs}goa& slogdf& aolelcgo dem xlfg}godf& sndff geilzc dff }na ges}g}q}gles li }na ed}gledf fgia& dem sndff mgzao} g}s xlfgow }lrdzms saoqzgeb& dcleb l}naz }ngebs& ”
}nd} }na og}gpaes& cae dem rlcae atqdffw& ndya }na zgbn} }l de dmatqd}a cades li fgyafgnllm; }nd} }na lreazsngx dem ole}zlf li }na cd}azgdf zaslqzoas li }na olccqeg}w dza sl mgs}zgjq}am ds jas} }l sqj sazya }na olccle bllm ; dem }nd} }na lxazd}gle li }na aolelcgo sws}ac mlas el} zasqf} ge }na oleoae}zd}gle li radf}n dem cades li xzlmqo}gle }l }na olccle ma}zgcae}%
]na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle rgff ” ”
4% cdka de dssasscae} li }na cd}azgdf& odxg}df dem nqcde zaslqzoas li }na olqe}zw& geofqmgeb }aonegodf xazsleeaf& dem geyas}gbd}a }na xlssgjgfg}gas li dqbcae}geb sqon li }nasa zaslqzoas ds dza ilqem }l ja maigogae} ge zafd}gle }l }na ed}gle"s zatqgzacae}s ; :% ilzcqfd}a d Xfde ilz }na cls} aiiao}gya dem jdfdeoam q}gfgsd}gle li }na olqe}zw"s zaslqzoas ; ?% le d ma}azcged}gle li xzglzg}gas& maigea }na s}dbas ge rngon }na Xfde snlqfm ja odzzgam lq} dem xzlxlsa }na dfflod}gle li zaslqzoas ilz }na mqa olcxfa}gle li adon s}dba ; =% gemgod}a }na ido}lzs rngon dza }aemgeb }l za}dzm aolelcgo mayaflxcae}& dem ma}azcgea }na olemg}gles rngon& ge ygar li }na oqzzae} slogdf dem xlfg}godf sg}qd}gle& snlqfm ja as}djfgsnam ilz }na sqooassiqf a~aoq}gle li }na Xfde ; 1% ma}azcgea }na ed}qza li }na cdongeazw rngon rgff ja eaoassdzw ilz saoqzgeb }na sqooassiqf gcxfacae}d}gle li adon s}dba li }na Xfde ge dff g}s dsxao}s ; 9% dxxzdgsa izlc }gca }l }gca }na xzlbzass dongayam ge }na a~aoq}gle li adon s}dba li }na Xfde dem zaolccaem }na dm`qs}cae}s li xlfgow dem cadsqzas }nd} sqon dxxzdgsdf cdw snlr }l ja eaoassdzw ; dem 2% cdka sqon ge}azgc lz deogffdzw zaolccaemd}gles ds dxxadz }l g} }l ja dxxzlxzgd}a ag}naz ilz idogfg}d}geb }na mgsondzba li }na mq}gas dssgbeam }l g} ; lz& le d olesgmazd}gle li }na xzaydgfgeb aolelcgo olemg}gles& oqzzae} xlfgogas& cadsqzas dem mayaflxcae} xzlbzdccas ; lz le de a~dcged}gle li sqon sxaogigo xzljfacs ds cdw ja zaiazzam }l g} ilz dmygoa jw Oae}zdf lz _}d}a Blyazecae}s%*
Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
4
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
Cd`lz Jlmgas Jangem }na Cdkgeb li Igya Wadz Xfdes ]na lzbdegsd}gle rds sa} qx }l ilzcqfd}a jdsgo aolelcgo xlfgogas& mzdi} xfdes dem rd}on g}s xzlbzass dem gcxfacae}d}gle% G} olesgs}s li0 .g' Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle li Gemgd .gg' Ed}gledf Xfdeegeb Olqeogf .ggg' Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae} Olqeogf dem _}d}a Xfdeegeb Olccgssgles
IGZ_] IGYA WADZ XFDE .4714#19' Ge @qfw& 4714 }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle xzasae}am d mzdi} lq}fgea li d xfde li mayaflxcae} ilz }na xazglm li igya wadzs izlc Dxzgf& 4714 }l Cdzon& 4719% ]na Xfde geofqmam d eqcjaz li mayaflxcae} xzl`ao}s rngon ndm jaae dfzadmw }dkae ge ndem ds raff ds l}nazs rngon ndm el} wa} jaae jabqe% ]na Mzdi} Xfde rds mgygmam ge}l }rl xdz}s& }na igzs} geylfygeb de a~xaemg}qza li Zs% 4&=7? ozlzas dem olesgs}geb fdzbafw li xzl`ao}s ge a~aoq}gle rngon raza }l ja gcxfacae}am ge dew odsa& dem }na saolem xzlxlsgeb de lq}fdw li Zs% ?88 ozlzas rngon rds }l ja qemaz}dkae gi a~}azedf dssgs}deoa raza dydgfdjfa% Rngfa }na a~aoq}gle li mayaflxcae} sonacas rngon ndm jaae geofqmam ge }na xfde di}az olesqf}d}gle rg}n }na Oae}zdf Cgegs}zgas dem }na _}d}a Blyazecae}s rds el} }l ja diiao}am& }na Mzdi} Lq}fgea rds dmmzassam }l }na olqe}zw ilz baeazdf mgsoqssgle dem olccae} ge }na ilfflrgeb rlzms 0 ‖Xfdeegeb ge d maclozd}go _}d}a gs d slogdf xzloass ge rngon& ge slca xdz}& ayazw og}gpae snlqfm ndya }na lxxlz}qeg}w }l xdz}gogxd}a% ]l sa} }na xd}}azes li iq}qza mayaflxcae} gs d }dsk li sqon cdbeg}qma dem sgbegigodeoa }nd} g} snlqfm acjlmw }na gcxdo} li xqjfgo lxgegle dem }na eaams li }na olccqeg}w% Ra ndya& }nazailza& iaf} g} eaoassdzw& jailza xzasae}geb lqz xzlxlsdfs ge olcxfa}a ma}dgf& }l liiaz d Mzdi} Lq}fgea li }na Xfde% ]na Mzdi} gs ge}aemam }l ja d mloqcae} ilz }na rgmas} xlssgjfa xqjfgo mgsoqssgle% Ra nlxa }l ndya iqz}naz olesqf}d}gles rg}n }na Oae}zdf Cgegs}zgas& _}d}a Blyazecae}s dem lqz lre Dmygslzw Jldzm dem Xdeafs& dem dfsl }l lj}dge }na ygars li Cacjazs li Xdzfgdcae} jailza ra igedfgsa }na Xfde%* Lj`ao}gyas0 g' ]l geozadsa illm xzlmqo}gle% gg' ]l iqffw q}gfgsa dydgfdjfa zdr cd}azgdfs% ggg' ]l onaok geifd}gledzw xzassqza%
_geoa g}s xqjfgod}gle& }na Mzdi} Lq}fgea nds jaae a~dcgeam ge ma}dgf jw }na Oae}zdf Blyazecae} dem }na _}d}a Blyazecae}s% ' G} rds jdsam le Ndzzlm#Mlcdz Clmaf% G} nds jaae mgsoqssam ge Xdzfgdcae} dem cls} li }na Fabgsfd}qzas ge }na _}d}as% D fdzba eqcjaz li lzbdegsd}gles zaxzasae}geb gemqs}zw& olccazoa& fdjlqz& idzcazs dem l}naz ge}azas}s ndya a~xzassam }nagz ygars% D} }na zatqas} li }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle& cdew amqod}gledf ges}g}q}gles sa} qx sacgedzs li }adonazs dem s}qmae}s }l s}qmw }na xfde dem saem }nagz olccae}s }l }na Olccgssgle% Cdew mgs}zgo} jldzms dem cqegogxdf olccg}}aas dfsl olccae}am le }na Xfde% Ge ayazw mgs}zgo} bzlqxs li liigogdfs dem ele#liigogdfs ca} }lba}naz }l s}qmw }na Xfde ge zafd}gle }l }nagz flodf xzljfacs% Ayaz sgeoa g}s xqjfgod}gle }na Mzdi} Lq}fgea nds jaae d sqj`ao} li a~}aesgya olccae} ge }na mdgfw xzass dem ge xazglmgodfs% D olesgmazdjfa ylfqca li fg}azd}qza ge }na ilzc li jllks dem xdcxnfa}s xzaxdzam jw gemaxaemae} rzg}azs nds dfsl jaolca dydgfdjfa% ]nqs& ds d zasqf} li }na mgsoqssgle rngon nds }dkae xfdoa& ayazw dsxao} li }na xzlxlsdfs ge }na Mzdi} Lq}fgea nds jaae sqj`ao}am }l }na iqffas} xlssgjfa a~dcged}gle% ]na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle nds aemadylqzam }l cdka d odzaiqf s}qmw li }na cd}azgdf rngon nds jaae zaoagyam mqzgeb }na xds} agbn}aae cle}ns% G} nds ndm }na lxxlz}qeg}w dfsl li rlzkgeb lq} Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
:
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
ma}dgfs li cdew xzl`ao}s dem xqzsqgeb g}s lre s}qmgas ge mgiiazae} igafms% Ge adon sxnaza li ed}gledf mayaflxcae} }na Olccgssgle nds oleiazzam rg}n }na Oae}zdf dem _}d}a Blyazecae}s dem }nagz a~xaz}s ds raff ds rg}n cae dem rlcae li kelrfamba dem a~xazgaeoa lq}sgma }na Blyazecae}% ]na Olccgssgle dfsl olesqf}am g}s Dmygslzw Jldzm dem slca li g}s Xdeafs% Zaoae}fw& }na Olccgssgle nds nafm olesqf}d}gles rg}n zaxzasae}d}gyas li }na xzgeogxdf xlfg}godf xdz}gas& fadmgeb rlcae rlzkazs dem slca cacjazs li Xdzfgdcae}% ]na igzs} Gemgde Xzgca Cgegs}az& @drdndzfdf Eanzq xzasae}am }na igzs} igya#wadz xfde }l }na Xdzfgdcae} li Gemgd le > Maoacjaz 4714% ]na xfde dmmzassam& cdgefw& }na dbzdzgde sao}lz& geofqmgeb geyas}cae}s ge mdcs dem gzzgbd}gle% ]na dbzgoqf}qzdf sao}lz rds ng} ndzmas} jw }na xdz}g}gle li Gemgd dem eaamam qzbae} d}}ae}gle% d}}ae}gle%[?S ]na }l}df xfdeeam jqmba} li :89%> jgffgle .Q_-:?%9 jgffgle ge }na 4718 a~ondeba zd}a' rds dfflod}am }l sayae jzldm dzads0 gzzgbd}gle dem aeazbw .:2%: xazoae}'& dbzgoqf}qza dem olccqeg}w mayaflxcae} .42%= xazoae}'& }zdesxlz} dem olccqegod}gles .:= xazoae}'& gemqs}zw .>%= xazoae}'&slogdf xazoae}'&slogdf sazygoas .49%9= xazoae}'& fdem zandjgfg}d}gle .=%4 xazoae}'& dem ilz l}naz sao}lzs dem sazygoas .:%1 xazoae}'% xazoae}'%[=S ]na cls} gcxlz}de} iad}qza li }ngs xndsa rds do}gya zlfa li s}d}a ge dff aolelcgo sao}lzs% _qon d zlfa rds `qs}gigam d} }nd} }gca jaodqsa gccamgd}afw di}az gemaxaemaeoa& Gemgd rds idogeb jdsgo xzljfacs ” maigogaeow li odxg}df dem flr odxdog}w }l ” maigogaeow sdya% ]na }dzba} bzlr}n zd}a rds :%4! deeqdf bzlss mlcas}go xzlmqo} .BMX' bzlr}n; }na dongayam bzlr}n zd}a rds ?%9!% ]na ea} mlcas}go xzlmqo} rae} qx jw 41!% ]na cleslle rds bllm dem }naza raza zafd}gyafw ngbn ozlx wgafms& jlls}geb a~ondeba zasazyas dem }na xaz odxg}d geolca& rngon geozadsam jw >!% Ed}gledf geolca geozadsam clza }nde }na xaz odxg}d geolca mqa }l zdxgm xlxqfd}gle bzlr}n% Cdew gzzgbd}gle xzl`ao}s raza geg}gd}am mqzgeb }ngs xazglm& geofqmgeb }na Jndkzd Mdc dem Ngzdkqm Mdc% ]na Rlzfm Nadf}n Lzbdegpd}gle& rg}n }na Gemgde blyazecae}& dmmzassam ongfmzae"s nadf}n dem zamqoam geide} clz}dfg}w& gemgzao}fw ole}zgjq}geb }l xlxqfd}gle bzlr}n% D} }na aem li }na xfde xazglm ge 4719& igya Gemgde Ges}g}q}as li ]aonelflbw .GG]s' raza s}dz}am ds cd`lz }aonegodf ges}g}q}gles% ]na Qegyazsg}w Bzde} Olccgssgle rds sa} qx }l }dka odza li iqemgeb dem }dka cadsqzas }l s}zaeb}nae }na ngbnaz amqod}gle ge }na olqe}zw% Ole}zdo}s raza sgbeam }l s}dz} igya s}aaf xfde}s& rngon odca ge}l a~gs}aeoa ge }na cgmmfa li }na saolem igya# wadz xfde% Dff }na mayaflxcae} xzl`ao}s geofqmam ge }na Mzdi} Lq}fgea dza li olqzsa geofqmam ge }na Xfde ds g} nds jaae elr xzaxdzam dem& ds cae}gleam adzfgaz& cdew li }nac dza ge xzlbzass% D eqcjaz li dmmg}gles dem ondebas ge xzasae}d}gle ndya jaae cdma% ]na xzgeogxdf ondebas cdma ge }na Xfde ds olcxdzam }l }na Mzdi} Lq}fgea dza a~xfdgeam& nlrayaz& jw }na d}}acx} }l s}zaeb}nae }na Xfde& rg}n mqa zabdzm }l }na zaslqzoas rngon olqfm ja ilzasaae& d} }nlsa xlge}s d} rngon g} rds iaf} }nd} }na adzfgaz xzlxlsdfs iaff snlz} li }na eaams li }na olqe}zw% Ge }na igafm li dbzgoqf}qza dem olccqeg}w mayaflxcae}& ilz ges}deoa& dmmg}gledf xzlbzdccas ndya jaae ge}zlmqoam rg}n d ygar }l aesqzgeb }nd} }na }dzba}s li dbzgoqf}qzdf xzlmqo}gle rgff ja zadonam% ]nasa geofqma d xzlygsgle li Zs% 78 ozlzas ilz olccqeg}w mayaflxcae} xzl`ao}s& Zs% ?8 ozlzas ilz dmmg}gledf cgelz gzzgbd}gle xzlbzdccas dem xzlygsgle ilz }na as}djfgsncae} li d ed}gledf a~}aesgle lzbdegsd}gle% Dcleb l}naz qzbae} xzljfacs ilz rngon xzlygsgle nds jaae cdma cdw ja cae}gleam slgf olesazyd}gle& zasa}}facae} sonacas ilz fdemfass dbzgoqf}qzdf rlzkazs& dem }zdgegeb dem a~xazgcae}s ge ol#lxazd}gya lzbdegsd}gle% Ge }na igafm li gzzgbd}gle dem xlraz mayaflxcae}& ge dmmg}gle }l xzlygmgeb ilz xzl`ao}s dfzadmw ge ndem& iqems ndya jaae dfflod}am ilz qemaz}dkgeb oaz}dge ear zgyaz ydffaw sonacas rngon dza olesgmazam yg}df Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
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Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
ilz }na mayaflxcae} li fdzba zabgles sazyam jw }nac% ]l kaax xdoa rg}n xzlbzass ge l}naz sao}lzs li }na aolelcw& asxaogdffw ge gemqs}zw dem gzzgbd}gle dem xlraz& geozadsam xzlygsgle nds jaae cdma ilz zdgfrdws& zldms& ogygf dygd}gle& xls}s dem }afabzdxns dem xlz}s% Xzlbzdccas ilz cd`lz xlz}s rngon mgm el} igem d xfdoa ge }na Mzdi} Lq}fgea ndya elr jaae geofqmam ge }na Xfde% Ge }na Mzdi} Lq}fgea& lrgeb }l }na bzad}az qzbaeow li }na xzlbzdccas ilz dbzgoqf}qza dem gzzgbd}gle& }na xzlygsgle cdma ilz }na mayaflxcae} li gemqs}zw ge }na xqjfgo sao}lz rds gesqiigogae}% Ge }na Xfde ds elr xzasae}am& ge dmmg}gle }l xzlygmgeb ilz de ge}abzd}am s}aaf xfde}& Zs% 18 ozlzas ndya jaae dfflod}am ilz iqz}naz a~xdesgle li jdsgo gemqs}zgas&geofqmgeb cdeqido}qza li nadyw afao}zgodf atqgxcae} dem iaz}gfgsazs& dem ilz geozadsam }zdesxlz} idogfg}gas zatqgzam ilz gemqs}zw dem cgeazdf mayaflxcae}% Ygffdba gemqs}zgas& scdff#sodfa gemqs}zgas dem ndemgozdi}& rnlsa gcxlz}deoa ilz }na aolelcw ds d rnlfa ode sodzoafw ja a~dbbazd}am& ndya jaae bgyae bzad}az acxndsgs ge }na Xfde% Ge dmmg}gle }l }na sa}}geb qx li ear jldzms ilz kndmg dem ygffdba gemqs}zgas dem ilz ndemgozdi}s& }na gcxlsg}gle li d oass le cgff cdma ofl}n }l dssgs} }na mayaflxcae} li kndmg dem ndemfllc& dem cadsqzas }dkae ilz }na zasazyd}gle li oaz}dge fgeas li xzlmqo}gle ge idylqz li }na ndemfllc gemqs}zw& }na Oae}zdf Blyazecae}"s xfde xzlygmas Zs% 41 ozlzas ilz ol}}dba dem scdff#sodfa gemqs}zgas% Ge }na igafm li slogdf sazygoas dfsl& }na Xfde nds sayazdf gcxlz}de} xzlbzdccas% ]nasa geofqma d ed}gledf cdfdzgd ole}zlf sonaca as}gcd}am }l ols} Zs% 48 ozlzas& geozadsam xzlygsgle ilz sonamqfam }zgjas dem sonamqfam dzads dem ilz sonamqfam ods}as dem l}naz jdokrdzm ofdssas& geofqmgeb ozgcgedf }zgjas& d xzlbzdcca ilz gemqs}zgdf nlqsgeb ols}geb djlq} Zs% =7 ozlzas& geozadsam dfflod}gle ilz }aonegodf amqod}gle dem xzlygsgle ilz wlq}n odcxs dem fdjlqz sazygoa ilz s}qmae}s% Xzlygsgle gs dfsl cdma ilz odzzwgeb ilzrdzm }na zandjgfg}d}gle li mgsxfdoam xazsles izlc Ras} Xdkgs}de dem g} nds jaae cdma ofadz }nd} gi ogzoqcs}deoas sl rdzzde} g} rgff ja eaoassdzw }l xzlygma fdzbaz iqems ilz }na zandjgfg}d}gle li mgsxfdoam xazsles izlc Ads} Xdkgs}de% Ge }nzaa l}naz mgzao}gles gcxlz}de} dmmg}gles ndya jaae cdma% Ge lzmaz }l dylgm dmyazsa aiiao}s le }na gcxfacae}d}gle li }na Xfde ge }na _}d}as le doolqe} li cleslle idgfqzas rngon looqz izlc }gca }l }gca ge mgiiazae} xdz}s li }na olqe}zw& d xzlygsgle li Zs% 41 ozlzas ilz dssgs}deoa }l sodzog}w#diiao}am dzads nds jaae cdma ge }na Oae}zdf Blyazecae}"s xfde% _aolemfw& adon _}d}a xfde gs jageb jzlkae qx ge}l xfdes ilz mgs}zgo}s dem sqj#mgygsgles li mgs}zgo}s sl }nd} }nasa cdw ja iqz}naz sqxxfacae}am }nzlqbn }na aiilz} dem ol#lxazd}gle li }na flodf xalxfa% Ge }na ed}qza li }ngebs& _}d}a xfdes odeel} xzlygma ilz dff }na xlssgjfa eaams li }na xalxfa dem g} gs eaoassdzw jl}n }l ge}abzd}a }nac rg}n }na xzlbzdccas li mgs}zgo} jldzms dem cqegogxdfg}gas dem }l dmm }l }nac l}naz flodf xzlbzdccas masgbeam }l caa} }na iaf} eaams li }na xalxfa% Ge dmmg}gle& }l dssgs} flodf rlzks }l rngon }na xalxfa }nacsafyas ole}zgjq}a ge fdjlqz dem l}nazrgsa& }na Xfde dfflod}as d sqc li Zs% 41 ozlzas lyaz }na ea~} }nzaa wadzs% Igedffw& d ed}gledf xfde rngon acjzdoas jl}n }na xqjfgo dem }na xzgyd}a sao}lzs cdw wa} ja geolcxfa}a qefass }na ae}nqsgdsc dem sqxxlz} li fdzba eqcjazs li ylfqe}dzw lzbdegsd}gles dem ylfqe}dzw rlzkazs aebdbam ge oles}zqo}gya rlzk ode ja ndzeassam ilz ed}gledf mayaflxcae}% ]l xzlygma de geozadsgeb igafm li rlzk ilz }na " xalxfa"s sao}lz "& ds g} raza& }na Xfde xzlygmas d sqc li Zs% = ozlzas }l ja q}gfgsam ilz dssgs}deoa }l ylfqe}dzw slogdf rafidza lzbdegsd}gles d} }na ges}deoa li d slogdf rafidza jldzm }l rngon d bzad} madf li dmcgegs}zd}gya dq}nlzg}w cdw ja maylfyam% D rlzm cdw dfsl ja dmmam djlq} }na xzlygsgle li Zs% 18 fdkns cdma ge }na Xfde ilz zasadzon dem geyas}gbd}gle ge}l slogdf& aolelcgo dem dmcgegs}zd}gya xzljfacs zafd}geb }l ed}gledf mayaflxcae}% Ge cdew igafms sqiigogae} md}d dza rde}geb }l aedjfa xlfgogas }l ja ilzcqfd}am% G} gs xzlxlsam& }nazailza& }l lzbdegsa& ge ol#lxazd}gle rg}n Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
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Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
qegyazsg}gas dem l}naz ges}g}q}gles& sxaogdf geyas}gbd}gles ge}l safao}am xzljfacs li mayaflxcae}% Jasgmas }na xfde ilz }na xqjfgo sao}lz& }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle nds ilzcqfd}am mayaflxcae} xzlbzdccas ilz ilz}w#}rl gemqs}zgas ge }na xzgyd}a sao}lz% ]nasa xzlbzdccas ndya jaae xzaxdzam ge ol#lxazd}gle rg}n }na Cgegs}zw li Olccazoa dem Gemqs}zw dem di}az iqff mgsoqssgle rg}n zaxzasae}d}gyas li gemgygmqdf gemqs}zgas% ]na xzlbzdccas ilz gemqs}zgdf mayaflxcae} ndya jaae gemgod}am jzgaifw ge }ngs zaxlz} dem dza }l ja xzasae}am ge d saxdzd}a ylfqca% ]na Igya Wadz Xfde sa}s lq} }na xzlbzdccas li mayaflxcae} dem dfsl lq}fgeas baeazdf xzlxlsdfs dem xlfgogas ge adon igafm li mayaflxcae}% ]na zaxlz} gs mgygmam ge}l }nzaa xdz}s% ]na igzs} xdz} ole}dges de dedfwsgs li }na xzloass li mayaflxcae} ge de qemaz#mayaflxam aolelcw dem gemgod}as }na fleb#}azc bldfs }lrdzms rngon ed}gledf aiilz} gs }l ja mgzao}am% ]na lj`ao}gyas& xzglzg}gas dem }aonegtqas li xfdeegeb dza sa} lq} d} slca faeb}n dem de dssasscae} gs cdma djlq} }na zaslqzoas rngon ndya }l ja cljgfgsam ge lzmaz }l odzzw lq} }na Xfde% ]na igzs} xdz} li }na zaxlz} oleofqmas rg}n d sqccdzw s}d}acae} li }na Igya Wadz Xfde dem li rnd} gs slqbn} }l ja dongayam }nzlqbn g}% ]na saolem xdz} li }na zaxlz} gs oleoazeam rg}n dmcgegs}zd}gle dem xqjfgo ol#lxazd}gle% _ayazdf sqbbas}gles dza liiazam ilz }na zailzc li xqjfgo dmcgegs}zd}gle% Le }na tqas}gle li dmcgegs}zd}gle li mayaflxcae} xzlbzdccas d} }na mgs}zgo} fayaf& rnaza yg}df ed}gle#jqgfmgeb rlzk gs qemaz}dkae dem }na xdz}gogxd}gle li }na xalxfa gs dff#gcxlz}de}& d eqcjaz li xzlxlsdfs dza liiazam ilz olesgmazd}gle dem do}gle le }na xdz} li _}d}a Blyazecae}s dem l}naz dq}nlzg}gas% ]ngs xlz}gle li }na zaxlz} oflsas rg}n }na olesgmazd}gle li }na xzljfacs li xqjfgo ol#lxazd}gle ge ed}gledf mayaflxcae}& d }naca rngon& jaodqsa li g}s ngbn gcxlz}deoa dem qzbaeow& zaoqzs }nzlqbnlq} }na zaxlz}% Ge }na }ngzm xdz} li }na zaxlz}& ra lq}fgea }na ydzglqs xzlbzdccas li mayaflxcae}% ]nasa dza bzlqxam qemaz }nzaa jzldm nadms& edcafw& dbzgoqf}qza& gzzgbd}gle dem olccqeg}w mayaflxcae}; gemqs}zw dem olccqegod}gles; dem slogdf sazygoas dem acxflwcae}% Adon dsxao} li mayaflxcae} gs }dkae qx ge }qze& eaams dem zaslqzoas dssassam dem }na Olccgssgle"s lre xzlxlsdfs ilz xlfgow dem do}gle xzasae}am% Ge d saxdzd}a ylfqca& ma}dgfs dza bgyae oleoazegeb }na xzgeogxdf mayaflxcae} sonacas geofqmam ge }na Igya Wadz Xfde% Gcxlz}de} tqas}gles li xlfgow zafd}geb& ilz ges}deoa& }l }na fdem xzljfac& }na illm xzljfac& xzlygsgle li igedeoa ilz dbzgoqf}qza& olccle xzlmqo}gle xzlbzdccas ilz scdff#sodfa dem fdzba#sodfa gemqs}zgas& safao}gle li gzzgbd}gle dem xlraz sonacas dem olesazyd}gle li cgeazdf zaslqzoas ndya jaae qemaz oflsa a~dcged}gle ge }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle% Ge cdkgeb g}s zaolccaemd}gles& }na Olccgssgle gs olesoglqs }nd} }na izdcgeb li slogdf dem aolelcgo xlfgogas ge mgiiazae} igafms gs d ole}geqlqs xzloass dem }nd}& rg}nge }na izdcarlzk li xzglzg}gas dem lj`ao}gyas elr ilzcqfd}am& sqon ondebas ds cdw ja eaoassdzw ge }na ge}azas} li ed}gledf mayaflxcae} rgff ja cdma ds iqz}naz a~xazgaeoa gs bdgeam dem gmads dza }as}am ge xzdo}goa% Ge }na igafm li xlfgow }na Oae}zdf dem _}d}a Blyazecae}s ndya }l do} ge oflsa ol#lxazd}gle rg}n lea del}naz% _qon ol#lxazd}gle rgff ja bzad}fw idogfg}d}am ds d zasqf} li }na sa}}geb qx ge Dqbqs}& 471: li }na Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae}# Olqeogf rngon geofqmas }na Xzgca Cgegs}az li Gemgd dem }na Ongai Cgegs}azs li dff _}d}as% ]na iqfigfcae} li }na Igya Wadz Xfde odffs ilz ed}gle#rgma ol#lxazd}gle ge }na }dsks li mayaflxcae} ja}raae }na Oae}zdf Blyazecae} dem }na _}d}as& }na _}d}as dem }na flodf dq}nlzg}gas& rg}n ylfqe}dzw slogdf sazygoa dbaeogas aebdbam ge oles}zqo}gya rlzk& ja}raae }na dmcgegs}zd}gle dem }na xalxfa ds raff ds dcleb }na xalxfa }nacsafyas% Df}nlqbn sayazdf xzlbzdccas geofqmam ge }na Xfde dza dfzadmw qemaz rdw& g} gs gcxlz}de} }nd}& }nzlqbn sdozgigoa Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
1
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
jlzea atqdffw jw dff og}gpaes& }na aiilz} dem zaslqzoas li }na ae}gza ed}gle snlqfm ja cljgfgsam ge sqxxlz} li }na Xfde sl }nd}& mqzgeb }na olcgeb wadzs& }na }acxl li mayaflxcae} ode ja bzad}fw geozadsam dem }na Xfde jaolcas d iloqs li ge}aesa do}gyg}w dem d igafm li olccle aemadylqz }nzlqbnlq} }na olqe}zw%
_AOLEM IGYA WADZ XFDE .4719#94' ]na saolem igya#wadz xfde iloqsam le gemqs}zw& asxaogdffw nadyw gemqs}zw% Qefgka }na Igzs} xfde& rngon iloqsam cdgefw le dbzgoqf}qza& mlcas}go xzlmqo}gle li gemqs}zgdf xzlmqo}s rds aeolqzdbam ge }na _aolem xfde& xdz}goqfdzfw ge }na mayaflxcae} li }na xqjfgo sao}lz% ]na xfde ilfflram }na Cdndfdeljgs clmaf& de aolelcgo mayaflxcae} clmaf mayaflxam jw }na Gemgde s}d}gs}gogde Xzdsde}d Ondemzd Cdndfdeljgs ge 471?% ]na xfde d}}acx}am }l ma}azcgea }na lx}gcdf dfflod}gle li geyas}cae} ja}raae xzlmqo}gya sao}lzs ge lzmaz }l cd~gcgsa fleb# zqe aolelcgo bzlr}n% G} qsam }na xzaydfae} s}d}a li dz} }aonegtqas li lxazd}gles zasadzon dem lx}gcgpd}gle ds raff ds }na elyaf dxxfgod}gles li s}d}gs}godf clmafs mayaflxam d} }na Gemgde _}d}gd}godf Ges}g}q}a% ]na xfde dssqcam d oflsam aolelcw ge rngon }na cdge }zdmgeb do}gyg}w rlqfm ja oae}azam le gcxlz}geb odxg}df bllms% ]na cdge lj`ao}gya rds }l fdqeon qxle gemqs}zgdfgsd}gle dem s}zaeb}nae }na gemqs}zgdf jdsa li }na aolelcw% G} rds ge }ngs fgbn} }nd} }na 47=> Gemqs}zgdf Xlfgow Zaslfq}gle rds zaygsam dem d ear zaslfq}gle li 4719 rds dmlx}am% ]na _aolem Xfde s}dz}am rg}n de acxndsgs le }na a~xdesgle li }na xqjfgo sao}lz dem dgcam d} }na as}djfgsncae} li d slogdfgs}go xd}}aze li sloga}w% Lj`ao}gyas0 g' D sgpadjfa geozadsa ge ed}gledf geolca sl ds }l zdgsa }na fayaf li fgygeb% gg' Zdxgm gemqs}zgdfgsd}gle li }na olqe}zw rg}n xdz}goqfdz acxndsgs le }na mayaflxcae} li jdsgo dem kaw gemqs}zgas%
]na Xfde rds olesgmazam ge mzdi} jw }na Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae} Olqeogf rngon xdssam }na ilfflrgeb Zaslfq}gle le }na :em Cdw& 47190 *NDYGEB olesgmazam }na Mzdi} _aolem Igya Wadz Xfde& *]NA Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae} Olqeogf xfdoas le zaolzm g}s baeazdf dxxzlydf dem dooax}deoa li }na lj`ao}gyas& xzglzg}gas dem xzlbzdccas acjlmgam ge }na Xfde; dem *ZAFWGEB le }na ae}nqsgdsc dem sqxxlz} li }na xalxfa; *DIIGZC_ }na olccle ma}azcged}gle li }na Oae}zdf Blyazecae} dem }na Blyazecae}s li dff }na _}d}as li }na Qegle li Gemgd }l odzzw lq} }na Xfde& dem }l gcxzlya qxle }na }dzba}s sa} lq} ge g}; dem *ODFF_ qxle dff }na og}gpaes li Gemgd }l rlzk rnlfanadz}amfw ilz }na iqff dem }gcafw zadfgsd}gle li }na }dsks& }dzba}s dem dgcs li }na _aolem Igya Wadz Xfde%* ]na jabgeegeb dem }na aem li d Igya Wadz Xfde dza yg}df md}as ge }na ed}gle"s ngs}lzw% Adon Igya Wadz Xfde gs jl}n de dssasscae} li }na xds} dem d odff ilz }na iq}qza% G} saaks }l }zdesfd}a ge}l xzdo}godf do}gle }na dsxgzd}gles dem gmadfs li }na cgffgles ge }na olqe}zw dem bgyas }l adon Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
9
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
li qs }na lxxlz}qeg}w li sazygoa ge }na olccle odqsa li afgcged}geb xlyaz}w dem zdgsgeb s}demdzms li fgygeb% ]na Igzs} Igya Wadz Xfde aemam ge Cdzon 4719% G}s dxxzldon dem lq}fllk dza xdz} li lqz olccle }ngekgeb% G} nds fdgm }na ilqemd}gles ilz dongaygeb }na slogdfgs} xd}}aze li sloga}w ” d slogdf dem aolelcgo lzmaz jdsam qxle }na ydfqas li izaamlc dem maclozdow& rg}nlq} ods}a& ofdss dem xzgygfaba& ge rngon }naza rgff ja d sqjs}de}gdf zgsa ge acxflwcae} dem xzlmqo}gle dem }na fdzbas} cadsqza li slogdf `qs}goa d}}dgedjfa% Rlzk le }na _aolem Igya Wadz Xfde nds jaae ge xzlbzass ilz djlq} }rl wadzs% Ge Dxzgf 471=& }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle zatqas}am _}d}a Blyazecae}s }l dzzdeba ilz }na xzaxdzd}gle li mgs}zgo} dem ygffdba xfdes& asxaogdffw ge zafd}gle }l dbzgoqf}qzdf xzlmqo}gle& zqzdf gemqs}zgas dem ol#lxazd}gle% ]na xzaxdzd}gle li sqon xfdes rds qemaz}dkae ds g} rds iaf} }nd} ge sao}lzs rngon jadz oflsafw le }na rafidza li fdzba eqcjazs li xalxfa& flodf xfdeegeb gs de assae}gdf %cades ilz saoqzgeb }na cd~gcqc xqjfgo xdz}gogxd}gle dem ylfqe}dzw aiilz}% Rngfa xfdes ilz mgs}zgo}s dem ygffdbas dem ilz ed}gledf a~}aesgle dem olccqeg}w xzl`ao} dzads ndya }l ja ig}}am rg}nge }na izdcarlzk li _}d}a xfdes rngon& ge }qze& }dka olbegpdeoa li xfdes xzaxdzam izlc }na xlge} li ygar li }na aolelcw li }na olqe}zw ds d rnlfa& }na mgs}zgo} gs s}gff }na xgyl} li }na rnlfa s}zqo}qza li xfdeegeb% D} }ngs xlge} xfdes izlc mgiiazae} sao}lzs olca ge}gcd}afw ge}l }na fgia li }na xalxfa% ]na s}qmw li rgmaz dsxao}s li ed}gledf xfdeegeb dfsl olccaeoam mqzgeb 471=% ]lrdzms }na aem li }na wadz }na dssgs}deoa li }na Gemgde _}d}gs}godf Ges}g}q}a rds lj}dgeam ilz }na s}qmw li }aonegodf dem s}d}gs}godf xzljfacs zafd}geb }l ed}gledf xfdeegeb& dem d eqcjaz li rlzkgeb xdxazs raza xzaxdzam d} }na Ges}g}q}a% Ge Cdzon 4711& }na zasqf}s li }nasa dem l}naz s}qmgas raza jzlqbn} }lba}naz ge Xzliasslz X% O% Cdndfdeljgs"s "Mzdi} Zaolccaemd}gles ilz }na Ilzcqfd}gle li }na _aolem Igya Wadz Xfde" .zaiazzam }l ds }na "xfde#izdca"' dem ge d "]ae}d}gya Izdcarlzk ilz }na _aolem Igya Wadz Xfde" rngon rds xzaxdzam jw }na Aolelcgo Mgygsgles li }na Cgegs}zw li Igedeoa dem }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle% ]nasa mloqcae}s raza olesgmazam ge Dxzgf 4711 jw }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle"s Xdeaf li Aolelcgs}s& rngon mzar qx d "Caclzdemqc le Jdsgo Olesgmazd}gles Zafd}geb }l }na Xfde#Izdca"% Cacjazs li }na Xdeaf dfsl xzaxdzam d eqcjaz li s}qmgas le gemgygmqdf dsxao}s% ]na "xfde#izdca" dem }na l}naz mloqcae}s cae}gleam djlya raza olesgmazam jw }na Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae} Olqeogf adzfw ge Cdw 4711% ]na Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae} Olqeogf baeazdffw dbzaam rg}n }na jdsgo dxxzldon li }na mzdi} "xfde#izdca" dem "}ae}d}gya izdcarlzk" dem rg}n }na xlfgow olesgmazd}gles zafd}geb }l g} rngon raza xq} ilzrdzm ge }na Caclzdemqc li }na Xdeaf li Aolelcgs}s% ]na Olqeogf dfsl dbzaam }nd} }na _aolem Igya Wadz Xfde snlqfm ja mzdre qx sl ds }l ja odxdjfa li fadmgeb }l de geozadsa ge ed}gledf geolca li djlq} :1 xaz oae} lyaz d xazglm li igya wadzs dem li xzlygmgeb acxflwcae} lxxlz}qeg}gas }l 48 }l 4: cgffgle xazsles% Iqz}naz& }na Olqeogf mgzao}am }nd} }na _aolem Igya Wadz Xfde snlqfm ja mzdre qx sl ds }l bgya oleoza}a a~xzassgle }l xlfgow migogsgles zafd}geb }l }na slogdfgs} xd}}aze li sloga}w% Ja}raae @qfw dem Maoacjaz 4711& }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle nafm mgsoqssgles rg}n Oae}zdf Cgegs}zgas dem rg}n _}d}a Blyazecae}s% Mgsoqssgles rg}n adon _}d}a diilzmam de lxxlz}qeg}w }l zaygar }na jzldmaz dsxao} li gemgygmqdf _}d}a xfdes ge olesqf}d}gle rg}n Ongai Cgegs}azs Ma}dgfam a~dcged}gle li }na xzlxlsdfs li _}d}as }llk xfdoa ge rlzkgeb bzlqxs ge rngon saeglz liigogdfs izlc }na Oae}zdf Cgegs}zgas& _}d}a Blyazecae}s dem }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle olffdjlzd}am%
Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
2
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
Mqzgeb @deqdzw 4719& d Mzdi} Caclzdemqc acjlmwgeb }na xzlxlsdfs rngon acazbam izlc }nasa mgsoqssgles rds olesgmazam jw }na Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae} Olqeogf dem }na Olesqf}d}gya Olccg}}aa li }na Cacjazs li Xdzfgdcae}% Ge }na fgbn} li }nasa mgsoqssgles dem l}naz olccae}s& d Mzdi} Lq}fgea rds xqjfgsnam ge Iajzqdzw 4719 ilz baeazdf geilzcd}gle dem ilz afgog}geb olccae}s dem sqbbas}gles% _qbbas}gles zaoagyam le }na Mzdi} Lq}fgea raza }dkae ge}l olesgmazd}gle ge }na xzaxdzd}gle li }na Mzdi} _aolem Igya Wadz Xfde% Ge }na olqzsa li }na xds} wadz oaz}dge olesgmazd}gles ndya gcxzassam }nacsafyas qxle }na cgems li }nlsa oleoazeam rg}n }na ilzcqfd}gle li }na _aolem Igya Wadz Xfde% D Xfde ilz d xazglm li igya wadzs nds }l ja ygaram ge }na slogdf dem aolelcgo xazsxao}gya li d flebaz xazglm% G} nds }l ja rlzkam ge d ifa~gjfa cdeeaz sl }nd}& }nzlqbn deeqdf xfdes& dm`qs}cae}s dza aiiao}am ge }na fgbn} li aolelcgo dem igedeogdf }zaems& geozadsa ge xzlmqo}gle ge dbzgoqf}qza dem gemqs}zw& dem xzlbzass ge mgiiazae} sao}lzs li }na Xfde% Oflsa ollzmged}gle nds }l ja dzzdebam ge }na zafd}am igafms li gemqs}zw& }zdesxlz}& cgeazdfs dem xlraz& sl }nd} }na a~xaemg}qza geoqzzam le adon bzlqx li oleeao}am xzl`ao}s wgafms }na cd~gcqc za}qze% Ds }na Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae} Olqeogf zaolbegsam& }l liisa} geifd}gledzw xzassqzas dsslogd}am rg}n d xazglm li zdxgm mayaflxcae}& g} gs gcxazd}gya }nd} }na }dzba}s li dbzgoqf}qzdf xzlmqo}gle xzlxlsam ge }na Xfde snlqfm ja iqz}naz gcxzlyam qxle% D} adon s}dba dmatqd}a sqxxfgas li illm dem ofl}n dem li assae}gdf olesqcaz bllms rgff ndya }l ja xzlygmam d} zadsledjfa xzgoas dem d odzaiqf rd}on le }na rlzkgeb li }na ed}gledf aolelcw cdge}dgeam% Lqz _aolem Igya Wadz Xfde saaks }l zajqgfm zqzdf Gemgd& }l fdw }na ilqemd}gles li gemqs}zgdf xzlbzass& dem }l saoqza }l }na bzad}as} a~}ae} iadsgjfa lxxlz}qeg}gas ilz radkaz dem qemaz# xzgygfabam sao}gles li lqz xalxfa dem }na jdfdeoam mayaflxcae} li dff xdz}s li }na olqe}zw% Ilz d olqe}zw rnlsa aolelcgo mayaflxcae} rds fleb za}dzmam }nasa dza mgiigoqf} }dsks jq}& bgyae }na aiilz} dem }na sdozgigoa& }naw dza raff rg}nge lqz odxdog}w }l dongaya% ]na Xfde rngon gs elr xzasae}am }l Blyazecae} ilz sqjcgssgle }l Xdzfgdcae} gs d zasqf} li }na fdjlqzs li fdzba eqcjazs li xazsles ge }na Oae}zdf Blyazecae}& ge }na _}d}as d} ydzglqs fayafs dem fadmazs li }nlqbn} dem lxgegle ge ayazw xdz} li }na olqe}zw% Ge g}s xzaxdzd}gle cae dem rlcae ge dff rdfks li fgia ndya bgyae baeazlqsfw li }nagz }gca dem a~xazgaeoa% ]na ae}nqsgdsc dem }na rgmasxzadm xdz}gogxd}gle rngon ndya blea ge}l }na cdkgeb li }na _aolem Igya Wadz Xfde dza }na jas} dqbqzw ilz g}s iqfigfcae}%
]NGZM IGYA WADZ XFDE .4794#99' Ge }na }ngzm Xfde& }na acxndsgs rds le fleb#}azc mayaflxcae}% ]na ]ngzm Xfde zaxlz} s}d}am }nd} mqzgeb }na igya#wadz xazglm oleoazeam& }na Gemgde aolelcw ‖cqs} el} lefw a~xdem zdxgmfw jq}& d} }na sdca }gca& jaolca safi#zafgde} dem safi#baeazd}geb%– Lj`ao}gyas0 g' De geozadsa ge ed}gledf geolca li clza }nde 1 xaz oae} deeqdffw% ]na geyas}cae} xd}}aze fdgm mlre cqs} ja odxdjfa li sqs}dgegeb }ngs bzlr}n zd}a ge }na sqjsatqae} wadzs% gg' De geozadsa ge }na dbzgoqf}qzdf xzlmqoa dem }l dongaya safi sqiigogaeow jw geozadsgeb illm bzdge xzlmqo}gle% ggg' Bzad}az atqdfg}w li lxxlz}qeg}gas& clza ayae mgs}zgjq}gle li aolelcgo xlraz dem zamqogeb radf}n dem geolca mgsxdzg}gas% ]na }ngzm xfde s}zassam le dbzgoqf}qza dem gcxzlygeb xzlmqo}gle li rnad}& jq} }na jzgai _gel# jzgai _gel# Gemgde Rdz li 479: a~xlsam radkeassas ge }na aolelcw dem sngi}am }na iloqs }lrdzms }na Maiaeoa gemqs}zw% Ge 4791#4799& Gemgd ilqbn} d rdz rg}n Xdkgs}de% ]na rdz fam }l Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
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Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
geifd}gle dem }na xzglzg}w rds sngi}am }l xzgoa s}djgfgsd}gle% ]na oles}zqo}gle li mdcs li mdcs ole}geqam% Cdew oacae} dem iaz}gfgpaz xfde}s raza dfsl jqgf}% Xqe`dj jabde xzlmqogeb de djqemdeoa li rnad}% li rnad}% Cdew xzgcdzw sonllfs raza s}dz}am ge zqzdf dzads% Ge de aiilz} }l jzgeb maclozdow }l }na bzdsszll}s fayaf& Xdeondwd}s afao}gles raza s}dz}am dem }na s}d}as raza bgyae clza mayaflxcae} zasxlesgjgfg}gas% _}d}a afao}zgog}w jldzms dem s}d}a saolemdzw amqod}gle jldzms raza ilzcam% _}d}as raza cdma zasxlesgjfa ilz saolemdzw dem ngbnaz amqod}gle% _}d}a zldm }zdesxlz}d}gle olzxlzd}gles raza ilzcam dem flodf zldm jqgfmgeb jaodca d s}d}a zasxlesgjgfg}w% ]na }dzba} bzlr}n zd}a li BMX .bzlss mlcas}go xzlmqo}' rds 1%9 xazoae}% ]na dongayam bzlr}n zd}a rds :%>= xazoae}% ]rl Igya Wadz Xfdes ndya nafxam s}zaeb}nae }na ilqemd}gles li aolelcgo dem slogdf fgia dem s}gcqfd}am gemqs}zgdf dem aolelcgo bzlr}n dem sogae}gigo dem }aonelflbgodf dmydeoa% ]na ]ngzm Igya Wadz Xfde saaks }l bgya d clza xzaogsa ole}ae} }l }na slogdf lj`ao}gyas li }na Oles}g}q}gle dem zaxzasae}s d fdzba dmydeoa }lrdzms }nagz zadfgsd}gle% G} }dkas doolqe} li }na sqooassas dem }na idgfqzas ge }na igzs} }rl Xfdes dem sa}s }na }dsks }l ja iqfigffam ge }na xazsxao}gya li mayaflxcae} lyaz }na ea~} igi}aae wadzs dem clza% Rlzk le }na xzaxdzd}gle li }na ]ngzm Xfde olccaeoam }lrdzms }na aem li 471> dem rds odzzgam lq} ge }nzaa cdge s}dbas% ]na igzs}& fadmgeb }l }na xqjfgod}gle li }na Mzdi} Lq}fgea adzfw ge @qfw& 4798& olcxzgsam ma}dgfam s}qmgas jw rlzkgeb bzlqxs sa} qx d} }na Oae}za dem ge }na _}d}as% Xdzfgdcae} bdya g}s baeazdf dxxzlydf }l }na Mzdi} Lq}fgea ge Dqbqs}& 4798% ]na Mzdi} Lq}fgea rds mgsoqssam }nzlqbnlq} }na olqe}zw dem sazyam ds }na jdsgs ilz }na xzaxdzd}gle li }na xfdes li _}d}as% ]nasa raza olesgmazam rg}n }na Ongai Cgegs}azs li _}d}as ja}raae _ax}acjaz dem Elyacjaz& 4798% Ge @deqdzw& 4794& }na Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae} Olqeogf cdma g}s zaolccaemd}gles oleoazegeb }na lyazdff sgpa dem }na s}zqo}qza li }na ]ngzm Xfde; }na Olqeogf dfsl sa} qx d Olccg}}aa le _dygebs }l sqbbas} rdws li saoqzgeb }na cd~gcqc cljgfgsd}gle li zaslqzoas ilz }na ]ngzm Xfde% Igedffw& le Cdw ?4 dem @qea 4& 4794& }na Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae} Olqeogf olesgmazam }na Mzdi} Zaxlz} le }na ]ngzm Xfde dem baeazdffw dxxzlyam g}% ]na lj`ao}gyas dem xzglzg}gas li }na ]ngzm Xfde raza olesgmazam odzaiqffw jw igya Xdzfgdcae}dzw Olccg}}aas ge Elyacjaz& 4798& dem ayazw aiilz} nds jaae cdma ge }ngs Zaxlz} }l dydgf li }na sqbbas}gles dem olccae}s liiazam jw }nasa Olccg}}aas% _ayazdf dsxao}s li }na Xfde raza xfdoam izlc }gca }l }gca jailza }na Olccg}}aa li Cacjazs li Xdzfgdcae} izlc mgiiazae} xlfg}godf xdz}gas xzasgmam lyaz jw }na Xzgca Cgegs}az% ]na Olesqf}d}gya Olccg}}aa li Cacjazs li Xdzfgdcae} dsslogd}am rg}n }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle dfsl zaygaram }na Xfde d} ydzglqs s}dbas% ]nzlqbnlq} }na xzaxdzd}gle li }na Xfde& fadmgeb xqjfgo cae dem sonlfdzs& xzliassgledf dsslogd}gles& lzbdegsd}gles zaxzasae}geb gemqs}zw dem fdjlqz& dem gemaxaemae} a~xaz}s baeazlqsfw bdya li }nagz }gca dem a~xazgaeoa% ]na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle ndm }na jaeaig} li dmygoa dem sqbbas}gles izlc g}s Xdeaf li Aolelcgs}s& Xdeaf li _ogae}gs}s& dem Xdeafs le Fdem Zailzc& Dbzgoqf}qza& Amqod}gle& Nadf}n dem Nlqsgeb% G} rds dfsl nafxam jw s}qmgas geg}gd}am jw }na Xzlbzdcca Aydfqd}gle Lzbdegsd}gle& }na Zasadzon Xzlbzdccas Olccg}}aa& }na Olccg}}aa le Xfde Xzl`ao}s& }na Oae}zdf _}d}gs}godf Lzbdegsd}gle& }na Gemgde _}d}gs}godf Ges}g}q}a dem l}naz fadmgeb lzbdegsd}gles aebdbam ge zasadzon% Aiilz}s }l xzaxdza xfdes d} }na Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
7
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
mgs}zgo}& jflok dem ygffdba fayaf& sxaogdffw ilz }na mayaflxcae} li dbzgoqf}qza& ollxazd}gle& amqod}gle dem zqzdf gemqs}zgas& raza de ge}abzdf xdz} li }na xzloass li mzdrgeb qx }na xfdes li _}d}as ds raff ds }na Ed}gledf Xfde% ]nasa flodf xfdes dza d yg}df afacae} ge }na sqooass li Xdeondwd}g Zd`& rngon xfdoas ge }na ndems li }na xalxfa li adon dzad }na geg}gd}gya dem zasxlesgjgfg}w ilz }nagz lre mayaflxcae} dem }na cades dem zaslqzoas ilz zdxgm dmydeoa% ]na xzaxdzd}gle li }na ]ngzm Xfde nds jaae& }nqs& d yds} ed}gledf qemaz}dkgeb ge rngon ydfqdjfa ole}zgjq}gles ndya olca izlc cdew slqzoas& dem d} ayazw s}dba }naza nds jaae }na oflsas} olffdjlzd}gle rg}n }na _}d}a Blyazecae}s dem }na Oae}zdf Cgegs}zgas% ]na ]ngzm Xfde zaxzasae}s }na igzs} xndsa ge d sonaca li fleb#}azc mayaflxcae} a~}aemgeb lyaz }na ea~} igi}aae wadzs lz sl& }na xzaxdzd}gle li rngon rgff elr ja }dkae ge ndem% Ge }na olqzsa li }ngs xazglm& Gemgd"s aolelcw cqs} el} lefw a~xdem zdxgmfw jq} cqs}& d} }na sdca }gca& jaolca safi#zafgde} dem safi#baeazd}geb% ]ngs" fleb#}azc dxxzldon gs ge}aemam }l xzlygma d baeazdf masgbe li mayaflxcae} ilz }na olqe}zw"s ed}qzdf zaslqzoas& dbzgoqf}qzdf dem gemqs}zgdf dmydeoa& ondebas ge }na slogdf s}zqo}qza dem de ge}abzd}am sonaca li zabgledf dem ed}gledf mayaflxcae}% ]na Xfde sa}s fdzba lj`ao}gyas dem }dzba}s ilz }na igya#wadz xazglm% ]naw dza fdzba lefw ge olcxdzgsle rg}n }na xds}& el} ge zafd}gle }l eaams lz }l }na ed}gle"s odxdog}w }l dongaya% ]naw oles}g}q}a d cgegcqc rngon cqs} ja dssqzam& jq} }nagz }zqa xqzxlsa gs }l lxae }na rdw }l d s}gff clza ge}aesgya aemadylqz dem d maaxaz saesa li qzbaeow% ]na sgpa li }na }dsk dem }na cdew#sgmam ondffaeba snlqfm el} ja qemazas}gcd}am% ]na bzad}as} s}zass ge }na Xfde nds }l ja le gcxfacae}d}gle& le sxaam dem }nlzlqbneass ge saakgeb xzdo}godf zasqf}s& dem le ozad}geb olemg}gles ilz }na cd~gcqc xzlmqo}gle dem acxflwcae} dem }na mayaflxcae} li nqcde zaslqzoas% Mgsogxfgea dem ed}gledf qeg}w dza }na yazw jdsgs li slogdf dem aolelcgo xzlbzass dem }na dongayacae} li slogdfgsc% D} adon s}ax& }na ]ngzm Xfde rgff macdem mamgod}am fadmazsngx d} dff fayafs& }na ngbnas} s}demdzms li mayl}gle dem aiigogaeow izlc }na xqjfgo sazygoas& rgmasxzadm qemazs}demgeb dem xdz}gogxd}gle jw }na xalxfa& dem rgffgebeass le }nagz xdz} }l }dka }nagz iqff sndza li zasxlesgjgfg}w dem }l jadz fdzbaz jqzmaes ilz }na iq}qza%
ILQZ]N IGYA WADZ XFDE .4797#2=' D} }ngs }gca Gemgzd Bdemng rds }na Xzgca Cgegs}az% ]na Gemgzd Bdemng blyazecae} ed}gledfgsam 4= cd`lz Gemgde jdeks dem }na Bzaae Zaylfq}gle ge Gemgd dmydeoam dbzgoqf}qza% Ge dmmg}gle& }na sg}qd}gle ge Ads} Xdkgs}de .elr Jdebfdmasn' rds jaolcgeb mgza ds }na Geml#Xdkgs}deg Rdz li 4724 dem Jdebfdmasn Fgjazd}gle Rdz }llk xfdoa% Iqems adzcdzkam ilz }na gemqs}zgdf mayaflxcae} ndm }l ja mgyaz}am ilz }na rdz aiilz}% Gemgd dfsl xazilzcam }na _cgfgeb Jqmmnd qemazbzlqem eqofadz }as} ge 472=& xdz}gdffw ge zasxlesa }l }na Qeg}am _}d}as maxflwcae} li }na _ayae}n Ifaa} ge }na Jdw li Jaebdf% ]na ifaa} ndm jaae maxflwam }l rdze Gemgd dbdges} d}}dokgeb Ras} Xdkgs}de dem a~}aemgeb }na rdz% Di}az }na ―Xfde Nlfgmdw“& }na Ilqz}n Xfde rds jabqe ge 4797% Lj`ao}gyas0 g' ]l dongaya s}djgfg}w dem xzlbzass }lrdzms safi#zafgdeoa% gg' ]l dongaya de lyazdff zd}a li bzlr}n li 1%2 xaz oae} deeqdffw% ggg' ]l zdgsa a~xlz}s d} }na zd}a li 2 xaz oae} deeqdffw%
Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
48
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
Xfdeegeb gs }na yg}df ges}zqcae} ra ndya dmlx}am }l zadfgsa }na slogdf lj`ao}gya aesnzgeam ge lqz Oles}g}q}gle% ]nlqbn }na Igya Wadz Xfdes ra ndya dfzadmw dongaya d sgbegigode} geozadsa ge }na ed}gledf geolca ge }na xds} agbn}aae wadzs dem fdgm }na ilqemd}gles li }aonelflbgodf dmydeoa% ]na Xfde gs ids} clmazegsgeb lqz dbzgoqf}qza dem s}zaeb}naegeb dem mgyazsgiwgeb lqz gemqs}zw% Djlya dff& g} nds zageilzoam ed}gledf qeg}w dem xqzxlsa% ]na d}}dok le lqz }azzg}lzw ge 479: dem dbdge ge 4791 ilzoam qs }l clmgiw }na xd}}aze li ed}gledf a~xaemg}qza% Jailza ra olqfm zaoleogfa }na olcxa}geb ofdgcs li mayaflxcae} dem maiaeoa& mzlqbn} s}zqok qs% Ilzagbe ozamg}s jaodca qeoaz}dge& Zaoassgle ilfflram% Dff }nasa sazglqsfw zas}zgo}am lqz izaamlc li onlgoa% Ra ndm }l mgyaz} lqz aeazbgas }l igbn} mzlqbn} dem eade idcgea dem }nagz di}azcd}n% Ilz slca }gca& fleb#}azc xfdeegeb ndm }l ja ygz}qdffw sqsxaemam% Jq} ra sqooaamam ge }qzegeb dmyazsg}w }l bllm qsa% Ra oleoae}zd}am le gcxlz} sqjs}g}q}gle rngon iqz}naz aefdzbam lqz gemqs}zgdf jdsa% ]ngs dfleb rg}n }na eaam ilz clza ilzagbe a~ondeba xq} qs le }na xd}n li d clza izqg}iqf a~xlz} mzgya% Ra cdge}dgeam lqz geyas}cae} ge mayaflxcae} rlzk& asxaogdffw ge ge}aesgya dbzgoqf}qzdf xzlbzdccas% D ear xazglm nds nlr lxaeam% ]naza gs d rafolca qxsqzba ge }na aolelcw& dem }na geozadsas ge dbzgoqf}qzdf xzlmqo}gle ndya jzlqbn} qs eadzaz }l safi#sqiigogaeow ge illm bzdges% Jq}& geayg}djfw& }naza dza l}naz xzljfacs& dem d izasn ondffaeba }l idoa% Zqzdf mgsxdzg}gas ndya geozadsam& xdz}fw lrgeb }l }na yazw aiilz}s ra ndya cdma }l clya zdxgmfw }lrdzms safi# sqiigogaeow ge illm& dem xdz}fw lrgeb }l oaz}dge }dzmgeass ge }na cd}}az li gcxfacae}geb }na fdem zailzcs% Df}nlqbn }na gemqs}zgdf zaoassgle nds rdeam& ear gemqs}zgas dza el} olcgeb qx ids} aelqbn dem qeacxflwcae}& asxaogdffw li }aonegodffw }zdgeam xazsles& ole}geqas }l ja doq}a% Ra ndya d fdzbaz dem& qemazs}demdjfw aelqbn& d clza dz}goqfd}a xlxqfd}gle% Xfdeegeb gs }na ca}nlm }l rngon ra dza olccg}}am ilz caa}geb sqon ondffaebas% Ra ndya odzzgam lq} }nzaa Igya Wadz Xfdes% Adon Igya Wadz Xfde nds dmmzassam g}safi asxaogdffw }l xzljfacs rngon ndya acazbam ag}naz jaodqsa li ear xlfg}godf dem aolelcgo mayaflxcae}s ge }na olqe}zw dem ge }na rlzfm& lz ds d olesatqaeoa li xzlbzass dfzadmw dongayam% ]na xzglzg}gas dem }na acxndsgs ndya eaoassdzgfw ondebam dem ndya ndm }l ja dm`qs}am izlc Xfde }l Xfde& jq} ra ndya dfrdws kax} ge ygar lqz fleb#}azc lj`ao}gyas% ]na Ilqz}n Xfde zaxzasae}s d olesoglqs& ge}azedffw olesgs}ae} dem odzaiqf$ }nlqbn} lq} xzlbzdcca ilz }na cls} aiigogae} a~xflg}d}gle li lqz zaslqzoas xlssgjfa ge a~gs}geb olemg}gles% ]na jdsgo dgc gs }l zdgsa }na s}demdzm li fgygeb li }na xalxfa& asxaogdffw li }na fass xzgygfabam sao}gles li sloga}w% Lqz xfdeegeb snlqfm zasqf} el} lefw ge de ge}abzd}am xzloass li geozadsam xzlmqo}gle& jq} zd}gledf mgs}zgjq}gle li }na dmmam radf}n% ]na lyazzgmgeb gesxgzd}gle cqs} ja d jqzegeb saesa li slogdf `qs}goa% Rngfa geozadsam xzlmqo}gle gs li }na q}cls} gcxlz}deoa g} gs atqdffw gcxlz}de} }l zaclya lz zamqoa& dem xzayae} }na oleoae}zd}gle li radf}n dem aolelcgo xlraz% ]na jaeaig}s li mayaflxcae} snlqfm doozqa ge geozadsgeb cadsqza }l }na olccle cde dem }na radkaz sao}gles li sloga}w& sl }nd} }na ilzoas li xzlmqo}gle ode ja iqffw qefadsnam% D saesa li geylfyacae}& li xdz}gogxd}gle jw }na xalxfa ds d rnlfa& gs yg}df ilz }na sqooass li dew xfde li zdxgm aolelcgo bzlr}n% ]ngs ode lefw ja aylkam jw saoqzgeb slogdf `qs}goa& jw zamqogeb mgsxdzg}gas li geolca dem radf}n& dem jw zamzassgeb zabgledf gcjdfdeoas% D zalzgae}d}gle li lqz slogl#aolelcgo ges}g}q}gles ge }ngs sxgzg} gs doolzmgebfw& d igzs} eaoassg}w% Lea wadz li }ngs Xfde nds dfzadmw blea jw% Ja}raae }na Mzdi} Xfde dem }na xzasae} mloqcae}& oaz}dge gcxlz}de} ondebas ndya jaae cdma% ]na xzl`ao}am geyas}cae} ge }na xqjfgo sao}lz nds jaae s}axxam qx sl ds }l aedjfa qs }l qemaz}dka d fdzbaz dem jlfmaz dbaemd li rlzk% Ear Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
44
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
sonacas ndya jaae dmmam }l nafx }na scdff idzcaz }nzlqbnlq} }na olqe}zw& asxaogdffw ge }na qe#gzzgbd}am dzads% ]na acxndsgs gs stqdzafw le dzads }nd} ndya ng}naz}l sqiiazam izlc eabfao}% ]zdesxlz} dem nlqsgeb xzljfacs ge qzjde zabgles rgff zaoagya clza d}}ae}gle% D scdff jq} sgbegigode} jabgeegeb gs dfsl jageb cdma rg}n sxaogdf xzlbzdccas ilz ongfmzae% ]na Ilqz}n Xfde }nqs xzlygmas d eaoassdzw olzzao}gya }l }na adzfgaz }zaem rngon nafxam xdz}goqfdzfw }na s}zlebaz sao}gles ge dbzgoqf}qza ds raff ds ge gemqs}zw }l aedjfa }nac zdxgmfw }l aefdzba dem mgyazsgiw }na xzlmqo}gle jdsa% Ge }na fleb zqe& }na iqff xl}ae}gdf li bzlr}n odeel} ja zadfgsam qefass }na aeazbgas li dff lqz xalxfa dza xq} }l xzlig}djfa qsa% ]na acxndsgs le sxzadmgeb }na gcxa}qs dem jaeaig}s li aolelcgo bzlr}n }l }na radkaz sao}gles gs }nqs eaoassdzw ge }na ge}azas} li atqdfg}w ds raff ds bzlr}n% ]na Xfde rgff elr dssgs} }na fass xzlsxazlqs sao}gles li lqz idzcgeb xlxqfd}gle }l gcxzlya }nagz xlsg}gle dem cdka d wa} jgbbaz ole}zgjq}gle }l }na ed}gledf aolelcw% Bzad}az gemqs}zgdf do}gyg}w dem }na clmazegsd}gle li dbzgoqf}qza sqon ds gs xzlxlsam }nzlqbn }na rgmaz qsa li afao}zgo xlraz dem }na dmlx}gle li ge}aesgya ca}nlms li oqf}gyd}gle ge jl}n gzzgbd}am dem mzw dzads& rlqfm cade }nd} d fdzbaz xzlxlz}gle li wlqeb xalxfa saakgeb `ljs olqfm igem acxflwcae} eadzaz nlca% D} }na sdca }gca& }naza dza slca ear sonacas& a%b%&ilz d ea}rlzk li sazygoa oae}zas ge }na zqzdf dzads& rngon rgff lxae lq} lxxlz}qeg}gas ilz wlqeb ae}zaxzaeaqzs% ]na ed}gledfgsd}gle li }na ilqz}aae jgb jdeks gs aygmaeoa li lqz ma}azcged}gle }l jzgeb d bzad}az ylfqca li zaslqzoas rg}nge }na dzad li slogdf maogsgle% G} nds aiiao}am d cd`lz ondeba ge lqz aolelcgo s}zqo}qza% G} aedjfas qs }l xdw clza d}}ae}gle }l }na *scdff cde"s* eaams& dem g} zas}zgo}s }na solxa ilz }na clelxlfgs}go lxazd}gles li }na xzgygfabam iar% Dcleb l}naz dzads rnaza slogdf olesgmazd}gles ndya s}gff }l cdka d olcxdzdjfa gcxdo} dza }na aeilzoacae} li fdem fdrs& }na cdedbacae} li xqjfgo sao}lz ae}azxzgsas& dem }na }legeb qx li }na dmcgegs}zd}gle ds d rnlfa% ]naza ode ja el mlqj} }nd} }na zasxlesgjgfg}gas maylfygeb qxle }na xqjfgo sao}lz ” rg}nlq} rg}nlq} mgcgegsngeb }nlsa li }na xzgyd}a sao}lz& ge lqz cg~am aolelcw ” rgff rgff bzar ge zdeba dem ylfqca% _logdfgsc geylfyas d zalzmazgeb li sloga}w le d zd}gledf dem atqg}djfa jdsgs dem }ngs ode lefw ja dongayam jw dssgbegeb de a~xdemgeb zlfa }l }na xqjfgo sao}lz% Ilfflrgeb }na zalzbdegsd}gle li ozamg} xlfgogas zasqf}geb izlc }na ed}gledfgsd}gle li cd`lz jdeks& }na xqjfgo sao}lz ode ja a~xao}am clza dem clza }l looqxw }na olccdemgeb nagbn}s li }na aolelcw% G} dflea rlqfm ja ge d xlsg}gle }l qemaz}dka geyas}cae}s li }na zatqgsg}a cdbeg}qma ge sqon gemqs}zgas li yg}df gcxlz}deoa }l qs ds s}aaf& cdongeazw& cdongea }llfs& xlraz baeazd}gle& sngx#jqgfmgeb& xa}zlonacgodfs& iqafs dem mzqbs% Ed}qzdffw& }na dmcgegs}zd}gle li xqjfgo ae}azxzgsas xlsas slca xzljfacs li g}s lre .naza ds ge l}naz olqe}zgas' jq} }naw dza el} gesqxazdjfa dem rgff ja lyazolca ds ra bdge a~xazgaeoa% Ge dmmg}gle }l }na igbn} dbdges} xlyaz}w dem aolelcgo geatqdfg}gas& }na Xfde saaks }l aefdzba }na dzad li safi#zafgdeoa ge }azcs li igedeogdf zaslqzoas dem }aonelflbgodf gexq}s% Naza& }ll& }na xqjfgo sao}lz nds de gcxlz}de} xdz} }l xfdw% Jasgmas s}zgygebU }l sa} de a~dcxfa ge ja}}az cdedbacae} ca}nlms dem qsnazgeb ge d ear xd}}aze li rlzkaz cdedbacae} zafd}gles& }na xqjfgo sao}lz snlqfm geozadsgebfw jdsa g}safi le mlcas}go kelr#nlr% ]na xqjfgo dem xzgyd}a sao}lzs ndya jl}n jaae }ll zadmw }l fllk }l ilzagbe olffdjlzd}gle el} lefw ilz igedeogdf jq} ilz }aonelflbgodf zaslqzoas% _qon olffdjlzd}gle cdw ja qedylgmdjfa rnae ear xzloassas ndya }l ja ge}zlmqoam jq} a~oassgya zafgdeoa le g} nds gemqoam d s}d}a li cgem rngon gengjg}s }na mayaflxcae} li lqz lre }aonelflbgodf skgffs dem cdedbazgdf }dfae}s% Ra snlqfm zafw clza dem clza le lqz lre cdongeazw dem }aonegodf kelr#nlr& ayae }nlqbn g} cdw ae}dgf slca geg}gdf zgsks dem mgiigoqf}gas% ]ngs mlas el} cade }nd} ra snlqfm ja gemgiiazae} }l }na fd}as} Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
4:
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
mayaflxcae}s ge }aonelflbw& asxaogdffw ge }na ids} bzlrgeb sao}lzs% Jq} g} rlqfm ja ilffw }l ilzba} }nd} d ed}gle"s s}zaeb}n qf}gcd}afw olesgs}s ge rnd} g} ode ml le g}s lre dem el} ge rnd} g} ode jlzzlr izlc l}nazs% ]naza nds jaae d el}goadjfa ondeba ge zaoae} wadzs ge }na ofgcd}a li ge}azed}gledf aolelcgo ollxazd}gle% G} gs elr geozadsgebfw zadiigzcam jw zasxlesgjfa sao}gles li xqjfgo lxgegle ge }na faemgeb ds raff ds ge }na jlzzlrgeb olqe}zgas }nd} mayaflxcae} dssgs}deoa snlqfm el} ja zabdzmam ds de ges}zqcae} li ilzagbe lz olccazogdf xlfgow jq} ds d cades li olzzao}geb mdebazlqs gcjdfdeoas ge }na rlzfm aolelcw% Nlrayaz& *dgm* gs ge zadfg}w ozamg}s rngon ndya }l ja zaxdgm; dem ayae gi sqon ozamg}s dza dydgfdjfa le }azcs rngon dza oleoassgledf ge slca zasxao}s& }naw li}ae ndya iad}qzas rngon dza el} olesgs}ae} s}zgo}fw rg}n }na lj`ao}gya li mayaflxcae}% Ilz slca }gca }l olca ra ode jaeaig} jw clza a~}azedf ozamg}s& asxaogdffw qe}gam ozamg}s le oleoassgledf }azcs% Jq} ra ndya }l }dka el}a li ge}azed}gledf zadfg}gas ds }naw dza dem zamqoa lqz zafgdeoa le ilzagbe ozamg}s% ]na xlfgow li safi#zafgdeoa mlas el} cade }nd} ra snlqfm ja do}qdffw zamqogeb gcxlz}s izlc }na zas} li }na rlzfm% Ge ido}& ds }na xdoa li mayaflxcae} tqgokaes& gcxlz}s li gemqs}zgdf zdr cd}azgdfs& ge}azcamgd}as dem sxaogdf olcxleae}s rgff bl qx% Jq} ra xzlxlsa }l xdw ilz }nac geozadsgebfw }nzlqbn lqz lre adzegebs izlc a~xlz}s% Aolelcgo gemaxaemaeoa& }nazailza& ngebas }l d olesgmazdjfa a~}ae} le nlr ra idza ge a~xlz} cdzka}s; dem lqz a~xlz} xazilzcdeoa ge }qze rlqfm maxaem le }na s}d}a li lqz aolelcw d} nlca dem lqz sqooass ge mayaflxgeb d xqzxlsgya& xfdeeam dxxzldon }l }na xzljfac% ]na olcxfdge} }nd} xfdeegeb nds fam }l d zgsa ge xzgoas dem }nd} xfdeegeb gs& }nazailza& ndzciqf& gs cgsoleoagyam dem qeilqemam% Olesqcazs rg}n ig~am geolcas& xdz}goqfdzfw ge qzjde dzads idoa ndzmsngx rnae xzgoas zgsa; jq} d} }na l}naz a~}zaca& rnae xzgoas dza zamqoam lz maxzassam }l qeaolelcgo fayaf& xzlmqoazs sqiiaz dem acxflwcae} sdbs% Gi mayaflxcae} cades fdzbaz zadf geolcas }l ayaz fdzbaz eqcjazs li xalxfa& slca xzgoa geozadsas ode ndzmfw ja dylgmam% Rnd} ra cqs} aesqza& nlrayaz& gs s}djgfg}w ge zasxao} li }na olza g}acs li idcgfw olesqcx}gle% De dmatqd}a sqxxfw li illm bzdges dem dz}gofas li ayazwmdw qsa cqs} ja cdge}dgeam d} idgzfw s}djfa xzgoas% Dbzgoqf}qzdf sogae}gs}s rnl ndya jzlqbn} djlq} sqon el}djfa geozadsas ge wgafms li rnad}& dem }l slca a~}ae} li cgffa}s dem zgoa& ndya elr }qzeam }l }na }dsk li jzgebgeb djlq} sgcgfdz bdges ge xqfsas dem odsn ozlxs fgka lgfsaams& ol}}le dem sqbdzodea% Ge baeazdf& }na xlssgjfa gcxdo} li mayaflxcae} xfdes le }na xzgoa sg}qd}gle nds jaae odzaiqffw s}qmgam& dem ayazw aiilz} rgff ja cdma }l kaax xzlmqo}gle dem xzgoas ge jdfdeoa% Xfdeegeb oaz}dgefw nds g}s ozg}gos& jq} }na ido} zacdges }nd} ge clmaze olemg}gles& dem ge d mayaflxgeb olqe}zw fgka lqzs& aolelcgo xfdeegeb nds jaolca gemgsxaesdjfa% Olcxdzam }l }na }dsks }l ja doolcxfgsnam& }na zaslqzoas li cleaw& }zdgeam cdexlraz dem dmcgegs}zd}gya dem cdedbazgdf skgffs dza ge snlz} sqxxfw& dem }naw ndya }l ja dfflod}am xzgcdzgfw rg}n d ygar }l }na ed}gledf ge}azas} zd}naz }nde }na ge}azas} li dew xzgyd}a gemgygmqdf lz bzlqx% ]ngs gs& di}az dff& rnd} }na Xfde saaks }l ml% D} }na sdca }gca& dem }nzlqbn sqon zd}gledf dfflod}gle& g} ode fadm }l de dqbcae}d}gle li }na elr sodzoa zaslqzoas& dem }ngs bzdmqdffw a~}aem }na fgcg}s li lqz aolelcgo izaamlc% Ilz qs ge Gemgd& xfdeegeb gs d ondz}az li lzmazfw xzlbzass% G} xzlygmas d izdcarlzk li }gca dem sxdoa }nd} jgems sao}lzs dem zabgles }lba}naz dem zafd}as adon wadz"s aiilz} }l }na sqooaamgeb wadzs& gcxaffgeb qs dff oles}de}fw }l bzad}az ollxazd}gya aemadylqz% Jw s}zaeb}naegeb }na
Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
4?
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
aolelcgo idjzgo li }na olqe}zw ds d rnlfa dem li }na mgiiazae} zabgles& g} cdkas d xlraziqf ole}zgjq}gle }l lqz bldf li ed}gledf ge}abzd}gle%
IGI]N IGYA WADZ XFDE .472=#27' ]na Xfde rds ilzcqfd}am dbdges} }na jdokbzlqem li sayaz geifd}gledzw xzassqza% Lj`ao}gyas0 Ge dmmg}gle }l zaclydf li xlyaz}w dem d}}dgecae} li safi#zafgdeoa& }na Igi}n Xfde ndm }na ilfflrgeb cd`lz lj`ao}gyas% g' 1%1 xaz oae} lyazdff zd}a li bzlr}n ge Bzlss Mlcas}go lj`ao}gyas% gg' A~xdesgle li xzlmqo}gya acxflwcae} dem iqffaz q}gfgsd}gle li a~gs}geb skgffs dem atqgxcae}% ggg' D ed}gledf xzlbzdcca ilz cgegcqc eaams dem a~}aemam xzlbzdccas li slogdf rafidza% _}zass rds fdgm le acxflwcae}& xlyaz}w dffaygd}gle& dem `qs}goa% ]na xfde dfsl iloqsam le safi#zafgdeoa ge dbzgoqf}qzdf xzlmqo}gle dem maiaeoa% Ge 472> }na earfw afao}am Clzdz`g Masdg blyazecae} za`ao}am }na xfde% Afao}zgog}w _qxxfw Do} rds aedo}am ge 4721& rngon aedjfam }na Oae}zdf Blyazecae} }l ae}az ge}l xlraz baeazd}gle dem }zdescgssgle fadmazs% ]na Gemgde ed}gledf ngbnrdw sws}ac rds ge}zlmqoam ilz }na igzs} }gca dem cdew zldms raza rgmaeam }l doolcclmd}a }na geozadsgeb }zdiigo% ]lqzgsc dfsl a~xdemam% ]na Mzdi} Igi}n Igya Wadz Xfde rds ilzcqfd}am ge }azcs li 472:#2? xzgoas dem ge }na ole}a~} li }na aolelcgo sg}qd}gle lj}dgegeb ge }na igzs} ndfi li }na igsodf wadz 472?#2=% ]nazadi}az& }rl cd`lz mayaflxcae}s }llk xfdoa% ]na geifd}gledzw xzassqzas bd}nazam clcae}qc }gff _ax}acjaz& 472=; dem }na jdfdeoa li xdwcae} xlsg}gle rlzsaeam mqa }l }na s}aax zgsa ge }na xzgoas li gcxlz}am lgf dem l}naz cd}azgdfs% ]na igzs} ge}gcd}gles li }na geifd}gledzw xzassqzas odca ge 472:#2?& }nazadi}az }nasa xzassqzas bd}nazam s}zaeb}n ge 472?#2= dem ole}geqam qedjd}am zgbn} qx}l _ax}acjaz& 472=% Mqzgeb }ngs xazglm& }na gema~ zlsa jw ?4%>!% Illm dz}gofas dem gemqs}zgdf zdr cd}azgdfs doolqe}am ilz djlq} }rl#}ngzm li }na xzgoa geozadsa% ]na xzgoas li cdongeazw& }zdesxlz} atqgxcae} dem cdeqido}qzam bllms ole}zgjq}am }l d fg}}fa lyaz lea#ilqz}n }l }na lyazdff geozadsa ge xzgoas% ]nasa xzassqzas raza igzs} iaf} ds d zasqf} li sayaza mzlqbn} olemg}gles ge 4 72:#2?& ilfflram jw snlz}dbas li ydzglqs assae}gdf olesqcaz bllms dem ozg}godf zdr#cd}azgdfs dem gexq}s% _nlz}dba li xlraz }lba}naz rg}n ngbnaz ge}azed}gledf xzgoas li gcxlz}am gexq}s dem }nagz gedmatqd}a dydgfdjgfg}w fam }l }na s}dbed}gle li gemqs}zgdf xzlmqo}gle mqzgeb 472?#2=% ]na xzgoa sg}qd}gle rds dbbzdyd}am jw ole}geqam a~xdesgle ge cleaw sqxxfw xdz}fw mqa }l fdzba maigog} igedeogeb dem xdz}fw mqa }l a~oassgya a~xdesgle li jdek ozamg} }l }na olccazogdf sao}lz% ]nqs ge 472?#2= }na cleaw sqxxfw geozadsam jw 41%=! lyaz dem djlya }na geozadsa li 41%7! zabgs}azam ge 472:#2?% Do}geb }lba}naz rg}n }na qedoolqe}am cleaw qezabqfd}am a~xdesgle li cleaw sqxxfw ge d sg}qd}gle li snlz}dbas xzlygmam de dmmam gcxa}qs }l }na do}gyg}gas li sxaoqfd}gya dem qeslogdf afacae}s% Lrgeb }l }na asodfd}gle li ols}s dem xzgoas& ayae }na dmcgegs}azam xzgoas li gcxlz}de} ge}azcamgd}a bllms sqon ds s}aaf& oldf& oacae} dem dfqcgegqc ndm }l ja zdgsam ds d maiaesgya do}gle% ]na xzloqzacae} dem gssqa xzgoas li gcxlz}de} oazadfs sqon ds zgoa dem rnad} raza dfsl geozadsam sgbegigode}fw% ]ngs el} lefw ndm d mgzao} gcxdo} le }na ols} li fgygeb gema~ jq} dfsl s}zaeb}naeam }na geifd}gledzw }aemaeogas% ]na jdfdeoa li xdwcae} xlsg}gle dfsl odca qemaz sayaza s}zdge% Fdzba tqde}g}gas li illm bzdges dem assae}gdf rdba bllms ndm }l ja gcxlz}am% ]na ilqz#ilfm geozadsa ge lgf xzgoas dem geozadsa ge xzgoas li oazadfs& iaz}gfgsazs& cdongeazw dem atqgxcae}& ele#iazzlqs ca}dfs dem l}naz gcxlz}am bllms sayazafw azlmam }na zaslqzoas% ]na ydfqa li }na }nzaa xzgeogxdf g}acs li Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
4=
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
gcxlz}s& edcafw illm& iaz}gfgsazs dem XLF doolqe}am ilz ds cqon ds 1?%:! li }na }l}df gcxlz} jgff ge 472=#21& ds dbdges} =:%9! ge 472?#2= dem :?! ge 472:#2?% Ge djslfq}a }azcs }na gcxlz} jgff ilz }nasa g}acs geozadsam izlc Zs% =?4 ozlzas ge 472:#2? }l Zs% 4:98 ozlzas ge 472?#2= dem }l djlq} Zs% :188 ozlzas ge 472=#21% El mlqj} ydfqa li a~xlz}s dfsl geozadsam jq} }na jdfdeoa li }zdma snlram d ma}azglzd}geb }zaem% ]na }zdma bdx }qzeam izlc d sqzxfqs li Zs% 48?%= ozlzas ge 472:#2? }l d maigog} li Zs% =?: ozlzas ge 472?#2= dem Zs% 4478 ozlzas ge 4 72=#21% ]ngs }zaem rds jl}n le doolqe} li sndzx ma}azglzd}gle ge }na }azcs li }zdma sgeoa 4 72? dem fdzbaz gcxlz}s li oaz}dge olcclmg}gas cae}gleam djlya% Jlzzlrgebs izlc GCI geofqmgeb sxaogdf lgf idogfg}w }l }na a~}ae} li djlq} Zs% =>1 ozlzas rds zaslz}am }l ge 472=#21 }l caa} }na maigog} ge jdfdeoa li xdwcae}% ]nasa mayaflxcae}s }lba}naz rg}n qeadsw aolelcgo olemg}gles ge slca olqe}zgas djzldm dem qes}djfa ge}azed}gledf clea}dzw olemg}gles olqfm el} jq} ndya de dmyazsa gcxdo} le }na Xfde% Geayg}djfw& }na igedeogdf dem xnwsgodf cdbeg}qmas li }na Xfde ds raff ds }na jdfdeoa li xdwcae} xlsg}gle bl} mgs}lz}am% Asodfd}gle ge ols}s& ngbnaz lq}fdws le xqjfgo olesqcx}gle dem ele#mayaflxcae} a~xaemg}qza fam }l azlsgle li zaslqzoas ilz }na Xfde zasqf}geb ge s}dbbazgeb li xzlbzdccas lrgeb }l mgcgeq}gle ge }na sgpa li geyas}cae} ge zadf }azcs% Geyas}cae}s ge }na xzgyd}a sao}lz dfsl iaf} }na gcxdo}% Rg}n sqon ifqgmg}w jl}n d} nlca dem djzldm& }na igedfgsd}gle li }na Xfde ndm }l drdg} }na acazbaeoa li d clza s}djfa sg}qd}gle% Maiazcae} li }na igedfgsd}gle li }na Xfde mgm el} gcxfw d Xfde nlfgmdw jq} d zaxnzdsgeb li }na Xfde lq}fdws& ge }na fgbn} li acazbgeb ogzoqcs}deoas% G} gcxfgam }nd} rngfa xfdeegeb& lea ndm geayg}djfw }l xdw olesgmazdjfa d}}ae}gle }l }na snlz}#}azc cdedbacae} li }na aolelcw% Cadsqzas ndm }l ja maygsam qzbae}fw ilz ole}dgegeb geifd}gle d} nlca dem ilz kaaxgeb }na aolelcw ge xzlxaz dfgbecae} rg}n }na ids} ondebgeb ge}azed}gledf mayaflxcae}s% Eaoassdzgfw xzglzg}gas ndm }l ja maigeam ayae dclebs} }na s}d}am xzglzg}gas& olesgs}ae} rg}n }na lj`ao}gyas li }na mzdi} Xfde% Ed}qzdffw& illm dem aeazbw jaodca }na cls} gcxlz}de} sao}lzs ilz geyas}cae} xfdeegeb% ]na sqooassgya Deeqdf Xfdes ndm }l ja ilzcqfd}am le }nasa olesgmazd}gles% ]na Deeqdf Xfde 4 72=#21 rds ilzcqfd}am d} d }gca rnae }na geifd}gle zd}a rds tqg}a ngbn% G} rds& }nazailza& masgbeam cdgefw }l ole}zlf geifd}gle dem geozadsa xzlmqo}gle xdz}goqfdzfw ge }na kaw sao}lzs% ]na Xfde lq}fdws ndm }l ja kax} d} d clmas} fayaf% Wa} odza rds }dkae }l aesqza dmatqd}a xzlygsgles ilz dbzgoqf}qza geofqmgeb gzzgbd}gle dem iaz}gfgsazs& aeazbw .xlraz& oldf dem lgf'& leblgeb xzl`ao}s ge s}aaf& ele#iazzlqs ca}dfs dem oaz}dge jdsgo olesqcaz bllms gemqs}zgas% Acxndsgs rds le iqffaz q}gfgsd}gle li }na qeq}gfgsam odxdog}gas% ]na xglygsgle ilz slogdf sazygoas rds zas}zdgeam jq} kax} d} d zadsledjfa fayaf% Mqzgeb }na wadz& d olcxzanaesgya s}zd}abw rds aylfyam dem d xdokdba li cadsqzas ” igsodf& ” igsodf& clea}dzw dem dmcgegs}zd}gya ” rds rds ge}zlmqoam% G} geofqmam cljgfgsd}gle li dmmg}gledf zaslqzoas .jl}n jw }na Oae}za dem }na _}d}as'& dfflod}gle li iqems }l ngbn xzglzg}w xzl`ao}s& zas}zdge} le bzlr}n li cleaw sqxxfw dem d ozdok mlre le de}g#slogdf afacae}s% Mgsxlsdjfa geolcas raza zabqfd}am }nzlqbn gcxlqemgeb li oaz}dge dmmg}gledf geolcas& gcxlsg}gle li zas}zgo}gles le mgygmaems dem olcxqfslzw sdygebs jw }d~ xdwazs ge }na ngbnaz jzdoka}s% ]na xzloqzacae} xzgoas li cd`lz dbzgoqf}qzdf ozlxs raza el} dfflram }l zgsa% ]nasa cadsqzas aiiao}am maoafazd}gle ge }na zd}a li bzlr}n li cleaw sqxxfw& sgbegigode} gcxzlyacae} ge xzgoa sg}qd}gle dem adsw dydgfdjgfg}w li assae}gdf bllms% ]na cleaw sqxxfw geozadsam jw lefw 9%7! ge 4 72=#21 ds dbdges} de geozadsa li 4 1%=! ge }na xzayglqs wadz% ]na gema~ li rnlfasdfa xzgoas maofgeam jw 2%4! ja}raae _ax}acjaz& 472= dem Cdzon& 4721%
Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
41
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
]nlqbn geifd}gle rds ole}dgeam& wa} }na aolelcw rds s}gff lxazd}geb qemaz ydzglqs oles}zdge}s% Dbzgoqf}qzdf xzlmqo}gle ge 4 72=#21 maofgeam jw ?%4 !% Gemqs}zgdf xzlmqo}gle bzar d} :%1!% Rngfa }na zd}a li dbbzabd}a geyas}cae} .ea}' geozadsam izlc 4?%9!& ge 472?#2= }l 4=%>! ge 472=#21& }na zd}a li mlcas}go sdygebs .ea}' zaolzmam d cdzbgedf geozadsa izlc 4:%>! ge 472?#2= }l 4?%4! ge 4 72=#21% Ds dfzadmw cae}gleam }na jdfdeoa li xdwcae} ma}azglzd}am% Ndygeb dongayam d oaz}dge cadsqza li xzgoa s}djgfg}w jw }na aem li 472=#21& }na Deeqdf Xfde ilz 4721#29 olqfm dgc d} bzlr}n qemaz olemg}gles li xzgoa s}djgfg}w% Dbzgoqf}qza& Gzzgbd}gle& Xlraz& Oldf& Lgf dem Iaz}gfgsazs& }nazailza& ole}geqam }l zaoagya xzglzg}w% Xzl`ao}s odxdjfa li wgafmgeb tqgok zasqf}s zaoagyam sxaogdf d}}ae}gle% Fdjlqz mgsogxfgea dem sqs}dgeam de}g# nldzmgeb,scqbbfgeb lxazd}gles ozad}am de dxxzlxzgd}a ofgcd}a% De a~oaffae} ndzyas} bdya }gcafw ygblqz dem xqsn% ]na ed}gledf geolca gs as}gcd}am }l ndya geozadsam jw 9 }l 9%1! mqzgeb 4 721#29 ” dbzgoqf}qzdf dbzgoqf}qzdf xzlmqo}gle jw djlq} 48! dem gemqs}zgdf lq}xq} jw 1%2!% Xzloqzacae} li eadzfw 4 ? cgffgle }leeas li illm bzdges ge 4 721#29& dfleb rg}n gcxlz}s aedjfam }na jqgfm#qx li d ngbn fayaf li s}loks li illm bzdges .42 cgffgle }leeas'% ]na rnlfasdfa xzgoa gema~ iaff izlc ?82%4 d} aem li Cdzon& 4721 }l :>?%8 d} }na aem li Cdzon& 4729 ” jw jw djlq} >!&% ]na wadz 4721#29 oflsam rg}n de lyazdff jqmba}dzw sqzxfqs li lyaz Zs% :88 ozlzas dbdges} d maigog} li Zs% =78 ozlzas as}gcd}am adzfgaz% ]na jdfdeoa li }zdma ole}geqam }l ja d cd}}az ilz oleoaze mqzgeb 4721#29 dem }na }zdma bdx rds ds ngbn ds Zs% 4:49 ozlzas% ]ngs rds ge sxg}a li }na ido} }nd} }na ydfqa li a~xlz}s ndm geozadsam jw 4>%=! dem gcxlz}s jw lefw 4=!% Nlrayaz& ds d zasqf} li fdzbaz geiflr li xzgyd}a zacg}}deoas jaodqsa li aiiao}gya do}gle dbdges} scqbbfgeb dem gffabdf madfgebs ge ilzagbe a~ondeba dem geozadsa ge ea} ilzagbe dgm }na jdfdeoa li xdwcae}s rds el} s}zdgeam% ]na ilzagbe a~ondeba zasazyas zadonam d ngbn fayaf li Zs% 4>>1 ozlzas d} }na aem li }na wadz ds dbdges} Zs% 797 ozlzas d} }na aem li }na xzayglqs wadz% Rg}n s}djgfg}w li xzgoas dem bzlr}n ge aolelcw dongayam mqzgeb 4 721#29& d jlfmaz xzlbzdcca li geyas}cae} rds mzdre qx ilz 4729#22% ]na Deeqdf Xfde 4729#22 aeygsdbas de lq}fdw li Zs% 2>1: ozlzas rngon zaxzasae}s de geozadsa li ?4%=! lyaz }na lzgbgedf Xfde dfflod}gle ilz 4721#29% ]na Ear Aolelcgo Xzlbzdcca dem olesgmazd}gle li slogdf `qs}goa olqfm zaoagya bzad}az d}}ae}gle% ]na ngbn xzglzg}w doolzmam }l ozg}godf sao}lzs li }na aolelcw ” dbzgoqf}qza dbzgoqf}qza geofqmgeb gzzgbd}gle& aeazbw dem ge}azcamgd}a bllms rds ole}geqam% El} lefw mgm le#blgeb sonacas zaoagya iqff d}}ae}gle& jq} ear s}dz}s ge ozg}godf sao}lzs olqfm dfsl ja aeygsdbam le d safao}am jdsgs% ]ngs s}zd}abw }lba}naz rg}n cljgfgpd}gle li dmmg}gledf zaslqzoas rds a~xao}am }l cd~gcgsa }na bzlr}n xl}ae}gdf li }na aolelcw% ]nqs& }na aiilz}s cdma sl idz ndya sqooaamam ge onaokgeb geifd}gledzw }aemaeogas dem bgygeb }na aolelcgo sg}qd}gle d xzlcgsgeb }qze% _lca li }na oles}zdge}s rngon sazglqsfw ndcxazam }na xzloass li bzlr}n ge }na adzfgaz xazglm ndya jaae zaclyam }l d olesgmazdjfa a~}ae}% ]naza gs adsw dydgfdjgfg}w li assae}gdf zdr cd}azgdfs dem gexq}s% ]naza gs bzad}az aolelcgo mgsogxfgea dem d zaearam mwedcgsc ge }na olqe}zw d} xzasae}% D olesgmazdjfa cadsqza li xzgoa s}djgfg}w nds jaae dongayam dem g} gs nlxam }nd} }na zaoae} geozadsa ge xzgoa fayaf rgff ja ole}dgeam jw aiiao}gya cadsqzas rngon ndya jaae geg}gd}am% ]naza gs d fdzba jqiiaz s}lok li illmbzdges rg}n }na xqjfgo dbaeogas dem }na xlsg}gle li ilzagbe a~ondeba gs sd}gsido}lzw% ]na ge}azed}gledf clea}dzw sws}ac nds dfsl s}djgfgsam }l d oaz}dge mabzaa% ]na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle& }nazailza& olesgmaz }ngs de dxxzlxzgd}a }gca }l igedfgsa }na Igi}n Xfde% Rg}n }ngs aem ge ygar d ca}goqflqs dem ma}dgfam a~dcged}gle li }na mayaflxcae} xzlbzdcca ilz }na zacdgegeb }rl wadzs li }na Igi}n Igya Wadz Xfde nds jaae qemaz}dkae% Rnd} acazbas gs d ofadzaz mafgead}gle li }na }dzba}s dem xlfgogas asxaogdffw ge zafd}gle }l }na xzglzg}w sao}lzs% Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
49
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
_G^]N IGYA WADZ XFDE .47>8#>1' ]na mzdi} li }na _g~}n Igya Wadz Xfde .472>#47>?' rds xzasae}am ge 472>% Nlrayaz& }na xfde rds }azcged}am rg}n }na ondeba li Blyazecae} ge @deqdzw 47>8% ]na ear _g~}n Igya Wadz Xfde rds gcxfacae}am ge Dxzgf 47>8% Lj`ao}gyas0 g' ]l afgcged}a qeacxflwcae} dem qemazacxflwcae}% gg' ]l zdgsa }na s}demdzm li fgygeb li }na xllzas} li cdssas% ggg' ]l zamqoa mgsxdzg}gas ge geolca dem radf}n% _lle di}az g}s zaoles}g}q}gle ge Dxzgf& 47>8& }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle s}dz}am rlzk "le }na _g~}n Igya Wadz Xfde 47>8 ” >1% >1% D eqcjaz li rlzkgeb bzlqxs raza sa} qx }l ml }na eaoassdzw xzaxdzd}lzw rlzk dem olesqf}d}gles raza nafm rg}n }na Oae}zdf Cgegs}zgas dem }na Olesqf}d}gya Olccg}}aa li Cacjazs li Xdzfgdcae} le Xfdeegeb% D jdsgo xdxaz ae}g}fam *_g~}n Igya Wadz Xfde 47>8 ” >1 >1 ” D Izdcarlzk* rds xzasae}am }l }na Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae} Olqeogf le g}s ?=}n caa}geb nafm le Dqbqs} ?8 dem ?4& 47>8% ]na Olqeogf olesgmazam }ngs xdxaz dem mgzao}am }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle }l xzloaam rg}n xzaxdzd}gle li }na igedf mzdi} li }na _g~}n Xfde% ]nazadi}az& }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle nafm d sazgas li rgma zdebgeb olesqf}d}gles rg}n bzlqxs li aolelcgs}s dem l}naz slogdf sogae}gs}s& a~xaz}s le zqzdf mayaflxcae}& acgeae} aolelcgo `lqzedfgs}s& zaxzasae}d}gyas li gemqs}zw dem }zdma& li }zdma qegles& ozamg} ges}g}q}gles& dem l}nazs% ]na Izdcarlzk rds dfsl mgsoqssam ge }rl caa}gebs li }na Xdzfgdcae}dzw Olesqf}d}gya Olccg}}aa li }na Cgegs}zw li Xfdeegeb dem rds ogzoqfd}am }l dff Cacjazs li Xdzfgdcae} dem }l amg}lzs li ears xdxazs ilz olccae}s dem sqbbas}gles% Igedffw& a~}aesgya mgsoqssgles raza nafm rg}n }na _}d}as dem }na Qegle ]azzg}lzgas le }na _}d}a Xfdes ilz 47>8 ” >1% >1% ]na Olccgssgle dfsl jaeaig}am jw }na qsaiqf md}d olffao}gle dem dedfw}godf rlzk mlea jw }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle ge }na xds} }nzaa wadzs% Ge }na ge}zlmqo}gle }l }na ]ngzm Igya Wadz Xfde& @drdndzfdf Eanzq sdgm *Xfdeegeb gs d ole}geqlqs clyacae} }lrdzms masgzam bldfs*% Rngfa }na xzaogsa ilzcqfd}gle li Xfde lj`ao}gyas dmlx}am ge sqooassgya xfdes nds ydzgam& }na assae}gdf bldfs li Gemgde Xfdeegeb ndya jaae bzlr}n& zaclydf li xlyaz}w dem dongayacae} li safi#zafgdeoa% ]na Olccgssgle nds kax} ge ygar }na xfambas bgyae }l }na xalxfa ge ilzcqfd}geb g}s xzlxlsdfs% Iqz}naz g} nds qsam }na olesqf}d}gya caondegsc }l afgog} }na ygars li ds rgma d ozlss sao}gle li ed}gledf lxgegle ds xlssgjfa sl ds }l aylfya d jzldm ed}gledf olesaesqs le }na lj`ao}gyas& s}zd}abgas dem xzlbzdccas li }na _g~}n Xfde% G}s lyazzgmgeb oleoaze nds jaae }l bgya xzdo}godf sndxa }l }na ed}gle"s olffao}gya rgff ilz qsgeb dff }na fd}ae} zaslqzoas dem aeazbgas li }na ed}gle ilz de aiiao}gya d}}dok le xlyaz}w& qeacxflwcae} dem geatqdfg}gas% ]na igedf sgpa li }na xqjfgo sao}lz lq}fdw nds jaae ig~am d} Zs% 72&188 ozlzas d} 4727#>8 xzgoas% ]ngs lq}fdw gs ge zadf }azc >8 xaz oae} ngbnaz }nde }na lq}fdw ge }na Igi}n Igya Wadz Xfde% ]na Olccgssgle rlqfm ndya fgkam rzw cqon }l ja ge d xlsg}gle }l zaolccaem fdzbaz lq}fdws ge sayazdf sao}lzs% Nlrayaz& bgyae }na oles}zdge} le }na sgpa li }na Xfde& dem kaaxgeb ge ygar Xfde lj`ao}gyas& de geg}gdffw olesgs}ae} dem iadsgjfa ge}az#sao}lzdf dfflod}gle nds jaae dmlx}am }l dongaya d bzlr}n zd}a li 1%: xaz oae}% G} snlqfm jaolca xlssgjfa }l zaygar }nasa dfflod}gles ge }na cgm#Xfde xazglm ds }na olcjgeam aiilz}s li }na xalxfa dem Blyazecae} sqooaam ge zdgsgeb zaslqzoas dem xzlmqo}gyg}w% Rngfa }na lq}fdws le dff cd`lz sao}lzs li }na aolelcw rgff d} fads} ja mlqjfa ge elcgedf }azcs olcxdzam }l }na Igi}n Xfde& }na bzlr}n zd}a li lq}fdws ge zqzdf mayaflxcae} dem gzzgbd}gle dza ayae ngbnaz% ]ngs zaifao}s }na yazw ngbn Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
42
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
xzglzg}w bgyae ge }na _g~}n Xfde }l }na lj`ao}gyas li acxflwcae} baeazd}gle dem zaclydf li xlyaz}w% _gcgfdzfw& }na yazw ngbn acxndsgs le geyas}cae} ge }na aeazbw sao}lz zaxzasae}s lqz zaslfya el} }l fa} aeazbw dydgfdjgfg}w jaolca de qemqa oles}zdge} le }na bzlr}n xzloass% _qjs}de}gdf xzlygsgles ndya Kae cdma ilz }na sxaogdf olcxleae} xfdes ilz _onamqfam Ods}as dem ilz }zgjdf sqj#xfdes% Ge dmmg}gle& jaeaig}s rgff doozqa }l }na _onamqfam Ods}as dem _onamqfam ]zgjas izlc }na ydzglqs sao}lzdf xzlbzdccas% D sqjs}de}gdf geozadsa nds jaae xzlygmam ge Xfde lq}fdws ilz }na sxaogdf dzads xzlbzdccas ge kaaxgeb rg}n }na Xfde lj`ao}gya li zamqogeb zabgledf mgsxdzg}gas% Ge ygar li }na xdz}goqfdz xzljfacs li }na Elz}n Ads}aze Zabgle& d sqjs}de}gdf s}ax qx ge }na xfdes li }na oles}g}qae} qeg}s li }na Zabgle dem li }na Elz}n Ads}aze Olqeogf gs aeygsdbam% ]nasa lq}fdws rgff ja ge dmmg}gle }l bzad}fw aendeoam fayafs li Oae}zdf sao}lz geyas}cae}s ge }na Zabgle% G} nds jaae xlssgjfa }l geozadsa }na sgpa li }na _g~}n Xfde lyaz }nd} aeygsdbam ge }na Izdcarlzk& xdz}fw le doolqe} li }na ma}azcged}gle a~xzassam jw slca _}d}as mqzgeb }na olqzsa li igedf Xfde mgsoqssgles }l a~oaam }na as}gcd}as li dmmg}gledf zaslqzoa cljgfgsd}gle }nd} ndm lzgbgedffw jaae aeygsdbam& ilz }nac% Le }ngs jdsgs& }na sndza li _}d}as dem Qegle ]azzg}lzgas ge }na Xfde gs Zs% 18&:18 ozlzas& rngon rlzks lq} }l 14%1= xaz oae} li }na }l}df lq}fdw% Ma}azcgeam aiilz}s rgff ndya }l ja cdma jw }na Oae}za dem _}d}as }l zadfgsa }na }dzba} li dmmg}gledf zaslqzoa cljgfgsd}gle% ]ngs gs de assae}gdf xzaolemg}gle ilz sqooassiqf gcxfacae}d}gle li }na _g~}n Xfde% ]ngs xlge} eaams xdz}goqfdz acxndsgs& ds d cd`lz }dsk li aolelcgo xlfgow ge }na _g~}n Xfde rlqfm ja }l ozad}a }na eaoassdzw olemg}gles ilz }na cljgfgsd}gle li zaslqzoas ge d ele#geifd}gledzw cdeeaz% Geifd}gle gs }na cls} zabzassgya ilzc li }d~d}gle% Ds }na Izdcarlzk xlge}s lq}& }na _g~}n Xfde gs jageb fdqeonam ge mgiigoqf} olemg}gles% Ilz}qed}afw& %}na doq}a geifd}gledzw xzassqzas rngon xzaydgfam ge 4727#>8 ndya snlre slca sgbes li djd}acae} ge 47>8#>4% Nlrayaz& }na sg}qd}gle odeel} ja sdgm }l ja olcxfa}afw qemaz ole}zlf wa} dem d bzad} madf li gebaeqg}w dem gzedbged}gl%g& el} }l sxadk li zaslfya& rgff ja eaamam }l maygoa aiiao}gya aolelcgo xlfgogas }l zaoleogfa }na zatqgzacae}s li %bzlr}n dem s}djgfg}w% Ds zabdzms }na a~}azedf aeygzlecae}& g} cqs} ja zaolbegsam }nd} }na aolelcw ole}geqas }l ja a~}zacafw yqfeazdjfa }l geozadsas ge lgf xzgoas dem }l ma}azglzd}gle ge lqz }azcs li }zdma baeazdffw% D cd`lz }dsk idogeb }na olqe}zw gs }l zamqoa lqz maxaemaeoa le aeazbw gcxlz}s dem }l xzlcl}a a~xlz}s dem geygsgjfa adzegebs%% ]ngs gs assae}gdf ge lzmaz }l dongaya safi#zafgdeoa% _afi#zafgdeoa& ds snlqfm ja ljyglqs& jq} li}ae gs el}& mlas el} eaoassdzgfw cade safi# sqiigogaeow ge dff sao}lzs li }na aolelcw% _l fleb ds }na olqe}zw gs djfa }l xdw g}s rdw& g} odeel} ja sdgm }l ja maxaemae} le l}nazs% ]ngs odffs ilz de dff lq} aiilz} }l dooafazd}a }na zd}a li bzlr}n li lqz a~xlz}s }l 7 }l 48 xaz oae} ds aeygsdbam% Ra cqs} dfsl zgblzlqsfw xzlcl}a gcxlz} sqjs}g}q}gle ge dff }nlsa sao}lzs li }na aolelcw rnaza ra ndya d olcxdzd}gya dmyde}dba% Cadegebiqf slfq}gles }l }na xzljfacs li xlyaz}w& qemaz#acxflwcae} dem qeacxflwcae} ode lefw ja ilqem rg}nge }na izdcarlzk li d zdxgmfw a~xdemgeb aolelcw% ]l }nd} aem& ayazw aiilz} rgff ndya }l ja cdma }l dongaya }na xfdeeam bzlr}n zd}a li 1%: xaz oae} ge }na _g~}n Xfde% Ra zaolbegsa nlrayaz }nd} ayae }ngs zd}a li bzlr}n rgff ndya }l ja sqxxfacae}am jw clza mgzao} cades li zamqogeb }na geogmaeoa li xlyaz}w& asxaogdffw ge }na zqzdf dzads% Xzlbzdccas li mgzao} xzlmqo}gya jaeaig} }l }na xllz geylfygeb }na }zdesiaz li dssa}s& }na xzlygsgle li gexq}s& ozamg}& }zdgegeb dem sazygoas& }na baeazd}gle li rdba acxflwcae} }nzlqbn }na Ed}gledf Zqzdf Acxflwcae} Xzlbzdcca dem }na xzlygsgle li slogdf sazygoas }nzlqbn }na Cgegcqc Eaams dem l}naz xzlbzdccas& rgff ja mzdre }lba}naz sl }nd} }naw iloqs qxle }na Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
4>
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
fayaf li }na gemgygmqdf nlqsanlfm& dem zdgsa d} fads} ?888 li }na xllzas} nlqsanlfms djlya }na xlyaz}w fgea ge adon jflok mqzgeb }na Xfde% Eaoassdzw ondebas ge }na a~}aesgle dem mafgyazw sazygoas rgff ja bgyae }na ngbnas} xzglzg}w% _gcqf}dealqsfw& ayazw aiilz} rgff ja cdma }l saoqza ylfqe}dzw dmlx}gle li }na scdff idcgfw elzc% Ge }na qf}gcd}a dedfwsgs }na sqooass li lqz aiilz}s ge afgcged}geb xlyaz}w dem qeacxflwcae} rgff maxaem le }na a~}ae} }l rngon ra sqooaam ge zamqogeb }na zd}a li xlxqfd}gle bzlr}n% G} eaam ndzmfw ja acxndsgsam }nd} }na sqooass li }na Xfde maxaems ozqogdffw le }na aiigogaeow& tqdfg}w dem }a~}qza li gcxfacae}d}gle% ]na ondffaeba dnadm gs }l dongaya de dff zlqem gcxzlyacae} ge xzlmqo}gle dem aiigogaeow& el} cazafw ge }na iqeo}glegeb li }na geizds}zqo}qza lz }na xqjfgo sao}lz& jq} ge dff sabcae}s li ed}gledf fgia% Ra cqs} ba} }na cls} lq} li }na odxg}df s}lok dem nqcde zaslqzoas ra ndya mayaflxam mqzgeb }na fds} }ngz}w wadzs% Ge }ngs ole}a~}& d sxaogdf zasxlesgjgfg}w maylfyas le }nd} sabcae} li }na xlxqfd}gle rngon nds jaeaig}am mgsxzlxlz}gled}afw izlc xfdeeam mayaflxcae} so idz dem dfsl le }nlsa rnl ndya jaae ilz}qed}a aelqbn }l ae`lw sqxazglz dooass }l amqod}gle dem xzliassgledf skgffs% Qf}gcd}afw& }na zatqgsg}a aiilz} dem }na zatqgzam sdozgigoas rgff lefw ja cdma gi idg}n ge }na jdsgo atqg}w li lqz aolelcgo dem slogdf sws}ac gs cdge}dgeam& dem }na }dsk rngon ra sa} lqzsafyas gs jlfm aelqbn }l odx}qza }na gcdbged}gle li lqz og}gpaes% ]nasa olesgmazd}gles ndya gcxfgod}gles jl}n ilz }na mgs}zgjq}gledf lj`ao}gyas ra jqgfm ge}l lqz Xfdes& dem ilz }na }l}df sgpa li }na zaslqzoas ra cljgfgsa ilz }nac% G} gs }l ja nlxam }nd} }na _g~}n Xfde 47>8#>1& masxg}a dff }na oles}zdge}s g} idoas& rgff el} ja ilqem rde}geb le ag}naz li }nasa ozg}azgd% ]na }zdesfd}gle li }na xzlcgsa "g} nlfms lq} ge}l do}qdf xazilzcdeoa& nlrayaz& gs slca}ngeb }nd} ode lefw ja aesqzam jw dff li qs olffao}gyafw% G} gs lefw }nzlqbn sqs}dgeam ndzm rlzk& mgsogxfgea dem safi#zas}zdge}& xdz}goqfdzfw le }na xdz} li }na clza xzgygfabam sao}gles li lqz sloga}w& d rgffgebeass }l sqjlzmged}a edzzlr sao}gledf flwdf}gas }l rgmaz ed}gledf ge}azas}s; ge snlz}; jw zaodx}qzgeb slca li }na gmadfgsc dem saesa li dmyae}qza rngon gesxgzam lqz izaamlc s}zqbbfa& }nd} ra ode nlxa }l caa} aiiao}gyafw }na ilzcgmdjfa ondffaebas }nd} fga dnadm%
_AYAE]N IGYA WADZ XFDE .47>1#78' ]na mzdi} li }na _ayae}n Xfde rds dxxzlyam le Elyacjaz 7& 47>1 jw }na Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae} Olqeogf% ]na xfde rds xdz} li }na fleb#}azc xfde ilz }na xazglm li 41 wadzs% Lj`ao}gyas0 g' Maoae}zdfgsd}gle li xfdeegeb dem iqff xqjfgo xdz}gogxd}gle ge mayaflxcae}% gg' ]na cd~gcqc xlssgjfa baeazd}gle li xzlmqo}gya acxflwcae}% ggg' Zaclydf li xlyaz}w dem zamqo}gle ge geolca mgsxdzg}gas% ]na _ayae}n Xfde cdzkam }na olcajdok li }na Olebzass Xdz}w }l xlraz% ]na xfde fdgm s}zass le gcxzlygeb }na xzlmqo}gyg}w fayaf li gemqs}zgas jw qxbzdmgeb li }aonelflbw% ]na cdge lj`ao}gyas li }na 2}n igya wadz xfdes raza }l as}djfgsn bzlr}n ge dzads li geozadsgeb aolelcgo xzlmqo}gyg}w& xzlmqo}gle li illm bzdges& dem baeazd}geb acxflwcae} lxxlz}qeg}gas% Ds de lq}olca li }na sg~}n igya wadz xfde& }naza ndm jaae s}admw bzlr}n ge dbzgoqf}qza& ole}zlf le zd}a li Geifd}gle& dem idylqzdjfa jdfdeoa li xdwcae}s rngon ndm xzlygmam d s}zleb jdsa ilz }na sayae}n igya Wadz xfde }l jqgfm le }na eaam ilz iqz}naz aolelcgo bzlr}n% ]na 2}n Xfde ndm s}zgyam }lrdzms slogdfgsc dem aeazbw xzlmqo}gle d} fdzba% ]na xfdeegeb xzloass gs }na xzaoglqs bgi} li Xdemg} @drdndzfdf Eanzq }l }na xalxfa li Gemgd% Gemgzd`g eqzsam }ngs }aemaz xfde} rg}n bzad} dem flygeb odza% Ds sna leoa xq} g}& xfdeegeb ge lqz olqe}zw gs d ondz}az li lzmazfw xzlbzass% G} xzlygmas d izdcarlzk li }gca dem sxdoa }nd} jgems Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
47
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
sao}lzs& zabgles dem _}d}as }lba}naz dem zafd}as adon wadz"s aiilz} }l }na sqooaamgeb wadzs% Jw s}zaeb}naegeb }na slogdf dem aolelcgo idjzgo li }na olqe}zw ds d rnlfa dem li }na mgiiazae} zabgles dem _}d}as& g} cdkas d xlraziqf ole}zgjq}gle }l }na bldf li ed}gledf ge}abzd}gle% ]na xfdeegeb xzloass nds ole}zgjq}am d bzad} madf }l aylfygeb d jzldm ed}gledf olesaesqs zabdzmgeb }na jdsgo lj`ao}gyas& s}zd}abgas dem masgbe li lqz mayaflxcae} xlfgogas% ]ngs nds nafxam }l baeazd}a jzldm cdss sqxxlz} ilz ed}gledf aolelcgo xlfgogas rngon nds dmmam bzad}fw }l }na olnasgle dem s}djgfg}w ae`lwam jw lqz xlfg}w% Zaclydf li xlyaz}w& }na jqgfmgeb li d clmaze sloga}w cdkgeb cd~gcqc xlssgjfa qsa li sogaeoa dem }aonelflbw& dem d}}dgecae} li safi#zafgdeoa dza }na jdsgo lj`ao}gyas li xfdeegeb ge Gemgd% ]na xzayglqs Xfdes ndya cdma ydfqdjfa ole}zgjq}gle }l }na dongayacae} li }nasa ed}gledf bldfs% G yae}qza }l }ngek }nd} }na _ayae}n Xfde olesg}q}as wa} del}naz gcxlz}de} cgfas}lea ge }na ed}gle"s tqas} }l zgm }ngs olqe}zw li }na deogae} solqzbas li xlyaz}w& gbelzdeoa dem mgsadsa% Aiiao}gya xfdeegeb cqs} ja jdsam le d ygsgle li }na iq}qza% Ra eaam d fleb#}azc xazsxao}gya }l }zdesfd}a }na ygsgle ge}l zadfg}w dem }l cdka g} lxazd}gledf% ]na _ayae}n Xfde gs& }nazailza& sa} rg}nge d 41#wadz xazsxao}gya% ]na dgc gs }l ozad}a jw }na wadz :888 }na olemg}gles eaoassdzw ilz safi#sqs}dgegeb bzlr}n dem }l xzlygma }na jdsgo cd}azgdf zatqgsg}as li raff#jageb ilz dff lqz xalxfa% ]ngs cades }nd} ra ndya }l sqs}dge dem dooafazd}a }na clcae}qc li aolelcgo bzlr}n% Dbzgoqf}qza& gemqs}zw& }na geizds}zqo}qza dem slogdf sazygoas ndya }l iqeo}gle d} xzlbzassgyafw ngbnaz fayafs li aiigogaeow dem xzlmqo}gyg}w% Iqff dmyde}dba cqs} ja }dkae li dmydeoas ge sogaeoa dem }aonelflbw }l jzgeb djlq} }na eaamam s}zqo}qzdf }zdesilzcd}gle li lqz aolelcw% _gcqf}dealqsfw& cadsqzas masgbeam }l zdgsa }na xzlmqo}gyg}w dem geolcas li }na xllzaz sao}gles li sloga}w dem xllzaz zabgles cqs} ja xqzsqam rg}n bzad}az ygblqz% ]na lj`ao}gyas dem }nzqs}s li }na _ayae}n Xfde ndya& }nazailza& jaae ilzcqfd}am ds xdz} li }na flebaz }azc s}zd}abw rngon saaks& jw }na wadz :888& }l ygz}qdffw afgcged}a xlyaz}w dem gffg}azdow& dongaya eadz iqff acxflwcae}& saoqza sd}gsido}gle li }na jdsgo eaams li illm& ofl}ngeb dem snaf}az dem xzlygma nadf}n ilz dff% ]na Xfde }nqs saaks }l dssgs} ge }na as}djfgsncae} li de aolelcw dem xlfg}w rngon gs clmaze& aiigogae}& xzlbzassgya& nqcdea dem gs geilzcam jw atqg}w dem slogdf `qs}goa% Gemgd"s bzlr}n xazilzcdeoa nds gcxzlyam olesgmazdjfw ge }na fds} maodma% ]na _ayae}n Xfde saaks }l }dka dmyde}dba li }ngs idylqzdjfa }zaem jw dgcgeb }l s}djgfgsa }na bzlr}n zd}a li }na aolelcw d} de dyazdba deeqdf zd}a li 1 xaz oae}% ]na }dzba}}am bzlr}n zd}as ilz }na aolelcw ds d rnlfa& ds raff ds ilz lq}xq}s li jl}n dbzgoqf}qza .= xaz oae}' dem gemqs}zw .> xaz oae}'& gcxfw d sgbegigode} gcxzlyacae} lyaz xds} }zaems% Ds sqon& cd`lz aiilz}s rgff ja eaamam }l dongaya }na bzlr}n }dzba}s li }na _ayae}n Xfde% Ge ilzcqfd}geb }na Xfde& }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle nds kax} ge ygar }na cdemd}a bgyae }l g} jw }na Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae} Olqeogf rnae g} dxxzlyam }na Dxxzldon Xdxaz fds} wadz% Illm& rlzk dem xzlmqo}gyg}w ndya jaae }na }nzaa jdsgo xzglzg}gas rngon bqgmam }na xzaxdzd}gle li }na Xfde% Iqz}nazclza& jaodqsa li }nagz ozg}godf gcxlz}deoa ge sqs}dgegeb }na bzlr}n xzloass& xdz}goqfdz d}}ae}gle nds jaae xdgm }l zdgsgeb }na odxdjgfg}w li }na geizds}zqo}qza dem nqcde zaslqzoa mayaflxcae} rg}n sqjs}de}gdf geozadsas ge }na xzlxlz}gles li lq}fdws ilz }nasa }rl sao}lzs ds olcxdzam }l }na _g~}n Xfde% ]na xzlxlsam xd}}aze li zaslqzoa dfflod}gle gs masgbeam }l aesqza }nd} }na olqe}zw rgff zacdge safi#sqiigogae} ge illm dem }nd} sgbegigode} xzlbzass rgff ja cdma ge geozadsgeb }na xzlmqo}gle li yaba}djfa lgfs& xqfsas& yaba}djfas dem nlz}goqf}qza% ]na lj`ao}gya gs }l jqgfm de a~xdemam Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
:8
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
sws}ac li illm saoqzg}w& d} zgsgeb fayafs li xaz odxg}d olesqcx}gle% Ds xdz} li }na s}zd}abw li d clza zabgledffw jdfdeoam dbzgoqf}qzdf mayaflxcae} dem xzlmqo}gle& sxaogdf acxndsgs nds jaae fdgm le geozadsgeb }na xzlmqo}gyg}w li zgoa ge }na Ads}aze _}d}as dem le }na mayaflxcae} li mzwfdem dbzgoqf}qza% ]na Xfde dfsl fdws olesgmazdjfa s}zass le aendeogeb }na xzlmqo}gyg}w dem geolcas li scdff dem cdzbgedf idzcazs% ]na dbzgoqf}qzdf xzlbzdccas li }na xfde rlqfm bzad}fw jaeaig} izlc }na ozad}gle li de dmmg}gledf gzzgbd}gle xl}ae}gdf li djlq} i? cgffgle nao}dzas% _geoa ydzgd}gles ge }na zd}a li bzlr}n li dbzgoqf}qza dza d cd`lz ido}lz doolqe}geb ilz zabgledf mgiiazaeoas ge }na xdoa li mayaflxcae}& }na dbzgoqf}qzdf s}zd}abw li }na xfde& rg}n g}s acxndsgs le clza ayae dem jdfdeoam mgs}zgjq}gle li dbzgoqf}qzdf bzlr}n& rgff dfsl nafx }l zamqoa zabgledf mgsxdzg}gas% Ge }na igafm li acxflwcae}& }na cd`lz lj`ao}gya li }na Xfde gs }l aesqza }nd} }na bzlr}n li acxflwcae} lxxlz}qeg}gas gs ids}az }nde }na bzlr}n li }na fdjlqz ilzoa% Zdxgm dbzgoqf}qzdf mayaflxcae} .asxaogdffw ge dzads dbzgoqf}qzdffw jdokrdzm' a~xdesgle li gzzgbd}gle idogfg}gas& clza ge}aesgya ozlxxgeb dem ole}geqd}gle li }na acxflwcae}#lzgae}am xzlbzdccas sqon ds }na Ed}gledf Zqzdf Acxflwcae} Xzlbzdcca dem }na Zqzdf Fdemfass Acxflwcae} Bqdzde}aa Xzlbzdcca& rlqfg ole}zgjq}a sgbegigode}fw }l }na baeazd}gle li dmmg}gledf acxflwcae} lxxlz}qeg}gas ge zqzdf dzads% ]na ids}az zd}a li bzlr}f li gemqs}zw dem d olesgmazdjfw a~xdemam nlqsgeb xzlbzdcca ge }na xzgyd}a sao}lz ” ilz rngon d}}acx}s rlqfm ja cdmg }l xzlygma ” ilz igedeoa }nzlqbn ges}g}q}gledf slqzoas ” rlqfm }lba}naz baeazd}a d fdzbaz ylfqca li ” rlqfm acxflwcae} ge }ng ele#dbzgoqf}qzdf sao}lz }nde ge }na xds}% ]na _ayae}n Xfde gs }nqs de acxflwcae}#lzgae}am Xfde% Lyaz }na Xfde xazglo acxflwcae} xl}ae}gdf gs a~xao}am }l geozadsa jw =8 cgffgle s}demdzm xazsle wadzs dbdges} de dmmg}gle }l }na fdjlqz ilza li ?7 cgffgle xazsles% ]na acxflwcae} xl}ae}gdf rgff bl qx jw = xaz oae} xaz wadz& raff djlya }na a~xao}am bzlr}n zd} li fdjlqz ilzoa li djlq} :%1 }l :%9 xaz oae} lyaz }na _ayae}n Xfde% Zaclydf li xlyaz}w zacdges d oae}zdf oleoaze li xfdeegeb ge Gemgd% Olesgs}ae} rg}n }ngs lj`ao}gya& }na _ayae} Xfde"s mayaflxcae} s}zd}abw dem }na xd}}aze li bzlr}n acazbgeb izlc g} dza a~xao}am }l fadm }l zamqo}gle ge xlyaz}w d} ids}az zd}a }nde ge }na xds}% ]na Xfde aeygsdbas de a~xdemam olyazdba qemaz }na ydzglqs de}g#xlyaz}w xzlbzdcca% ]dkgeb ge}l doolqe} }na ngbnfw olcilz}djfa xlsg}gle li illm s}loks rg}n }na xqjfgo sao}lz& g} cdw ja xlssgjfa }l a~xde }na acxflwcae}#lzgae}am de}g#xlyaz}w xzlbzdccas d} d s}gff ids}az zd}a }nde aeygsdbam ge }na Xfde mloqcae}% Ayag aiilz} rgff ja cdma }l xfqb ydzglqs fllxnlfas ge }na lxazd}gle li de}g# xlyaz}w xzlbzdccas dem }l ge}abzd}a }nasa de ydzglqs sao}lzdf dem dzad mayaflxcae} xzlbzdccas ge}l d olcxzanaesgya masgbe li ge}abzd}am mayaflxcae} li ado dzad% ]na Xfde xdws sxaogdf d}}ae}gle }l }na xzljfacs idoam jw }na clza yqfeazdjfa sao}gles li lqz sloga}w sqon } sonamqfam ods}as& sonamqfam }zgjas& rlcae dem ongfmzae% ]na Xfde zaolbegsas }nd} ge d sg}qd}gle rnaza xlyaz}w xazydsgya& }na xazoax}gle li eaams dem xzglzg}gas cqs} el} ja d cazafw cdfa xazoax}gle jq} cqs} }dka ge}l dooleg a~xfgog}fw }na sxaogdf eaams dem xzljfacs li rlcae% Ds d zasqf} li }nasa cadsqzas& }na xlyaz}w zd}gl rgff maofgea izl ?2 xaz oae} ge 47>=# >1 }l fass }nde :9 xaz oae} ge 47>7#78% Ge djslfq}a }azcs& }na eqcjaz li xllz xazsles a~xao}am }l idff izlc :2? cgffgle ge 47>=#>1 }l :44 cgffgle ge 47>7#78% Xzlcl}gle li aiigogaeow dem ngbnaz xzlmqo}gyg}w ndya jaae del}naz cd`lz oleoaze ge }na xzaxdzd}gle li }ngs Xfd Geozadsam dem clza aiigogae} q}gfgsd}gle li a~gs}geb dssa}s jl}n ge dbzgoqf}qza dem gemqs}zw rgff ole}zgjq}a }l geozadsgeb }g aiigogaeow li zaslqzoa qsa dem dfsl nafx ge ole}dgegeb }na zgsa ge }na odxg}df lq}xq} zd}gl% D ollzmged}am dxxzldon gzzgbd}gle& mzdgedba dem fdem qsa cdedbacae} rgff ja dmlx}am }l zadfgsa }na cqf}gxfa ozlxxgeb xl}ae}gdf li }na ea dbzgoqf}qzdf }aonelflbw% Ge gemqs}zw& acxndsgs gs jageb xfdoam le clmazegsd}gle& geyas}cae} ge jdfdeogeb atqgxcae} dg }aonelflbw qx bzdmd}gle }l d cqon bzad}az mabzaa }nde Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
:4
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
ayaz jailza% ]na xlfgow izdcarlzk ilz gemqs}zgdf bzlr}n ge }na _ayae}n Igya Wadz Xfde fdws sxaogdf acxndsgs le sa}}geb qx li xfde}s li aolelcgo sgpa dem le }na ozad}gle li de aeygzlecae} rnaza jqsgeass igzcs ndya de dmatqd}a geoae}gya }l clmazegsa& zamqoa ols}& gcxzlya }na tqdfg}w li }n6 xzlmqo}s dem qxbzdma }nagz }aonelflbw% Ear mayaflxcae}s ge cgozl#afao}zlegos& geilzcd}gos& }afacd}gos& jgl}aonelf bgas& cd}azgdf sogaeoas& loadelbzdxnw& ges}zqcae}d}gle dem sxdoa }aonelflbw liiaz a~og}geb lxxlz}qeg}gas% D r oleoagyam dem ollzmged}am dxxzldon }l }na ge}zlmqo}gle li }nasa acazbgeb }aonelflbgas ge lqz xzlmqo}gle xzloass y iqz}naz dooafazd}a }na xdoa li }aonegodf xzlbzass& s}zqo}qzdf ondeba dem bzlr}n li xzlmqo}gyg}w& aiigogaeow dem tqdf olesoglqseass% Ge lzmaz }nd} dbzgoqf}qza dem gemqs}zw cdw bzlr ids}az& geozadsam acxndsgs nds jaae xfdoam le geyas}cae}s geizds}zqo}qza sl }nd} snlz}dbas ge xlraz& }zdesxlz} dem oldf rlqfm el} dzgsa ilz }na sodfa li do}gyg}gas aeygsdbam ge } Xfde% ]na Xfde aeygsdbas d sgbegigode} geozadsa ge }na sndza li aeazbw ge }na xqjfgo sao}lz lq}fdw% Eadzfw ?4 xaz oae} }na }l}df xqjfgo sao}lz lq}fdw gs cade} ilz aeazbw% ]na baeazd}gle li xlraz gs a~xao}am }l bzlr d} de dyazdba deeqdf zd}a li 4:%: xaz oae} lyaz }na Xfde xazglm% ]na Xfde xdws olesgmazdjfa d}}ae}gle }l caa}geb }na aeazbw eaams li zqzdf dza& G} saaks }l a~}aem }na jaeaig} li afao}zgog}w }l 4%4> fdkn ygffdbas dem }l aeazbgsa :?%7 fdkn xqcxsa}s ilz gzzgbd}gle% ] sqxxfw li iqafrllm nds jaae geofqmam ds de dmmg}gledf olcxleae} li }na Cgegcqc Eaams Xzlbzdcca% ]na xzlbzdcg ilz }na mayaflxcae} dem q}gfgsd}gle li jglbds dem ilz }na ges}dffd}gle li ear sclkafass "onqfds" rgff ja a~xdemam yazw sqjs}de}gdffw% Del}naz cd`lz }nzqs} dzad ge }na _ayae}n Xfde gs nqcde zaslqzoa mayaflxcae}% Xqjfgo sao}lz lq}fdws ilz slogdf sazygoas snlr d sgbegigode} geozadsa ds olcxdzam }l }na _g~}n Xfde% ]na Xfde saaks }l idogfg}d}a mayaflxcae} li 4 nqcde xl}ae}gdf ge }azcs li safi#zasxao}& safi# zafgdeoa dem d fgia li mgbeg}w% Dxdz} izlc a~xdesgle li }na a~gs} xzlbzdccas ge amqod}gle& nadf}n& xzlygsgle li ofade mzgekgeb rd}az dem sdeg}d}gle& ear geg}gd}gyas dem geelyd} cadsqzas dza ole}acxfd}am ge }nasa dzads% ]na Xfde saaks }l xzlygma dmatqd}a mzgekgeb rd}az idogfg}gas ilz }na ae}gza xlxqfd}gle jl}n ge qzjde dem zqzdf dzads% Jw }na aem li }na Xfde xazglm& }na geizds}zqo}qza ilz xzgcdzw nadf}n odza rgff ja iqffw lxazd}gledf rg}n zabdzm }l ygffdba nadf}n bqgmas& sqj#oae}zas& xzgcdzw nadf}n oae}zas dem cqf}gxqzxlsa nadf}n rlzkazs% ]nqs& ra rlqfm ndya d olqe}zw#rgma sws}ac li nadf}n odza& rg}n d jdfdeoam cg~ li xzayae}gya& xzgcg}gya dem oqzd}gya sazygoas% Geozadsam acxndsgs le xzl}ao}gle dem xzasazyd}gle li }na aolflbgodf jdfdeoa dem aeygzlecae} gs del}naz mgs}geo}gya iad}qza li }na _ayae}n Xfde% Ds zabdzms }na igedeogeb li }na Xfde& ge jzldm cdozl }azcs& }na Xfde gs acgeae}fw jdekdjfa dem ozamgjfa& ds g} xzl`ao}s lefw d clmas} geozadsa ge }na zd}a li geyas}cae} dem mlcas}go sdygebs mqzgeb }na Xfde xazglm% ]na zd}a li geyas}cae} gs xzl`ao}am }l bl qx izlc :=%1 xaz oae} li BMX ge 47>=#>1 }l :1%7 xaz oae} jw 47>7#78 dem }na zd}a li mlcas}go sdygebs gs xzl`ao}am }l bl qx izlc :?%? xaz oae} }l :=%1 xaz oae} lyaz }na sdca xazglm% ]na igedeogeb xd}}aze li }na Xfde saaks }l fgcg} zaolqzsa }l maigog} igedeogeb rg}nge fgcg}s li sdia}w dem xzqmaeoa% Ge }na sdca cdeeaz& }na a~}azedf igedeogeb li }na Xfde gs a~xao}am }l geylfya d maigog} li el} clza }nde 4%9 xaz oae} li BMX ge }na jdfdeoa li xdwcae}s le oqzzae} doolqe}% ]na maj} sazygoa zd}gl rgff el} a~oaam :8 xaz oae} li oqzzae} zaoagx}s mqzgeb }na Xfde xazglm% ]nqs odza nds jaae }dkae }l aesqza }nd} ge}azedf dem a~}azedf igedeogeb li }na Xfde mlas el} geylfya dssqcx}gle li qedooax}djfa zgsks% G} gs& nlrayaz& }l ja zaolbegsam }nd} igedeogeb li }na _ayae}n Xfde rlqfm zatqgza ma}azcgeam dem clza ge}aesa aiilz}s ilz zaslqzoa cljgfgsd}gle% ]na zd}gl li }d~d}gle }l BMX rgff ndya }l geozadsa jw }rl xazoae}dba xlge}s lyaz }na Xfde xazglm% ]na sqooass li }na Xfde gs ozqogdffw Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
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Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
maxaemae} le }na dongayacae} li }ngs }dzba}% _qjsgmgas dem l}naz ele#Xfde a~xaemg}qza rgff ndya }l ja igzcfw ole}dgeam gi a~oassgya zaolqzsa }l maigog} igedeogeb gs }l ja dylgmam% Ge }na sdca cdeeaz& }na xqjfgo sao}lz ae}azxzgsas rgff ndya }l baeazd}a fdzbaz zaslqzoas gi }na zatqgzacae}s li dmmg}gledf geyas}cae}s dza }l ja igedeoam ge d ele#geifd}gledzw cdeeaz% ]l cdge}dge }na ygdjgfg}w li a~}azedf xdwcae}s& g} rgff ja eaoassdzw }l xdw bzad}az d}}ae}gle }l a~xlz} xzlcl}gle dem }l ole}dgegeb }na bzlr}n li gcxlz}s% Lqz a~xlz} xazilzcdeoa s}gff mgsxfdws cd`lz s}zqo}qzdf radkeassas dem ge }na ge}azas} li de lzmazfw cdedbacae} li lqz jdfdeoa li xdwcae}& }naza rgff ndya }l ja d sqjs}de}gdf gcxzlyacae} ge }na olcxa}g}gyaeass dem tqdfg}w li lqz a~xlz}s% _gcqf}dealqsfw& ra cqs} dmlx} aiiao}gya cadsqzas }l oqzj }na bzlr}n li gcxlz}s li xa}zlfaqc& yaba}djfa lgfs dem sqbdz% Ge d }zqfw clygeb ilzarlzm }l }na _g~}n Igya Wadz Xfde& Gemgzd`g zacgemam qs }nd} }na cadsqza li d Xfde gs el} ge}ae}gle jq} dongayacae}& el} dfflod}gle jq} jaeaig}% G} gs d s}d}acae} li qegyazsdf ydfgmg}w dem g} dxxfgas ds cqon }l }na _ayae}n Xfde ds }l }na adzfgaz Xfdes% ]nqs }na gcxdo} li }na _ayae}n Xfde rgff maxaem le }na adzeas}eass dem ma}azcged}gle rg}n rngon g} gs gcxfacae}am% ]na _ayae}n Xfde mloqcae} fgs}s sayazdf dzads rnaza ra cqs} gcxzlya qxle xds} xazilzcdeoa gi ra dza }l zadfgsa }na lj`ao}gyas dem bldfs li }na Xfde% ]ngs gs el} }na xfdoa }l mgsoqss }nasa xzljfac dzads d} faeb}n% Nlrayaz& sgeoa maygsgeb aiiao}gya slfq}gles ilz slca li }nasa xzljfacs gs ozqogdf }l }na sqooass li }na Xfde& d jzgai zaiazaeoa }l slca cd`lz xzljfac dzads gs `qs}gigam% Igzs} li dff& }na zandjgfg}d}gle dem zayg}dfgsd}gle li }na dbzgoqf}qzdf ozamg} sws}ac gs assae}gdf ilz dongaygeb }na dbzgoqf}qzdf }dzba}s li }na Xfde% ]na clqe}geb xnaelcaele li lyazmqas cqs} ja igzcfw ole}zlffam gi }na dbzgoqf}qzdf ozamg} sws}ac gs }l igedeoa dmatqd}afw }na gexq} zatqgzacae}s li dbzgoqf}qza% _aolemfw& }naza cqs} ja d sqjs}de}gdf gcxzlyacae} ge }na tqdfg}w li dbzgoqf}qzdf dem zqzdf mayaflxcae} dmcgegs}zd}gle% ]na }aonegodf kelrfamba dem skgffs li }na liigogdf bzdss#zll}s fayaf dmcgegs}zd}gle eaam }l ja bzad}fw gcxzlyam gi ra dza }l gcxdz} d sogae}gigo }acxaz }l lqz dbzgoqf}qza% Mgs}zgo} dem jflok fayaf xfdeegeb nds wa} }l }dka igzc zll}s% Rg}nlq} }na ge}zlmqo}gle li aiiao}gya jflok fayaf,mgs}zgo} fayaf xfdeegeb& }na gcxdo} li fdzba iflrs li cleaw }nzlqbn }na ydzglqs de}g#xlyaz}w xzlbzdccas rgff zacdge fgcg}am% ]ngzmfw& ra cqs} }dka d izasn fllk d} el} lefw }na jdsgo s}zd}abw jq} dfsl }na xzlbzdcca ole}ae} li }na idcgfw rafidza xzlbzdcca& sl ds }l jzgeb djlq} d ids}az zamqo}gle ge }na zd}a li xlxqfd}gle bzlr}n% Ilqz}nfw& }naza cqs} ja d cd`lz gcxzlyacae} ge xzlmqo}gyg}w& aiigogaeow dem ge}azedf zaslqzoa baeazd}gle li }na xqjfgo sao}lz ae}azxzgsas jl}n li }na Oae}za dem li }na _}d}as% Ge}azedf zaslqzoa baeazd}gle gs xdz}goqfdzfw radk ge odxg}df#ge}aesgya ae}azxzgsas ge sao}lzs sqon ds xlraz& oldf& s}aaf& }zdesxlz} dem iaz}gfgsazs% Ra eaam ear dmcgegs}zd}gya s}zqo}qzas dem ear oleoax}s li cdedbacae} sl ds }l aedjfa }na xqjfgo sao}lz }l xazilzc g}s mwedcgo zlfa ge }na xzloass li odxg}df dooqcqfd}gle% Igedffw& ra cqs} dmlx} aiiao}gya cadsqzas }l jzgeb djlq} cadegebiqf xdz}gogxd}gle li }na xalxfa ge dff xndsas li ed}gledf mayaflxcae}% Ra eaam }l }dx iqffw }na fd}ae} xl}ae}gdf li }na Xdeondwd}g Zd` ges}g}q}gles ilz ndzeassgeb }na xalxfa"s aeazbgas ilz ed}gle jqgfmgeb do}gyg}gas% _gcqf}dealqsfw& ra cqs} dfsl iqffw a~xflg} }na ozad}gya xl}ae}gdf liiazam jw ylfqe}dzw lzbdegsd}gles aebdbam ge mayaflxcae} rlzk%
Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
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Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
Xfdeegeb ge lqz olqe}zw gs de ges}zqcae} ilz dongaygeb }na ed}gle"s jdsgo bldfs dem lj`ao}gyas% G} rds }na mzadc li Cdnd}cd Bdemng }l rgxa }na }adzs izlc }na awas li adon dem ayazw gemgygmqdf ge lqz olqe}zw% "Ra ode ja fabg}gcd}afw xzlqm li }na xnaelcaedf xzlbzass cdma jw }na olqe}zw sgeoa ra acjdzkam le }na xd}n l} xfdeeam mayaflxcae}% Nlrayaz& }naza dza s}gff }ll cdew xalxfa rg}n }adzs ge }nagz awas% Lqz }dsk gs }nqs ofadz% Ra ndya }l rdba d s}gff clza ge}aesgya odcxdgbe dbdges} xlyaz}w% Zaoae} a~xazgaeoa sqbbas}s }nd} jw ndzeassgeb }na ilzoas li clmaze sogaeoa dem }aonelflbw& g} gs xlssgjfa& ds eayaz jailza& }l aesqza }nd} onzlego xlyaz}w eaam el} ja }na geayg}djfa fl} li }na cd`lzg}w li nqcdekgem% Xlyaz}w azdmgod}gle gs de d}}dgedjfa bldf% Nlrayaz& g} cqs} el} ja dssqcam }nd} mayaflxcae} gs fgka blgeb }l d izaa mgeeaz xdz}w% ]na s}demdzm li fgygeb gs d cd}}az li ngbn xzlmqo}gyg}w& dem }naza dza el snlz} oq}s }l g}% Ndzm maogsgles rgff ja eaoassdzw }l cljgfgsa }na eaamam zaslqzoas dem }l sqs}dge }na }acxl li clmazegsd}gle dem slogdf mayaflxcae}% _gcqf}dealqsfw& ra cqs} aylfya ear s}zqo}qzas& ear d}}g}qmas& d ear clzdf olma& d ear rlzk a}ngo& d slz} li oqf}qzdf zaylfq}gle& gi wlq rgsn& rngon fdws acxndsgs le mamgod}gle& olccg}cae} }l ed}gledf bldfs dem xqzsqg} li a~oaffaeoa sl }nd} ra ode cdka }na jas} xlssgjfa qsa li sodzoa ed}gledf zaslqzoas% ]na }dsk dnadm gs el} adsw% Ra idoa cdew ondffaebas dem qeoaz}dge}gas% Jq} lqz olqe}zw nds d }zacaemlqs jqgf}#ge zasgfgaeoa dem s}zaeb}n% G} nds rad}nazam cdew d s}lzc ge }na xds}% ]na ed}gle gs igzc ge g}s zaslfya }l rlzk lq} de dq}lelclqs xd}n li mayaflxcae} sqg}am }l }na baegqs dem eaams li lqz xalxfa% ]na _ayae}n Xfde zaxzasae}s d cdssgya ed}gledf aemadylqz }l jqgfm d ear Gemgd izaa izlc }na iadz li rde} dem a~xflg}d}gle% G}s lj`ao}gyas& s}zd}abgas dem xzlbzdccas dza masgbeam }l dssgs} ge }na zadfgsd}gle li }na ed}gle"s onazgsnam bldfs% ]na Xfde gs de a~xzassgle li }na olffao}gya rgff li }na Gemgde xalxfa }l clya ilzrdzm d} d s}gff ids}az xdoa le }na zldm }l xzlbzass& xzlsxazg}w& slogdf `qs}goa dem safi#zafgdeoa%
AGBN]N IGYA WADZ XFDE .477:#72' ]na Agbn}n Xfde xzlxlsam d bzlr}n zd}a li 1%9 xaz oae} xaz deeqc le de dyazdba mqzgeb }na xfde xazglm% ]na Agbn}n Xfde iloqsam le .g' ofadz xzglzg}gsd}gle li sao}lzs,xzl`ao}s ilz geyas}cae} ge lzmaz }l idogfg}d}a gcxfacae}d}gle li }na xlfgow geg}gd}gyas }dkae ge }na dzads li igsodf& }zdma dem gemqs}zgdf sao}lzs dem nqcde mayaflxcae}% Lj`ao}gyas0 g' Baeazd}gle li dmatqd}a acxflwcae} li dongaya eadz iqff acxflwcae} fayaf jw }na }qze li }na oae}qzw% gg' Ole}dgecae} li xlxqfd}gle bzlr}n }nzlqbn xalxfa“s do}gya ol #lxazd}gle dem de aiiao}gya sonaca li geoae}gyas dem mgsgeoae}gyas% ggg' Qegyazsdfgsd}gle li afacae}dzw amqod}gle dem olcxfa}a azdmgod}gle li gffg}azdow dcleb }na xalxfa ge }na dba bzlqx li 41 }l ?1 wadzs% ]na fdqeongeb li }na Igzs} Igya Wadz Xfde ge Dxzgf 4714 geg}gd}am d xzloass li mayaflxcae} dgcam el} lefw d} zdgsgeb }na s}demdzm li fgygeb li }na xalxfa jq} dfsl lxaegeb lq} }l }nac ear lxxlz}qeg}gas ilz d zgonaz dem clza ydzgam fgia% ]ngs rds slqbn} }l ja dongayam jw xfdeegeb ilz bzlr}n& clmazegsd}gle& safi#zafgdeoa dem slogdf `qs}goa% Ra ndya olca d fleb rdw lyaz }na xds} ilz}w wadzs% D fdzbafw dbzdzgde iaqmdf aolelcw d} }na }gca li gemaxaemaeoa nds jaae }zdesilzcam ge}l lea jdsam le d raff mayaflxam dem d ngbnfw mgyazsgigam geizds}zqo}qza rg}n gccaesa xl}ae}gdf ilz gemqs}zgdfgsd}gle% Geolca dem olesqcx}gle fayafs ndya sgbegigode}fw zgsae% Olesqcx}gle jdska} nds mgyazsgigam% Geogmaeoa li xlyaz}w nds ygsgjfw maofgeam% ]na dyazdba fgia a~xao}deow nds blea qx% ]na mad}n dem }na jgz}n zd}as ndya maofgeam% Fg}azdow nds gcxzlyam dem }na amqod}gledf jdsa nds rgmaeam% Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
:=
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
Ra elr ndya d zljqs} dem zasgfgae} dbzgoqf}qzdf aolelcw rg}n eadz safi#sqiigogaeow ge illm xzlmqo}gle% Ra ndya jqgf} d mgyazsgigam gemqs}zgdf dem sazygoa s}zqo}qza% Ra ndya d fdzba xllf li skgffam cdexlraz dem dcxfa ae}zaxzaeaqzgdf odxdjgfg}gas% ]na bzlr}n xazilzcdeoa li d} fads} d maodma xzaoamgeb }na Agbn}n Xfde nds jaae gcxzassgya% Ra ndya }na rnazarg}ndf ilz iqz}naz xzlbzass% Naeoa& }na }dsk jailza }na Agbn}n Xfde gs }l qsa }nasa dmyde}dbas ilz iqz}naz bzlr}n dem fdw s}zleb ilqemd}gles ilz ayae ngbnaz bzlr}n ge }na iq}qza% ]na aolelcw nds xdssam }nzlqbn mgiigoqf} ogzoqcs}deoas mqzgeb }na fds} olqxfa li wadzs% ]na bzlrgeb igsodf bdx dem }na sqmmae maxfa}gle li ilzagbe a~ondeba zaslqzoas ozad}am d sg}qd}gle rngon xq} sayaza s}zdges le }na aolelcgo sws}ac fadmgeb }l mzds}go gcxlz} oqzjs& ngbn zd}a li geifd}gle dem zaoassgle ge gemqs}zw% ]ngs ge }qze nds fam }l }na xzl`ao}gle li yazw flr bzlr}n ge 4774#7:& rngon ndxxaes }l ja }na jdsa wadz li }na Agbn}n Xfde% Olzzao}gya cadsqzas ndya dfzadmw jaae geg}gd}am jw rdw li xfdeeam igsodf zailzcs dem xlfgow ondebas% ]na Agbn}n Xfde rgff }nqs ndya }l zalzgae} slca li }na mayaflxcae} xdzdmgbcs& sgeoa g}s lj`ao}gya gs }l fdw d slqem ilqemd}gle ilz ngbnaz bzlr}n dem }l dongaya }na cls} sgbegigode} bldfs& edcafw& gcxzlyacae} ge }na fayafs li fgygeb& nadf}n dem amqod}gle li }na xalxfa& iqff acxflwcae}& afgcged}gle li xlyaz}w dem d xfdeeam bzlr}n ge xlxqfd}gle% ]na xqjfgo sao}lz rds dssgbeam d xfdoa li olccdemgeb nagbn} ge }na Gemgde aolelcgo soaea% G} rds a~xao}am }l ozad}a }na jdsgo geizd#s}zqo}qza ilz mayaflxcae}& ja d xdoa sa}}az ge }dkgeb zgsk dem eqz}qzgeb ae}zaxzaeaqzsngx& }dka odza li }na slogdf eaams& nafx }na xllz dem }na radk dem ozad}a de aeygzlecae} li atqdf lxxlz}qeg}gas dem slogdf `qs}goa% ]na xqjfgo sao}lz nds a~xdemam olesgmazdjfw% G}s a~xdesa dem g}s geifqaeoa cdw el} ja cadsqzam `qs} jw }na sgpa li g}s ole}zgjq}gle }l BMX lz g}s sndza ge geyas}cae}& jq} jw }na ido} }nd} g} }lqonas ayazw dsxao} li fgia% Ge }na xzloass& g} nds cdma }na xalxfa }dka }na xqjfgo sao}lz ilz bzde}am& ljfgyglqs li oaz}dge ozqogdf ido}lzs fgka aiigogaeow& xzlmqo}gyg}w dem olcxa}g}gya djgfg}w% ]ngs nds azlmam }na xqjfgo sao}lz"s lre saesa li zasxlesgjgfg}w dem geg}gd}gya% Cdew li }na xqjfgo sao}lz ae}azxzgsas ndya }qzeam ge}l sflr clygeb& geaiigogae} bgde}s% D oaz}dge dclqe} li olcxfdoaeow nds sa} ge rngon gs el} olemqogya }l bzlr}n% Rngfa }naza dza sayazdf slogdf dem geizds}zqo}qzdf sao}lzs rnaza lefw }na xqjfgo sao}lz ode mafgyaz }na bllms& g} nds }l ja cdma aiigogae} dem sqzxfqs baeazd}geb% G} cqs} dfsl bgya qx do}gyg}gas rngon dza el} assae}gdf }l g}s zlfa% ]na Agbn}n Xfde nds }l qemaz}dka }ngs }dsk li zalzgae}d}gle% ]na Agbn}n Xfde rgff ndya }l qemaz}dka za# a~dcged}gle dem zalzgae}d}gle li }na zlfa li }na Blyazecae} ds raff ds }na xzloass li xfdeegeb% G} rgff ndya }l rlzk lq} }na rdws dem cades li geylfygeb xalxfa ge }na mayaflxcae}df }dsk dem slogdf aylfq}gle% G} rgff ndya }l s}zaeb}nae }na xalxfa"s xdz}gogxd}lzw ges}g}q}gles% Ge kaaxgeb rg}n }nasa lj`ao}gyas& }na xzloass li xfdeegeb rgff ndya }l ja za# lzgae}am sl ds }l cdka xfdeegeb fdzbafw gemgod}gya% ]ngs& ge }qze& rgff gcxfw d slcarnd} ondebam ilfa ilz }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle% ]na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle rgff ndya }l oleoae}zd}a le de}gogxd}geb iq}qza }zaems dem aylfya ge}abzd}am s}zd}abgas ilz dongaygeb }na ngbnas} xlssgjfa fayaf li mayaflxcae} li }na olqe}zw ge kaaxgeb rg}n }na ge}azed}gledffw olcxa}g}gya s}demdzms% Ge xfdoa li }na zaslqzoa dfflod}gle zlfa rngon yazw fdzbafw ondzdo}azgsam }na rlzkgeb li }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle ge }na xds}& g} rgff ndya }l oleoae}zd}a le lx}gcdf q}gfgpd}gle li }na fgcg}am dydgfdjfa zaslqzoas% ]ngs rgff odff ilz }na ozad}gle li d oqf}qza li ngbn xzlmqo}gyg}w dem ols} aiigogaeow ge }na Blyazecae} jl}n d} }na Oae}za dem }na _}d}as dem }na Xfdeegeb Olccgssgle rgff ndya }l xfdw }na zlfa li d ondeba dbae}% D} }na sdca }gca& g} cqs} xzlygma }na jzldm jfqa#xzge} ilz dongaygeb }na assae}gdf slogdf dem aolelcgo lj`ao}gyas dem gemgod}a }na mgzao}gles ge rngon }na aolelcw dem }na ydzglqs sqj#sao}lzs snlqfm ja clygeb% G} snlqfm xge#xlge} dzads ge rngon dmydeoa do}gle snlqfm ja }dkae }l dylgm sazglqs jl}}faeaoks% Xfdeegeb cqs} }nqs xzloaam izlc d ygsgle li }na sloga}w }l Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
:1
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
ja ozad}am& dem }nzlqbn de dxxzlxzgd}a cg~ li xlfgow ges}zqcae}s geifqaeoa }na maogsgles li }na ydzglqs aolelcgo dbaeogas }l dongaya }na masgzam bldfs% Ge }ngs saesa& gemgod}gya xfdeegeb gs d clza mgiigoqf} a~azogsa% ]na Agbn}n Xfde gs jageb fdqeonam d} d }gca rngon cdzks d }qzegeb xlge} ge jl}n ge}azed}gledf dem mlcas}go aolelcgo aeygzlecae}% Dff lyaz }na rlzfm oae}zdfgsam aolelcgas dza mgsge}abzd}geb% Le }na l}naz ndem& aolelcgas li sayazdf zabgles dza ba}}geb ge}abzd}am qemaz d olccle xngflslxnw li bzlr}n& bqgmam jw }na cdzka} ilzoas dem fgjazdf xlfgogas% ]na acxndsgs gs le dq}lelcw dem aiigogaeow gemqoam jw olcxa}g}gle% Ra odeel} zacdge qe}lqonam jw }nasa }zaems% Ra ndya }l mzdr fassles izlc }na mayaflxcae} a~xazgaeoa li l}naz ed}gles mqzgeb }na fds} ilqz maodmas% Mayaflxcae} aolelcgos rds fdzbafw }nalza}godf rnae Gemgd s}dz}am naz xfdeegeb ge 4714% G} nds elr dotqgzam olesgmazdjfa acxgzgodf kelrfamba jdsam le }na zgon dxxfgam a~xazgaeoa li cdew ed}gles& dcleb rnlc }naza dza sqooass s}lzgas ds dfsl idgfqzas% Gemgde xfdeegeb eaams }l mzdr le slca li }nasa fassles% G} dfsl eaams }l ja bqgmam jw g}s lre a~xazgaeoa& bdgeam mqzgeb }na fds} ilqz maodmas% Gi xfdeegeb nds }l za}dge g}s zafaydeoa& g} cqs} ja rgffgeb }l cdka dxxzlxzgd}a cgm#olqzsa olzzao}gles dem dm`qs}cae}s% Ge }nd} xzloass& g} cdw ja eaoassdzw }l snam lii slca li }na xzdo}goas dem xzaoax}s li }na xds} rngon ndya lq}fgyam }nagz q}gfg}w dem }l dmlx} ear xzdo}goas dem xzaoax}s& ge }na fgbn} li }na a~xazgaeoa bdgeam jw qs dem jw l}naz ed}gles%
EGE]N IGYA#WADZ XFDE .4772#:88:' G} jabde le Dxzgf 4& 4772% ]na Ege}n Xfde rds }na igzs} oleoza}a d}}acx} }l }zdesfd}a }na xzlbzdcca li aolelcgo zailzcs dem }na Ear Aolelcgo Xlfgow rg}nge }na izdcarlzk li de gemgod}gya Xfde% ]na Dxxzldon Xdxaz }l }na Ege}n Xfde .4772#:88:' rds dxxzlyam jw }na E%M%O% le 49}n @deqdzw& 4772% Lj`ao}gyas0 g%' Xzglzg}w }l dbzgoqf}qza dem zqzdf mayaflxcae} gg%' Dooafazd}geb bzlr}n zd}a li aolelcw ggg%' Illm dem eq}zg}gledf saoqzg}w ilz dff gy%' Ole}dgegeb bzlr}n zd}a li xlxqfd}gle y%' Acxlrazcae} li rlcae dem slogdffw mgsdmyde}dbam bzlqxs sqon ds _O,_]& jdokrdzm ofdssas dem cgelzg}gas% yg%' Xzlcl}geb dem mayaflxgeb xdz}gogxd}lzw ges}g}q}gles fgka ‖Xdeondwd}g Zd`– ges}g}q}gles& ol#lxazd}gyas dem safi#nafx bzlqxs% ]na Ege}n Igya Wadz Xfde& fdqeonam ge }na 18}n wadz li Gemgd“s Gemaxaemaeoa& rgff }dka }na olqe}zw ge}l }na ear cgffaeegqc% Cqon nds ndxxaeam ge }na igi}w wadzs sgeoa gemaxaemaeoa% ]na xalxfa li Gemgd ndya oleofqsgyafw macles}zd}am }nagz djgfg}w }l ilzba d ed}gle qeg}am masxg}a g}s mgyazsg}w& dem }nagz olccg}cae} }l xqzsqa mayaflxcae} rg}nge }na izdcarlzk li d iqeo}glegeb& ygjzde} dem ngbnfw xfqzdfgs}go maclozdow% Ge }ngs xzloass maclozd}go ges}g}q}gles ndya xq} mlre igzc zll}s dem iflqzgsnam dem mayaflxcae} nds dfsl }dkae xfdoa le d rgma izle}% Ds }na cgffaeegqc mzdrs }l d oflsa& }na }gca nds olca }l zamlqjfa lqz aiilz}s d} mayaflxcae}& asxaogdffw ge }na slogdf dem aolelcgo sxnazas& sl }nd} }na olqe}zw rgff zadfgsa g}s iqff aolelcgo xl}ae}gdf dem }na xllzas} dem }na radkas} rgff ja djfa }l sndxa }nagz mas}gew ge de qeia}}azam cdeeaz% ]ngs rgff zatqgza el} lefw ngbnaz zd}as li bzlr}n li lq}xq} dem acxflwcae}& jq} dfsl d sxaogdf acxndsgs le dff#zlqem nqcde mayaflxcae}& rg}n s}zass le slogdf sao}lzs dem d }nzqs} le azdmgod}gle li xlyaz}w%
Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
:9
Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
]na Dxxzldon Xdxaz }l }na Ege}n Igya Wadz Xfde& dmlx}am jw }na Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae} Olqeogf& ndm doolzmam xzglzg}w }l dbzgoqf}qza dem zqzdf mayaflxcae} rg}n d ygar }l baeazd}geb dmatqd}a xzlmqo}gya acxflwcae} dem azdmgod}gle li xlyaz}w; dooafazd}geb }na bzlr}n zd}a li }na aolelcw rg}n s}djfa xzgoas; aesqzgeb illm dem eq}zg}gledf saoqzg}w ilz dff& xdz}goqfdzfw }na yqfeazdjfa sao}gles li sloga}w; xzlygmgeb }na jdsgo cgegcqc sazygoas li sdia mzgekgeb rd}az& xzgcdzw nadf}n odza idogfg}gas& qegyazsdf xzgcdzw amqod}gle& snaf}az& dem oleeao}gyg}w }l dff ge d }gca jlqem cdeeaz; ole}dgegeb }na bzlr}n zd}a li xlxqfd}gle; aesqzgeb aeygzlecae}df sqs}dgedjgfg}w li }na mayaflxcae} xzloass }nzlqbn slogdf cljgfgpd}gle dem xdz}gogxd}gle li xalxfa d} dff fayafs; acxlrazcae} li rlcae dem slogdffw mgsdmyde}dbam bzlqxs sqon ds _onamqfam Ods}a& _onamqfam ]zgjas dem L}naz Jdokrdzm Ofdssas dem Cgelzg}gas ds dbae}s li slogl#aolelcgo ondeba dem mayaflxcae}; xzlcl}geb dem mayaflxgeb xalxfa“s xdz}gogxd}lzw jlmgas fgka Xdeondwd}g Zd` ges}g}q}gles& ol#lxazd}gyas dem safi#nafx bzlqxs; dem s}zaeb}naegeb aiilz}s }l jqgfm safi#zafgdeoa% ]nasa yazw xzglzg}gas oles}g}q}a }na lj`ao}gyas li }na Ege}n Xfde% _lca sxaogigo dzads izlc rg}nge }na jzldm lj`ao}gyas li }na Xfde ds fdgm mlre jw }na EMO ndya jaae safao}am ilz sxaogdf iloqs% Ilz }nasa dzads& _xaogdf Do}gle Xfdes ._DXs' ndya jaae aylfyam ge lzmaz }l xzlygma do}gledjfa& }gca#jlqem }dzba}s rg}n dmatqd}a zaslqzoas% Jzldmfw& }na _DXs olyaz sxaogigo dsxao}s li slogdf dem xnwsgodf geizds}zqo}qza& dbzgoqf}qza& geilzcd}gle }aonelflbw dem rd}az xlfgow% ]na Ege}n Xfde gs jdsam le d odzaiqf s}lok }dkgeb li }na s}zaeb}n li lqz xds} mayaflxcae} s}zd}abw ds raff ds g}s radkeass& dem saaks }l xzlygma dxxzlxzgd}a mgzao}gle dem jdfdeoa }l }na slogl#aolelcgo mayaflxcae} li }na olqe}zw% ]na xzgeogxdf }dsk li }na Ege}n Xfde rgff ja }l qsnaz ge d ear azd li bzlr}n rg}n slogdf `qs}goa dem xdz}gogxd}gle ge rngon el} lefw }na Blyazecae}s d} }na Oae}za dem }na _}d}as& jq} }na xalxfa d} fdzba& xdz}goqfdzfw }na xllz& ode jaolca aiiao}gya ges}zqcae}s li d xdz}gogxd}lzw xfdeegeb xzloass% Ge sqon d xzloass& }na xdz}gogxd}gle li xqjfgo dem xzgyd}a sao}lzs dem dff }gazs li blyazecae} rgff ja yg}df ilz aesqzgeb bzlr}n rg}n `qs}goa dem atqg}w%
]AE]N IGYA WADZ XFDE .:88:#82' Le Maoacjaz :4& :88:& }na ]ae}n Igya Wadz Xfde rds dxxzlyam jw }na Ed}gledf Mayaflxcae} Olqeogf .EMO'% ]na Xfde nds iqz}naz mayaflxam }na EMO cdemd}am lj`ao}gyas& li mlqjfgeb xaz odxg}d geolca ge 48 wadzs& dem dongaygeb d bzlr}n zd}a li >! li BMX xaz deeqc% De >! bzlr}n zd}a gs olesgmazam eaoassdzw ilz dongaygeb }na slogdf dem aolelcgo }dzba}s li ]ae}n Xfde Kaaxgeb ge cgem maodmdf bzlr}n xazilzcdeoa dem }na s}admw dooafazd}gle }nd} }na olqe}zw nds zaolzmam ge bzlr}n lyaz }na xds} }rl maodmas& g} gs d zadfgsdjfa }dzba}% ]na xfde nds d eqcjaz li ear iad}qzas& sqon ds& ilz }na igzs} }gca .d' G} zaolbegsas }na zdxgm bzlr}n li fdjlqz ilzoa lyaz }na ea~} maodma .j' Dmmzassas }na gssqa li xlyaz}w dem }na qedooax}djfw flr fayafs li slogdf gemgod}lzs .o' Dmlx}am d ‖mgiiazae}gdf mayaflxcae} s}zd}abw– }l atqd}a ed}gledf }dzba}s ge}l jdfdeoam zabgledf mayaflxcae} ds }naza gs yds} mgiiazaeoa ge }na xl}ae}gdfs dem oles}zdge}s li adon s}d}a .m' Zaolbegsas }nd} }na blyazedeoa gs xazndxs lea li }na cls} gcxlz}de} ido}lzs ilz aesqzgeb zadfgsd}gle li }na Xfde .a' Gmae}gigas cadsqzas }l gcxzlya aiigogaeow& qefadsn ae}zaxzaeaqzgdf aeazbw& dem xzlcl}a zdxgm dem sqs}dgedjfa bzlr}n .i' Xzlxlsas cd`lz zailzcs ilz dbzgoqf}qzdf sao}lz cdkgeb ―dbzgoqf}qza“ }na olza afacae} li }na Xfde% _geoa aolelcgo bzlr}n gs el} }na lefw lj`ao}gya& }na Xfde dgcs d} ndzeassgeb }na jaeaig}s li bzlr}n }l gcxzlya }na tqdfg}w li fgia li }na xalxfa jw sa}}geb }na ilfflrgeb kaw }dzba}s0 Degcasn Kqcdz s Aolelcgos Dssgbecae} v Dcg}w Fdr _onllf& Fqokelr ‗
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Igya Wadz Xfdes ge Gemgd
JZGAI _]QMGA_
4% Dff ongfmzae }l ja ge sonllf jw :88? dem dff ongfmzae }l olcxfa}a igya wadzs li sonllfgeb jw :882 :% Zamqo}gle ge xlyaz}w zd}gl izlc :9! }l :4! ?% Bzlr}n ge bdgeiqf acxflwcae} }l& d} fads}& kaax xdoa rg}n dmmg}gle }l }na fdjlqz ilzoa =% Maodmdf xlxqfd}gle bzlr}n }l zamqoa izlc :4%?! ge 4774#:884 }l 49%:! jw :884#44 1% Zamqogeb baemaz bdxs ge fg}azdow dem rdba zd}as jw 18! 9% Fg}azdow zd}a }l geozadsa izlc 91! ge 4777#:888 }l 21! ge :884 2% Geide} Clz}dfg}w Zd}a .GCZ' }l ja zamqoam izlc 2: ge 4777#:888& }l =1 ge :882 >% %Cd}azedf Clz}dfg}w Zd}a .CCZ' }l ja zamqoam izlc = xaz 4888 ge 4777#:888 }l : xaz 4888 ge :882 7% Xzlygmgeb xlz}djfa mzgekgeb rd}az ge dff ygffdbas 48% Ofadegeb li cd`lz xlffq}am zgyaz s}za}onas 44% Geozadsa ge ilzas},}zaa olyaz izlc 47! ge 4777#:888 }l :1! ge :882 ]na Xfde dfsl sa} lq} }l geozadsa }na bzlr}n zd}as li mgsxlsdjfa geolca li qzjde zasgmae}s dem }na ea} geolca li zqzdf zasgmae}s }l igya xazoae} adon% Ge dmmg}gle& lj`ao}gyas raza sa} }l geozadsa nlqsgeb ifllz sxdoa xaz qzjde zasgmae} }l :: st c jw :881& dem }l ges}dff =8 xazoae} li dff nlqsanlfms ge Onged rg}n odjfa ]Y% Del}naz kaw lj`ao}gya rds }l gcxzlya camgodf dem nadf}n sazygoas ge jl}n qzjde dem zqzdf dzads& ds rds aezgongeb xalxfa"s oqf}qzdf fgyas& dem aendeogeb slogdf clzdfg}w dem saoqzg}w%