Freedom of Speech and Expression

@ skxjd j`gh tk tming Ar Rxni`ni ek| v|ku`d`nc ah tm`r tkv`b ind mh| uijxiljh cx`dinbh s`tmkxt sm`bm `t skxjd miuh lhhn d`ee`bxjt tk bkavjhth tmh v|kohbt. @ skxjd ijrk j`gh tk tming ap e|`hndr ind ap rhn`k|r smk mhjvhd ah `n bkavjht`nc tm`r v|kohbt.

Aiping D`ci|` \KJJ NK!<45



Tiljh ke Birhr



@nt|kdxbt`kn ?! I|t`bjh 90 ke @nd`in Bknrt`txt`kn



\hrt|`bt`knr c`uhn xndh| I|t`bjh 90-<) tk -5) ke @nd`in Bknrt`txt`kn



C|kxndr ke |hrt|`bt`knr.



E|hhdkar ind \hrt|`bt`knr xndh| I|t`bjh 90



E|hhdka ke rvhhbm? I|t`bjhr 90-9)-i) ind 90-<)



\hrt|`bt`knr xndh| I|t`bjh 90-<)



V|kljha ke e`ninbh ind b|hd`t `n raijj rhbtk|



Bknbjxr`kn



L`lj`kc|ivmp

TILJH KE BIRHR

Tm`r v|kohbt dhijr s`tm tmh chnh|ij yxhrt`knr |i`rhd `n I|t. 90* tmh |`cmtr bkneh||hd lp I|t. 90 tk hibm `nd`u`dxij havmir`z`nc kn tmh |hrt|`bt`knr tk sm`bm `t `r rxlohbt.

I|t. 90. V|kthbt`kn ke bh|ti`n |`cmtr |hci|d`nc e|hhdka ke rvhhbm* htb.! -9)

Ijj b`t`zhnr rmijj miuh tmh |`cmt! -i)

tk e|hhdka ke rvhhbm ind h}v|hrr`kn7

-l) tk irrhaljh vhibhiljp ind s`tmkxt i|ar7 -b)

tk ek|a irrkb`it`knr k| xn`knr7

-d) tk akuh e|hhjp tm|kxcmkxt tmh th||`tk|p ke @nd`i 9

-h)

tk |hr`dh ind rhttjh `n inp vi|t ke tmh th||`tk|p th||`tk| p ke @nd`i7

-e)

W/ / /Q

-c)

tk v|ibt`bh inp v|kehrr`kn* k| tk bi||p kn inp kbbxvit`kn* t|idh k| lxr`nhrr.

<

Tmh e|hhdkar hnxah|ithd `n I|t.90 -9) i|h tmkrh c|hit ind lir`b |`cmtr* sm`bm i|h |hbkcn`zhd ir tmh nitx|ij |`cmtr `nmh|hnt `n tmh rtitxr ke i b`t`zhn. Lxt nknh ke tmhrh e|hhdkar `r ilrkjxth k| xnbknt|kjjhd* ek| hibm `r j`iljh tk lh bx|ti`jhd lp jisr aidh k| tk lh aidh lp tmh rtith tk tmh h}thnt ahnt`knhd `n bjixrhr -<) tk -5) ke I|t 90. Bjixrhr -<) tk -5) |hbkcn`zh tmh |`cmt ke tmh Rtith tk aigh jisr vxtt`nc |hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`knr `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh chnh|ij vxlj`b* rhbx|`tp ke tmh Rtith* vxlj`b k|dh|* dhbhnbp* k| ak|ij`tp ind ek| ktmh| |hirknr rht kxt `n tmkrh rxl!bjixrhr. Tmh v|`nb`vjh kn sm`bm tmh vksh| ke tmh Rtith tk `avkrh |hrt|`bt`kn lirhd `r tmit ijj `nd`u`dxij |`cmtr ke i vh|rkn i|h mhjd rxlohbt tk rxbm |hirkniljh j`a`tit`knr ind |hcxjit`knr ir aip lh nhbhrri|p ek| tmh v|kthbt`kn ke tmh chnh|ij shjei|h. @ndhhd tmh|h mir tk lh i lijinbh lhtshhn `nd`u`dxij |`cmtr cxi|inthhd xndh| I|t 90-9) ind tmh h}`chnb`hr ke tmh Rtith sm`bm `r tmh bxrtkd`in ke tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh chnh|ij vxlj`b* vxlj`b k|dh|* dhbhnbp k| ak|ij`tp ind ke ktmh| vxlj`b `nth|hrtr sm`bm aip bkavhnd`kxrjp lh dhrb|`lhd ir rkb`ij `nth|hrt. Tmh dhlith mir ijsipr lhhn kn ir tk smit h}ibtjp `r tmh dhe`n`t`kn ke  ”|hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`kn‐ . Tmh vm|irh „|hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`kn bknnkthr tmit tmh j`a`tit`kn `avkrhd xvkn i vh|rkn `n

9 @nr. Lp Bknrt`txt`kn - Ek|tp! ekx|tm Iahndahnt) Ibt* 903=* Rhbt`kn.< -s.h.e. <6!5!9030). < Bjixrh -e) kn ‚tk ibyx`|h* mkjd ind d`rvkrh v|kvh|tp7 ind‑ka`tthd lp Bknrt`txt`kn - Ek|tp! ekx|tm Iahndahnt ) Ibt* 903=* Rhbt`kn.< -s.h.e. <6!5!9030).

hnokpahnt ke tmh |`cmt rmkxjd nkt lh i|l`t|i|p k| ke in h}bhrr`uh nitx|h* lhpknd smit `r |hyx`|hd `n tmh `nth|hrt ke tmh vxlj`b. Tmh sk|d |hirkniljh `avj`hr `nthjj`chnt bi|h ind dhj`lh|it`kn* tmit `r tmh bmk`bh ke i bkx|rh sm`bm |hirkn d`btithr. Jhc`rjit`kn sm`bm i|l`t|i|`jp k| h}bhrr`uhjp `nuidhr tmh |`cmt binnkt lh ri`d tk bknti`n tmh yxij`tp ke |hirkniljhnhrr xnjhrr `t rt|`ghr i v|kvh| lijinbh lhtshhn tmh e|hhdka cxi|inthhd `n I|t.90 -9)-<) ind tmh rkb`ij bknt|kj vh|a`tthd lp bj. -5) ke  2 I|t. 90* `t axrt lh mhjd tk lh sint`nc `n tmit yxij`tp

4

-<) W Nktm`nc `n rxl!bjixrh -i) ke bjixrh -9) rmijj ieehbt tmh kvh|it`kn ke inp h}`rt`nc jis* k| v|huhnt tmh Rtith e|ka aig`nc inp jis* `n rk ei| ir rxbm jis `avkrhr |hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`knr kn tmh h}h|b`rh ke tmh |`cmt bkneh||hd lp tmh ri`d rxl!bjixrh `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke  8 tmh W rkuh|h`cntp ind `nthc|`tp ke @nd`i* tmh rhbx|`tp ke tmh Rtith* e|`hndjp |hjit`knr s`tm ek|h`cn Rtithr* vxlj`b k|dh|* dhbhnbp k| ak|ij`tp k| `n |hjit`kn tk bknthavt ke bkx|t* dheiait`kn k| `nb`thahnt tk in keehnbhQ. -2) Nktm`nc `n rxl!bjixrh -l) ke tmh ri`d bjixrh rmijj ieehbt tmh kvh|it`kn ke inp h}`rt`nc jis `n rk ei| ir `t `avkrhr* k| v|huhnt tmh Rtith e|ka aig`nc inp jis `avkr`nc* `n tmh 5 `nth|hrtr ke W tmh rkuh|h`cntp ind `nthc|`tp ke @nd`i k|Q vxlj`b k|dh|* |hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`knr kn tmh h}h|b`rh ke tmh |`cmt bkneh||hd lp tmh ri`d rxl!bjixrh. -4) Nktm`nc `n rxl!bjixrh -b) ke tmh ri`d bjixrh rmijj ieehbt tmh kvh|it`kn ke inp h}`rt`nc jis `n rk ei| ir `t `avkrhr* k| v|huhnt tmh Rtith e|ka aig`nc inp jis `avkr`nc* `n tmh 3 `nth|hrtr ke W rkuh|h`cntp ind `nthc|`tp ke @nd`i k|Q vxlj`b k|dh| k| ak|ij`tp* |hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`knr kn tmh h}h|b`rh ke tmh |`cmt bkneh||hd lp tmh ri`d rxl!bjixrh. =

-8) Nktm`nc `n W rxl!bjixrhr -d) ind -h) ke tmh ri`d bjixrh rmijj heehbt tmh kvh|it`kn ke inp h}`rt`nc jis `n rk ei| ir `t `avkrhr* k| v|huhnt tmh Rtith e|ka aig`nc inp jis `avkr`nc* |hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`knr kn tmh h}h|b`rh ke tmh |`cmt bkneh||hd lp tmh ri`d rxl!bjixrhr h`tmh| `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh chnh|ij vxlj`b k| ek| tmh v|kthbt`kn ke tmh `nth|hrtr ke inp Rbmhdxjhd T|`lh. -5) Nktm`nc `n rxl!bjixrh -c) ke tmh ri`d bjixrh rmijj ieehbt tmh kvh|it`kn ke inp h}`rt`nc jis `n rk ei| ir `t `avkrhr* k| v|huhnt tmh Rtith e|ka aig`nc inp jis `avkr`nc* `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh chnh|ij vxlj`b* |hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`knr kn tmh h}h|b`rh ke tmh |`cmt 2 Bm`ntiain \ik u. Rtith ke A.V.* I@\ 9089 RB 99=. 4 Rxlr. |ht|krvhbt`uhjp lp tmh Bknrt`txt`kn - E`|rt Iahndahnt) Ibt* 9089 * R.2* ek| tmh k|`c`nij bj. -<) sm`bm |hid? ‚Nktm`nc `n rxl!bjixrh rxl!bjixrh -i) ke bj -9) rmijj ieehbt tmh kvh|it`kn ke inp h}`rt`nc jis `n rk ei| ir `t |hjithr tk k| v|huhntr tmh Rtith e|ka aig`nc inp jis |hjit`nc tk j`lhj* rjindh|* dheiait`kn* Bknthavt ke Bkx|t k| inp aitth| sm`bm keehndr ici`nrt dhbhnbp k| ak|ij`tp k| sm`bm xndh|a`nhr tmh rhbx|`tp ke* k| thndr tk kuh|tm|ks* tmh Rtith‑. 8 @nr. Lp tmh Bknrt`txt`kn - R`}thhntm Iahndahnt ) Ibt* 9052* R.< . 5 Rxv|i 3 3 Rxv|i 3 = @ne|i 99

0

bkneh||hd lp tmh ri`d rxl!bjixrh* ind* `n vi|t`bxji|* W nktm`nc `n tmh ri`d rxl!bjixrh rmijj ieehbt tmh kvh|it`kn ke inp h}`rt`nc jis `nrkei| ir `t |hjithr tk* k| v|huhnt tmh Rtith e|ka aig`nc inp jis |hjit`nc tk* -`) tmh v|kehrr`knij k| thbmn`bij yxij`e`bit`knr nhbhrri|p ek| v|ibt`b`nc inp v|kehrr`kn k| bi||p`nc kn inp kbbxvit`kn* t|idh k| lxr`nhrr* k| -``) tmh bi||p`nc kn lp tmh Rtith* k| lp i bk|vk|it`kn ksnhd k| bknt|kjjhd lp tmh Rtith* ke inp t|idh* lxr`nhrr* `ndxrt|p k| rh|u`bh* smhtmh| tk tmh h}bjxr`kn* bkavjhth k| vi|t`ij* ke b`t`zhnr k| ktmh|s`rh. Tm|hh r`cn`e`bint bmi|ibth|`rt`br ke bjixrhr 90 -<) tk -5) aip lh nkthd? -9)

Tmh |hrt|`bt`knr xndh| tmha bin lh `avkrhd knjp lp k| xndh| tmh ixtmk|`tp ke i jis? nk |hrt|`bt`kn bin lh `avkrhd lp h}hbxt`uh ibt`kn ijknh s`tmkxt tmh|h lh`nc i jis tk libg `t xv s`tm.

-<)

Hibm |hrt|`bt`kn axrt lh |hirkniljh.

-2)

I |hrt|`bt`kn axrt lh |hjithd tk tmh vx|vkrhr ahnt`knhd `n bjixrhr 90 -<) tk -5).

Bjixrh -<) ke I|t`bjh 90 bknti`nr tmh c|kxndr kn sm`bm |hrt|`bt`knr kn tmh e|hhdka ke rvhhbm ind h}v|hrr`kn bin lh `avkrhd ?! 9) Xndh| I|t`bjh 90-<) |hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`knr bin lh `avkrhd kn e|hdka ke rvhhbm ind h}v|hrr`kn `n tmh `nth|hrt ke rhbx|`tp ke Rtith. Tmh th|a ,rhbx|`tp ke rtith, |heh|r knjp tk rh|`kxr ind icc|iuithd ek|ar ke vxlj`b k|dh| h.c. |hlhjj`kn* sic`nc si| ici`nrt tmh Rtith* `nrx||hbt`kn ind nkt k|d`ni|p l|hibmhr ke vxlj`b k|dh| ind vxlj`b riehtp* h.c. xnjisexj irrhaljp* |`kt* iee|ip. Tmxr rvhhbmhr k| h}v|hrr`kn kn tmh vi|t ke in `nd`u`dxij* sm`bm `nb`th tk k| hnbkx|ich tmh bkaa`rr`kn ke u`kjhnt b|`ahr* rxbm ir* ax|dh| i|h aitth|r* sm`bm skxjd xndh|a`nh tmh rhbx|`tp ke Rtith. <) Tm`r c|kxnd sir iddhd lp tmh bknrt`txt`kn -E`|rt Iahndahnt) Ibt* 9089. Tmh klohbt lhm`nd tmh v|ku`r`kn `r tk v|km`l`t xn|hrt|i`nhd aij`b`kxr v|kvicindi ici`nrt i ek|h`cn e|`hndjp rtith* sm`bm aip ohkvi|d`rh tmh ai`nti`ninbh ke ckkd |hjit`knr lhtshhn @nd`i* ind tmit rtith. Nk r`a`ji| v|ku`r`kn `r v|hrhnt `n inp ktmh| Bknrt`txt`kn ke tmh sk|jd. @n @nd`i* tmh Ek|h`cn \hjit`knr Ibt* -]@@ ke 902<) v|ku`dhr vxn`rmahnt ek| j`lhj lp @nd`in b`t`zhnr ici`nrt ek|h`cn d`cn`ti|`hr. @nth|hrt ke e|`hndjp |hjit`knr s`tm ek|h`cn Rtithr* skxjd nkt oxrt`ep tmh rxvv|hrr`kn ke ei`| b|`t`b`ra ke ek|h`cn vkj`bp ke tmh 0 Rxlr. Lp tmh Bknrt`txt`kn - E`|rt Iahndahnt) Ibt* 9089* R.2* ek| tmh k|`c`nij sk|dr. ‚Nktm`nc `n tmh ri`d rxl! bjixrh rmijj ieehbt tmh kvh|it`kn ke inp h}`rt`nc jis ` nrkei| ir `t v|hrb|`lhr k| havksh|r inp ixtmk|`tp tk v|hrb|`lh* k| v|huhnt tmh Rtith e|ka aig`nc inp jis v|hrb|`l`nc k| havksh|`nc inp ixtmk|`tp tk v|hrb|`lh* tmh v|kehrr`knij k| thbmn`bij yxij`e`bit`knr yxij`e`b it`knr nhbhrri|p ek| v|ibt`b`nc inp v|kehrr`kn k| bi||p`nc kn inp kbbxvit`kn* t|idh k| lxr`nhrr.‑

Ckuh|nahnt. @t `r tk lh nkthd tmit ahalh| ke tmh bkaaknshijtm `nbjxd`nc Vig`rtin `r nkt i ,ek|h`cn rtith, ek| tmh vx|vkrhr ke tm`r Bknrt`txt`kn. Tmh |hrxjt `r tmit e|hhdka ke rvhhbm ind h}v|hrr`kn binnkt lh |hrt|`bthd kn tmh c|kxnd tmit tmh aitth| `r iduh|rh tk Vig`rtin. 96

Tm`r c|kxnd sir iddhd lp tmh Bknrt`txt`kn -E`|rt Iahndahnt) Ibt . 2) #Vxlj`b k|dh|# `r in h}v|hrr`kn ke s`dh bknnktit`kn ind r`cn`e`hr ,tmit rtith ke t|inyx`j`tp sm`bm v|hui`jr iaknc tmh ahalh|r ke vkj`t`bij rkb`htp ir i |hrxjt ke `nth|nij |hcxjit`knr hnek|bhd lp tmh Ckuh|nahnt sm`bm tmhp miuh hrtilj`rmhd., Vxlj`b k|dh| `r rkahtm`nc ak|h tmin k|d`ni|p ai`nthninbh ke jis ind k|dh|. #Vxlj`b k|dh|# `r rpnknpakxr s`tm vxlj`b vhibh* riehtp ind t|inyx`j`tp. Tmh thrt ek| dhth|a`n`nc smhtmh| in ibt ieehbtr jis ind k|dh| k| vxlj`b k|dh| `r tk rhh smhtmh| tmh ibt jhidr tk tmh d`rtx|linbhr ke tmh bx||hnt ke j`eh ke tmh bkaaxn`tp rk ir tk iakxnt tk i d`rtx|linbh ke tmh vxlj`b k|dh| k| smhtmh| `t ieehbtr ah|hjp in `nd`u`dxij lh`nc tmh t|inyx`j`tp ke tmh rkb`htp xnd`rtx|lhd. Inptm`nc tmit d`rtx|lr vxlj`b t|inyx`j`tp k| vxlj`b vhibh d`rtx|lr vxlj`b k|dh|. Tmxr bkaaxnij d`rtx|linbhr ind rt|`ghr v|kakthd s`tm tmh rkjh klohbt ke bixr`nc xn|hrt iaknc sk|gahn i|h keehnbhr ici`nrt vxlj`b k|dh|. Vxlj`b k|dh| tmxr `avj`hr ilrhnbh ke u`kjhnbh ind in k|dh|jp rtith ke ieei`|r `n sm`bm b`t`zhnr bin vhibhexjjp vx|rxh tmh`| nk|aij iukbit`kn ke j`eh. Vxlj`b k|dh| ijrk `nbjxdhr vxlj`b riehtp. Tmxr b|hit`nc `nth|nij d`rk|dh| k| |hlhjj`kn skxjd ieehbt vxlj`b k|dh| ind vxlj`b riehtp. Lxt ah|h b|`t`b`ra ke ckuh|nahnt dkhr nkt nhbhrri|`jp d`rtx|l vxlj`b k|dh|. @n `tr h}th|nij irvhbt #vxlj`b riehtp# ahinr v|kthbt`kn ke tmh bkxnt|p e|ka ek|h`cn icc|hrr`kn. Xndh| vxlj`b k|dh| tmh Rtith skxjd lh hnt`tjhd tk v|huhnt v|kvicindi ek| i rtith ke si| s`tm @nd`i. Tmh sk|dr #`n tmh `nth|hrt ke vxlj`b k|dh|# `nbjxdhr nkt knjp rxbm xtth|inbhr ir i|h d`|hbtjp `nthndhd tk jhid tk d`rk|dh| lxt ijrk tmkrh tmit miuh tmh thndhnbp tk jhid tk d`rk|dh|. Tmxr i jis vxn`rm`nc xtth|inbhr aidh s`tm tmh dhj`lh|ith `nthnt`kn tk mx|t tmh |hj`c`kxr ehhj`ncr ke inp bjirr ke vh|rknr `r uij`d lhbixrh `t `avkrhr i |hrt|`bt`kn kn tmh |`cmt ke e|hh rvhhbm `n tmh `nth|hrt ke  vxlj`b k|dh| r`nbh rxbm rvhhbm k| s|`t`nc mir tmh thndhnbp tk b|hith vxlj`b d`rk|dh| huhn `e `n rkah birh tmkrh ibt`u`t`hr aip nkt ibtxijjp jhid tk i l|hibm ke vhibh. Lxt tmh|h axrt lh |hirkniljh ind v|kvh| nh}xr k| |hjit`knrm`v lhtshhn tmh |hrt|`bt`knr ind tmh ibm`huhahntr ke  vxlj`b k|dh|. Tmh sk|dr #ak|ij`tp k| dhbhnbp# i|h sk|dr ke s`dh ahin`nc. 4) Rhbt`knr <0< tk <04 ke tmh @nd`in Vhnij Bkdh v|ku`dh `nrtinbhr ke |hrt|`bt`knr kn tmh e|hhdka ke  rvhhbm ind h}v|hrr`kn `n tmh `nth|hrt ke dhbhnbp k| ak|ij`tp. Tmhrh rhbt`knr v|km`l`t tmh rijh k| d`rt|`lxt`kn k| h}m`l`t`kn ke klrbhnh sk|dr* htb. `n vxlj`b vjibhr. Nk e`} rtindi|d `r ji`d dksn t`jj nks ir tk smit `r ak|ij ind `ndhbhnt. Tmh rtindi|d ke ak|ij`tp ui|`hr e|ka t`ah tk t`ah ind e|ka vjibh tk vjibh. 8) \hrt|`bt`kn kn tmh e|hhdka ke rvhhbm ind h}v|hrr`kn bin lh `avkrhd `e `t h}bhhdr tmh |hirkniljh ind ei`| j`a`t ind iakxntr tk bknthavt ke bkx|t. Ibbk|d`nc tk tmh Rhbt`kn < #Bknthavt ke bkx|t# aip lh h`tmh| #b`u`j bknthavt# k| #b|`a`nij bknthavt.#

96 Rxlr. Lp tmh Bknrt`txt`kn - E`|rt Iahndahnt ) Ibt* 9089

5) I rtithahnt* sm`bm `nox|hr i ain#r |hvxtit`kn* iakxntr tk dheiait`kn. Dheiait`kn bknr`rtr `n h}vkr`nc i ain tk mit|hd* |`d`bxjh* k| bknthavt. Tmh b`u`j jis `n |hjit`nc tk dheiait`kn `r rt`jj xnbkd`e`hd `n @nd`i ind rxlohbt tk bh|ti`n h}bhvt`knr.

Tm`r c|kxnd sir ijrk iddhd lp tmh bknrt`txt`kn -E`|rt 3) Iahndahnt) Ibt* 9089. Klu`kxrjp* e|hhdka ke rvhhbm ind h}v|hrr`kn binnkt bkneh| i |`cmt tk `nb`th vhkvjh tk bkaa`t keehnbh. Tmh sk|d #keehnbh# `r dhe`nhd ir inp ibt k| ka`rr`kn aidh vxn`rmiljh lp jis ek| tmh t`ah lh`nc `n ek|bh. Ir xndh|rtkkd lp Hncj`rm jis* rhd`t`kn hal|ibhr ijj tmkrh v|ibt`bhr smhtmh| lp =) sk|dr* k| s|`t`nc sm`bm i|h bijbxjithd tk d`rtx|l tmh t|inyx`j`tp ke tmh Rtith ind jhid `cnk|int vh|rkn tk rxluh|t tmh ckuh|nahnt. @t rmkxjd lh nkthd tmit tmh rhd`t`kn `r nkt ahnt`knhd `n bjixrh -<) ke I|t. 90 ir knh ke tmh c|kxndr kn sm`bm |hrt|`bt`knr kn e|hhdka ke rvhhbm ind h}v|hrr`kn aip lh `avkrhd.

E|hhdka ke rvhhbm `r tmh lxjsi|g ke dhakb|it`b ckuh|nahnt. @t `r bknr`dh|hd tk lh tmh aktmh| ke  ijj ktmh| j`lh|t`hr. E|hhdka ke rvhhbm xndh| I|t 90-9) -i) `nbjxdhr tmh |`cmt tk h}v|hrr knh‛r u`hsr ind kv`n`knr it inp `rrxh tm|kxcm inp ahd`xa* h.c.* lp sk|dr ke akxtm* s|`t`nc* v|`nt`nc* v`btx|h* e`ja* aku`h* htb. Tmxr* `t `nbjxdhr tmh e|hhdka ke bkaaxn`bit`kn ind tmh |`cmt tk v|kvicith k| vxlj`b kv`n`kn. Lxt tm`r |`cmt `r rxlohbt tk |hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`knr xndh| I|t 90-<). Tmh vm|irh e|hhdka ke rvhhbm ind h}v|hrr`kn mir i l|kid bknnktit`kn. Tmh |`cmt tk vi`nt k| r`nc k| dinbh k| tk s|`th vkht|p k| j`th|itx|h `r ijrk bkuh|hd lp I|t 90-9) -i) lhbixrh tmh bkaakn lir`b bmi|ibth|`rt`b ke ijj tmhrh ibt`u`t`hr `r e|hhdka ke rvhhbm ind h}v|hrr`kn* |`cmt tk t|iuhj il|kid. @t ijrk `nbjxdhr tmh |`cmt tk |hbh`uh `nek|ait`kn* e|hhdka ke tmh v|hrr ind s`tm`n bh|ti`n j`a`tr v`bght`nc k| dhaknrt|it`kn aip ijrk lh |hci|dhd ir i ain`ehrtit`kn ke knh‛r e|hhdka ke  rvhhbm ind h}v|hrr`kn. Ir |hci|dr Ckuh|nahnt rh|uintr* tmh oxd`b`ij u`hs ivvhi|r tk lh tmit i rt|`gh lp tmha bin lh uij`djp v|km`l`thd. I L`mi| Ckuh|nahnt v|km`l`thd `tr Ckuh|nahntr rh|uintr e|ka ck`nc kn i rt|`gh `n bknnhbt`kn s`tm inp aitth|r vh|ti`n`nc tk tmh`| bknd`t`knr ke  rh|u`bh. Tmh |xjh sir bmijjhnchd. Tmh v|ku`r`kn sir dhbji|hd uij`d ir `t d`d nkt bx|ti`j e|hhdka ke rvhhbm ind tmh|h sir nk Exndiahntij |`cmt tk rt|`gh. Ivvjp`nc tmh thrtr ke |hirknil`j`tp7 U`hs`nc e|ka in klohbt`uh bknbhvt* tmh |hrt|`bt`kn kn rt|`gh e|ka tmh vk`nt ke tmh chnh|ij vxlj`b |itmh| tmin e|ka tmh vk`nt ke vhkvjh kn smka tmh |hrt|`bt`kn `r `avkrhd. Tmh chnh|ij vxlj`b kv`n`kn lh`nc kvvkr`nc rt|`gh ir tmh |hirknr aip lh* tmh |hrt|`bt`kn kn rt|`gh `r tmh|hek|h |hirkniljh. Ak|hkuh| smhn tmh vhkvjh bhirh tk sk|g ind ck i rt|`gh* tmh chnh|ij `nth|hrtr ke tmh vxlj`b `nukjuhd `n tmh`| sk|g `r ijrk ieehbthd. Tmh rxrbhvt`l`j`tp ind dhaindr ke i rhbt`kn ke i rkb`htp binnkt lh ek|bhd xvkn kn tmh |hrt ke tmh rkb`htp smkrh rhnt`ahntr i|h nkt tmh riah ir tmit ke tmh rt|`gh|r. E|ka tm`r vk`nt ke u`hs tmh |hrt|`bt`kn kn rt|`gh `r |hirkniljh. Kn r`a`ji| j`nhr ‚Lindmr‑ k|cin`zhd lp tmh vkj`t`bij vi|t`hr i|h ijrk dhbji|hd xnbknrt`txt`knij. @t `r nkt in

h}h|b`rh ke tmh e|hhdka ke rvhhbm ind h}v|hrr`kn* lhbixrh dx|`nc i ‚Lindm‑* vhkvjh i| h nkt h}vhbthd tk t|iuhj* nkt tk bi||p inp t|idh* nk tk itthnd tk tmh`| sk|g. @t bxtr dksn tmh |`cmtr ke  ktmh| `nd`u`dxijr ind tmh|h `r ijrk i dhrt|xbt`kn ke vxlj`b v|kvh|tp. Rxbm binnkt lh in xn|hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`kn ir tmh|h `r i bjhi| dhrt|xbt`kn ke vxlj`b v|kvh|tp jhid`nc tk rkb`ij d`rk|dh| sm`bm `r nkt `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh vxlj`b.

Tmh klohbt ke ijj e|hhdkar ind |hrt|`bt`knr `r tk |hibm rkb`ij k|dh| k| ai`nthninbh ke vxlj`b k|dh|. Nk e|hhdka bin lh ilrkjxth k| bkavjhthjp xn|hrt|`bthd. Ibbk|d`ncjp* xndh| I|t. 90-<)* tmh rtith aip aigh i jis `avkr`nc „|hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`knr ‛kn tmh h}h|b`rh h} h|b`rh ke tmh |`cmt tk e|hhdka ke rvhhbm ind h}v|hrr`kn „`n tmh `nth|hrtr ke‛* tmh rhbx|`tp ke tmh Rtith* e|`hndjp |hjit`knr s`tm tmh ek|h`cn Rtithr* vxlj`b k|dh|* dhbhnbp* ak|ij`tp* rkuh|h`cntp ind `nthc|`tp ke @nd`i* k| „`n |hjit`kn tk tmh Bknthavt ke Bk x|t* dheiait`kn ke `nb`thahnt tk in keehnbh‛. \hrt|`bt`knr `n I|t.90 -<) i|h ijj bknbh`uhd `n tmh nit`knij `nth|hrtr k| `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh rkb`htp. Tmh e`|rt rht ke c|kxndr u`z* rkuh|h`cntp ind `nthc|`tp ke @nd`i* tmh rhbx|`tp ke tmh Rtith* e|`hndjp |hjit`knr s`tm ek|h`cn Rtithr ind vxlj`b k|dh|! i|h ijj c|kxndr |heh|iljh tk nit`knij `nth|hrt7 smh|hir* tmh rhbknd rht ke  c|kxndr* u`z* dhbhnbp* ak|ij`tp* bknthavt ke bkx|t* dheiait`kn ind `nb`thahnt tk keehnbh i|h ijj bknbh`uhd `n tmh `nth|hrt ke tmh rkb`htp. . I|t. 90-<) xrhr tsk bknbhvtr7 „vxlj`b k|dh|‛ ind „rhbx|`tp ke rtith‛. Tmh th|a „vxlj`b k|dh|‛ bkuh|r i raijj |`kt* in iee|ip* l|hibmhr ke vhibh* k| ibtr d`rtx|l`nc vxlj`b t|inyx`j`tp. Lxt „vxlj`b k|dh|‛ ind „vxlj`b t|inyx`j`tp‛ aip nkt lh rpnknpakxr. I ain vjip`nc jkxd axr`b `n m`r mkah it n`cmt aip d`rtx|l vxlj`b t|inyx`j`tp* lxt nkt vxlj`b k|dh|. Tmh|hek|h rxbm ibtr knjp tmh rh|hn`tp ke  ktmh|r aip nkt eijj s`tm`n tmh th|a „vxlj`b k|dh|‛. Tmh|h rmkxjd lh rkah hjhahnt ke d`rtx|linbh ke vhibh tk l|`nc i aitt h| xndh| „vxlj`b k|dh|‛. In icc|iuithd ek|a ke vhibh sm`bm tm|hithnr tmh ekxndit`knr ke* k| tm|hithnr tk kuh|tm|ks* tmh rtith s`jj eijj s`tm`n tmh rbkvh ke tmh vm|irh „rhbx|`tp ke rtith‛. Tmh h}v|hrr`kn‛ kuh|tm|ks`nc tmh rtith‛ `r bkuh|hd lp tmh th|a „rhbx|`tp „rhbx |`tp ke tmh rtith‛. Tmh|hek|h aig`nc i rvhhbm thnd`nc tk kuh|tm|ks tmh rtith bin lh aidh vxn`rmiljh ind rxbm i ek|a ke |hrt|`bt`kn `r |hirkniljh ir `t `r ek| v|hrh|u`nc rkb`ij k|dh|.

Tmh `dhi k| tmh klohbt lhm`nd `avkr`nc |hrt|`bt`knr kn tmh e|hhdka ke rvhhbm `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke  e|`hndjp |hjit`knr s`tm i ek|h`cn bkxnt|p `r tmit vh|r`rthnt ind aij`b`kxr v|kvicindi ici`nrt i ek|h`cn vksh| miu`nc e|`hndjp |hjit`knr s`tm @nd`i aip bixrh bknr`dh|iljh hali||irrahnt tk @nd`i* ind* ibbk|d`ncjp* `ndxjc`nc `n rxbm v|kvicindi aip lh v|km`l`thd. Tm`r |hrt|`bt`kn bjhi|jp rt|`ghr i lijinbh lhtshhn tmh vx|vkrh ke tmh |hrt|`bt`kn ind rkb`ij k|dh|.

E|hhdka ke rvhhbm dkhr nkt bkneh| i j`bhnrh tk `nb`th vhkvjh tk bkaa`t keehnbh. @nb`thahnt tk rh|`kxr ind icc|iuithd keehnbhr* j`gh ax|dh| aip lh vxn`rmiljh ir `nukju`nc tmh rhbx|`tp ke tmh rtith. @nb`thahnt tk ainp ktmh| keehnbhr `r ijrk vxn`rmiljh ir ieehbt`nc vxlj`b k|dh|. Lxt tmh|h

aip lh rt`jj ktmh| keehnbhr j`gh l|`lh|p* ek|ch|p* bmhit`nc* htb.* miu`nc nk vxlj`b k|dh| irvhbt. Rk tmh sk|dr „`nb`thahnt tk keehnbh‛. Tm`r |hrt|`bt`kn ijrk v|km`l`tr `nb`thahnt tk ijj tmkrh keehnbhr sm`bm dk nk d`r|xvt tmh vxlj`b k|dh| sir tmh dhlith `n tmh Vi|j`iahnt ind sir bmijjhnchd tk lh xn|hirkniljh ir keehnbh `r i s`dh th|a ind `nbjxdhr inp vxn`rmiljh ibt xndh| tmh @nd`in Vhnij 99 Bkdh. Tmh Bkx|t mhjd `n Rtith ke L`mi| U. Rmi`jilij Dhu` * tmit `nb`thahnt tk ax|dh| k| ktmh| u`kjhnt b|`ahr skxjd chnh|ijjp hndinch| tmh rhbx|`tp ke tmh rtith7 mhnbh i |hrt|`bt`kn ici`nrt rxbm `nb`thahnt skxjd lh i uij`d jis xndh| I|t. 90-<).

Tmh `dhir ilkxt dhbhnbp k| ak|ij`tp ui|p e|ka rkb`htp ind t`ah tk t`ah dhvhnd`nc kn tmh rtindi|dr ke ak|ijr `n tmh bknthavk|i|p rkb`htp. Rhjj`nc ke klrbhnh lkkgr* klrbhnh tm`ncr tk pkxnc vh|rknr* bkaa`tt`nc in klrbhnh ibt k| r`nc`nc in klrbhnh rknc `n tmh vxlj`b vjibh sh|h tmh j`rthd klrbhnh ibtr xndh| R <0< ke @VB. Tk thrt tmh |hirknil`j`tp smit sh miuh tk rhh `r tmit smhtmh| i bjirr* nkt in `rkjithd birh* `ntk smkrh mindr tmh lkkg* i|t`bjh* k| rtk|p eijjr rxeeh| `n tmh`| ak|ij kxtjkkg k| lhbkah dhv|iuhd lp |hid`nc `t a`cmt miuh `avx|h ind jhbmh|kxr tmkxcmtr i|kxrhd `n tmh`| a`ndr. Tmh bmi|ch ke klrbhn`tp axrt tmh|hek|h lh oxdchd e|ka tm`r irvhbt. ‚@ndhbhnbp `r nkt bkne`nhd tk rh}xij `ndhbhnbp7 `ndhhd `t `r d`ee`bxjt tk e`nd inp j`a`t rmk|t ke  rip`nc tmit `t `nbjxdhr inptm`nc sm`bm in k|d`ni|p dhbhnt ain k| skain skxjd e`nd tk lh rmkbg`nc* d`rcxrt`nc ind |hukjt`nc .‑.

Tmh chnh|ij v|`nb`vjh `r tmit `t `r xn|hirkniljh tk jhiuh ilrkjxth ind i|l`t|i|p d`rb|ht`kn tk in ida`n`rt|it`uh kee`bh| tk |hcxjith tmh e|hhdka ke rvhhbm ind h}v|hrr`kn. Rxbm g`nd ke |hrt|`bt`kn `r bjhi|jp xn|hirkniljh* ir `t dkhr nkt v|ku`dh inp v|ku`r`knr k| ex|tmh| ivvhijr. Tmh d`rb|ht`kn tk lh uij`d axrt lh h}h|b`riljh ek| vx|vkrhr rvhb`e`hd `n I|t. 90-<) ind rxlohbt tk jhc`rjit`uh vkj`bp ind v|kbhdx|ij riehcxi|dr. . @n X.R.I. e|hhdka ke rvhhbm sir k|`c`nijjp v|kthbthd lp tmh dkbt|`nh ke bjhi| ind v|hrhnt dinch| 9< v|kvkxndhd lp Mkjahr O. `n Rbmnhg u. Xn`thd Rtithr . @n tmit birh tmh Rxv|hah Bkx|t ke  Iah|`bi virrhd xvkn tmh a`j`ti|p bhnrk|rm`v v|ku`r`knr ke tmh Hrv`knich Ibt ke 9093* sm`bm `avkrhd bh|ti`n j`a`tit`knr xvkn v|hrr ind rvhhbm. Tmh birh `nukjuhd in ivvhij e|ka i bknu`bt`kn kn i bmi|ch ke b`|bxjit`nc int`d|iet jhiejhtr iaknc ahalh|r ke tmh Xn`thd Rtithr i|ahd ek|bhr. Tmh Hrv`knich Ibt aidh `t i ehjknp tk itthavt tk klrt|xbt tmh hnj`rtahnt ind |hb|x`tahnt rh|u`bhr ke tmh Xn`thd Rtithr. Ivvhjjint‛r bkxnrhj bknthndhd tmit tmh Hrv`knich Ibt u`kjithd tmh E`|rt Iahndahnt cxi|inthh`nc e|hhdka ke rvhhbm. @t sir mhjd tmit tmh e|hhdka ke  rvhhbm bkxjd lh il|`dchd `e tmh Ckuh|nahnt bkxjd rmks tmit tmh|h sir i bjhi| ind v|hrhnt dinch| tk tmh Rtith i|`r`nc e|ka tmh ilxrhr ke tmit e|hhdka.

99

I@\ 908< RB 2<0.

9<

-9090) <40 X.R. 43.

Bjhi| ind V|kliljh dinch| thrt? Tmh thrt ke bjhi| ind v|hrhnt dinch| sir ilindknhd `n  Dhnn`r 92 u. Xn`thd Rtithr .@n tmit birh tmh uij`d`tp ke tmh Ij`hn \hc`rt|it`kn Ibt* 9046 sir `n yxhrt`kn. Tmh Rtitxth aidh `t xnjisexj ek| inp vh|rkn tk idukbith* idu`rh k| thibm tmh dxtp* nhbhrr`tp* dhr`|il`j`tp k| v|kv|`htp ke kuh|tm|ks`nc k| dhrt|kp`nc tmh Ckuh|nahnt `n tmh Xn`thd Rtithr lp ek|bh k| u`kjhnbh ind vhnij`zhd huhn i bknrv`|ibp tk bkaa`t rxbm ek|l`ddhn ibtr. Tmh vht`t`knh|r* jhid`nc ahalh|r ke tmh Bkaaxn`rt Vi|tp* sh|h bmi|chd s`tm i bknrv`|ibp tk ek|a i vi|tp ek| thibm`nc ind idukbit`nc tmh kuh|tm|ks ke Ckuh|nahnt lp ek|bh. Tmhp bknthndhd tmit tmh rtitxth bkxjd nkt rtind tm h bknrt`txt`knij thrt ke ‚bjhi| ind v|hrhnt dinch|‑ ind tmit tmh`|  bknu`bt`kn lp tmh Bkx|t lhjks sir tmh|hek|h* j`iljh tk lh rht ir`dh.

Tmh thrt ke bjhi| ind v|hrhnt dinch| sir d`rbi|dhd ind tmh thrt ke bjhi| ind v|kliljh dinch| mir lhhn rxlrt`txthd. Oxdchd lp tmh nhs thrt `t sir mhjd tmit tmh `avxcnhd rtitxth sir bknrt`txt`knij* tmkxcm `t vhnij`zhd huhn bknrv`|`nc tk idukbith tmh extx|h kuh|tm|ks ke tmh Rtith ind `aa`nhnt dinch| `r tk lh ivv|hmhndhd tmh|hlp. Tmh i|a ke tmh jis mir lhhn jhnctmhnhd tmh|hlp.   @n @nd`i? i bkavi|`rkn ke tmh v|kthbt`kn ieek|dhd tk e|hhdka ke rvhhbm xndh| tmh @nd`in ind Iah|`bin Bknrt`txt`knr |huhijr i bjkrh `dhnt`tp. I|t. 90 -<) ir k|`c`nijjp d|iethd rhhar tk lh   lirhd kn tmh ‚bjhi| ind v|hrhnt dinch|‑ thrt ke tmh Xn`thd Rtithr. Rtithr. Ieth| tmh iahndahnt `t mir bkah `ntk j`nh s`tm tmh ‚bjhi| ind v|kliljh dinch|‑ thrt ivvj`hd `n tmh Xn`thd Rtithr.

I|t.90 -9) -l) cxi|inthhr tk ijj b`t`zhnr ke @nd`i tmh |`cmt ke irrhaljp sm`bm `nbjxdhr tmh |`cmt tk mkjd vxlj`b ahht`ncr ind tk tigh kxt v|kbhrr`knr. Tmh Bknrt`txt`kn rhbx|hr tm`r |`cmt tk tmh b`t`zhn rxlohbt tk tsk j`a`tit`knr? -`) tmh irrhaljp axrt lh xni|ahd ind -``) `t axrt lh vhibhexj `.h.* `t axrt nkt lh txaxjtxkxr k| |`ktkxr `n bmi|ibth|. Ex|tmh|* xndh| bjixrh -2) tmh rtith aip `avkrh |hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`knr ir aip lh dhhahd nhbhrri|p `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke vxlj`b k|dh| k| tmh rkuh|h`cntp ind `nthc|`tp ke @nd`i. Mkshuh| `t `r |hirkniljh tk `neh| tmit tmh sk|dr „vxlj`b k|dh|‛ `n bjixrh -2) `r xrhd `n tmh riah |hrt|`bthd rhnrh ir `n bjixrh -<)* niahjp* `n tmh rhnrh* ke vxlj`b vhibh* riehtp ind t|inyx`j`tp. Tmh|hek|h inp irrhaljp ke e`uh k| ak|h vh|rknr s`tm tmh klohbt ke bkaa`tt`nc inp ibt ahnt`knhd `n r 949 ke @VB `r in xnjisexj irrhaljp ind i |hrt|`bt`kn kn rxbm in irrhaljp `r |hirkniljh* ghhv`nc `n u`hs tmh vxlj`b riehtp* vhibh ind t|inyx`j`tp. Tmh |hrt|`bt`kn kn tmh mkjd`nc ahht`ncr `n Ckuh|nahnt v|ha`rhr j`gh \i`jsipr `r ijrk uij`d k| |hirkniljh ir tmh |`cmt ke irrhaljp binnkt lh h}h|b`rhd kn tmh v|kvh|tp ke rkahlkdp ir tmhp i|h hnt`tjhd tk hnokp tmh`| v|kvh|tp j`gh inp ktmh| v|`uith `nd`u`dxij. I d`ee`bxjt yxhrt`kn tmit i|`rhr mh|h `r tmit smhn i ahht`nc `r `trhje jisexj* ind bkndxbthd s`tmkxt inp `nthnt`kn tk bkaa`t i l|hibm ke tmh vhibh* nhuh|tmhjhrr* rxbm i ahht`nc aip `n t`ahr ke vkj`t`bij k| rhbti|`in h}b`thahnt* v|kukgh vxlj`b d`rk|dh|r. Tmhn `n rxbm i r`txit`kn bin tmh b`t`zhn lh dhv|`uhd ke m`r |`cmt lhbixrh `tr uh|p h}h|b`rh `n i ainnh| vh|ehbtjp jisexj s`jj h}b`th ktmh|r tk i l|hibm ke vhibh. @n @nd`i* mkjd`nc ke ahht`ncr ktmh|s`rh jisexj* aip `n hah|chnbp lh v|huhnthd* `e `n tmh vkr`t`kn ke in ivv|kv|`ith ixtmk|`tp rxbm in ibt`kn `r dhhahd nhbhrri|p. @e i jisexj ahht`nc s`tm i jisexj klohbt rmksr i bjhi| r`cn ke ivv|hmhnd`nc dinch| tmhn tmh vkj`bh aip tigh rxbm rthvr tmit i|h nhbhrri|p tk v|huhnt i l|hibm ke tmh vhibh.

92

-9089) 249 X.R. 404

Tm`r I|t`bjh dhbji|hr tmit ijj b`t`zhnr rmijj miuh tmh e|hhdka tk ek|a irrkb`it`knr k| xn`knr. Klu`kxrjp* 94 tmh |`cmt tk ek|a in irrkb`it`kn `nbjxdhr tmh |`cmt tk bknt`nxh `t . @t ijrk `nbjxdhr tmh nhcit`uh |`cmt ke  nkt ok`n`nc irrkb`it`knr k| xn`knr lxt `t `r pht dhlitiljh smhtmh| tm`r nhcit`uh |`cmt bin ijrk lh |hci|dhd ir i exndiahntij |`cmt. I M`cm Bkx|t mir mhjd tmit tmh |`cmt tk ek|a in irrkb`it`kn nhbhrri|`jp `avj`hr tmit i vh|rkn `r e|hh t |hexrh tk lh i ahalh| ke in irrkb`it`kn `e mh dhr`|hr* ind* tmh|hek|h* i |xjh aig`nc `t bkavxjrk|p ek| huh|p thibmh| tk lhbkah i ahalh| ke i ckuh|nahnt rvknrk|hd irrkb`it`kn it tmh |`rg ke rxeeh|`nc d`rb`vj`ni|p ibt`kn `n birh i thibmh| ilrhntr e|ka tsk bknrhbxt`uh ahht`ncr `ne|`nchr I|t. 90 -b). 98

 Vksh| tk dhbji|h Irrkb`it`kn xnjisexj? @n Rtith ke  Aid|ir u. U.C.\ks tmh Ckuh|nahnt ke Aid|ir dhbji|hd i rkb`htp gnksn ir Vhkvjh‛r Hdxbit`kn Hdxbit`kn rkb`htp ir in xnjisexj irrkb`it`kn. Xndh| R 98-<)-l) ke tmh B|`a`nij Jis Iahndahnt Ibt tmh rxlohbt`uh rit`reibt`kn ke tmh ckuh|nahnt tmit in irrkb`it`kn sir sk|g`nc ek| xnjisexj klohbtr sir e`nij. Tmh dhb`r`kn ke tmh ckuh|nahnt bkxjd lh |hu`hshd lp in Idu`rk|p Lki|d lxt sir ktmh|s`rh e`nij. Tmh Rxv|hah Bkx|t mhjd tmit tmhrh v|ku`r`knr sh|h xn|hirkniljh ir tmhp h}bjxdhd oxd`b`ij rb|xt`np. Inp jis sm`bm |hrt|`btr i |`cmt ke in `nd`u`dxij ind c`uhr nk rbkvh ek| ivvhij `r xn|hirkniljh. Tmh|hek|h tmh k|dh| linn`nc tmh irrkb`it`kn sir rt|xbg  dksn.

Tm`r |`cmt cxi|inthhr tk huh|p b`t`zhn tmh |`cmt tk akuh „e|hhjp‛ tm|kxcmkxt tmh th||`tk|p ke @nd`i. Tmh iduh|l „e|hhjp‛ bknnkthr tmit tmh e|hhdka tk akuh `r s`tmkxt i |hrt|`bt`kn ind `r ilrkjxth* `.h.* tk akuh smh|huh| knh j`ghr* smhnhuh| knh j`ghr* ind mkshuh| knh j`ghr* rxlohbt tk uij`d jis hnibthd xndh| bjixrh -8). Jisr rxbm ir shi|`nc ke mhjaht sm`jh |`d`nc i tsk!smhhjh| aktk| uhm`bjh* sm`bm eib`j`tith akuhahnt |itmh| tmin |hrt|`bt `t* dk nkt u`kjith I|t. 90-9)-d). H}th|nahnt k| `nth|nahnt k|dh|r `.h.* |hyx`|`nc i vh|rkn tk jhiuh i bh|ti`n i|hi k| nkt tk hnth| i bh|ti`n i|hi skxjd* nk dkxlt* bx|ti`j e|hhdka cxi|inthhd `n bjixrh -9)-d). Mhnbh* i jis ixtmk|`z`nc h}th|nahnt k| `nth|nahnt tk lh uij`d axrt eijj s`tm`n tmh thrtr ke |hirknil`j`tp* niahjp |hrt|`bt`knr axrt lh `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke vxlj`b k| ek| tmh v|kthbt`kn ke tmh `nth|hrt ke tmh Rbmhdxjhd t|`lhr. In h}th|nahnt k|dh| sir knbh bmijjhnchd kn tmh c|kxnd tmit `t sir nkt i |hirknhd k|dh|. Tmh Rxv|hah Bkx|t |hohbthd tmh bmijjhnch vk`nt`nc kxt tmit tmh|h `r i bh|ti`n l|ind ke jisjhrr hjhahntr `n rkb`htp smka `t `r `avkrr`ljh tk l|`nc tk lkkg lp hrtilj`rmhd ahtmkdr ke oxd`b`ij t|`ij lhbixrh tmh jhcij hu`dhnbh hrrhnt`ij ek| bknu`bt`kn `r `avkrr`ljh tk klti`n. Ek| ehi| ke |hv|`rijr* s`tnhrrhr i|h xns`jj`nc tk dhvkrh `n vxlj`b ici`nrt rxbm bmi|ibth|r. Rk* `n tmh h}th|nahnt k|dh| ici`nrt rxbm i vh|rkn* ind `n tmh d`rvkrij ke ivvhij ici`nrt tmit k|dh|* tmh bknbh|nhd ixtmk|`tp `r nkt lkxnd tk c`uh |hirknr k| s|`th i |hirknhd k|dh|. Tmh h}th|nhh `r knjp 95 hnt`tjhd tk lh `nek|ahd ke tmh chnh|ij nitx|h ke tmh aith|`ij ijjhcit`knr. R`nbh `t eijjr s`tm`n tmh `nth|hrtr ke chnh|ij vxlj`b rxbm i |hrt|`bt`kn kn akuhahnt |hirkniljh. Mkshuh| lktm tmh rxlrtint`uh ind v|kbhdx|ij vi|t ke tmh jis mir tk lh |hirkniljh lhek|h tmh |hrt|`bt`knr bin lh ibbhvthd ir 94

Rtith ke Aid|ir u. U.C. \ik* I@\ 9089 Aid 943.

98

908< R.B.\.083

95

Rtith ke Aimi|irmt|i u. Rijhha Mirin Gmin* I@\ 90=0 RB 9264? -<0=0) < RBB 295.

|hirkniljh. Ex|tmh|* tmh|h axrt lh i bjhi| ind v|hrhnt dinch| lirhd xvkn b|hd`ljh aith|`ij sm`bm aighr tmh akuhahntr ind ibtr ke tmh vh|rkn `n yxhrt`kn iji|a`nc k| dinch|kxr lhek|h th|a`nc m`a tk  lh i „dinch|kxr bmi|ibth|‛ e|ixcmt s`tm u`kjhnbh. J`ghs`rh* tmh|h axrt lh rxee`b`hnt |hirkn tk lhj`huh tmit tmh vh|rkn v|kbhhdhd ici`nrt `r rk dhrvh|ith ind dinch|kxr tmit m`r ah|h v|hrhnbh `n tmh vjibh k| inp vi|t tmh|hke `r mizi|dkxr tk `tr bkaaxn`tp ind `tr riehtp‥.Nitx|ij oxrt`bh axrt lh ei`|jp bkavj`hd s`tm ind uicxh ijjhcit`knr ind rhb|ht mhi|`ncr i|h c|krr u`kjit`knr ke I|tr. 94*90 ind <9 ke tmh Bknrt`txt`kn. Ah|h vkj`bh ivv|hmhnr`kn `r nkt hnkxcm. Rkah c|kxnd k| tmh ktmh| `r nkt idhyxith. Tmh|hek|h kn tmh ilkuh c|kxndr h}th|nahnt k| `nth|nahnt bin lh |hci|dhd ir i |hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`kn. @t mir lhhn rtithd hi|j`h| tmit tmh |hrt|`bt`knr axrt eijj s`tm`n tmh `nth|hrtr ke vxlj`b ind `n tmh v|kthbt`kn ke Rbmhdxjhd T|`lhr. Xndh| tmhrh bknd`t`knr i jis bin |hrt|`bt tmh akuhahnt ke in `nd`u`dxij. In `nrtinbh ke i |hrt|`bt`kn kn e|hh akuhahnt `avkrhd `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh chnh|ij vxlj`b* kn tmh h}`rt `nc jisr ke tmh Kee`b`ij Rhb|htr Ibt* 90<2* i vh|rkn `r dhn`hd ibbhrr tk ‚v|km`l`thd   vjibhr‑. I vh|rkn smk ivv|kibmhr* `nrvhbtr* virrhr kuh| k| `r tmh u`b`n`tp ke* hnth|r inp v|km`l`thd vjibh bkaa`tr in keehnbh xndh| tmh Ibt. Tmhrh |hrt|`bt`knr i|h nhbhrri|p tk v|hrh|uh tmh rhbx|`tp ke tmh Rtith .Tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh chnh|ij vxlj`b hal|ibh vxlj`b rhbx|`tp* vxlj`b k|dh| ind vxlj`b ak|ij`tp. R`a`ji|jp* |hrt|`bt`knr aip lh `avkrhd kn akuhahnt ind t|iuhj`nc tk v|huhnt k| bknt|kj hv`dha`br* htb. Tmh rhbknd c|kxnd c|kxn d ke |hrt|`bt`kn `r tk v|kthbt ‚tmh `nth|hrtr ke rbmhdxjhd t|`lhr‑. @t sir bknr`dh|hd nhbhrri|p tk havksh| tmh Rtith tk `avkrh |hrt|`bt`knr xvkn tmh hnt|p ke kxtr`dh|r tk tmh i|hir `nmil`thd lp tmhrh t|`lhr. In xnbknt|kjjhd a`}`nc ke tmh t|`lhr s`tm tmh vhkvjh ke ktmh| rhbt`knr `r j`ghjp tk v|kdxbh xndhr`|iljh heehbtr xvkn tmh xnrkvm`rt`bithd t|`lij vhkvjh.

Tmh vx|vkrh ke tm`r bjixrh `r ijrk tk |hakuh `nth|nij li||`h|r s`tm`n tmh th||`tk|p ke @nd`i rk ir tk hniljh huh|p b`t`zhn tk t|iuhj e|hhjp ind rhttjh dksn `n inp vi|t ke i Rtith k| Xn`kn Th||`tk|p. Tm`r e|hhdka `r tkk* rxlohbt tk |hrt|`bt`knr `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke vxlj`b k| ek| tmh v|kthbt`kn ke tmh `nth|hrtr ke  Rbmhdxjhd T|`lhr. Tmh|hek|h tmh thrt ek| tm`r e|hhdka `r `e i |hrt|`bt`kn `r `n rhbx|`nc tmh ilkuh `nth|hrtr* `t `r |hirkniljh. Tmxr* v|krt`txthr aip lh |hrt|`bthd tk bi||p kn tmh`| t|idh s`tm`n i rvhb`e`hd i|hi ind ibbk|d`ncjp aip lh |hyx`|hd tk |hr`dh `n k| |hakuh e|ka vi|t`bxji| i|hi. R`a`ji|jp |hrt|`bt`knr kn mil`txij keehndh|r `r ijrk i |hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`kn. Tmh rbkvh ke tm`r e|hhdka sir bknr`dh|hd lp tmh 93  Rxv|hah Bkx|t `n Hl|im`a `n  Hl|im`a Uiz`| u Rtith ke Lkalip . R.3 ke tmh ri`d Ibt sir `nthndhd tk bknt|kj ida`rr`kn `ntk ind |hcxjith akuhahntr `n @nd`i ke vhkvjh e|ka Vig`rtin. In @nd`in b`t`zhn |htx|n`nc tk @nd`i e|ka Vig`rtin `r |hyxhrthd tk v|kdxbh i vh|a`t k| i virrvk|t* ir tmh birh aip lh* lhek|h lh`nc ijjkshd tk hnth| tmh bkxnt|p. @e mh hnth|r tmh bkxnt|p s`tmkxt i vh|a`t* k| i virrvk|t* ibt`kn aip lh tighn xndh| R.3 ek| m`r h}vxjr`kn. In k|dh| virrhd xndh| R.3 sir bmijjhnchd kn tmh c|kxnd tmit tmh Exndiahntij \`cmt ke tmh b`t`zhn xndh| I|t. 90-9)* bjixrh -h) ‚tk |hr`dh ind rhttjh `n inp vi|t ke tmh th||`tk|p ke @nd`i‑ `r mh|hlp `ne|`nchd. Tm`r bknthnt`kn sir xvmhjd ind R.3 sir v|knkxnbhd tk lh uk`d. Tmh Rxv|hah Bkx|t klrh|uhd `n tmh ilkuh ahnt`knhd birh? ‚tmh Ibt vx|vk|tr tk bknt|kj ida`rr`kn `ntk ind |hcxjith tmh akuhahnt `n @nd`i ke vh|rknr

93

9084 RB <<0. @nejx} e|ka  Vig`rtin -Bknt|kj) Ibt ]]@@@  ke 9040?

hnth|`nc e|ka Vig`rtin* lxt R.3 kuh|rthvr tmh j`a`tr ke bknt|kj ind |hcxjit`kn smhn `t v|ku`dhr ek| |hakuij ke i b`t`zhn e|ka m`r ksn bkxnt|p.

I|t`bjh 90-9)-e) ke tmh Bknrt`txt`kn cxi|inthhr tmh exndiahntij |`cmt ke tmh b`t`zhnr tk ibyx`|h* mkjd ind d`rvkrh ke v|kvh|tp. Mkshuh|* tm`r rxl!bjixrh -e) ke tmh bjixrh -9) ke I|t.90 mir lhhn dhjhthd lp tmh Ek|tp!Ekx|tm Iahndahnt tk tmh Bknrt`txt`kn s`tm tmh heehbt e|ka Oxnh <6* 9030.

I|t.90 -9)-c) ke tmh Bknrt`txt`kn cxi|inthhr tmit ijj b`t`zhnr miuh tmh |`cmt tk v|ibt`bh inp v|kehrr`kn k| tk bi||p kn inp kbbxvit`kn k| t|idh k| lxr`nhrr. Tmh e|hhdka `r nkt xnbknt|kjjhd* ek| bjixrh -5) ke tmh I|t. `avkrhr |hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`knr kn tm`r |`cmt kn tmh ekjjks`nc c|kxndr.

Xndh| tm`r tmh |hrt|`bt`kn rmkxjd e`|rtjp lh `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh vxlj`b ind rhbkndjp* tmh |hrt|`bt`knr rmkxjd lh i „|hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`kn‛. Tmh h}v|hrr`kn „`n tmh `nth|hrtr ke chnh|ij vxlj`b‛* tmh Bkx|t mir mhjd* ‚`r ke s`dh `avk|t bkav|hmhnd`nc vxlj`b k|dh|* vxlj`b mhijtm* vxlj`b rhbx|`tp* ak|ijr* hbknka`b shjei|h ke tmh bkaaxn`tp ind tmh klohbtr ahnt`knhd `n Vi|t @U ke tmh Bknrt`txt`kn. I jis v|ku`d`nc ek| lir`b iahn`t`hr7 ek| tmh d`cn`tp ke mxain jilkx|‥ `r i rkb`ij shjei|h ahirx|h `n tmh `nth|hrt `nth|hrt ke chnh|ij 9=  vxlj`b.‑ Nh}t* `n k|dh| tk dhth|a`nh tmh |hirkniljhnhrr ke tmh |hrt|`bt`kn* |hci|d axrt lh mid tk tmh nitx|h ke tmh lxr`nhrr ind bknd`t`knr v|hui`j`nc `n tmit t|idh. Tmxr t|idhr `n nk}`kxr k| dinch|kxr ckkdr k| t|iee`bg`nc `n skahn aip lh v|km`l`thd ijtkchtmh| ind tmh|h `r nktm`nc xnbknrt`txt`knij `n tmh jisr dk`nc rk. Lx t|idhr sm`bm i|h nkt `jjhcij k| `aak|ij k| `nox|`kxr tk tmh mhijtm ind shjei|h ke tmh vxlj`b* tmkxcm aip nkt lh ijtkchtmh| rxvv|hrrhd* bin lh |hcxjithd ind tmh hu`jr a`t`cithd `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh chnh|ij vxlj`b. Tmh|h i|h rkah ibt`u`t`hr* sm`bm dk nkt bkah s`tm`n tmh ial`t ke tm`r e|hhdka rxbm ir |hid`nc `n idxjth|ithd ekkd k| cialj`nc. Kn tmh ktmh| mind* |hrt|`bt`knr sm`bm i|h nkt vh|a`rr`ljh s`tm ktmh| t|idhr i|h jisexj ind |hirkniljh rk ei| ir tmh t|idh `n j`yxk| `r bknbh|nhd* ind tmit `r smp huhn tmh v|km`l`t`kn ke tmh t|idh `n j`yxk| `r nkt knjp vh|a`rr`ljh lxt `r ijrk |hirkniljh. Tmh |hirknr i|h ici`n* vxlj`b ak|ij`tp* vxlj`b `nth|hrtr ind mi|aexj ind dinch|kxr bmi|ibth| ke  j`yxk|. Tmh Rxv|hah Bkx|t dhb`r`knr `jjxrt|it`nc tmh |hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`knr `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh chnh|ij vxlj`b aip lh nkthd mh|h?

9=

A`n`b`vij Bk|v. u. Oin Akmd. Xrainlmi` * -90=5) 2 RBB <6. 29.

-i) @n hah|chnbp r`txit`knr* `t `r nhbhrri|p `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh vxlj`b tk `avkrh bknt|kj kn tmh v|kdxbt`kn* rxvvjp ind d`rt|`lxt`kn ke bkaakd`t`hr hrrhnt`ij tk tmh j`eh ke tmh bkaaxn`tp. J`ghs`rh* tmh e`}it`kn ke ai}`axa v|`bhr ke bkaakd`t`hr ahnt`knhd `n tmh Hrrhnt`ij Bkaakd`t`hr Ibt* 9088 skxjd nkt lh in xn|hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`kn kn tmh e|hhdka ke t|idh* v|ku`dhd tmit tmh bknt|kjj`nc ixtmk|`tp `n dhth|a`n`nc tmh v|`bhr ibtr kn rkah ek|axji* sm`bm `r nkt xn|hirkniljh. -l) Tmh A`n`axa Sichr Ibt* 904=* havksh|r tmh Rtith Ckuh|nahnt tk e`} a`n`axa |ithr ke sichr `n |hci|d tk sk|gh|r ke hibm ke tmh `ndxrt|`hr rbmhdxjhd tmh|h`n. Tmh vht`t`knh| bji`ahd tmh Ibt `nuij`d* lh`nc in xn|hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`kn kn tmh e|hhdka tk bi||p kn lxr`nhrr cxi|inthhd lp I|t. 90-9)-c) `niraxbm ir tmh Ibt d`d nkt dhe`nh smit `r a`n`axa sich ind aidh nk v|ku`r`kn ek| tig`nc `ntk bknr`dh|it`kn bivib`tp ke tmh 90 havjkph| tk vip. Tmh Bkx|t mhjd ‚ @n in xndh|dhuhjkvhd bkxnt|p sm`bm eibhr tmh v|kljha ke xnhavjkpahnt kn i uh|p ji|ch rbijh* `t `r nkt xnj`ghjp tmit jilkx| aip keeh| tk sk|g huhn kn rti|uit`kn sichr. Tmh vkj`bp ke tmh Ibt `r tk v|huhnt tmh havjkpahnt ke  rxbm rshithd jilkx| `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh chnh|ij vxlj`b ind rk* `n v|hrb|`l`nc tmh a`n`axa sich |ith tmh bivib`tp ke tmh havjkph| nhhd nkt lh bknr`dh|hd. Smit `r lh`nc v|hrb|`lhd i|h a`n`axa sich |ithr sm`bm i shjei|h Rtith irrxahr huh|p havjkph| axrt  vip lhek|h mh havjkpr jilkx|‑. Tmh |hirknil`j`tp `r tmh|hek|h uh|`e`hd ir tmh klohbt ind tmh rkb`ij bknt|kj ahirx|hr i|h lijinbhd. -b) Rhbt`kn 3 ke tmh Vxnoil T|idh Havjkpahntr Ibt* 9040* sm`bm d`|hbtr tmit tmh rmkvr ind hrtilj`rmahntr tk sm`bm `t ivvj`hr rmijj |hai`n bjkrhd knh dip `n i shhg* `r nkt `nuij`d lhbixrh tmh klohbt ke tmh jis `r tk hnrx|h tmh mhijtm ind hee`b`hnbp ke tmh sk|gh| smk ek|ar in hrrhnt`ij vi|t ke tmh bkaaxn`tp ind `n smkrh shjei|h* tmh|hek|h* tmh bkaaxn`tp `r u`tijjp `nth|hrthd. Ek| tmh riah |hirknr* jisr |hcxjit`nc tmh mkx|r ke havjkpahnt ke  havjkphhr ind kvhn`nc ind bjkr`nc mkx|r ke hrtilj`rmahntr binnkt lh ri`d tk bknrt`txth in xn|hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`kn kn tmh |`cmt tk bi||p kn t|idh k| lxr`nhrr.@nb|hirh `n tmh nxalh| ke nit`knij ehrt`uij mkj`dipr mir ijrk lhhn xvmhjd ir |hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`kn.



  Inp jis sm`bm dkhr nkt rt|`gh i v|kvh| lijinbh lhtshhn tmh e|hhdkar cxi|inthhd ind  <6 tmh rkb`ij bknt|kj vh|a`tthd lp tmh bjixrhr `n I|t. 90 `r in xn|hirkniljh |hrt|`bt`kn.    I v|km`l`t`kn kn tmh exndiahntij |`cmt tk bi||p kn kbbxvit`kn* t|idh k| lxr`nhrr `r nkt  |hci|dhd ir |hirkniljh `e `r `t `avkrhd nkt `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh chnh|ij vxlj`b lxt  <9 ghhv`nc `n u`hs tmh rxrbhvt`l`j`t`hr ind rhnt`ahntr ke i rhbt`kn ke i bkaaxn`tp.   I jis sm`bm bkneh|r i|l`t|i|p ind xnbknt|kjjhd vksh| xvkn tmh h}hbxt`uh `n tmh aitth| ke  << |hcxjit`nc t|idh k| lxr`nhrr binnkt lh mhjd |hirkniljh.

90

X.Xn`bmkp` U. Rtith ke Gh|iji I@\ 905<* RB 9<* 93.

<6

Bm`ntiain \ik u Rtith ke A.V I@\ 9089 RB 99=.

<9

Akmd. Ei|xg u Rtith ke A.V I@\ 908= RB 329.

<<

Dsi|igi vd. U Rtith ke X.V I@\ 9084 RB <<4.

Tmh smkjh vx|vkrh ke tmh v|kohbt sir tk rtxdp tmh |hrt|`bt`knr `avkrhd kn b`t`zhnr xndh| i|t`bjh 90 ke  @nd`in bknrt`txt`kn ind tk dhth|a`nh tmh |hirkniljhnhrr ke tmh |hrt|`bt`knr `avkrhd kn tmh b`t`zhnr `n I|t. 90-9). @n tmh ilkuh!h}vji`nhd bmivth|r `t sir ainp i t`ahr ahnt`knhd tmit tmh lirh ek| irbh|ti`n`nc tmh |hirkniljhnhrr ke i |hrt|`bt`kn sir tmit `t rmkxjd lh `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh chnh|ij vxlj`b* sm`bm `r v|kliljp tmh lhrt thrt. Smit tmhn `r `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh chnh|ij vxlj`b skxjd lh tmh nh}t yxhrt`kn. Shjj* inp |hrt|`bt`kn sm`bm tk ai`nti`n vxlj`b k|dh|* `n tmh rhnrh* vxlj`b vhibh* riehtp* t|inyx`j`tp* vxlj`b mhijtm* ak|ijr i|h `n tmh `nth|hrtr ke tmh vxlj`b. Tmh |hrt|`bt`kn kn tmh jhc`rjit`knr rmkxjd jhid tk tmhrh vx|vkrhr. @e tmh |hrxjt dkhr nkt jhid tk tmh ilkuh!ahnt`knhd ekjdr tmhn tmh |hrt|`bt`kn `r nkt |hirkniljh. Tmh |hrt|`bt`knr tmit vxt tmh |`cmtr cxi|inthhd* s`tm`n tmh rkb`ij bknt|kjr vh|a`tthd xndh| bjixrhr -<) tk -5) i|h mhnbh |hirkniljh. Huh|p jhc`rjit`kn `r s`tm i rht klohbt`uh. @n ibm`hu`nc tmkrh klohbtr tmh jhc`rjit`knr rmkxjd nkt i|l`t|i|`jp `nuidh xvkn tmh |`cmtr ke i b`t`zhn. Tmh |hrt|`bt`kn rmkxjd jkkg it tmh rht klohbtr tmit tmh jhc`rjit`kn rhhgr tk ibm`huh ind `t rmkxjd hrtilj`rm i bjkrh j`ng s`tm rxbm klohbt ke tmh jhc`rjit`kn. @e tmh bjkrh k| v|k}`aith heehbt ke tmh jis `r tmit `t il|`dchr tmh exndiahntij |`cmtr ke tmh b`t`zhnr ind `e tmh |hrt|`bt`kn v|huhntr rxbm il|`dcahnt* tmhn tmh |hrt|`bt`kn `r |hirkniljh. Kn tmh ktmh| mind* `e tmh |hrt|`bt`kn ckhr tkk ei| `n j`ng`nc `trhje s`tm tmh klohbt ke tmh jhc`rjit`kn tmhn rxbm i |hrt|`bt`kn `r xn|hirkniljh. Inktmh| `avk|tint thrt `r* `e i ri`d v|ku`r`kn k| i |`cmt rmksr bjhi| r`cnr ke dinch| k| huhn rmksr in ivv|hmhndhd dinch| tmhn i |hrt|`bt`kn kn rxbm i jis `r |hirkniljh.