GENERAL GENER AL GEOLOGY GEOLOGY - GEOL 1113 1113 EXAM I WITH ANSWERS ANSWERS - Spring 2002 1. Which of the following is not among among the 8 most abundant elements on Earth? a) hydrg!n , b) potassium, c) sodium, d) iron, e) aluminum. 2. The most abundant element on Earth is a) silicon, b) water, c) aluminum, d) iron, !) "yg!n. 3. n! substance where the atoms are arranged in a regular geometric pattern is a) a naturall! occurring solid, b) a mineral, c) a substance formed through inorganic processes, d) a #ry$%a&&in! $'($%an#! , e) a compound. ". ll matter in the #ni$erse is composed of a) molecules, () a%$, c) cr!stals, d) minerals, e) substances. %. Which of the following is not a a basic component of an atom? a) electron, b) neutron, c) proton, d) p$i%rn. &. Which of the following is a part of the definition of a mineral? a) a li'uid that ma! ma ! become solid, b) man(made, #) d!*ini%! #h!i#a& #p$i%in , d) unorganied structure, e) **+- ll of these are parts of the definition of a mineral. . The silica tetrahedron is composed of a) 1 silicon and " aluminum atoms, () 1 $i&i#n and + "yg!n a%$ , c) silicon chips, d) silicon onl!, e) silicon, iron and aluminum atoms. 8. The ph!sical characteristic of some minerals whereb! the! fracture along preferred planes related to the cr!stalline structure of the mineral is /nown as a) #&!a,ag!, b) fracture, c) brea/age, d) planarit!, e) all of these. 0. Which of the following is a ph!sical propert! of minerals? a) brea/age, b) tint and hue, #) &'$%!r , d) roughness, e) roundness. 1. n eample of a sheet silicate mineral is a) oli$ine, b) 'uart, c) augite, d) hornblende, !) nn! * %h!$! . 11. n the single(chain silicates, the silica tetrahedra are bound to each other at a) % #rn!r$ , b) three corners, c) four corners, d) one corner, c orner, e) not bounded to each other.
12. The color of a powdered mineral is a) the same as the color of the mineral specimen, () i%$ $%r!a. , c) determined b! the t!pes of impurities in the mineral, d) is not a reliable ph !sical propert!, e) none of these. 13. Which of the following minerals are arranged in order of increasing hardness? a) %a&#/ apa%i%!/ #r'nd'/ diand , b) topa, 'uart, fluorite, corundum, c) talc, 'uart, calcite, diamond, d) 'uart, topa, diamond, fluorite, e) fluorite, calcite, g!psum, talc. 1". What t!pe of silicate is 4usco$ite? a) isolated tetrahedra, b) single chain, c) double chain, d) $h!!%, e) framewor/. 1%. What t!pe of silicate is 5iotite? a) isolated tetrahedra, b) single chain, c) double chain, d) $h!!%, e) framewor/. 1&. What t!pe of silicate is ugite? a) isolated tetrahedra, () $ing&! #hain , c) double chain, d) sheet, e) framewor/. 1. What t!pe of silicate is *li$ine? a) i$&a%!d %!%rah!dra , b) single chain, c) double chain, d) sheet, e) framewor/. 18. What t!pe of silicate is 6uart? a) isolated tetrahedra, b) single chain, c) double chain, d) sheet, !) *ra!r. . 10. What t!pe of silicate is 7ornblende? a) isolated tetrahedra, b) single chain, #) d'(&! #hain , d) sheet, e) framewor/. 2. What t!pe of silicate is eldspar? a) isolated tetrahedra, b) single cha in, c) double chain, d) sheet, !) *ra!r. . 21. 7ow do the cr!stal cr !stal structures of micas and feldspars differ from each other? a) feldspars are framewor/ silicates, micas are double chain silicates, b) feldspars are double chain silicates, micas are sheet silicates, c) micas and feldspars ha$e the same cr!stalline structure, d) feldspars are single chain silicates, micas are double chain silicates, !) i#a$ ar! $h!!% $i&i#a%!$/ *!&d$par$ ar! *ra!r. $i&i#a%!$ 22. 9ubic irconia are s!nthetic stones that are manufactured as inepensi$e substitutes for diamonds in :ewelr!. re re cubic irconia minerals? a) !es, () n, c) ma!be, d) it depends on !our point of $iew, e) none of these. 23. 7!psometr! is a) the a$erage ele$ation ele$ ation of Earth, b) the highest ele$ation on o n Earth, c) the lowest ele$ation on Earth, d) %h! p!r#!n% ar!a a% di**!r!n% !&!,a%in$ n Ear%h , e) none of these.
12. The color of a powdered mineral is a) the same as the color of the mineral specimen, () i%$ $%r!a. , c) determined b! the t!pes of impurities in the mineral, d) is not a reliable ph !sical propert!, e) none of these. 13. Which of the following minerals are arranged in order of increasing hardness? a) %a&#/ apa%i%!/ #r'nd'/ diand , b) topa, 'uart, fluorite, corundum, c) talc, 'uart, calcite, diamond, d) 'uart, topa, diamond, fluorite, e) fluorite, calcite, g!psum, talc. 1". What t!pe of silicate is 4usco$ite? a) isolated tetrahedra, b) single chain, c) double chain, d) $h!!%, e) framewor/. 1%. What t!pe of silicate is 5iotite? a) isolated tetrahedra, b) single chain, c) double chain, d) $h!!%, e) framewor/. 1&. What t!pe of silicate is ugite? a) isolated tetrahedra, () $ing&! #hain , c) double chain, d) sheet, e) framewor/. 1. What t!pe of silicate is *li$ine? a) i$&a%!d %!%rah!dra , b) single chain, c) double chain, d) sheet, e) framewor/. 18. What t!pe of silicate is 6uart? a) isolated tetrahedra, b) single chain, c) double chain, d) sheet, !) *ra!r. . 10. What t!pe of silicate is 7ornblende? a) isolated tetrahedra, b) single chain, #) d'(&! #hain , d) sheet, e) framewor/. 2. What t!pe of silicate is eldspar? a) isolated tetrahedra, b) single cha in, c) double chain, d) sheet, !) *ra!r. . 21. 7ow do the cr!stal cr !stal structures of micas and feldspars differ from each other? a) feldspars are framewor/ silicates, micas are double chain silicates, b) feldspars are double chain silicates, micas are sheet silicates, c) micas and feldspars ha$e the same cr!stalline structure, d) feldspars are single chain silicates, micas are double chain silicates, !) i#a$ ar! $h!!% $i&i#a%!$/ *!&d$par$ ar! *ra!r. $i&i#a%!$ 22. 9ubic irconia are s!nthetic stones that are manufactured as inepensi$e substitutes for diamonds in :ewelr!. re re cubic irconia minerals? a) !es, () n, c) ma!be, d) it depends on !our point of $iew, e) none of these. 23. 7!psometr! is a) the a$erage ele$ation ele$ ation of Earth, b) the highest ele$ation on o n Earth, c) the lowest ele$ation on Earth, d) %h! p!r#!n% ar!a a% di**!r!n% !&!,a%in$ n Ear%h , e) none of these.
2". Which of the following is not a a terrestrial planet? a) a ) Earth, b) 4ars, c) ;enus, d), the 4oon, !) a&& * %h!$! ar! #n$id!r!d %!rr!$%ria& p&an!%$ . 2%. Earthmass>, e) it depends on how !ou define >diameter>. 3. The h!psometr! of Earth is a) bimodal, b) uni'ue among the terrestrial planets, c) due to the presence of continents and ocean basins, d) different than the other terrestrial terrestrial planets, !) a&& * %h!$!. 31. The h!psometr! of Earth resulted from a) a collision with an asteroid, b) random chance, c) the gra$itational attraction of the un, d) g!&gi# pr#!$$!$ * di**!r!n%ia%in , e) all of these. 32. oc/s of the continents are enriched in the elements a) silicon and iron, b) iron and magnesium, #) $i&i#n and a&'in' , d) magnesium and aluminum, e) magnesium and silicon. 33. oc/s of the ocean basins are enriched in the elements a) silicon an d iron, b) iron and magnesium, c) silicon and aluminum, d) magnesium an d aluminum, !) agn!$i' and $i&i#n . 3". @eologic processes that resulted in the formation of continents and ocean basins a) were onl! o nl! acti$e during Earthima> is a general term used to refer to a) r#.$ * %h! #!an (a$in$ , b) roc/s of the continents, c) all roc/s that compose Earthial> is a) *'nd n&y n Ear%h , b) found in the crust of all other terrestrial planets, c) found onl! in the ocean basins of Earth, d) found onl! in roc/s of the 4oon, e) none of these.
3. The largest terrestrial planet is a) 4ercur!, b) ;enus, #) Ear%h, d) 4ars, e) Aupiter. 38. The concentration of carbon dioide in Earth
EXAM II WITH ANSWERS - SRING 2002 1. Which of the following parameters influences the $iscosit! of magma? a) %!p!ra%'r! * %h! aga, b) o!gen content of the magma, c) depth of the magma beneath Earth
0. 5asalt and andesite a) ha$e the same minerals, b) formed from magma with the same temperature, c) formed from magma with the same $iscosit!, d) formed from magma with the same silica content, !) nn! * %h!$! . 1. n igneous roc/ with minerals that can be seen with the unaided e!e ehibits a) porph!ritic teture, b) aphanitic teture, c) p!roclastic teture, d) phan!ri%i# %!"%'r! , e) $isible teture. 11. oot wedging a) is a rare weathering phenomenon, b) occurs onl! in rain forests, #) ##'r$ h!n!,!r p&an%$ g!rina%! in r#. s, d) is a theoretical weathering phenomenon, e) has ne$er been obser$ed in nature. 12. oot wedging is common in a) polar climates, b) temperate climates, c) tropical climates, d) any #&ia%! , e) none of these. 13. True or alse= @ranite headstones t!picall! weather more rapidl! than limestone headstones. a) true, () *a&$!, c) ma!be, d) it depends how !ou loo/ at it, e) should<$e been in class on rida!. 1". True or alse= *ur belo$ed enior Wal/ is being mechanicall! weathered b! s/ateboarders and in(line s/aters. a) true, () *a&$!, c) ma!be, d) it depends how !ou loo/ at it, e) 9FE1%. Which of the following is a form of mechan ical weathering? a) dissolution, b) chemical weathering, c) oidation, d) h!drol!sis, !) nn! * %h!$! i$ a *r * !#hani#a& !a%h!ring 1&. 9a$es form as a result of a) mechanical weathering of limestone, b) oidation of limestone, #) di$$&'%in * &i!$%n! , d) h!drol!sis of limestone, e) frost wedging in limestone. 1. +lutonic igneous roc/s alwa!s ha$e a) oli$ine, calcium feldspar, p!roene, b) amphibole, sodium feldspar, biotite, c) 'uart, musco$ite, po tassium feldspar, d) phan!ri%i# %!"%'r! , e) none of these. 18. Eplosi$e $olcanoes alwa!s ha$e a) relati$el! low silica magmas, b) relati$el! low $olatile contents, c) relati$el! high temperature magmas, d) relati$el! low $iscosit! magmas, !) nn! * %h!$! 10. 7awaiian $olcanic eruptions are not too dangerous because a) the magma $iscosit! is high, () %h! $i&i#a #n%!n% * %h! aga i$ & , c) the temperature of the magma is low, d) the gas content of the magma is low, e) all of these. #se !our /nowledge of 5owen
MINERAL 4OMOSITION
HANERITI4 TEXT5RE
AHANITI4 TEXT5RE
HIGH
2
21
22
INTERME6IATE
23
2"
2%
LOW
2&
2
28
2. a) gabbro, basalt, granite, b) sodium feldspar, p!roene, musco$ite, #) '$#,i%!/ 7'ar%8/ p%a$$i' *!&d$par , d) oli$ine, p!roene, calcium feldspar, e) none of these. 21. a) gabbro, b) diorite, #) grani%!, d) basalt, e) andesite. 22. a) rhy&i%!, b) gabbro, c) granite, d) basalt, e) diorite. 23. a) oli$ine, calcium feldspar, p!roene, b) calcium feldspar, sodium feldspar, potassium feldspar, c) 'uart, granite, musco$ite, d) p!roene, amphibole, biotite, !) hrn(&!nd!/ (i%i%!/ $di' *!&d$par . 2". a) andesite, b) rh!olite, c) granite, d) basalt, !) diri%! 2%. a) and!$i%!, b) rh!olite, c) granite, d) basalt, e) diorite. 2&. a) 'uart, biotite, oli$ine, b) oli$ine, ' uart, sodium feldspar, c) 'uart, musco$ite, potassium feldspar, d) 'uart, p!roene, sodium feldspar, !) nn! * %h!$! 2. a) ga((r, b) rh!olite, c) granite, d) basalt, e) diorite. 28. a) gabbro, b) rh!olite, c) granite, d) (a$a&% , e) diorite. nswer the 'uestions below regarding 5owen
3". low temperature sheet silicate= a) biotite, () '$#,i%! , c) 'uart, d) calcium feldspar, e) oli$ine. 3%. n intermediate temperature sheet silicate= a) (i%i%!, b) musco$ite, c) 'uart, d) calcium feldspar, e) oli$ine. 3&. low temperature framewor/ silicate= a) hornblende, () p%a$$i' *!&d$par , c) augite, d) oli$ine, e) none of these. 3. The last mineral to form in 5owen
EXAM III WITH ANSWERS - Spring 2002 > It is our attitude at the beginning of a difficult undertaking which more than anything else, will determine its outcome>(( William Aames 1. Which of the following is a class of roc/s? a) sedimentar! roc/s, b) igneous roc/s, c) metamorphic roc/s, d) a&& * %h!$! ar! #&a$$!$ * r#.$ 2. The process whereb! roc/s are changed to sediment is called a) lithification, b) deposition, #) !a%h!ring , d) compaction, e) solidification. 3. sedimentar! roc/ composed of rounded particles of gra$el is a) breccia, b) sandstone, c) particle stone, d) gra$elstone, !) #ng&!ra%! ". sedimentar! roc/ composed of angular particles of sand is called a) $and$%n! , b) conglomerate, c) breccia, d) siltsone, e) soapstone. %. edimentar! particles with a sie range larger than 2% &mm a) pebbles, b) silt, c) sand, d) ('&d!r$ , e) cobbles. &. la!er in which the grain sie becomes smaller $erticall! through the la!er is called a) foliated, () grad!d (!dding , c) cross(bedded, d) is not obser$ed in nature, e) none of these.
. The principal agents of metamorphism are a) heat and chemical composition, b) teture and composition, c) pressure and teture, d) h!a% and pr!$$'r! , e) $olcanoes and earth'ua/es. 8. 4ud crac/s preser$ed in sedimentar! roc/s a) ar! indi#a%i,! * arid !n,irn!n%$ #hara#%!ri8!d (y ##a$ina& rain , b) occur onl! in rain forests, c) occur whene$er plants germinate in roc/s, d) ha$e ne$er been obser$ed in nature. 0. edimentar! roc/s pro$ide clues about a) Earth surface conditions at the time the sediment formed, b) temperate climates, c) tropical climates, d) polar climates, !) a&& * %h!$! 1.9ross(bedding obser$ed in ri$er sand can be used a) % d!%!rin! %h! dir!#%in %h! a%!r a$ *&ing , b) to determine the speed of the ri$er, c) determine the height of the wa$es in the ri$er, d) to determine the temperature at the time the ripples formed, e) none of these. 11. s one goes deeper beneath Earth
2. *n the diagram abo$e, the metamorphic grade increases from a) 2 to 1", () 1+ % 22, c) 1& to 1", d) all of these, e) metamorphic grade is not represented on this diagram. 21. *n the diagram abo$e, the tra:ector! representing burial metamorphism is a) 1" to 2, () 1+ % 22, c) 1" to 1&, d) 2 to 22, e) 1% to 21. 22. *n the diagram abo$e, the tra:ector! representing tectonic metamorphism is a) 1+ % 20 , b) 1" to 22, c) 1" to 1&, d) 2 to 22, e) 1% to 21. 23. *n the diagram abo$e, the tra:ector! representing contact metamorphism is a) 1" to 2, b) 1" to 22, #) 1+ % 1= , d) 2 to 22, e) 1% to 21. 2". Which of the following lists is arranged in order from lowest to highest grade of metamorphic roc/? a) gneiss, slate, schist, ph!llite, b) gneiss, schist, ph!llite, slate, c) slate, gneiss, ph!llite, schist, d) $&a%!/ phy&&i%!/ $#hi$%/ gn!i$$ , e) ph!llite, gneiss, slate, schist. 2%. Which of the following is n% a mechanical la!er of the Earth? a) lithosphere, () an%&!, c) inner core, d) outer core, e) asthenosphere. 2&. The outermost mechanical la!er of Earth is a) the mantle, b) the sima, c) the sial, d) the crust, !) %h! &i%h$ph!r! . 2. Which of the following is n% a class of mechanical beha$ior of Earth materials? a) soft solids, b) hard solids, c) cold solids, d) hot solids, e ) nn! * %h!$! ar! !#hani#a& (!ha,ir$ * Ear%h a%!ria&$ . 28. The asthenosphere is a) that portion of Earth where roc/s beha$e as brittle solids, () %ha% pr%in * Ear%h h!r! r#.$ (!ha,! a$ p&a$%i# $&id$ , c) that portion of Earth where roc/s beha$e as fluids, d) that portion of Earth where roc/s can be found, e) none of these. 20. The asthenosphere is composed of a) the crust onl!, b) the crust and upper mantle, #) %h! an%&! n&y , d) the sial onl!, e) the sima onl!. 3. The lithosphere is composed of a) %h! #r'$% and 'pp!r an%&! , b) the mantle onl!, c) the sima, d) the sial, e) none of these. 31. The lithosphere is nearl! isothermal because a) there is co n$ection, b) there is heat produced e$er!where in the asthenosphere, c) temperature h as risen to the maimum that it can in the asthenosphere, d) Earth is a sphere, !) %h! &i%h$ph!r! i$ n% i$%h!ra& .
32. arge magnitude damaging earth'ua/es occur a) at transform plate boundaries, b) at o cean( continent con$ergent boundaries, c) at continent(continent con$ergent bou ndaries, d) at ocean( ocean con$ergent boundaries, !) a&& * %h!$!. 33. Which of the following is n% a t!pe of plate boundar! a) transform, b) di$ergent, c) con$ergent, d) $'(d'#%i,! , e) all of these are t!pes of plate boundaries. 3". ;olcanoes at con$ergent plate boundaries generall! produce a) basalt, b) rh!olite, c) granite, d) and!$i%!, e) diorite. 3%. Which of the following is associated with continent(continent con$ergent plate bou ndaries? a) eplosi$e $olcanism, b) andesite $olcanism, #) &arg!/ daaging !ar%h7'a.!$ , d) $olcanic mountain chain, e) all of these. 3&. Gifferentiation of Earth a) is an ongoing process, b) resulted in compositional la!ering of Eartha'&% , e) the 7awaiian slands. 30. n eample of a con$ergent plate boundar! is a) the *uachita 4ountains, b) the ppalachian 4ountains, c) the 7imala!a 4ountains, d) the 9ascade 4ountains, !) a&& * %h!$! ar! !"ap&!$ * #n,!rg!n% p&a%! ('ndari!$ ". The island of celand is located on what t!pe of plate boundar!? a) ocean(ocean con$ergent boundar!, b) ocean(continent con$ergent boundar!, c) continent(continent con$ergent boundar!, d) transform boundar!, !) di,!rg!n% ('ndary .
EXAM I WITH ANSWERS - SRING 2002 1. fault where the footwall is displaced downward relati$e to the hanging wall is a) a normal fault, () a r!,!r$! *a'&% , c) a right(slip stri/e slip fault, d) a left(slip stri/e slip fault, e) a structure that is entirel! m! fault. 2. The footwall of a fault is alwa!s a) on the right of the fault, b) on the left of the fault, #) 'nd!r %h! *a'&%, d) displaced downward, !) nn! * %h!$! .
3. The stri/e of a la!er is a) the angle at which that la!er intercepts a horiontal surface, b) the degree to which the la!er has compressed during mountain building, #) a &in! *r!d (y %h! in%!r$!#%in * %h! &ay!r i%h %h! Ear%h?$ $'r*a#! , d) usuall! horiontal, e) all of these. ". n a s!ncline, the oldest roc/s will be found a) on top of the structure, b) in the middle of the structure, c) dipping within of the structure, d) along the ais of the structure, !) nn! * %h!$! . %. re$erse fault is one where a) %h! hanging a&& i$ di$p&a#!d 'pard r!&a%i,! % %h! *%a&& , b) the footwall is displaced upward relati$e to the hanging wall, c) the dip of the fault plane is $ertical, d) there is no relati$e displacement of the hanging wall and footwall, e) the footwall mo$es to the right of the hanging wall. &. n anticline is a structure in which a) the oldest roc/ la!ers are located at the top of the structure, () %h! r#. &ay!r$ dip aay *r %h! a"i$ * %h! $%r'#%'r! , c) roc/ la!ers are downwarped, d) all of the abo$e are correct, e) none of these are correct. . or roc/s to be folded, the! must a) beha$e as brittle solids, b) beha$e as fluids, #) (!ha,! a$ p&a$%i# $&id$ , d) be metamorphic, e) be $olcanic. 8. olding of roc/s is usuall! associated with a) di$ergent plate boundaries, b) transform plate boundaries, #) #n,!rg!n% p&a%! ('ndari!$ , d) old plate boundaries, e) the middle of plates. 0. tri/e(slip faults are a) %h! $a! a$ %ran$*r *a'&%$ , b) the same as normal faults, c) the same as re$erse faults, d) the same as thrust faults, e) all of these. 1. When etreme forces are applied to brittle roc/s, a) folds form, b) anticlines form, #) *a'&%$ *r, d) s!nclines form, e) none of these form. 11. plunging s!ncline is one that a) has the oldest roc/s near the ais, b) is upwarped, #) ha$ an in#&in!d a"i$ , d) is the same as an anticline, e) plunges into a magma chamber. 12. The ;(shaped outcrop pattern of a plunging s!ncline will a) be tilted, b) close in the direction of plunge, #) p!n in %h! dir!#%in * p&'ng! , d) not be obser$ed, e) point toward the ais. 13. n a simple anticline, all roc/ la!ers a) dip aay *r %h! a"i$ , b) are horiontal, c) dip toward the ais, d) are downwarped, e) are faulted. 1". n a simple anticline, the oldest roc/ la!ers occur a) on the flan/s of the fold, () n!ar %h! a"i$ * %h! *&d , c) where the ais plunges, d) anticlines contain onl! !oung roc/s, e) none of these. 1%. The an ndreas ault in 9alifornia is a) a stri/e(slip fault, b) a transform plate boundar!, c) a right(lateral stri/e slip fault, d) a fault that generates man! earth'ua/es, !) a&& * %h!$! .
1&. The angle of inclination formed b! a roc/ la!er and the EarthHs surface is a) %h! dip * %h! &ay!r, b) the aimuth of the la!er, c) the stri/e of the la!er, d) the orientation of the la!er, e) the line of the la!er. 1. n anticline is a) a downwarped fold, () an 'parp!d *&d/ c) donHt /now what an anticline is. 18. s!ncline is a) a dnarp!d *&d , b) an upwarped fold, c) donHt /now what an anticline is. 10. nticlines and !nclines can be obser$ed in r/ansas. a) %r'!, b) false, c) ma!be, d) donHt /now, e) did we co$er this in class? 2. aults characteried b! $ertical displacement are /nown as a) left(lateral stri/e slip faults, b) right lateral stri/e slip faults, c) stri/e slip faults, d) dip $&ip *a'&%$ , e) none of these. 21. aults characteried b! horiontal displacement are /nown as a) normal faults, b) re$erse faults, #) $%ri.! $&ip *a'&%$ , d) dip slip faults, e) none of these. 22. Which of the following is I*T a feature of an anticline? a) !oungest roc/s on the flan/s, b) oldest roc/s near the ais, #) &ay!r$ dip %ard %h! a"i$ , d) upwarped roc/ la!ers, e) all of these are features of an anticline. 23. Which of the following is a feature of a s!ncline? a) !oungest roc/s on the flan/s, b ) oldest roc/s near the ais, #) &ay!r$ dip %ard %h! a"i$ , d) upwarped roc/ la!ers, e) all of these are features of an anticline. 2". The a!ette$ille ault on the corner of Gic/son treet and r/ansas $enue is a) a nra& *a'&%, b) a re$erse fault, c) an anticline , d) a s!nclines, e) none of these. 2%. n central r/ansas, there are a) anticlines, b) s!nclines, c) plunging anticlines, d) plunging s!nclines, !) a&& * %h!$! .
2&. This picture shows a fence offset b! a fault. This is an eample of a) a normal fault, b) a re$erse fault, c) a right(lateral stri/e slip fault, d) a &!*%-&a%!ra& $%ri.! $&ip *a'&% , e) m! fault. 2. The displacement on this fault is a) north(south, b) east(west, c) up(down, d) o$er(under, !) #ann% d!%!rin! i%h'% addi%ina& in*ra%in 28. a) >i&& in &!%%!r @A@ n y'r an$!r $h!!% , b) if !ou donHt fill in >>, !ou wonHt get credit for D28, c) so fill in letter >> d) no, reall!, fill in >>, e) !ou can fill in a letter other than >> if !ou wish, but it
will be the wrong answer-
20. f the oldest roc/s are near the ais of the structure on the right, it is a) a s!ncline, b) an anticline, c) a plunging s!ncline, d) a p&'nging an%i#&in! , e) none of these. 3. f the !oungest roc/s are near the ais of this structure, it is a) an anticline, () a p&'nging $yn#&in! , c) an anticline, d) a plunging anticline, e) none of these. 31. f this is a s!ncline, a) i% p&'ng!$ %ard %h! %p , b) it plunges toward the bottom, c) it does not plunge, d) none of these. 32. f this is an anticline, a) i% p&'ng!$ %ard %h! (%% , b) it plunges toward the top, c) it does not plunge, d) none of these. 33. f this is an anticline, a) the la!ers dip toward the ais, () %h! &ay!r$ dip aay *r %h! a"i$ , c) the la!ers do not dip, d) the la!ers are upside down, e) none of these. 3". f this is a s!ncline, a) %h! &ay!r$ dip %ard %h! a"i$ , b) the la!ers dip awa! from the ais, c) the la!ers do not dip, d) the la!ers are upside down, e) none of these. 3%. This is a s!ncline. a) the la!ers dip toward the ais, b) the !oungest roc/s are near the ais, c) the oldest roc/s are on the flan/s, d) it plunges to the top, !) a&& * %h!$!. 3&. This is an anticline. a) the la!ers dip toward the ais, b) the !oungest roc/s are near the ais, c) the oldest roc/s are on the flan/s, d) i% p&'ng!$ % %h! (%% , e) none of these.
EXAM WITH ANSWERS - SRING 2002 1. @eologists ha$e recentl! determined the oldest roc/ on Earth to be about a) ++ (i&&in y!ar$, b) "" billion !ears, c) "" million !ears, d) "." million !ears, e) 3.8 billion !ears. 2. Which of the following is not a principle used in relati$e dating? a) the +rinciple of uperposition, b) the +rinciple of *riginal 7oriontalit!, c) the +rinciple of aunal uccession, d) the +rinciple of 9ross(9utting elationships, !) Th! Th!ry * E,&'%in .
3. 9harles Garwin thought the +rinciple of aunal uccession wor/ed because a) rgani$$ had !,&,!d %hr'gh %i! , b) @od had placed the organisms in their proper order in the roc/s , c) it was a luc/! coincidence, d) e$er!one else thought it wor/ed, too, e) William mith said so. ". The first geologist to suggest that Earth was $er! ancient was a) 9harles Garwin, b) William mith, c) rchbishop #ssher, d) a!$ H'%%n , e) Thomas 7ule!. %. Eons are a) millions of !ears long, b) tens of millions of !ears long, c) hundreds of millions of !ears long, d) (i&&in$ * y!ar$ &ng , e) none of these. &. Epochs are a) i&&in$ * y!ar$ &ng , b) tens of millions of !ears long, c) hundreds of millions of !ears long, d) billions of !ears long, e) none of these. . +eriods are a) millions of !ears long, () %!n$ * i&&in$ * y!ar$ &ng , c) hundreds of millions of !ears long, d) billions of !ears long, e) non e of these. 8. Eras are a) millions of !ears long, b) tens of millions of !ears long, #) h'ndr!d$ * i&&in$ * y!ar$ &ng, d) billions of !ears long, e) none of these. 0. The oldest geological e$idence of life on Earth is a) %"% million !ears old, () 3 (i&&in y!ar$ &d, c) &, !ears old, d) 2 billion !ears old, e) 8 billion !ears old. 1. The oldest /nown human fossils are a) &, !ears old, b) &, !ears old, c) " billion !ears old, d) + i&&in y!ar$ &d , e) ha$e ne$er been found. 11. 4easurement of radioacti$e elements in roc/s a) pro$ides the relati$e age of the roc/, b) is no longer feasible because of contamination due to nuclear testing, #) pr,id!$ %h! a($&'%! ag! * %h! r#. , d) ne$er wor/s because roc/s contain onl! trace 'uantities of radioacti$it!, e) none of these. 12. What is the half(life of a radioacti$e element? a) %h! %i! r!7'ir!d *r n!-ha&* * a gi,!n 7'an%i%y * %h! !&!!n% % d!#ay % i%$ da'gh%!r !&!!n% , b) the time re'uired for all of the radioacti$e element to deca! to its daughter element, c) half of the time re'uired for a gi$en 'uantit! of the element to deca! to its daughter element, d) the time re'uired for the radioacti$e element to deca! half of the time, e) if !ou obser$e a radioacti$e element, half the time it deca!s, half the time it doesnHt. 13. ometime in the geologic past, a roc/ formed which contained 1& grams of a radioacti$e element. +resentl!, onl! 2 grams of that element remain. The other 1" grams ha$e deca !ed to the daughter element. 7ow man! half(li$es of the original element ha$e passed since the roc/ formed? a) %, b) ", #) 3, d) 2, e) 1.
1". uppose the radioacti$e element abo$e has a half(life of % million !ears. 7ow old is the roc/? a) half as old as a roc/ that contains 32 grams of the radioacti$e element, b) 2.% million !ears, c) 1 million !ears, d) 2 million !ears, !) 1< i&&in y!ar$ 1%. +lants introduced o!gen into EarthHs atmosphere a) ".% billion !ears ago, b) 3 .8 billion !ears ago, #) 2 (i&&in y!ar$ ag , d) "" million !ears ago, e) && million !ears ago. 1&. @eologicall!, which came first= a) the >ge of 4ammals>, () din$a'r !"%in#%in . 1. +lants first colonied land a) about 2 billion !ears ago, b) about 3.8 billion !ears ago, #) a('% ++0 i&&in y!ar$ ag , d) about 2"% million !ears ago. 18. What percentage of EarthHs histor! had elapsed before plants colonied land? a) :0B, b) 1B, c) %B, d) 2%B, e) %B. 10. pproimatel! what percentage of EarthHs histor! elapsed before the first humans wal/ed? a) 0B, b) 0%B, c) 0.%B, d) 00B, !) :::B 2. #nconformities in the geologic record represent a) gaps in the geologic record, b) an inter$al when no sediment was deposited, c) an inter$al where erosion remo$ed a portion of the geologic record, d) an inter$al of mountain building, !) a&& * %h!$! 21. 7ow much time can be represented b! unconformities? a) a few !e ars, b) thousands of !ears, c) millions of !ears, d) billions of !ears, !) a&& * %h!$! ar! p$$i(&! 22. elati$e dating methods are used to determine a) the age in !ears of a geologic e$ent, () %h! #hrn&gi#a& $!7'!n#! * g!&gi#a& !,!n%$ , c) the age in millions of !ears of a geological e$ent, d) the age in billions of !ears of a geological e$ent, e) none of these. 23. Which of the following phenomena will affect the half(life of a radioacti$e element? a) high temperatures deep within Earth, b) high pressures deep within the Earth, c) changes in climate, d) increase in cosmic ra!s in EarthHs atmosphere, !) nn! * %h!$! a**!#% %h! ha&*-&i*! - i% i$ #n$%an% 2". The +rinciple of aunal uccession states that a) *$$i&$ pr!$!r,!d in r#. &ay!r$ ar! &!$$ #p&!" in &d!r r#.$ , b) the Theor! of E$olution is pro$en b! the succession of fossils obser$ed in roc/s, c) the fossil record of life pro$es that life has succeeded on Earth, d) it is unli/el! that life could ha$e succeeded on other planets, e) none of these. 2%. The +rinciple of aunal uccession a) was first stated b! 9harles Garwin, b) was de$eloped for the first time in GarwinHs >*rigin of pecies>, #) a$ '%&in!d prir % 6arin?$ hyp%h!$i$ * E,&'%in , d) has been dispro$ed b! modern geological research, e) none of these.
2&. What percentage of Earth histor! do some geologists estimate is actuall! preser$ed b! the sedimentar! roc/ record? a) 0B, b) %B, c) 2%B, d) 10B, e) %B. 2. With respect to the 'uestion abo$e, what is the remainder of Earth histor! composed of? a) 'n#n*ri%i!$ , b) igneous roc/s, c) metamorphic roc/s, d) magma, e) none of these. 28. ten asteroids are those a) which will not stri/e Earth, () h$! r(i%$ ha,! dia!%!r$ $a&&!r %han Ear%h?$ and hi#h #r$$ 'r pa%h , c) whose orbits ha$e diameters greater than EarthHs and which cross our path, d) the largest asteroids in our solar s!stem, e) the smallest asteroids in our solar s!stem. 20. pollo asteroids are those a) which will not stri/e Earth, b) whose orbits ha$e diameters smaller than EarthHs and which cross our path, #) h$! r(i%$ ha,! dia!%!r$ gr!a%!r %han Ear%h?$ and hi#h #r$$ 'r pa%h , d) the largest asteroids in our solar s!stem, e) the smallest asteroids in our solar s!stem. 3. steroids and other space debris in the $icinit! of Earth are called a) Trouble, b) Thunder tones, #) N!ar Ear%h O(C!#%$ , d) 4agic 5ullets, e) none of these. 31. The minimum diameter asteroid which can cause a world(wide catastrophe is belie$ed to be a) 1-2 .i&!%!r$ , b) &( meters, c) two tons, d) about the sie of *ar/ 7all, e) none of these. 32. The energ! released from an asteroid impact causing a global catastrophe must be at least a) 1 megatons of TIT, b) 1, megatons of TIT, c) 1, megatons of TIT, d) 1, megatons of TIT, !) 1 i&&in !ga%n$ * TNT . 33. 9ompared to being /illed b! a tornado, !ou are a) 100 %i!$ r! &i.!&y % (! .i&&!d (y an a$%!rid, b) 2 times more li/el! to be /illed b! an asteroid, c) 1 million times more li/el! to be /illed b! an asteroid, d) 1 times more li/el! to be /illed b! an asteroid, e) much more li/el! to be /illed b! a tornado than an asteroid. 3". ince 100%, how man! asteroids ha$e astronomers identified? a) fewer the two doen, b) about 1, c) 1,, d) 1,, !) ,!r 3;/000. 3%. True or alse= 7umans ha$e ne$er witnessed an impact of a comet or asteroid with Earth. a) True, () >a&$!, c) ma!be, d) it depends on how !ou loo/ at it, e) 7umans ha$e ne$er seen this, but we do see craters around the world. 3&. True or alse= n asteroid or comet struc/ a remote area of iberia in 108. a) Tr'!, b) alse, c) ma!be, d) it depends on how !ou loo/ at it, e) this e$ent has been pro$en to be a hoa.
3. The geologist highlighted in the one of the $ideos on asteroid impacts was a) Aames 7utton, b) tephen 5oss, c) lfred Wegener, d) rchbishop #ssher, !) E'g!n! Sh!a.!r 38. The etraterrestrial ob:ect responsible for the etinction of dinosaurs struc/ Earth a) in northern 9anada, b) in tal!, #) in M!"i#, d) in iberia, e) in celand. 30. The asteroid impact responsible for dinosaur etinction occurred approimatel! a) == i&&in y!ar$ ag, b) 1 billion !ears ago, c) " thousand !ears ago, d) 2 million !ears ago, e) ne$er happened. 6".Guring which era did the initial opening of the present(da! tlantic *cean most li/el! occur? 1. 9enooic 2. 4esooic 3. +aleooic ". ate +roterooic 6 "1.The absolute age of a roc/ is the approimate number of !ears ago that the roc/ formed. The absolute age of an igneous roc/ can best be determined b! %. comparing the amounts of deca!ed and undeca!ed radioacti$e isotopes in the roc/ &. comparing the sies of the cr!stals found in the upper and lower parts of the roc/ . eamining the roc/
6"2.n which t!pe of en$ironment were the sediments that formed these sedimentar! roc/ la!ers most li/el! deposited? 1 glacial 2 mountainous 3 marine " terrestrial plateau 6"3.sedimentar! roc/ la!ers at the three locations can be most accuratel! correlated b! comparing the
thic/ness of the sedimentar! roc/ la!ers 2 foliation bands in the metamorphic basement roc/s 1
3 fossils in the sedimentar! roc/s " minerals in the igneous roc/s 6"" Which feature is represented b! the s!mbol along the edges of the di/e and sills? 1 contact metamorphic roc/ 2 an unconformit! 3 a glacial moraine " inde fossils
6"% Which radioacti$e isotope is most useful for determining the age of mastodont bones found in late +leistocene sediments? 1 uranium(238 2 carbon(1" 3 potassium(" " rubidium(8 6"& What does the presence of the fossils suggest about the 7amilton area during the Ge$onian? 2 2 3 "
t had a terrestrial en$ironment sometime between ""3 and "18 million !ears ago. t had a terrestrial en$ironment sometime between "18 and 3&2 million !ears ago. t had a marine en$ironment sometime between ""3 and "18 million !ears ago. t had a marine en$ironment sometime between "18 and 3&2 million !ears ago.
M'&%ip&! 4hi#! D'!$%in$ In%rd'#%in % G!&gy 4hap%!r 1 In%rd'#%in % %h! Ear%h
Which of the following statements regarding the scientic methods is true? A hypothesis must be agreed upon by more than one scientist 100
A th eor y is a hyp ot he si s th at ha s wi th st oo d ma ny 100
scientifc tests A theory is proven to be true, and therefore may not be 100
discarded A hypothesis cannot predict the outcome of scientic 100
experiments
1
ccording to the principle of uniformatarianism, geologic processes we obser$e toda! ha$e operated in the past 100
geologic process in the past operated at the same rate as the! do toda! 100
all of the planets formed from a uniform solar nebula 100
earl! Earth was co$ered b! a uniform magma ocean 100
2
pproimatel! how long ago did the 5ig 5ang ta/e place? 1(1% thousand !ears ago
100
1(1% million !ears ago 100
1(1% million !ears ago 100
1(1% billion !ears ago 100
3
#nder intense pressure and high temperature, h!drogen atoms combine to form helium. This process is called= nuclear fusion
100
nuclear fission 100
metamorphism 100
con$ection 100
"
eferring to the diagram what factorJs) are responsible for path 9? melting
100
cr!stalliation 100
heat and pressure 100
burial and lithification 100
%
What are the two most abundant elements in nebula Jgas clouds) in the uni$erse? nitrogen and o!gen
100
o!gen and silicon 100
h!drogen and helium 100
iron and nic/el 100
&
What are the two most abundant elements in nebula Jgas clouds) in the uni$erse? nitrogen and o!gen
100
o!gen and silicon 100
h!drogen and helium 100
iron and nic/el 100
The process b! which an originall! homogeneous Earth de$eloped a dense core and a light crust is called= metamorphism
100
differentiation 100
accretion 100
compression 100
8
The heat that caused melting in the EarthHs earl! histor! was supplied from which of the following e$ents or causes? $olcanic acti$it! and radioacti$it!
100
solar heating and $olcanic acti$it! 100
a large impact e$ent and radioacti$it! 100
a large impact e$ent and solar heating 100
0
7ow thic/ is the crust of the Earth? about " miles
100
about " /m 100
about " /m 100
about " /m 100
1 The la!er that separates crust from core is the?
magma la!er 100
lithosphere 100
mantle 100
continent 100
11 What dri$es the EarthHs internal heat engine? radioacti$it! 100
solar energ! 100
$olcanoes 100
ocean tides 100
12 n general, igneous roc/s= form at relati$el! high temperatures 100
form b! cr!stalliation of solids from a li'uid 100
form at high and low pressures 100
all of the abo$e 100
13 4inerals= can form b! life(processes (( organic 100
are cr!stalline solids 100
ha$e a uni'ue chemical composition 100
can be an! state Jsolid, li'uid, or gas) as long as that state occurs naturall! 100
1" 4etamorphic roc/s are changed roc/s. Which of the following roc/ t!pes could be the >parent> of a metamorphic roc/? sedimentar! 100
igneous 100
metamorphic 100
all of the abo$e 100
1% KKKKKKKin$ol$es transfer of heat b! the ph!sical mo$ement of the material= conduction 100
con$ection 100
metamorphism 100
radiation 100
1& KKKKKKKKKKis called the >father> of geolog!. Aohn 5utler 100
rt mith 100
Aames 7utton 100
lfred Wegner 100
1 Iew seafloor is created at a KKKKKKKKKKKK? deep(sea trench 100
mid(ocean ridge 100
subduction one 100
transform fault 100
18 The descent of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle is the process of KKKKKKK? accretion 100
subduction 100
di$ergence one 100
contraction fault 100
10 Which of the following features is not associated with a con$ergent plate boundar!? a mid(ocean ridge 100
earth'ua/es 100
a deep(sea trench one 100
$olcanic acti$it! 100
2 The greatest threat to our en$ironment is KKKKKKKKKKK? $olcanoes 100
earth'ua/es 100
humans 100
bacteria 100
21 Earth materials alwa!s trace the complete roc/ c!cle from sediment through igneous roc/s. True 100
alse 100
22 The terms #r'$% and &i%h$ph!r! are s!non!mous. True 100
alse 100
23 The terms an%&! and a$%h!n$ph!r! are s!non!mous. True 100
alse 100
2" 5ecause we rarel! witness dramatic changes in the Earth, we can conclude that the Earth is not changing $er! much. True 100
alse 100
2% The motions of the three t!pes of plate boundaries would be described as di$ergent, con$ergent, and static.
True 100
alse 100
2& The crust of the Earth is static and stable. True 100
alse 100
2 eatures useful in defining plate boundaries include all ecept= shorelines between continents and oceans 100
distribution of $olcanoes 100
distribution of earth'ua/es 100
distribution of mountain ranges 100
all are correct 100
28 The age of the Earth is currentl! thought to be about &, !ears old 100
about & billion !ears old 100
about ",%,, !ears old 100
20 The contribution made to geolog! b! Aames 7utton was= the recognition that processes still acti$e toda! could produce almost an! 100
/nown roc/ t!pe. the description of plausible processes for con$erting one roc/ t!pe to 100
another. a change in outloo/ on Earth processes from a catastrophic to a 100
uniformitarian one. all of the abo$e 100
none of the abo$e 100
3 *ne of geolog!Hs greatest contributions to human thought is= the realiation that the world is round 100
the realiation that the sun not the Earth is the center of the solar s!stem 100
the recognition of the long span of time in$ol$ed in Earth histor! 100
the recognition that the Earth is the center of the solar s!stem 100
31 E$idence of uniformitarian change includes= glacial deposits in areas where no glaciers are p resentl! found. 100
fossils of marine animals found at high ele$ation 100
continents co$ered b! sediments deposited in an ocean 100
wide can!ons cut b! small streams 100
all of the abo$e 100
none of the abo$e 100
32 i$ing organisms ha$e been on Earth for KKKKKK of EarthHs histor!? less than 1B 100
about 2B 100
about %B 100
about 8B 100
33 7umans ha$e been on Earth for KKKKKKKKK of EarthLs histor!? less than 1B 100
about 2B 100
about %B 100
about 8B 100
3" What caused dust and condensing material to accrete into planetesimals? heating of gases 100
gra$itational attraction and collisions 100
nuclear fusion 100
rotation of the proto(sun 100
3% Which of the following is not one of the four inner planets? 4ars 100
Earth 100
Ieptune 100
4ars 100
3& The outer planets are composed mostl! of ?
roc/s and ice 100
o!gen and nitrogen 100
h!drogen and helium 100
helium and /r!pton 100
3 The moon is ? older than the sun 100
older than most meteorites 100
older than the Earth 100
none of these 100
38 The name of the la!er of the Earth that separates the crust from the core is the KKK? magma 100
lithosphere 100
asthenosphere 100
mantle 100
30 What powers the EarthHs internal heat engine?
radioacti$it! 100
solar energ! 100
$olcanoes 100
ocean tides 100
" The EarthHs eternal heat engine is not responsible for which of the following= climate 100
erosion 100
tides 100
winds 100
"1 *!gen built up in the EarthHs atmosphere because= the oceans separated from the crust 100
roc/s weathered and released their o!gen 100
algae and other organisms emplo!ed photos!nthesis 100
o!gen settled on Earth from planets further from the sun 100
"2 Which of the planets is not geologicall! acti$e? 4ars 100
4ercur! 100
;enus 100
Earth 100
"3 When did geologists de$elop the theor! of plate tectonics
in the mid 18s 100
in the earl! 10s 100
in the 10%s 100
in the 10&s 100
"" The lithosphere is approimatel! KKKKKK /ilometers thic/. 1(2 100
%(1 100
%(1 100
1(2 100
"% The asthenosphere is KKKKKKKKK. cool and strong 100
cool and wea/ 100
hot and strong 100
hot and wea/ 100
"& The EarthHs lithosphere is bro/en into approimatel! KKKKKK large, rigid plates. 2 100
12 100
% 100
1 100
" KKKKKKKKKK plate boundar! is illustrated in the figure show abo$e. transform fault 100
di$ergent 100
con$ergent ( subduction 100
con$ergent ( continentMcontinent collision 100
"8 Which of the following statements about con$ection is true? heat is transferred from hot material to cool material without inducing a 100
flow. cool material flows upward and displaces hot material 100
hot material flows upward and displaces cool material 100
random circulation occurs 100
"0 pproimatel! how fast does an Earth lithospheric plate mo$e?
$!,!ra& #!n%i!%!r$ p!r y!ar 100
se$eral centimeters per da! 100
se$eral centimeters per hour 100
se$eral centimeters per second 100
% Which of the following is not a t!pe of plate boundar!? con$ergent 100
di$ergent 100
transform fault 100
all of these are plate boundaries 100
%1 Iew seafloor is created at a KKKKKKKK. deep sea trench 100
mid(ocean ridge 100
subduction one 100
transform fault 100
%2 The descent of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle is the process of KKKKKK. subduction 100
accretion 100
di$ergence 100
contraction 100
%3 pproimatel! how deep Jbelow sea le$el) are deep(sea trenches? 1 /m 100
1 /m 100
1 /m 100
1 /m 100
%" Which of the following features is not associated with a transform plate boundar!? a mid(ocean ridge 100
earth'ua/es 100
a deep sea(trench 100
$olcanic acti$it! 100
%% ;olcanism is associated with which of the following t!pes of plate boundaries? con$ergent plate boundaries 100
di$ergent plate boundaries 100
transform fault plate boundaries 100
di$ergent and con$ergent plate boundaries 100
%& The ndes 4ountains of outh merica are a result of which t!pe of plate boundar!? con$ergent 100
di$ergent 100
transform 100
the! are not related to a plate boundar! 100
% 4ount t. 7elenHs. a part of the 9ascade ange of $olcanoes, result from the subduction of which plate? +acific 100
9ocos 100
Auan de uca 100
Iorth merican 100
%8 What is the name of the large supercontinent that eisted 2 million !ears ago when all of the continents were together? an ndreas 100
2 ndian
3 ndian
" pangea
100
%0 Wh! is our $ulnerabilit! to natural disasters growing? because the fre'uenc! of $olcanic eruptions is increasing 100
because the human population is increasing 100
because the number of earth'ua/es each !ear is increasing 100
because the number of floods each !ear is increasing 100
& The theor! of plate tectonics was not initiall! widel! accepted because KKKKKK..
land bridges would ha$e bloc/ed plate mo$ement 100
roc/s of the EarthHs crust were considered too stiff for continents to mo$e 100
through them fossils on outh merica and frica did not match 100
ocean floor mapping showed that older roc/s occur awa! from mid(ocean 100
ridges &1 eferring to the diagram abo$e, path is KKKKKKK cooling and cr!stalliation 100
burial and lithification 100
weathering and deposition 100
cooling and uplift 100
&2 eferring to the diagram abo$e, path 5 is KKKKKKK uplift, weathering and erosion, deposition 100
deposition, heat and pressure, weathering 100
melting, cr!stalliation, heat and pressure 100
deposition, lithification and cr!stalliation 100
&3 eferring to the diagram what factorJs) are responsible for path 9? melting 100
cr!stalliation 100
