Lfhtrbtfgc (Zhgw sbcm, [bpfm nrbvfty bcm [gunafcn) Mr. Beopbtf Z. [ommy Bssgjfbto Trglossgr, ]abpbr _cfvorsfty Tbtfbhb (T_C@BK) ‚ (T_C@BK) ‚ 2=> 2=> 442 FCMFB
Nrbcuhbr iomfb lfhtrbtfgc (rbpfm nrbvfty, shgw sbcm bcm rgunafcn lfhtors)
Lfhtrbtfgc typos • Mopta lfhtrbtfgc bcm surlbjo lfhtrbtfgc • Nrbcuhbr iomfb lfhtors ‚ Zhgw sbcm lfhtors ‚ [bpfm (sbcm) nrbvfty lfhtors ‚ gpoc typo ‚ Jhgsom typo (prossuro lfhtors!)
‚ Afna rbto lfhtors Muoh iomfb (sbcm bcm bctarbjfto) bcm iuhtf-iomfb (sbcm, bctarbjfto bcm nbrcot) lfhtors [gunafcn lfhtors (pro-lfhtors)
• Ioikrbco lfhtors ‚ Ifjrg-lfhtors ‚ _htrb-lfhtors ‚ Cbcg-lfhtors ‚ Cbcg-lfhtors ([ovorso Gsigsfs) Gsigsfs)
• Agio wbtor trobtioct gptfgcs ‚ Jbcmho lfhtors
Lfhtrbtfgc _som tg roigvo suspocmom pbrtfjhos, sibhh lhgjs, turkfmfty bcm ovoc pbtagnocs [bpfm nrbvfty lfhtor lgr lhgjs bcm suspocmom pbrtfjhos roigvbh Zhgw sbcm lfhtors lgr tao roigvbh gl turkfmfty bcm pbtagnocs [gunafcn lfhtor bs pro-lfhtor lgr romujfcn suspocmom sghfms, lhgjs bcm turkfmfty tg bjjoptbkho hovohs bcm ibefcn wbtor lft spojfbhhy lgr shgw sbcm lfhtrbtfgc
• • •
‚
\[L (vortfjbh uplhgw) bcm A[L (agrfzgctbh lhgw)
Iojabcfsis gl trobtioct ‚
‚
‚ ‚
]rbcspgrt gl sghfms tg tao lfhtor iomfui nrbfc surlbjo ky sotthfcn, fcortfbh fipbjtfgc/fctorjoptfgc, mfllusfgc, krgwcfbc igtfgc, otj. [otoctfgc gl tao trbcspgrtom sghfms ky strbfcfcn, ohojtrgjaoifjbh lgrjos, vbcmor ^bbhs lgrjos, paysfjbh bmsgrptfgc, otj. Kfg-lfhi bcm kfghgnfjbh bjtfgc (kfgmonrbmbtfgc) Jaoifjbh mostbkfhfzbtfgc (jgbnuhbtfgc) bcm lhgjjuhbtfgc bhsg jgctrfkutos (Bhui ocabcjos pbtagnoc roigvbh fc ZZL)
Tbrtfjho [oigvbh Iojabcfsis Ztrbfcfcn (lhufm bcm nrbvftbtfgcbh lgrjos)
ky iomfui
Bttbjaioct (ohojtrgjaoifjbh lgrjos)
tg iomfui
Taysfjbh-Jaoifjbh
Tbrtfjho [oigvbh Iojabcfsis
ky provfgushy roigvom pbrtfjhos
tg provfgushy roigvom pbrtfjhos
Bttbjaioct tg kfglfhis Kfghgnfjbh Jbpturo ky prombtgrs
Zuspocsfgc loomors Nrbzors
[bpfm Nrbvfty (gpoc typo) Lfhtors • B kom gl lfhtorfcn iomfui suppgrtom gc b nrbvoh hbyor rostfcn gc b pgrgus strujturo bcm ucmor-mrbfc systoi • Lfhtor iomfui0 sbcm (ollojtfvo sfzo & ucflgrifty jgollfjfoct) • ^btor rosorvgfr gl mosfrom aofnat (mopta) fs ibfctbfcom gvor tao lfhtor kom lgr afnaor rbtos gl lfhtrbtfgc ‚ Lfhtrbtfgc rbtos bro fc tao rbcno = tg 2; i/ar. ‚ Fc jhgsom typo, wbtor fs ibfctbfcom ucmor prossuro gvor tao kom
• Jgctfcuom uso jhgns tao lfhtor kom bcm romujos lfhtrbtfgc rbtos, cojossftbtos ronuhbr kbjewbsafcn (ovory ;= tg >; agurs gcjo) ‚ ]ao lfhtrbtfgc ucft abs b jabccoh lgr loomfcn wbtor bcm mrbfcfcn gut tao kbjewbsa wbtor ‚ Gvor-aobm kbjewbsa wbtor supphy rosorvgfr wfta cojossbry pfpfcn bcm lfttfcns fs usom fc tao kbjewbsafcn (jgiprossom bfr!) ‚ Gvorlhgw wofr bcm trgunas bro prgvfmom gvor tao lfhtor kom lgr tao kbjewbsa wbtor jghhojtfgc bcm jgcvoybcjo tg tao jabccoh ‚ Cojossbry pfpfcn bcm lfttfcns spojfbhhy vbhvos tg jgctrgh lhgws kgta murfcn ruc bcm murfcn kbjewbsafcn (mrbfcfcn gut gl fcftfbh
Zjaoibtfj mfbnrbi gl b rbpfm nrbvfty lfhtor Aoro B, K, J, M bcm O bro tao lhgw jgctrgh vbhvos usom Trgvfsfgcs lgr uso glj jgiprossom bfr fc tao kbjewbsafcn Kbjewbsa wbtor
Gvoraobm tbce
Nrbvoh
Iuhtf-iomfb lfhtor
Lfhtor iomfb Jgiigchy usom iomfb • • • •
Zbcm (ZN0 ;.< typfjbh kom mopta 1 tg ;= fcja) ‚ typfjbh ollojtfvo sfzo 4.=? tg 4.?? ii bcm ucflgrifty jgollfjfoct gl 2.
• •
Lfhtrbhfto (kbeom jhby!) (ZN 2.< tg 2.1) ‚ syctaotfj iomfui Nrbcuhbr bjtfvbtom jbrkgc
Jabrbjtorfstfjs • • • • • •
Zfzo bcm sfzo mfstrfkutfgc (ollojtfvo sfzo bcm ucflgrifty jgollfjfoct) Mocsfty bcm kuhe mocsfty Tgrgsfty (oxtorcbh!) bcm swohhfcn prgportfos Bkfhfty tg suppgrt ifjrgkfbh lfhi movohgpioct Bmsgrptfgc bcm fgc oxjabcno prgportfos Ztrocnta prgportfos suja bs abrmcoss
Lfhtor iomfui Nrbfc sfzo bcm fts mfstrfkutfgc bro fipgrtbct bcm bllojts jhobr wbtor aobm hgss bcm kufht-up aobm hgss murfcn lfhtor ruc • Zfovo bcbhysfs bcm phgttfcn juiuhbtfvo pbssfcn targuna tao nfvoc sfovo sfzos gc b hgn-prgkbkfhfty phgt • Zfovo sfzo fs mosjrfkom ky iosa cuikor ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚
24 iosa abs ; ii pgro sfzo 21 iosa abs 2 ii pgro sfzo :? iosa abs 4.? ii pgro sfzo <4 iosa abs 4.;? ii pgro sfzo
• 66% pbss sfzo bcm 2% pbss sfzo • Ollojtfvo sfzo0 pbss sfzo lgr 24% gl tao ibtorfbh (fcmfjbtom ky M24) ‚ iomfbc sfzo gl tao nrbfc • _cflgrifty jgollfjfoct0 rbtfg gl M<4/M24 (sfifhbr tg Ztbcm. Mov.) • M64 (coomom fc tao kbjewbsa vohgjfty jbhjuhbtfgcs)
Hgn ‚ prgkbkfhfty phgts gl lfhtor iomfui sfzo
]ao nrbmom nrbvoh hbyor • Zuppgrts tao lfhtor iomfui lrgi kohgw • ]ao lfhtor iomfui saguhm cgt pocotrbto fctg ft bcm nrbvoh saguhm cgt octor tao ucmor-mrbfc systoi • Tbrtfjhos gl b hbyor bkgvo saguhm cgt pocotrbto tao hbyor kohgw ft ‚ Zpaorfjbh pbrtfjhos bhhgw pocotrbtfgc gl pbrtfjhos gl 82/:rm tao nrbvoh sfzo ‚ Zfzo gl tao pbrtfjhos fc tao bkgvo hbyor jbc ko abhl tao sfzo gl tao pbrtfjhos fc tao hbyor kohgw
• 64 porjoctfho sfzo lfhtor iomfui pbrtfjhos saguhm cgt pocotrbto tao tgp nrbvoh hbyor • Nrbvoh gl tao kgttgi igst nrbvoh hbyor saguhm cgt pocotrbto tao ucmor mrbfc systoi • Ifcfiui sfzo gl tao nrbvoh saguhm ko twfjo tao porlgrbtfgcs sfzo
]ao nrbmom nrbvoh hbyor • ]afjecoss gl obja gl tao nrbvoh hbyors saguhm ko 3< tfios tao hbrnost sfzo pbrtfjho gl tao hbyor • Nrbmom nrbvoh hbyors lgr bc ucmor mrbfc systoi wfta ? ii porlgrbtfgcs bcm lgr b lfhtor iomfui gl 2.4 ii (M 64) sfzo ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚
24-;4 ii sfzo nrbvoh gl 32;4 ii tafjecoss ?-24 ii sfzo nrbvoh gl 3<4 ii tafjecoss ;.?-?.4 ii sfzo nrbvoh gl 3:4 ii tafjecoss 2.;?-;.? ii sfzo nrbvoh gl 32? ii tafjecoss
• B cowhy bssoikhom lfhtor iby ko stbrtom wfta kbjewbsafcn ‚ Ocsuros prgpor strbtflfjbtfgc gl tao lfhtor iomfui bkgvo
• ]ao nrbmom nrbvoh hbyor saguhm ocsuro ucflgri mfstrfkutfgc gl tao upwbrm lhgwfcn kbjewbsa wbtor bcm jgiprossom bfr
]ao ucmor-mrbfc systoi _cmor mrbfc systoi saguhm • Zuppgrt tao nrbmom nrbvoh, lfhtor kom bcm wbtor jghuic • Bhhgw lfhtorom wbtor tg pbss targuna, jghhojtom bcm jgcvoyom gut • Bhhgw tao fcjgifcn kbjewbsa wbtor (bcm jgiprossom bfr) tg pbss targuna bcm mfsporsom lgr tao lfhtor kom kbjewbsafcn
]ao ucmor mrbfc systoi jbc ko • B wbtor kgx wfta pgrgus jgcjroto rggl • Jgcjroto shbks wfta shgts suppgrtom gc jgcjroto rfks • B wbtor ibcflghm wfta porlgrbtom hbtorbhs
]ao nrbmom nrbvoh bcm tao ucmor mrbfc systoi iby kottor ko jgcsfmorom tgnotaor bs fctonrbh jgipgcocts Nog-toxtfhos bcm nog-cots jbc bhsg ko usom fc bssoikhfcn tao ucmor mrbfc systoi
^btor rosorvgfr gvor tao lfhtor kom • ]ypfjbh lfhtrbtfgc rbtos gl ? tg 2? i/ar. bro bjafovom targuna ibfctbfcfcn b wbtor jghuic (wbtor rosorvgfr) gl up tg 2.? i aofnat bkgvo tao lfhtor kom • Fc jhgsom typo rbpfm nrbvfty lfhtors, b vfrtubh wbtor jghuic gl tao mosfrom aofnat fs ibfctbfcom targuna prossurfzfcn tao wbtor • Zfzo gl tao lfhtor iomfui, oxtoct gl jhgnnfcn gl tao lfhtor kom, bcm aofnat gl wbtor jghuic gvor tao lfhtor kom motorifco tao lfhtrbtfgc rbtos • Nrbvfty lfhtors bro gporbtom oftaor bt jgcstbct rbto (kut vbrfbkho aobm) gr bt jgcstbct aobm (kut vbrfbkho rbto) • Aobm hgss/lfhtrbtfgc rbto gr turkfmfty krobe targuna bro usom bs tao kbsfs lgr lfhtor kbjewbsa ‚ Tfzgiotors bro usom lgr tao igcftgrfcn gl aobm hgss bjrgss tao lfhtor
^btor rosorvgfr gvor tao lfhtor kom • Kbjewbsa wbtor gvorlhgw wofrs bcm trgunas bro prgvfmom fc tao rosorvgfr zgco bkgvo tao lfhtor kom • Hovoh mfllorocjo kotwooc tao gvorlhgw wofr bcm wbtor hovoh fc tao kbjewbsa wbtor rosorvgfr fs ibxfifzom • Gvorlhgw wofr fs prgvfmom bkgvo tao lhufmfzom lfhtor kom (murfcn kbjewbsafcn) lgr bvgfmfcn lfhtor iomfui wbsagut
• ]ao Lfhtrbtfgc ucft fs prgvfmom wfta b jabccoh oftaor fc tao ifmmho gr tg gco sfmo • Kbjewbsa wbtor trgunas mrbfc fctg tafs jabccoh • Abs b wbsa wbtor mrbfc, bcm wbtor fchot gl tao lfhtor gpocs fctg tafs jabccoh • ]ao jabccoh ocsuros sukiornocjo gl tao lfhtor kom fc wbtor
Gvoraobm rosorvgfr gl kbjewbsa wbtor
• Aghms lfhtorom wbtor bcm supphfos lgr tao lfhtor kbjewbsafcn ‚ Bhigst jgcstbct aobm gl wbtor fs ibfctbfcom fc tao rosorvgfr tg ocsuro jgcstbct kbjewbsa vohgjftfos fc tao lfhtors
• ]ao rosorvgfr, bcm tao pfpfcn bcm lfttfcns bro mosfncom tg ocsuro tao wbtor supphy lgr bjafovfcn tao mosfrom kbjewbsa vohgjfty ‚ Oxjoss kbjewbsa vohgjftfos jbc wbsagut tao lfhtor iomfui bcm hgwor vohgjftfos jbc rosuht fc fcollfjfoct jhobcfcn gl tao lfhtor ‚ Zfzfcn gl tao gvoraobm rosorvgfr (jbpbjfty bcm wbtor mopta) ‚ rohfbkfhfty (bnbfcst puip bcm pgwor lbfhuros) fs nfvoc fipgrtbcjo ‚ Mojfmfcn gc tao rohbtfvo ohovbtfgc gl tao rosorvgfr
• Lfhtorom wbtor fs puipom bcm ibfctbfcom fc tao gvoraobm rosorvgfr ‚ Tuipfcn systoi lgr tao rohfbkho puipfcn gl lfhtorom wbtor fctg tao gvoraobm rosorvgfr fs fipgrtbct
Lfhtor gporbtfgc
Lfhtor jyjho
• Gcjo lfhtorom wbtor robjaos tao bjjoptbkho qubhfty, stgp wbstfcn bcm jghhojt lfhtorom wbtor • Lfhtor wbtor oftaor bt jgcstbct rbto gr bt jgcstbct aobm • Kbjewbsa tao lfhtor waoc ‚ Aobm hgss bjrgss tao lfhtor jrgssos b mosfrom sot vbhuo (;.? i) ‚ Lfhtrbtfgc rbto mrgps kohgw b sot vbhuo ‚ ]urkfmfty krobes targuna tao lfhtor
Ztgp lfhtor gporbtfgc • Aobm hgss gr turkfmfty bro usom bs tao kbsfs lgr lfhtor kbjewbsa • Jhgso lfhtor fchot bcm bhhgw lfhtrbtfgc tfhh wbtor hovoh mrgps kohgw tao wbsa wbtor gvorlhgw wofr, kut tao sbcm kom roibfcs sukiornom
Lfhtor kbjewbsafcn • Jhgso lfhtorom wbtor guthot bcm fctrgmujo jgiprossom bfr lgr bfr sjgurfcn tao kom ‚ ruc tao jgiprossom bfr lgr b spojflfom murbtfgc • Gpoc wbsa wbtor guthot bcm fctrgmujo kbjewbsa wbtor ‚ stgp jgiprossom bfr fc`ojtfgc (bfr fc`ojtfgc bcm kbjewbsa wbtor fctrgmujtfgc, bt suk-lhufmfzfcn wbtor lhgws, jbc gvorhbp)
Lfhtor jyjho Bfr sjgurfcn murfcn kbjewbsafcn • Bfr sjgurfcn fs vory ollojtfvo waoc wbtor fs fctrgmujom bt suklhufmfzbtfgc rbtos bhgcn wfta tao jgiprossom bfr ‚ bfr jrobtos bmmftfgcbh turkuhocjo wftagut sukstbctfbhhy fcjrobsfcn gl lfhtor kom oxpbcsfgc
• Jgiprossom bfr fs usom fc taroo mflloroct igmos ‚ Lfrst gchy jgiprossom bfr bcm taoc tao kbjewbsa wbtor ‚ Lfrst gchy jgiprossom bfr, taoc kgta bfr bcm kbjewbsa wbtor (bt suklhufmfzbtfgc rbto), bcm taoc gchy kbjewbsa wbtor (bt lhufmfzbtfgc rbtos) ‚ Lfrst jgiprossom bfr bcm kbjewbsa wbtor (bt suk-lhufmfzbtfgc rbto) bcm taoc gchy kbjewbsa wbtor (bt lhufmfzbtfgc rbtos)
• Bfr sjgurfcn fs b wbtor jgcsorvbtfgc iobsuro
Lfhtor tg wbsto • Ztgp kbjewbsa wbtor, bhhgw mrbfcfcn gut gl tao wbsawbtor • Jhgso wbsa wbtor mrbfc, gpoc wbtor fchot bcm gpoc lfhtorom wbtor wbstfcn mrbfc • Bhhgw wbstbno gl lfhtorom wbtor tfhh mosfrom wbtor qubhfty fs bjafovom
]ypfjbh lfhtrbtfgc jyjho
Lfhtor prgkhois • Ium kbhhs0 Mopgsftfgc gl sghfms murfcn kbjewbsafcn fcstobm gl wbsagut wfta kbjewbsa wbtor ‚ Jbc ko lrgi pggr jgbnuhbtfgc-lhgjjuhbtfgc-sotthfcn ‚ Jbc ko muo fiprgpor lfhtor kbjewbsafcn
• Zurlbjo jrbjefcn0 jgiprossfkho ibttor brgucm tao iomfb surlbjo jbusos tao surlbjo jrbjefcn • Iomfb kgfhs0 jbc ko jbusom ky ‚ ]gg rbpfm kbjewbsa (afnaor kbjewbsa vohgjftfos!) ‚ Mfsphbjoioct gr ucovoc mfstrfkutfgc gl tao nrbvoh hbyor
• Bfr kfcmfcn0 ‚ Oxjossfvo aobm hgss murfcn lfhtor ruc hobmfcn tg conbtfvo prossuros fc tao ucmor mrbfc systoi jbc rosuht fc bfr sujtfgc ‚ [uccfcn tao lfhtor mry (lfhtor kom oxpgsom tg bfr)
• Fiprgpor kbjewbsafcn (lrgi sagrtor kbjewbsa murbtfgcs, hgwor kbjewbsa vohgjftfos, otj. ) ‚ Jbc ko b jbuso lgr iomfb kgfhfcn, hgss gl lfhtor iomfb bcm fcollfjfoct lfhtor jhobcfcn
Lfhtor aymrbuhfjs0 Murfcn ruc ]wg sopbrbto jbtongrfos0 aymrbuhfjs gl lfhtrbtfgc prgjoss bcm aymrbuhfjs gl lfhtor kbjewbsafcn Jbrioc-Egzocy oqubtfgc fs usom lgr tao aymrbuhfj bcbhysfs gl lfhtor (Lbfr-Abtja oqubtfgc, [gso oqubtfgc bcm Abzoc oqubtfgc jbc bhsg ko usom)
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a fs aobm hgss targuna lfhtor kom l fs lrfjtfgc lbjtgr (l f) fs kom pgrgsfty H fs mopta gl lfhtor kom m fs mfbiotor gl tao iomfb pbrtfjho mnf fs nogiotrfj iobc kotwooc sfovo sfzos \s fs suporlfjfbh (bpprgbja) lfhtrbtfgc vohgjfty fs pbrtfjho sabpo lbjtgr (2 lgr spaorfjbh pbrtfjho 4.1; lgr rgucmom sbcm 4.>? lgr bvorbno sbcm 4.>: lgr jrusaom jgbh/bcnuhbr sbcm) fs mocsfty bcm fs vfsjgsfty gl wbtor C[ fs [oycghm cuikor p fs lrbjtfgc gl sghfms
Lfhtor aymrbuhfjs0 murfcn ruc Oqubtfgc lgr cgc-ucflgri kom fs tg ko usom ‚ l vbhuo wfhh ko mflloroct lgr mflloroct mfb. pbrtfjhos
]aoro bro cg bjjoptbkho ibtaoibtfjbh oqubtfgcs lgr bssossfcn aobm hgss jabcnos fc jhgnnom koms ‚ ]ao oqubtfgcs bro bpphfjbkho lgr jhobc lfhtor koms
Zghfms bjjuiuhbtfgc mojrobso pgrgsfty & fcjrobso aobm hgss Aobm hgss jabcno mopocms gc C bturo gl tao suspocsfgc, Jabrbjtorfstfjs gl tao iomfb, bcm Lfhtor gporbtfgc
Fl jgcstbct aobm (mrfvfcn lgrjo) fs bpphfom taoc lfhtrbtfgc rbto wfhh mfifcfsa wfta mojrobsfcn pgrgsfty ‚ Lgr jgcstbct lfhtrbtfgc rbtos aobm bpphfom saguhm ko fcjrobsom tg ibtja wfta tao aobm hgss fcjrobso
]orifcbto lfhtor ruc lgr kbjewbsa gc sullfjfoct sghfms bjjuiuhbtfgc ‚ Ztgrbno jbpbjfty gl tao kom fs oxabustom ‚ Mrfvfcn lgrjo bvbfhbkho fs cgt sullfjfoct lgr ocguna lfhtrbtfgc rbtos
Lfhtor aymrbuhfjs0 murfcn kbjewbsa • Mfrojtfgc gl lhgw fs rovorsom (upwbrms targuna tao iomfb) • Iomfb kom fs oxpbcmom (jgctbjt bigcn tao nrbfcs fs krgeoc) bcm nrbfc surlbjos bro oxpgsom lgr jhobcfcn ky ‚ aymrgmycbifj saobr lgrjos ‚ rukkfcn bjtfgc bigcn tao nrbfcs
• Oxpbcsfgc gjjurs waoc lgrjo bpphfom ky lhgwfcn wbtor fs nrobtor tabc tao kugybct wofnat gl tao nrbfcs Aobm roqufrom lgr oxpbcsfgc 9 wofnat gl tao pbjeom kom alk fs aobm hgss coom tg fcftfbto i w kom oxpbcsfgc a l k H2 w i fs mocsfty gl tao iomfui • Mopta gl oxpbcmom kom w fs mocsfty gl wbtor ‚ Nrobtor tabc tao pbjeom kom mopta ‚ Bssuifcn wofnat gl pbjeom kom 9 wofnat gl lhufmfzom kom
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Lfhtor aymrbuhfjs0 murfcn kbjewbsa Tgrgsfty gl tao oxpbcmom fs b lucjtfgc gl torifcbh sotthfcn vohgjfty gl tao pbrtfjhos bcm tao kbjewbsa vohgjfty bcm nfvoc bs
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]afs rohbtfgc gc fcjgrpgrbtfgc fctg tao oxprossfgc lgr oxpbcmom kom mopta
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Lgr b strbtflfom cgc-ucflgri kom tao oxprossfgc wfhh kojgio
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Lgur lhgw ronfios ‚ Mbrjy lhgw ([o82) ‚ ocjguctorom fc shgw sbcm lfhtors! ‚ Lgrjaaofior lhgw ([o 2-244) ‚ ocjguctorom fc rbpfm sbcm lfhtors! ‚ ]rbcsftfgc lhgw ([o 244-144) ‚ cgt ocjguctorom fc lfhtrbtfgc ‚ Luhhy turkuhoct lhgw ([o 3144) ‚ cgt ocjguctorom fc lfhtrbtfgc
Lhgw [onfio Mbrjy lhgw ‚ Gjjurs (waoc [o fs 82) fc shgw sbcm lfhtors bcm bhsg fc rbpfm sbcm lfhtors (waoc tao lfhtrbtfgc rbtos bro hgwor) ‚ Lhgw fs ngvorcom ky Mbrjy‖s hbw
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Lgrjaaofior lhgw ‚ Gjjurs fc rbpfm sbcm lfhtors waoc lfhtrbtfgc rbtos bro afna bcm murfcn kbjewbsafcn (:3[o8;?) ‚ Hbifcbr lhgw (fclhuocjom ky kgta vfsjgus & fcortfbh lgrjos) ‚ Aobm hgss fs nfvoc ky
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Zhgw Zbcm Lfhtors
Zhgw Zbcm Llfhtors (ZZL) Afstgry • _so gl ZZL mbtos kbje tg 2>64 fc Hbcjbsafro, Ocnhbcm (usom tg lfhtor iucfjfpbh wbtor fc Hgcmgc fc 21;6) • ZZL wbs sagwc tg roigvo kbjtorfb fc 211?, bcm tg roigvo Nfbrmfb fc 2614s
Bjjgrmfcn tg ^AG, ucmor suftbkho jgcmftfgcs, shgw sbcm lfhtrbtfgc fs tao jaobpost, tao sfiphost bcm tao igst ollfjfoct iotagm gl wbtor trobtioct _som lgr ]urkfmfty (jghhgfmbh pbrtfjhos) roigvbh, lgr tao romujtfgc gl kbjtorfb, vfrusos, bcm prgtgzgb, bcm bhsg lgr grnbcfj hovohs romujtfgc _som lgr trobtfcn hgw turkfmfty wbtor (8;4 C]_) • ^btor wfta 3;4 C]_ turkfmfty roqufros pro-trobtioct (rgunafcn lfhtors!) - pro-trobtioct iby bhsg ko coomom lgr KGM romujtfgc • ^btor wfta 3;44 C]_ turkfmfty fs cgt bt bhh bhhgwom
Taysfjbh gporbtfgcs, bcm jaoifjbh bcm ifjrgkfghgnfjbh prgjossos iby ko fcvghvom fc tao trobtioct
ZZL 0 Jgcstftuocts • Fcjhumos taroo tbces (rbw wbtor, lfhtor & lfhtorom wbtor tbces) • Lfhtor tbce fcjhumos ‚ Zuporcbtbct wbtor (4.? tg 2.? i mopta) ‚ Zbcm (lfhtor) kom • Nrbcuhbr lfhtor iomfui gl 4.2?-4.:? ollojtfvo sfzo bcm ;-: ucflgrifty jgollfjfoct • Iomfui iust ko lroo lrgi grnbcfj ibttor, hgbi bcm jhby • Mopta gl tao kom fs 34.< i (uptg 2.< i)
‚ Zjaiumzmojeo hbyor (b kfghgnfjbh lfhi gr ibt!) • Movohgps gc tao tgp gl tao sbcm kom wftafc b low wooes, bcm mfsturkom ky jhobcfcn, kut romovohgps wftafc b low mbys • Lfhtors gut bcm/gr jgcsuios bcm bksgrks/bmsgrks grnbcfj bcm fcgrnbcfj jgctbifcbcts fcjhumfcn kbjtorfb, vfrusos, otj.
‚ Nrbvoh hbyor0 : nrbmos gl nrbvoh (lfco, ;-1 ii5 iomfui sfzo, 12< ii5 bcm kgttgi jgbrso sfzo, <-:; ii) bro usom ‚ Mrbfcbno systoi0 krfjes, jgcjroto shbks, pgrgus jgcjroto, porlgrbtom pfpos bcm sjrooc systoi ‚ Jgvorfcn gl lfhtor tg bvgfm wfctor lroozfcn bcm bhnbh nrgwta
B. K. J. M. O. L.
\bhvo lgr rbw wbtor fchot bcm ronuhbtfgc gl lfhtrbtfgc rbto \bhvo lgr mrbfcfcn uclfhtorom wbtor \bhvo lgr kbje-lfhhfcn tao lfhtor kom wfta jhobc wbtor \bhvo lgr mrbfcfcn lfhtor kom bcm guthot jabikor \bhvo lgr mohfvorfcn trobtom wbtor tg wbsto \bhvo lgr mohfvorfcn trobtom wbtor tg tao jhobr-wbtor rosorvgfr
ZZL0 Zjaiutzmojeo hbyor •
B kfg lfhi/ibt (4.? tg ; ji) lgriom gc tao sbcm kom surlbjo ‚
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Lfhtors gut gr jgcsuios bcm bksgrks/bmsgrks grnbcfj bcm fcgrnbcfj jgctbifcbcts bcm jgctrfkutos tg tao romujtfgc gl kbjtorfb, vfrusos bcm prgtgzgb ‚ ‚
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Ibmo up gl bhnbo, kbjtorfb, lucnf bcm gtaor ifjrgkos bcm bjjuiuhbtom pbrtfjuhbtos Luhh movohgpioct iby tbeo b low wooes tfio (3= wooes) Trgpor wbtor toip. bcm sullfjfoct cutrfocts suppgrt movohgpioct [oqufros ;-> mbys (ovoc ; tg : wooes) lgr tao romovohgpioct bltor obja jhobcfcn
[opgrtom bs nggm lgr tao roigvbh gl 8; ¿i pbrtfjhos Kbjtorfgvgry wbs ropgrtom bs tao sfncflfjbct kfghgnfjbhhy iomfbtom pbrtfjho roigvbh iojabcfsi Krobes mgwc grnbcfjs, bjts bs lfco iojabcfjbh lfhtor
]ao sbcm lfhtor (tao tgp ;4 ji, ovoc uptg 4.= tg 4.? i mopta) bhsg sagws kfghgnfjbh bjtfvfty
Zhgw Zbcm Lfhtor • ]afjecoss gl tao sbcm hbyor0 34.< i (ovory bmmftfgcbh 4.: i tafje hbyor suppgrts bmmftfgcbh :-= yobrs gporbtfgc) • Gxlbi lfhtors0 Nog-toxtfho lbkrfj fs usom gc tao tgp gl tao sbcm hbyor lgr rotbfcfcn iuja gl tao suspocmom ibttor strbfcom lrgi tao hgbmom wbtor • ]ao nrbvoh hbyors jbc ko rophbjom ky b syctaotfj lbkrfj ‚ Kohgw tao nrbvoh lgr prgtojtfcn tao lfhtor tbce hfcfcn, ?4 ii tafje sbcm hbyor iby ko usom
• Lfhtor iust bhwbys ko eopt sukiornom fc wbtor lgr ibfctbfcfcn tao kfghgnfjbh ibt ‚ Iust cgt ko ruc mry (uchoss jgiphoto mrbfcfcn gut fs coomom) ‚ Guthot saguhm ko shfnathy (?4 ii) bkgvo tao tgp gl tao sbcm hbyor lgr eoopfcn tao lfhtor wot bcm sukiornom
• Trgvfsfgcs saguhm ko ibmo tg ‚ mfssfpbto tao ocorny gl tao wbtor hgbmom tg tao lfhtor ‚ mrbfc gut tao suporcbtbct wbtor ‚ mrbfc gut tao lfhtor kom ‚ kbjelfhh tao lfhtor wfta lfhtorom wbtor
Zhgw Zbcm Lfhtor • ^btor hgbmom saguhm abvo 8?4 C]_ turkfmfty ‚ uso pro-lfhtor waoc ft fs 3:4 C]_
• Lfhtrbtfgc rbto0 ‚ ?4 tg 244 tfios shgwor tabc tao rbto lgr rbpfm nrbvfty lfhtor ‚ 244 tg :44 H/i; agur (fmobh0 4.; i/ar & Ibx. rbto04.: i/ar)
• Lfhtorom wbtor abs 84.: C]_ turkfmfty (ngbh fs 84.2 C]_) ‚ Lfhtorom wbtor iby roqufro jahgrfcbtfgc lgr suporfgr wbtor qubhfty
• Bcborgkfj jgcmftfgcs fc tao lfhtor kom jbc fcluso hbstfcn kbm tbsto tg wbtor ‚ Gltoc cojossftbtos wbtor pro-trobtioct tg roigvo grnbcfjs ‚ ^btor kofcn lfhtorom iust abvo 3: in/H MG
• Ztbrt-up gl b shgw sbcm lfhtor iby tbeo qufto hgcn tfio ‚ Movohgpioct gl tao kfghgnfjbh ibt ‑Zjaiutzmojeo‖ tbeos b low wooes tfio
• Fc tao wbtor rosorvgfr bhnbh nrgwta jbc gjjur ‚ jbc bmm gxynoc tg wbtor, kut jbc fctorloro wfta tao gporbtfgc
Jhobcfcn gl Zhgw Zbcm Lfhtor • Fcftfbh aobm hgss lgr b jhobc shgw sbcm lfhtor fs 84.; loot • Aobm hgss 3? loot fs bvgfmom (jbc hobm tg bfr kfcmfcn bcm ucovoc lhgw gl wbtor targuna tao lfhtor) targuna jhobcfcn • Jhgnnom lfhtor (lfhtrbtfgc rbto mrgppom kohgw bjjoptbkho hovohs) cooms jhobcfcn ‚ Jhobcom gcjo fc ovory ;4 tg 64 mbys ‚ turkfmfty gl wbtor bcm lfhtrbtfgc rbto motorifco tao jhobcfcn fctorvbh ‚ Zuporcbtbct lrgi tao sbcm kom fs mrbfcom gut tg kohgw ;4 ji mopta gl tao sbcm kom prfgr tg jhobcfcn targuna sjrbpfcn ‚ Bltor sjrbppfcn, rolfhhfcn tao lfhtor wfta wbtor saguhm ko mgco lrgi tao kgttgi lgr bvgfmfcn tao bfr octrbpioct ‚ Fcvghvos ibcubh sjrbpfcn gl ; tg ? ji gl tao tgp sbcm bcm msfjbrmfcn ‚ Cow sbcm fs bmmom waoc tao sbcm mopta mrgps tg 8;= fcja (iby ko gcjo fc 24 yobrs)
• Jhobcfcn bllojts tao lfhtor porlgribcjo lgr b low mbys (rfpocfcn porfgm) ‚ Bltor tao rfpocfcn porfgm roturcs tg cgribh porlgribcjo
Mosfnc pbrbiotors lgr typfjbh shgw sbcm lfhtor Mosfnc pbrbiotors
[ojgiiocmom rbcno gl vbhuos
Lfhtrbtfgc rbto Brob por lfhtor kom
4.2? i:/i;•a (4.2‚4.; i:/i;•a) Hoss tabc ;44 i; (fc sibhh jgiiucfty wbtor supphfos tg obso ibcubh lfhtor jhobcfcn)
Cuikor gl lfhtor koms
Ifcfiui gl twg koms
Mopta gl lfhtor kom
2 i (ifciui gl 4.> i gl sbcm mopta)
Lfhtor iomfb
Ollojtfvo sfzo (OZ) 9 4.2? ‚4.:? ii5 ucflgrifty jgollfjfoct (_J) 9 ;-:
Aofnat gl suporcbtbct wbtor
4.> ‚2 i (ibxfiui 2.? i)
_cmormrbfc systoi Ztbcmbrm krfjes Trojbst jgcjroto shbks Trojbst jgcjroto khgjes wfta aghos gc tgp Tgrgus jgcjroto Torlgrbtom pfpos
Nocorbhhy cg coom lgr lurtaor aymrbuhfj jbhjuhbtfgcs. Ibxfiui vohgjfty fc tao ibcflghms bcm fc hbtorbhs 9 4.: i/s Zpbjfcn kotwooc hbtorbhs 9 2.? i Zpbjfcn gl aghos fc hbtorbhs 9 4.2? i Zfzo gl aghos fc hbtorbhs 9: ii
Kfg-sbcm Lfhtor
Kfg-sbcm lfhtor0 Ibfctocbcjo 2) [oigvo tao hfm bcm tao jghbcmor/mfllusor kbsfc. ;) Hgwor tao wbtor hovoh fcsfmo tao lfhtor ky usfcn b sibhh jup tg sjggp gut tao wbtor tabt abs cgt mrbfcom targuna tao guthot pfpo. :) Ibeo b sibhh agho fc tao sbcm wfta tao jup. Zjggp gut tao wbtor tabt bjjuiuhbtos fc ft uctfh gchy wot sbcm roibfcs. =) [oigvo : tg ?ji gl tao lfco sbcm hbyor bcm sot ft bsfmo. (Bltor wbsafcn bcm mryfcn fc tao suc, tafs sbcm iby ko rousom coxt tfio ibfctocbcjo fs porlgriom.)
?) Bmm jhobc, lfco sbcm lrgi provfgus ibfctocbcjo. Hovoh tao surlbjo gl tao sbcm. <) [ofcstbhh tao jghbcmor/mfllusor kbsfc. >) Zhgwhy bmm wbtor tg tao lfhtor uctfh wbtor konfcs tg lhgw targuna tao guthot pfpo bnbfc bcm wbtor fs ? ji bkgvo lfco sbcm hbyor. 1) Bnbfc roigvo tao hfm bcm jghbcmor/mfllusor kbsfc 6) Hovoh tao surlbjo gl tao sbcm bnbfc 24) [ofcstbhh tao jghbcmor/mfllusor kbsfc
[gunafcn Lfhtors ([L) (A[L bcm \[L)
[gunafcn Lfhtors • B pro-trobtioct ucft usom tg roigvo/sopbrbto lfco sghfms tabt jguhm cgt ko roigvom ky somfioctbtfgc ‚ Iby projomo lfcbh trobtioct prgjossos hfeo ZZL bcm jahgrfcbtfgc ‚ [oqufrom tg romujo turkfmfty gl wbtor tg 8;4 tg ?4 C]_ prfgr tg lfhtrbtfgc fc shgw sbcm lfhtors • [oigvbh gl suspocmom sghfms roqufro hbifcbr lhgw jgcmftfgcs wftafc tao lfhtor kom ([oycghm‖s Cuikor0 82.4)
‚ Bhsg ko usom tg roigvo jaoifjbh lhgjs prfgr tg kfgh. trobtioct bcm kfghgnfjbh lhgjs prfgr tg jahgrfcbtfgc
• [gunafcn lfhtors jbc bhsg suppgrt bmsgrptfgc, bksgrptfgc bcm jaoifjbh bcm kfghgnfjbh prgjossos ‚ \bcmor wbbhs lgrjos bcm ohojtrgstbtfj lgrjos bttrbjt tao pbrtfjhos bcm aghm gc tao iomfui surlbjo ‚ Kfghgnfjbh wbtor qubhfty, mfssghvom grnbcfj ibttor, jghgur otj., pbrbiotors jbc not bm`ustom ‚ Jbc abcmho vory hgw grnbcfj hgbms ‚ afnaor hgbms jbc jhgn tao lfhtor bcm romujo tao aymrbuhfj jhobcfcn jbpbjfty
[gunafcn Lfhtors • Krgeoc kurct krfjes, jabrjgbh, jgjgcut lfkor, qubrtz sbcm, nrbvoh, jabrjgbh, ibfzo jgks gr bcy gtaor jhobc fcsghukho bcm iojabcfjbhhy rosfstbct ibtorfbh jbc ko usom bs lfhtor iomfui ‚ Lfhtor iomfb pbrtfjho sfzo vbrfos lrgi 3;4 ii tg 8; ii ‚ _so gl iuhtf-nrbmo lfhtor iomfb, wfta sfzo mojrobsfcn fc tao lhgw mfrojtfgc, jbc prgigto pbrtfjho pocotrbtfgc targuna tao lfhtor kom
• Lfhtor fcjgrpgrbtos b sfipho sohl jhobcfcn (kbjewbsafcn) iojabcfsi ‚ Bc ucmor mrbfcbno systoi ocbkhos tao lfhtor lhusafcn bcm jhobcfcn ‚ Lhgw mfrojtfgc fs rovorsom targuna gpocfcn tao mgwcwbsa mrbfcs bcm afnaor rbtos gl lhgws jhobc tao lfhtor ‚ _cpbjefcn tao lfhtor iomfb bcm jhobcfcn iby gltoc ko roqufrom
• Torlgribcjo igcftgrfcn fs mgco usfcn tao pbrbiotors0 ]ZZ, turkfmfty, jghgur, jghflgri jguct, frgc bcm ibcnbcoso, bcm bhnbo • Igsthy ruc fc up-lgw gr agrfzgctbh lhgw ronfios (\[L bcm A[L systois) •
Abvo hbrnor jbpbjftfos tg stgro tao roigvom sghfms (A[Ls abvo rohbtfvohy hbrnor stgrbno jbpbjfty tabc \[Ls)
[gunafcn Lfhtors0 A[L • Lfhtrbtfgc rbtos lgr A[L iby ko fc tao rbcno gl 4.: tg 2.? i/ar • Zabhhgw strujturo bcm aocjo bcm aocjo cg strujturbh prgkhois • _chfiftom hocnta gl tao lfhtor fs pgssfkho ‚ _subh hocnta fs ? tg > i
• Lfhtor fs usubhhy bssoikhom fc : jgipbrtiocts (jgbrso, iomfui bcm lfco iomfui lfhtor pabsos ‚ Lfhtor iomfui sfzo rbcnos lrgi 8= ii tg 3;4 ii
• ^btor fs ibfctbfcom kohgw tg tao surlbjo gl tao lfhtor kom tg sabmo bcm provoct tao bhnbh nrgwta • A[Ls bro hoss susjoptfkho tg sghfms krobetarguna bcm igro socsftfvo tg aymrbuhfj sagrt-jfrjuftfcn ‚ Jbc abcmho sagrt tfio turkfmfty hgbms gl ?44 tg 2444 C]_
• Mrbfcbno lbjfhftfos bro phbjom bt tao kgttgi gl tao lfhtor porpocmfjuhbr tg tao lhgw mfrojtfgc ‚ Mrbfcbno vohgjftfos gl <4-64 i/ar bro usom lgr b nggm aymrbuhfj jhobcfcn gl tao lfhtor
[gunafcn Lfhtors0 \[L systois • Gjjupy rohbtfvohy hossor lhggr spbjo • _subhhy fcjhumos : gr igro lfhtors brrbcnom fc sorfos ‚ \[L fc hbyors (tao : gr igro lfhtors bro strbtflfom) bro bhsg usom
• Aofnat gl tao lfhtor kom iby ko 2 tg 2.; i bcm tao lfhtor iomfui sfzo fs 2;-21 ii5 1-2; ii5 bcm =-1 ii ‚ Lfhtor kom fs jgvorom (ky b hbyor gl stgcos (244 ii sfzo!) lgr sabmfcn tao wbtor bcm provoctfcn bhnbh nrgwta ‚ Kgttgi gl tao lfhtor abs mrbfcbno lbjfhftfos (porlgrbtom pfpos, lbhso lfhtor kgttgi, otj.)
• Gporbtom oftaor bs mgwc-lhgw gr bs up-lhgw lfhtors (uplhgw lfhtors bro rojgiiocmom - \[L fc hbyors bro gporbtom gchy fc uplhgw igmo) ‚ Lfhtor ibtorfbh fs ibfctbfcom jgiphotohy sukiornom fc wbtor (24 ji hbyor gl wbtor fs ibfctbfcom bkgvo tao lfhtor) ‚ Lfhtrbtfgc rbto fs usubhhy g.: tg 2.4 i/ar ‚ Jbc abcmho wbtor wfta turkfmfty ?4-2?4 C]_ ‚ Lfhtor rosfstbcjo gr aobm hgss fs 8;4 ji por lfhtor
Mosfnc gl iuhtfstbno iuhtfnrbmo rgunafcn lfhtor
• Iuhtfstbno (: gr igro stbnos), iuhtfnrbmo lfhtor (\[L fc hbyors)
‚ Mfvfsfkho fctg tao lfhtor kom prgpor bcm tao nrbvoh suppgrt hbyors ‚ Nrbvoh suppgrt hbyors sbtfsly tao jgcmftfgc gl tafjecoss 3< tfios tao sfzo gl tao hbrnost iomfui pbrtfjho fc tao hbyor ‚ ]afjecoss gl tao lfhtor kom hbyor jbc ko iuja afnaor
• Fchot jgcvoys wbtor fctg tao ucmor mrbfc systoi bcm ucflgrihy mfstrfkutos wbtor lgr tao uplhgw lfhtrbtfgc ‚ Bfr kukkho octry fctg tao ucmor-mrbfc systoi fs bvgfmom
• [osorvgfr lgr aghmfcn ocguna wbtor lgr tao kbjewbsafcn ‚ Lfhtorom wbtor fs mrbfcom gut wafho eoopfcn tao lfhtor kom sukiornom
• _cmor mrbfc systoi bhhgwfcn kbjewbsafcn (bt tao rbto gl =4-<4 i/ar) • Lfhtrbtfgc rbto (4.: tg 2.4 i/ar) ‚ Hbifcbr lhgw jgcmftfgcs bro ocsurom wftafc tao lfhtor kom ([ycghm‖s cuikor 82.4) ‚ Zjgur vohgjftfos bro bvgfmom wfta tao lfhtor kom
]ypfjbh mosfnc gl b Iuhtfstbno Iuhtfnrbmo \ortfjbh lhgw [gunafcn lfhtor
