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Urcjri`i km Bcrtifmld`dmhtc Ilikä`dlc
Ijcstc km 7597
Àhkdlm km fi Juài Lchsdkmrildchms dhdldifms Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc lc`uhdtirdc Buhldchms kmf ismscr Crdmhtildchms piri mf mstukdihtm Kclu`mhtc dhdldif Kclu`mhtc bdhif Ispmltcs bcr`ifms Hcti scgrm mf pfijdc \mfmlldüh kmf tm`i kmf prcymltc [àtufc Uirtm D. Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh Mstrulturi kmf kclu`mhtc dhdldif Lirétufi c pcrtiki Mom`pfc km lirétufi Àhkdlm Mom`pfc km àhkdlm Dhtrckulldüh 9. @irlc rmbmrmhldif 7. Ufihtmi`dmhtc kmf prcgfm`i <. Oustdbdlildüh ;. Cgomtdvc jmhmrif ;.9. Cgomtdvcs mspmlàbdlcs =. Kmslrdpldüh km fi prcpumsti 2. Msqum`i km ilcpdc km dhbcr`ildüh dhbcr`ildüh :. Iflihlms y fd`dtildchms 1. Ufih km illdüh 4. Àhkdlm tmhtitdvc kmf prcymltc Bumhtms km dhbcr`ildüh Lrchcjri`i Ihmxcs Uirtm DD. Dhbcr`m km Urcymltc km Kmsirrcffc Lc`uhdtirdc u crjihdzildchif Mstrulturi kmf kclu`mhtc bdhif Lirétufi c pcrtiki Àhkdlm Lipàtufc D Ihtmlmkmhtms Lipàtufc DD Umrtdhmhldi kmf prcymltc Lipàtufc DDD \ustmhtc tmürdlc Lipàtufc DR Kdijhüstdlc Lipàtufc R Ufih km [rigioc Lipàtufc RD Ipfdlildüh kmf prcymltc Lchlfusdchms Wmlc`mhkildchms Bumhtms km dhbcr`ildüh
d d dd ddd dv v v vd vdd vdd vddd 9 7 = 2 : 1 4 99 9< 9; 9; 9: 94 75 92 9: 79 <9 <7 << <; <: ;9 ;< ;; ;1 =5 =9 =7 =<
Ihmxcs Wmbmrmhldis gdgfdcjrébdlis
=; ==
Lchsdkmrildchms dhdldifms Fi ]hdvmrsdkik piri mf Kmsirrcffc kmf Mstikc km Uumgfi (]hdkms), i triväs kmf Urcjri`i km Bcrtifmld`dmhtc Ilikä`dlc (UBI), ai kdsmùikc uh kclu`mhtc mh mf qum sm mxpchm mh bcr`i smlumhldif fi mstrulturi, crkmh y lchtmhdkc tihtc kmf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh kmf prcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif c lc`uhdtirdc, lc`c kmf Dhbcr`m km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif c lc`uhdtirdc, lch mf cgomtdvc km uhdbcr`ir
lrdtmrdcs lchlmrhdmhtms i msti `ckifdkik km tdtufildüh. Ucr lumstdchms préltdlis am`cs kmldkdkc dhtmjrir mh uhi scfi juài kcs prclmscs kdstdhtcs y lc`pfm`mhtirdcs? fi Uirtm D lchldmrhm i fi pfihmildüh kmf prcymltc, c kclu`mhtc dhdldif, `dmhtris qum fi Uirtm DD lcrrmspchkm if dhbcr`m lchlfudkc, c kclu`mhtc bdhif. Fi prmsmhtildüh km fcs lchtmhdkcs dhlfuym lchsmocs y mom`pfcs piri dhdldir fi rmkilldüh km ifjuhcs pérribcs. Lchbdi`cs mh qum dfustrir lch uh lisc adpctätdlc lü`c sm crdjdhih y lchstruymh fcs kcs kclu`mhtcs irrdgi smùifikcs iyukiré if mstukdihtm i lchlmgdr y kmsirrcffir su prcpdc trigioc. Ihtms km lchtdhuir lch msti m sti mxpfdlildüh dhtrckultcrdi ms hmlmsirdc h mlmsirdc kdstdhjudr mhtrm y kmsirrcffc lc`uhdtirdc , piri fc luif prcpcrldchi`cs fis kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif y sdjudmhtms kmbdhdldchms.
Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif Mhtmhkm`cs lc`c Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif uhi prcpumsti km dhtmrvmhldüh mstritäjdli mh uh é`gdtc mspmlàbdlc km uhi crjihdzildüh, yi smi pÿgfdli, prdviki c uhi CHJ, piri mf fcjrc km sus `mtis. Kdlai dhtmrvmhldüh pumkm ailmrsm mh fcs prclmscs, mh fcs prckultcs c mh fcs smrvdldcs. 9 9
Uiri `iycr `iycr ilmrli`dmhtc ilmrli`dmhtc i msti hcldüh, hcldüh, sm rmlc`dmhki rmlc`dmhki mf tmxtc tmxtc km Uitdùc Uitdùc Crtdz, @djumf mt if. (s/b). Kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif. Lc`pfmodkik y kdhé`dli km sdstm`is . @äxdlc? M_D@M/DUH. Lchsuftikc mf 9: km ijcstc km 7597 km fi péjdhi attps?/kclsjccjfm.lc`/vdmwr3i0v& attps?/kclsjccjfm.lc`/vdmwr3i0v&99 d
Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc lc`uhdtirdc Ucr Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc lc`uhdtirdc lc`prmhkm`cs ‖uhi prcpumsti km illdchms piri dhtmrvmhdr km bcr`i kdrmlti mh uh prcymltc km dhvmrsdüh mh uhi rmjdüh, km bcrtifmld`dmhtc kmf kmsirrcffc turàstdlc km uhi lc`uhdkik c fi `mocri km fcs `mkdcs km trihspcrtm c `ihmoc km fi ik`dhdstrildüh kmf su`dhdstrc km ijui ‐ (Wdvmri, 7597? 91). Ikm`és, sigm`cs qum liki rmjdüh c lc`uhdkik tdmhm uhi vclildüh prcpdi qum i vmlms hc msté gdmh mhliuziki, isà, i fc smùifikc ihtmrdcr`mhtm pckràih ijrmjirsm ctris prcpumstis, lc`c fi km dhtmrvmhdr mh uhi lc`uhdkik rurif c dhkàjmhi piri prcpchmr mstritmjdis qum rmkuhkmh mh uhi `mocr lchsmrvildüh km sus rmlurscs hiturifms, prc`cvmr fi pirtdldpildüh km fis `uomrms y fcs jrupcs vufhmrigfms piri pirtdldpir mh fi scfuldüh km sus prcpdcs prcgfm`is, lcikyuvir i fi prmsmrvildüh km fis fmhjuis dhkàjmhis, c gdmh, scldifdzir mf lchcld`dmhtc ldmhtàbdlc y tmlhcfüjdlc, isà lc`c kdhi`dzir ctrcs rugrcs ‛lc`c mf smltcr turàstdlc, pcr mom`pfc ‛ smjÿh fis hmlmsdkikms kmtmltikis mh fi lc`uhdkik mh fi qum sm kmsmi dhtmrvmhdr. Lc`c ibdr`i Lrmspc (7595? 9) ‖fcs prcymltcs lc`uhdtirdcs tdmhmh lc`c prcpüsdtc rmscfvmr uh prcgfm`i c sitdsbilmr uhi hmlmsdkik d`pcrtihtm km uh kmtmr`dhikc smltcr km fi pcgfildüh‐. 7 Ucr fc tihtc, smjÿh mf tdpc km prcymltc sm lchsdkmriréh fcs cgomtdvcs y mf lchtmhdkc km liki mtipi, pcr fc qum fi lcrrmlti bcr`ufildüh km liki uhi km mffis rmkuhkiré mh mf rmsuftikc bdhif, km tif `ckc qum fi rmkilldüh kmf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh ms fi cpcrtuhdkik qum tdmhm mf mstukdihtm km `cstrir fcs lchcld`dmhtcs ikqudrdkcs if lursir su lirrmri, kmskm fi smfmlldüh kmf tm`i, mf `irlc rmbmrmhldif, fi oustdbdlildüh, fcs cgomtdvcs jmhmrif y mspmlàbdlcs, fi kmslrdpldüh km fi prcpumsti, pr cpumsti, fcs iflihlms y fd`dtildchms, mf msqum`i km ilcpdc i lcpdc km dhbcr`ildüh, mf pfih km illdüh, ill düh, mf 7
Uiri uhi `mocr lc`prmhsdüh kmf mhbcqum km `irlc füjdlc piri mf kdsmùc km prcymltcs lc`uhdtirdcs,
lchsÿftmsm Lrmspc, I. (7595).
dd
lrchcjri`i km kmsirrcffc kmf prcymltc y, mh jmhmrif, fcs ispmltcs km crjihdzildüh y lchtmhdkc km mstm kclu`mhtc .
Buhldchms kmf ismscr Mf ismscr oumji uh pipmf `uy d`pcrtihtm mh mf prclmsc irrdgi smùifikc, yi qum su buhldüh lchsdstm mh crdmhtir if mstukdihtm mh su gÿsqumki km rmspumstis piri mstigfmlmr `mocris mh fi crjihdzildüh c piri kmtchir prcymltcs lc`uhdtirdcs qum lcikyuvmh if fcjrc kmf gdmh lc`ÿh> pcr fc tihtc, iquäf kmgmré ludkir qum mf prcymltc smfmlldchikc pcr ästm y fcs cgomtdvcs qum sm pfihtmm smih biltdgfms km rmifdzildüh> scgrm tckc, kmgmré lmhtrirsm mh qum fi prcpumsti tmhji rmfmvihldi ilikä`dli, dhstdtuldchif c scldif, qum smi pmrtdhmhtm lch fis `mtis km fi crjihdzildüh, y qum sm ipmjum i fcs pfihms km kmsirrcffc yi smi mstitifms c `uhdldpifms. [i`gdäh kdslutdré lch mf mstukdihtm fcs pfihtmi`dmhtcs qum ästm prmsmhtm, lch fi bdhifdkik km qum mf pfih qumkm mstrulturikc km `ihmri lcrrmlti. Fi tirmi kmf ismscr sm rmkulm i kdsmùir uhi mstritmjdi km trigioc piri qum mf mstukdihtm dhdldm y bdhifdlm mh tdm`pc y bcr`i tihtc mf pfih km dhtmrvmhldüh lc`c mf kclu`mhtc bdhif qum kmgmré mxpchmr ihtm uhi `msi km mxpmrtcs. \dh m`girjc, fi buhldüh kmf ismscr hc lchsdstm mh rmkiltir brij`mhtcs kmf prcymltc, lcrrmjdr fi crtcjribài c guslir dhbcr`ildüh piri mf mstukdihtm, sdhc mh kir dhkdlildchms piri qum mf trigioc lu`pfi lch fc mstdpufikc mh liki mtipi y smùifir mrrcrms lchlmptuifms y mstrulturifms lch mf cgomtc km qum mf mstukdihtm dhtrckuzli fis ikmluildchms smùifikis. Mh sàhtmsds, fi rmspchsigdfdkik km qum mf trigioc ffmjum i gumh tär`dhc rmlim prdhldpif`mhtm mh mf mstukdihtm. Ucr su pirtm, mf mstukdihtm kmgm mstir lchsldmhtm km qum mf trigioc ms suyc y hc kmf ismscr> jmhmrir ivihlms km su kclu`mhtc y smjudr fcs lchsmocs kmf ismscr. Hc cgstihtm, iùikd`cs qum km uh pfih qum sitdsbilm fcs rmqudsdtcs `mtckcfüjdlcs sm kmrdviré uh prcymltc kmbmhkdgfm y kdjhc km qudmh fc mslrdgm, pmrc ti`gdäh kdjhc km qudmh fc ismscrü. ddd
Fm sujmrd`cs fc sdjudmhtm? 9. Aiji qum mf iutcr kmf kclu`mhtc pdmhsm mh su mhtcrhc figcrif c mh fi lc`uhdkik kchkm vdvm y qum rmbfmxdchm ilmrli km luéfms smràih sus ipcrtms piri prcpchmr scfuldchms biltdgfms km rmifdzildüh i uh prcgfm`i cgsmrvikc. 7. Ihd`m if mstukdihtm i qum fmi fdgrcs, rmvdstis, pmrdükdlcs, tritikcs, `ihuifms y ctrcs pfihms km dhtmrvmhldüh rmfildchikcs rmfildchikcs lch mf suyc y, scgrm tckc, pàkifm qum hc li`gdm mf hc`grm km su pfih, pums mstc d`pfdlirài pärkdki km tdm`pc y rmlurscs. <. ]stmk ai sdkc mfmjdkc lc`c ismscr pcr sus lchcld`dmhtcs mh uh érmi kmf sigmr y pcr su kdspcsdldüh y lc`prc`dsc piri ilc`piùir if mstukdihtm mh su prclmsc km rmkiltir mf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh . @és tirkm, `uy prcgigfm`mhtm ustmk bcr`iré pirtm km fi `msi km mxpmrtcs mh fi räpfdli crif km su ismscrikc, y msm hc smré mf `mocr `c`mhtc piri scrprmhkmrsm pcr fc qum mf mstukdihtm adzc c kmoü km ailmr, m`pmzihkc pcr fi smfmlldüh kmf tm`i y mf tàtufc km su trigioc.
Crdmhtildchms piri mf mstukdihtm Fi rmspchsigdfdkik km qum fi dhvmstdjildüh ffmjum i gumh tär`dhc rmlim prdhldpif`mhtm mh td. Kmgms mstir lchsldmhtm km qum mf trigioc ms tuyc y hc kmf ismscr> ti`gdäh tdmhms fi cgfdjildüh km jmhmrir ivihlms kmf prcymltc km dhtmrvmhldüh y kmf kclu`mhtc bdhif, fmmr, kclu`mhtirtm, rmvdsir tu trigioc, ailmr fis `ckdbdlildchms pmrtdhmhtms y smjudr fis rmlc`mhkildchms qum sm tm dhkdqumh. Ucr supumstc, ti`gdäh tdmhms qum lchsuftir y lmùdrtm i fi juài. Hc cgstihtm, iùikd`cs qum km uh prcymltc qum sitdsbilm fcs rmqudsdtcs `mtckcfüjdlcs sm kmrdviré uh trigioc bdhif kmbmhkdgfm y kdjhc km qudmh fc mslrdgdü, pmrc ti`gdäh kdjhc km qudmh fc ismscrü.
dv
9.
Yum lcrrmspchki i tus dhtmrmsms lc`c dhtmjrihtm km uhi crjihdzildüh c lc`uhdkik, tu mxpmrdmhldi prcbmsdchif y fis `itmrdis qum `és aih lchtrdgudkc i tu bcr`ildüh lc`c mstukdihtm km fi ]HDKM\.
7.
Yum tmhjis subdldmhtm rmspifkc tmürdlc y `mtckcfüjdlc piri bcr`ufir tu pfih.
Kclu`mhtc dhdldif Mf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh ms uh kclu`mhtc prmvdc i fi rmifdzildüh kmf Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif c lc`uhdtirdc, yi qum pmr`dtm kmbdhdr fcs lc`pchmhtms km
ästm y pfihmirfc km dhdldc i bdh, pums msti mtipi, lc`c smùifi Airc (7595? ;), ‖ms uh crkmhi`dmhtc füjdlc y sdstm`étdlc qum juài mf prclmsc‐. prclmsc ‐.
Kclu`mhtc bdhif ]h Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif c lc`uhdtirdc kmgm smr lfirc, rmifdzigfm, prcpcrldchir fi dhbcr`ildüh subdldmhtm, smr lchjrumhtm mhtrm sus pirtms y tmhmr uhi rmbmrmhldi m`pàrdli. Djuif`mhtm, kmgm lc`prmhkmr fi bcr`ufildüh km uh prcgfm`i lfiri`mhtm kmbdhdkc y uh `irlc km rmbmrmhldi lch kmslrdptcrms ikmluikcs, oustdbdlirsm pfmhi`mhtm, pfihtmirsm cgomtdvcs y tmhmr lfiri fi prcpumsti, y mspmldbdlir mf pfih km illdüh, mhtrm ctrcs mfm`mhtcs. Ms kmldr, mf prcymltc kmgm pcsmmr uhi rmfildüh füjdli y kdrmlti mhtrm liki uhc km sus lc`pchmhtms y rmvmfir qum su iutcr ai lchsuftikc fdgrcs (gdgfdcjribài), rmvdstis (am`mrcjribài) y kclu`mhtcs mfmltrühdlcs mspmldifdzikcs mh mf é`gdtc km iltuildüh mh mf qum prmtmhkm dhtmrvmhdr. \cgrm tckc, su trigioc kmgm `cstrir qum lchclm i bchkc fi crjihdzildüh c fi lc`uhdkik y qum msté rmif`mhtm lc`prc`mtdkc lc`c piri kdsmùir mstritmjdis y li`gdcs pcsdtdvcs mh uh é`gdtc pirtdlufir. \mjÿh Oilnsch (ldt. pcr Jiyhcr, 755
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lchkdldchms sd`uftéhmis? sm kmsmi li`gdir y ikm`és hmlmsdti iyuki piri ailmrfc‐. Isd`ds`c, mf rmpcrtm bdhif kmf Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif c lc`uhdtirdc kmgm lchtmhmr fcs luitrc lipàtufcs qum `és ikmfihtm smréh rmbmrdkcs, ouhtc lch fi dhbcr`ildüh qum rmspifkm fi cgomtdvdkik km fc ibdr`ikc mh liki smlldüh.
Ispmltcs bcr`ifms Fi `ihmri mh qum prmsmhtms tus kclu`mhtcs kdré `ulac ilmrli km tu kmkdlildüh y prcbmsdchifds`c, pcr msc tm dhsti`cs i qum fc mslrdgis lch puflrdtuk, sdh biftis km crtcjribài y lch rdjcr tmürdlc y `mtckcfüjdlc. Wmlumrki qum fis `iyÿslufis sà sm ilmhtÿih y qum hc gisti usir mf lcrrmltcr crtcjrébdlc, pums hc sdm`prm fi lc`putikcri smùifi fcs mrrcrms. Wmvdsi uhi y ctri vmz tu trigioc> hc tm lchbcr`ms lch fc prd`mrc qum mslrdgis, sdm`prm rmjrmsi i tu tmxtc piri `mocrirfc. Mh luihtc i fi mxtmhsdüh, mf trigioc dhdldif pumkm igirlir km mhtrm 95 i 9= péjdhis, `dmhtris mf kclu`mhtc bdhif tmhkré uhi mxtmhsdüh km mhtrm 25 i 15 péjdhis. Mf tdpc km fmtri smré Irdif c [d`ms Hmw Wc`ih km 97 puhtcs, lch dhtmrfdhmikc km 9.= l`. Urcluri hc usir km`isdikis hmjrdtis, lc`dffis y rmsiftikcs dhhmlmsirdcs mh mf tmxtc. Lcfcli fi hu`mrildüh km fis péjdhis mh mf `irjmh dhbmrdcr kmrmlac piri qum mf tmxtc pumki fmmrsm sdh dhtmrrupldchms. Ucr ctri pirtm, kmgms ldtir smjÿh mf mstdfc IUI c @FI. Hc mxijmrms mh fi lihtdkik km d`éjmhms qum prmsmhtms> ti`pclc pchjis ikcrhcs hd clupms dhbcr`ildüh supmrbfui piri ffmhir fis péjdhis. Bdhif`mhtm, ludki qum liki ipirtikc c lipàtufc lc`dmhlm mh uhi humvi péjdhi. Aiy ctri kd`mhsdüh qum ti`gdäh kmgms ludkir `ulac mh tu trigioc, pums km hc ilitirfi tm airàis `mrmlmkcr km uh rmpcrtm km kmsachmstdkik ilikä`dli. Hcs rmbmrd`cs if pfijdc. vd
Hcti scgrm mf pfijdc Liki vmz ms `és brmlumhtm dhlurrdr mh uhi préltdli qum sm ai jmhmrifdzikc. Gésdli`mhtm, sdjhdbdli lfiukdlir mh mf dhtmhtc km mslrdgdr uh tmxtc prcpdc, isà qum sm rmlurrm i uhi scfuldüh béldf? rcgirsm fcs tmxtcs km ctrcs y prmsmhtirfcs lc`c prcpdcs, sdh sdqudmri pchmrfcs mhtrm lc`dffis c mxpfdlir if fmltcr luéf bum fi bumhtm kclu`mhtif km kchkm sm mxtrioc. Mf pfijdc, smjÿh fc kmbdhm Jdf ‖ms fi iprcpdild üh, dhtmhldchiki c hc, km fi bcr`i km lc`pcsdldüh, pifigris, dkmis c brisms km ctris pmrschis y qum sm utdfdzi sdh kirfm lräkdtc i su lrmikcr crdjdhif‐ (attp?//www.sdh.dtms`.`x/gdgfdc/tutcr/tdtc/pfijdc9.at` attp?//www.sdh.dtms`.`x/gdgfdc/tutcr/tdtc/pfijdc9.at`)).
\mfmlldüh kmf tm`i kmf prcymltc Ihtms km pchmrfm tàtufc i tu prcymltc kmgms pmhsir ludkikcsi`mhtm mh uh prcgfm`i qum tm dhtmrmsm mstukdir y ihifdzir piri prcpchmr li`gdcs biltdgfms km rmifdzildüh, iuhqum süfc tm qumkms mh fi prcpumsti c kdsmùc y hc ffmjums i fi mtipi km d`pfm`mhtildüh c mvifuildüh. If `ds`c tdm`pc, mstm prcgfm`i kmgm mstir rmfildchikc lch fi lirrmri qum mstukdistm. Ucr mom`pfc, sd mstukdistm Dhjmhdmrài mh Ijrchc`ài y tm dhtmrmsü fi `itmrdi ‖[älhdlis km prckulldüh ijràlcfi‐, qum tdmhm fi lfivm DI <52, y ikm`és lchsdkmris qum fcs lchcld`dmhtcs ikqudrdkcs kurihtm mf tdm`pc qum lursistm fi lirrmri pumkmh smr iprcvmlaikcs piri ikcptir mh fi rmjdüh tälhdlis ijràlcfis scstmhdgfms qum hc kiùmh mf `mkdc i`gdmhtm. Kmf `ckc kmslrdtc, tmhkrés kmtmltiki uhi lchtrdguldüh km tu prcpumsti c pfih km dhtmrvmhldüh> aigrés pmhsikc ti`gdäh mh fis rmpmrlusdchms y lchsmlumhldis km tu buturc prcymltc, km ffmvirsm i ligc, y qudähms smràih fcs kdrmlti`mhtm gmhmbdldikcs pcr äf.
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Luihkc viyis mfigcrihkc tu pfih pckrés tmhmr uh lchcld`dmhtc `és prmldsc scgrm fis hmlmsdkikms kmtmltikis pcr mf jrupc if qum ipcyirés. Isà, mstirés mh lchkdldchms km pmhsir mh uh tàtufc iprcpdikc.
[àtufc Mf tàtufc kmgm smr lfirc y lchldsc. T ipuhtir i uh fcjrc qum rmpmrluti kdrmlti`mhtm mh uhi crjihdzildüh c pirtm km mffi, sd ms qum mf pfih msté kdrdjdkc if kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif> c gdmh, i iflihzir uh prcpüsdtc qum d`piltiré pcsdtdvi`mhtm mh uhi lc`uhdkik mspmlàbdli y mh uh é`gdtc gdmh kmfd`dtikc. Mh luihtc i su mxtmhsdüh, fc d`pcrtihtm ms qum sm usmh fcs vcligfcs hmlmsirdcs piri mvdtir i`gdjömkikms. Mvdti fi rmpmtdldüh km pifigris, mf usc mxlmsdvc km prmpcsdldchms y usir brisms pirmldkis i ästis? ‖Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc km…‐ ‖Ufih km kmsirrcffc‐. Hc dhdldms lch lch vmrgcs mh dhbdhdtdvc? ‖@mocrir mf smrvdldc‐, ti`pclc lch jmruhkdcs? ‖Mstigfmldmhkc…‐ y `ulac `mhcs lch uhi prmjuhti? ‖³Lü`c ailmr piri…3‐ Lchtrimom`pfcs?
Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc piri qum sm sdm`grm gdmh. (Km`isdikc i`pfdc. Hc
dhkdli quä ms fc qum sm kmsmi rmifdzir c `mkdihtm quä bcr`i> pcr ctrc fikc, sd yi sm sigm qum fi cpldüh mfmjdki km tdtufildüh ms uh prcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif hc tdmhm lisc rmkuhkir mh mstis pifigris kmhtrc kmf tàtufc).
@mocrir fi sdm`gri mh ‖Iffmhkm Grivc‐ piri prckuldr `és. ` és. (Uirmlm uhi brism pugfdldtirdi).
³Yuä sm pumkm ailmr piri `mocrir fis tälhdlis tälhdlis km prckulldüh ijràlcfi3 Mf tàtufc kmgm mslrdgdrsm lch uhi crildüh ibdr`itdvi, y fi rmspumsti qum ik`dtm smrài km`isdikc i`pfdi.
Mom`pfc lcrrmltc? Kdbusdüh y lipildtildüh scgrm fcs gmhmbdldcs km fi ijrdlufturi lmhtriki mh fi lchsmrvildüh km rmlurscs mh fi lc`uhdkik ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐, Uumgfi. vddd
Luifqudmr fmltcr, iuhqum hc smpi hiki scgrm Dhjmhdmrài mh Ijrchc`ài, sm kirài lumhti km qum tÿ mstés prcpchdmhkc kdbuhkdr uh tdpc km ijrdlufturi qum prctmoi fcs rmlurscs hiturifms km uhi zchi mspmlàbdli. Mh fi bism km pfihmildüh hc tdmhms qum km`cstrir rmsuftikcs hd lc`prcgir sd fi mstritmjdi km kdbusdüh bum ikmluiki c hc, yi qum hc tmhkrés qum lc`prcgir adpütmsds. Fc qum sà sm tc`iré mh lumhti piri iprcgir mf trigioc smré fi lipildkik km `cstrir tus lchcld`dmhtcs km fi lirrmri, ludkihkc sdm`prm fi ätdli prcbmsdchif y, scgrm tckc, fi sustmhtigdfdkik kmf prcymltc. Km ilumrkc lch mf tàtufc km tu prcymltc sm prmvä qum tmhkrés qum mxpfdlir y kmbdhdr ldmrtcs vcligfcs, tifms lc`c ‖ijrdlufturi sustmhtigfm‐, ‖lchsmrvildüh km rmlurscs‐ y ‖lchcld`dmhtc y préltdlis fclifms‐. If `ds`c tdm`pc, mstirés prmvdmhkc quä mstritmjdis smréh sm réh `és prcvmlacsis piri km`cstrir fi utdfdkik km tu pfih y mf prcymltc mh qum kmrdviré.
dx
UIW[M D
UFIH KM DH[MWRMHLDÜH KM UWCTML[C KM KM\IWWCFFC CWJIHD_ILDCHIF C LC@]HD[IWDC
Mstrulturi kmf kclu`mhtc dhdldif< Mf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh kmf prcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif c lc`uhdtirdc ms uh `ckmfc mh mf qum sm mhsiyi y mvifÿi fis pcsdgdfdkikms km rmifdzildüh kmf kclu`mhtc bdhif> pcr fc tihtc, pmr`dtm kmbdhdr fcs lc`pchmhtms km ästm y pfihmirfc km dhdldc i tär`dhc. Lc`c tckc pfih c prcymltc, kmgm smr iflihzigfm, subdldmhtm, lchjrumhtm mhtrm sus pirtms y tmhmr uh lchtmxtc lchlrmtc. Mf crkmh y lchtmhdkc ms mf qum sm `umstri i lchtdhuildüh? Mstrulturi
Lchtmhdkc
Lirétufi
Lch fcs mfm`mhtcs mstigfmldkcs pcr fi ]HDKM\. Lc`c sm `umstri mh mf mom`pfc.
Àhkdlm Dhtrckulldüh @irlc rmbmrmhldif Ufihtmi`dmhtc kmf prcgfm`i Oustdbdlildüh Cgomtdvcs Kmslrdpldüh km fi prcpumsti Iflihlms y fd`dtildchms Msqum`i km ilcpdc km dhbcr`ildüh Ufih km illdüh Àhkdlm tmhtitdvc kmf buturc Urcymltc km
Mxpfdlildüh jmhmrif kmf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh. Kmslrdpldüh km fi uhdkik km cgsmrvildüh, yi smi uhi dhstdtuldüh, fclifdkik, lc`uhdkik c rmjdüh. Hc ailmr uh lc`pmhkdc jmcjrébdlc. Mxpfdli mf mstikc iltuif kmf prcgfm`i y pcsdgfms scfuldchms Mxpfdli quä lchcld`dmhtcs sm ipfdliréh piri mfigcrir mf prcymltc, utdfdkik m d`piltc scldif qum fi prcpumsti tmhkrài mh lisc km d`pfm`mhtirsm. Mhuhldikc km fis `mtis mh rizüh kmf prcgfm`i kmtmltikc. Dkmis piri ipcyir i fi crjihdzildüh c lc`uhdkik. Grmvm kmslrdpldüh km fis `mtis mspmrikis. Dhbcr`ildüh qum sm dhtmjriré mh mf ipirtikc km \ustmhtc [mürdlc kmf kclu`mhtc bdhif. Msqum`i km fis mtipis prmvdstis piri fi lchsmluldüh km cgomtdvcs. Dhkdli mf lchtmhdkc tmhtitdvc kmf
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I pirtdr km mstm msqum`i sustdtuym fcs kitcs p cr fcs km tu prcpdc Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh.
7
kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif c lc`uhdtirdc Bumhtms km dhbcr`ildüh Lrchcjri`i km kmsirrcffc kmf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh Ihmxcs
kclu`mhtc bdhif. Bumhtms gdgfdcjrébdlis y km fi wmg mh qum ipcyirés piri mfigcrir tu pfih km dhtmrvmhldüh. Lcfclir mh uh msqum`i pcr bmlais tmhtitdvis c pmrdckcs prmstigfmldkcs fc qum sm prcymltc mh mf pfih km illdüh. Urcpumstis km dhstru`mhtcs lc`c bcr`itcs, lumstdchirdcs mfigcrikcs, mtl.
<
Lirétufi c pcrtiki; Mh msti péjdhi kmgms tmhmr ludkikc km qum mf mslukc smi mf iltuif. Wmlumrki qum ]HDKM\ qudmrm kmldr ]hdvmrsdkik piri mf Kmsirrcffc kmf Mstikc km Uumgfi. Mh luihtc if tàtufc tmhtitdvc kmf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh km tu buturc prcymltc, ms hmlmsirdc qum ludkms fi lfirdkik km fi rmkilldüh. Hc pchjis pifigris dhhmlmsirdis hd brisms rmpmtdkis. Mslrdgm tu hc`grm lc`pfmtc y km `ihmri lcrrmlti, lc`c ipirmlm mh tu ilti km hild`dmhtc. T aiz fc `ds`c lch mf hc`grm km tu ismscr. Lcfcli mf fujir, `ms y iùc mh mf qum mhtrmjistm mf kclu`mhtc. I lchtdhuildüh tm `cstri`cs uh mom`pfc?
;
Mh hdhjuhi pirtm kmf Ufih sm usiré ikcrhcs c mfm`mhtcs qum hc mstäh mstigfmldkcs mh msti Juài. Aiy qum ludkir qum mf ti`iùc km fis fmtris hc siturm fi péjdhi, y qum aiyi ir`chài mh fi kdstrdguldüh km fcs mspildcs. ;
]hdvmrsdkik piri mf Kmsirrcffc kmf Mstikc km Uumgfi [À[]FC Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh
Y]M UWM\MH[I? (Hc`grm y ipmffdkcs kmf ifu`hc ) LIWWMWI? (Hc`grm km fdlmhldituri) I\M\CW(I) (Hc`grm y ipmffdkcs kmf ismscr ) BMLAI (Fujir, `ms y iùc ) =
Àhkdlm Mf àhkdlm rmfildchi liki uhc km fcs ipirtikcs kmf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh lch fi péjdhi lcrrmspchkdmhtm. Ms dhlcrrmltc tritir lc`c lipàtufcs fi Dhtrckulldüh, fis Bumhtms km dhbcr`ildüh y mf Lrchcjri`i, yi qum ästcs lchstdtuymh uhi smlldüh ipirtm. Lc`c mf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh hc lchtdmhm suglipàtufcs, scfi`mhtm usirés uhi litmjcrài km tàtufcs. Mhsmjudki tm `cstri`cs mf mom`pfc, süfc qum hc am`cs pumstc fi pijdhildüh pcrqum ästi kmpmhkmré km fi mxtmhsdüh km tu prcpdc trigioc. Cgsmrvi qum liki humvc ipirtikc lc`mhziré mh uhi péjdhi kdstdhti.
2
Àhkdlm
Dhtrckulldüh 9. @irlc rmbmrmhldif ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………….. .. 7. Ufihtmi`dmhtc kmf prcgfm`i……………………… prcgfm`i………………………………………. ………………. <. Oustdbdlildüh…………………………………………………………. ;. Cgomtdvcs…………………………………………………………….. =. Kmslrdpldüh km fi prcpumsti………………………………………. 2. Iflihlms 2. Iflihlms y fd`dtildchms…………………………………………….. fd`dtildchms…………………………………………….. :. Msqum`i km ilcpdc km dhbcr`ildüh……………………………… 1. Ufih km illdüh…………………… i lldüh………………………………………………… …………………………………. ……. 4. Àhkdlm tmhtitdvc kmf km f prcymltc………………………………………. prcymltc………………………………………. 95.
Bumhtms km dhbcr`ildüh…………………… dhbcr`ildüh……………………………………….. …………………..
99. Lrchcjri`i………………………………………………………. 97. Ihmxcs……………………………… Ihmxcs…………………………………………………………… …………………………….. .. 9<.
:
DH[WCK]LLDÜH Fi dhtrckulldüh kmgm prmsmhtir km `ihmri grmvm uh pihcri`i jmhmrif kmf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh. Ms uh ipirtikc kdstdhtc km fis km`és smlldchms kmf kclu`mhtc y
iuhqum ipirmlm mh fis péjdhis dhdldifms sm mslrdgm kmspuäs km tmr`dhikis fis km`és pirtms> ms kmldr, ‖uhi vmz qum mstm`cs mh lchkdldchms km mxpchmr mf lchtmhdkc rmif ^…P mvifuir fcs fcjrcs y fd`dtildchms, fd`d tildchms, sdh mhtrir mh mf ihéfdsds km fcs tm`is ^…P Fi dhtrckulldüh kmgm lchsmjudr itrimr fi itmhldüh kmf fmltcr, kmspmrtir su lurdcsdkik‐ (Füpmz, (Füpmz, 755:? 79). Mh fi dhtrckulldüh sm prmsmhti uh rmsu`mh km fcs ispmltcs buhki`mhtifms kmf tmxtc. Kmgm kir lumhti km lü`c sm lchldgdü mf Ufih, fcs supumstcs mh fcs qum tm gisistm y fcs ispmltcs `mtckcfüjdlcs. [i`gdäh kmgm juirkir prcpcrldüh lch fi mxtmhsdüh km tckc mf kclu`mhtc, pcr fc qum uhi péjdhi c péjdhi y `mkdi sch subdldmhtms piri mslrdgdrfi. Hc kmgms supchmr qum fis pmrschis fmmréh tu trigioc tdmhmh fi `ds`i dhbcr`ildüh qum tÿ, pcr msc mstés cgfdjikc i dhbcr`ir i fcs fmltcrms ilmrli km fc qum tritiré tu kclu`mhtc.
Mfm`mhtcs qum lchtdmhm fi dhtrckulldüh km uh pfih km dhtmrvmhldüh Kmslrdgdr mh quä lchsdstm mf pfih, ouhtc lch uhi grmvm prmsmhtildüh y ugdlildüh kmf lchtmxtc kchkm sm kmsirrcffiré. Mf prcpüsdtc jmhmrif (‖Mf prcpüsdtc km mstm pfih km dhtmrvmhldüh lchsdstm mh...‐). Fc qum lchclms aisti mf `c`mhtc scgrm mf isuhtc prdhldpif kmf Ufih. ]hi sàhtmsds km fcs buhki`mhtcs tmürdlcs y `mtckcfüjdlcs kmf prcgfm`i mh mf qum prmtmhkms dhtmrvmhdr, yi qum mh fcs ipirtikcs lcrrmspchkdmhtms sm mxpfdliré km `ihmri `és kmtiffiki liki ispmltc. Mxpfdlildüh scgrm lü`c mstéh lchstdtudkis fis pirtms kmf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh.
1
9.
@IWLC WMBMWMHLDIF
Mh mstm ipirtikc sm kmslrdgm fi uhdkik km cgsmrvildüh, yi smi uhi dhstdtuldüh, fclifdkik, lc`uhdkik c rmjdüh. Fcs risjcs qum sm kmslrdgih kmgmh mstir ifdhmikcs lch mf pfihtmi`dmhtc kmf prcgfm`i y fcs cgomtdvcs, pcr fc qum aiy qum mfmjdr süfc iqumffcs qum prmsmhtmh dhbcr`ildüh rmfmvihtm, mh mstm lisc, rmfildchiki lch fi ijrdlufturi y fis tälhdlis km luftdvc `és usuifms mh fi lc`uhdkik km rmbmrmhldi. \m pumkm dhlfudr lrcquds, crjihdjri`is y bctcjribàis km fi dhbrimstrulturi lch fi qum lumhti fi crjihdzildüh, m`prmsi c dhstdtuldüh mh fi qum sm mh`irli mf mstukdc, isà lc`c uh rmlumhtc km fcs rmlurscs au`ihcs, bdhihldmrcs, `itmrdifms c tmlhcfüjdlcs> pcr supumstc, aiy qum lmrldcrirsm km lchtir lch fcs pmr`dscs piri kdvufjir msi dhbcr`ildüh. Uiri mf lisc km uh pfih km dhtmrvmhldüh mh uhi lc`uhdkik, ti`gdäh sm pumkm prcvmmr dhbcr`ildüh jrébdli, qum sm pisiré i fi smlldüh km Ihmxcs, mh tihtc mh mf @irlc rmbmrmhldif sm airéh fis dhkdlildchms pmrtdhmhtms. \d fi uhdkik km cgsmrvildüh ms uhi crjihdzildüh, kirés kmtiffms scgrm lü`c surjdü ästi, luéfms sch sus cgomtdvcs y `mtis, lü`c msté crjihdziki, i luéhtis pmrschis ki trigioc y, scgrm tckc, luéfms sch fcs prcgfm`is `és iprm`dihtms km rmscfvmr. Uiri mffc pumkms ailmr uh ihéfdsds BCKI y cgtmhmr uh kdijhüstdlc, pcr fc `mhcs pirldif, km fi sdtuildüh, prclmsc c prckultc qum prmtmhkms `mocrir lch tu Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh.
Uiri mf lisc km uh pfih km dhtmrvmhldüh mh uh é`gdtc lc`uhdtirdc ms hmlmsirdc qum mxpfdqums grmvm`mhtm luéfms sch fis lchkdldchms scldcmlchü`dlis km fi lc`uhdkik c rmjdüh kchkm mbmltuirés tu prcpumsti> pumkms `mhldchir fcs Àhkdlms km Kmsirrcffc Au`ihc, su tisi km ihifbigmtds`c, km `djrildüh, c gdmh, km ifjÿh dhkdlikcr rmfildchikc lch mf tàtufc km tu trigioc. ]si süfc fi dhbcr`ildüh pmrtdhmhtm. Uiri mf lisc qum msti`cs prmsmhtihkc, pckràis dhkdlir luéf ms fi vclildüh ijràlcfi km fi rmjdüh y ailmr uhi grmvm sm`gfihzi km ästi. 4
Mh luihtc i fi mxtmhsdüh km mstm ipirtikc süfc sm prmvdmhm qum juirkm prcpcrldüh lch mf rmstc kmf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh y, mh lisc km smr hmlmsirdc, ifjuhcs kitcs pckréh pisirsm i Ihmxcs kmf kclu`mhtc bdhif. Fc d`pcrtihtm hc ms ffmhir fis péjdhis km `ipis c fdstikcs, sdhc mxpfdlir fi rmfildüh qum momrlm mf lchtmxtc mh mf prcgfm`i kmtmltikc.
95
7.
UFIH[MI@DMH[C KMF UWCGFM@I
Mh msti smlldüh kmgms kmslrdgdr mf prcgfm`i kmtmltikc mh fi crjihdzildüh c lc`uhdkik, isà lc`c mxpfdlir luéf ms fi sdtuildüh prmsmhtm y luéf smrài smr ài fi sdtuildüh dkmif. Fi kmbdhdldüh kmf prcgfm`i ms uh prclmsc km lchlmptuifdzildüh mh mf qum mhsiyirés ifjuhis mxpfdlildchms ilmrli kmf mstikc iltuif qum juirki mf prcgfm`i qum prmtmhkms i`dhcrir c trihsbcr`ir, y sus pcsdgfms scfuldchms. Ms d`pcrtihtm qum mf fmltcr lc`ÿh c mf rmvdscr kmf kclu`mhtc, i pirtdr km fi mxpfdlildüh qum prcpcrldchms, mhtdmhki qum tu dhtmräs ms jmhudhc. Km msti `ihmri, qumkiré pitmhtm qum mf pfih y mf prcymltc vifmh fi pmhi km rmifdzirsm y qum smréh ÿtdfms. Mh mstm ipirtikc ti`gdäh kmgms prcvmmr kitcs ilmrli km ctrcs trigiocs sd`dfirms if tuyc y ifjuhcs km fcs rmsuftikcs cgtmhdkcs mh tu gÿsqumki dhdldif. \d mf prcgfm`i yi sm ai tritikc km scfuldchir pcr ctris pmrschis ms hmlmsirdc kmldrfc, y ti`gdäh ms ikmluikc qum mhuhldms fcs vilàcs km dhbcr`ildüh u ctris c`dsdchms qum fcs mspmldifdstis y pmrschis dhtmrmsikis mh scfuldchir mf prcgfm`i aih lc`mtdkc. Fc dkmif iquà ms km`cstrir qum mf triti`dmhtc qum dhtmhtis kir if prcgfm`i pfihtmi scfuldchms pcsdgfms km mbmltuirsm. Msti mtipi pumkm rmsu`drsm mh trms `c`mhtcs? fi mhtriki i fi crjihdzildüh c lc`uhdkik y fi lrmildüh km uh mslmhirdc piri mstigfmlmr fi lchbdihzi mhtrm fcs kdrmltdvcs km fi crjihdzildüh, c fcs fàkmrms lc`uhdtirdcs (smjÿh smi mf lisc) y tÿ. = Kmspuäs vmhkrài mf prclmsc km mxpfcrildüh piri ailmr uh kdijhüstdlc lch mf bdh km lchclmr fi pmrtdhmhldi km tu kdsmùc km dhtmrvmhldüh y mxpfdlir mxilti`mhtm mh quä lchsdstdré. Mh ikmfihtm, tckc mf trigioc sm rmkuldré i bcr`ufir tu pfih km tif `ckc qum sm prmsmhtm lc`c pcsdgfm km d`pfm`mhtir, kirfm smjud`dmhtc y mvifuir (iuhqum tif vmz tm qumkms süfc mh fi prd`mri mtipi). =
Ms d`prmsldhkdgfm qum fi rmfildüh km lchbdihzi yi sm aiyi lchstrudkc ihtms km dhdldir mf kclu`mhtc, k clu`mhtc, pcrqum sd msc hc sm rmsumfvm, tu trigioc pckrài itrisirsm `ulac. 99
³Lü`c sigmr sd mf prcgfm`i msté gdmh pfihtmikc3 Ms lchlrmtc y fc pumkc mhuhldir mh hc `és km kcs rmhjfchms. [dmhm uh lchtmxtc mspmlàbdlc. Ucsmm liriltmràstdlis pirtdlufirms (uhi sdtuildüh ikvmrsi qum sm qudmrm `mocrir y km fi luif sm pumkm irju`mhtir fi lchvmhdmhldi km rmscfvmrfi). Ufihtmi mf kmsibàc km cbrmlmr uhi scfuldüh préltdli y vmrdbdligfm.
Dkmis piri rmkiltir mf pfihtmi`dmhtc kmf prcgfm`i? Kmstili fi hmlmsdkik km dhtmrvmhdr mh fi sdtuildüh ikvmrsi piri `mocrirfi. Mxpfdli qum dhtmhtis grdhkir uhi iyuki qum tmhkré gmhmbdldcs d`pcrtihtms piri fi crjihdzildüh c lc`uhdkik. Ipcyi uh mhbcqum lchlmptuif (mf luftdvc sustmhtigfm) c `uästritm mh kmsilumrkc lch ctrcs (tmlhcfcjàis km prckulldüh dhtmhsdvi, `mlihdziki y lch jrihkms vcfÿ`mhms km dhsu`cs, piri mf mom`pfc smfmlldchikc). Urcpüh humvis rutis piri rmscfvmr mf prcgfm`i kmtmltikc.
97
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O]\[DBDLILDÜH
Mh mstm ipirtikc sm ailm sigmr fi rizüh pcr fi qum sm prmtmhkm rmifdzir mf pfih y su rmspmltdvc prcymltc bdhif. Kmgm qumkir lfirc pcr quä y piri quä fc prcpchms. Mstc hc kmgm mhtmhkmrsm lc`c qum i pirtdr km fi rmkilldüh kmf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh `éjdli`mhtm mf prcgfm`i smré rmsumftc mh su tctifdkik, c qum sm
pumkm cgfdjir i fis iutcrdkikms, kumùcs c i fcs tc`ikcrms km kmldsdchms i ailmr `ckdbdlildchms sustihldifms mh fcs prclmscs qum sm mbmltÿih mh fis m`prmsis, crjihdzildchms c lc`uhdkikms. Kmgms smr rmifdsti if kmslrdgdr fcs iflihlms y ipcrtms qum tu trigioc tmhkré, isà lc`c fcs jrupcs i fcs qum pckrài gmhmbdldir. Fi oustdbdlildüh kmgm mxpfdlir quä lchcld`dmhtcs humvcs c luéfms km fcs yi mxdstmhtms ipfdlirés if mfigcrir mf pfih, fi utdfdkik préltdli c km ctrc tdpc, su d`piltc scldif y fcs jrupcs qum smréh gmhmbdldikcs mh lisc km qum fc qum sm prcpchji sm d`pfm`mhtm pcstmrdcr`mhtm, y sd tmhkré ifjÿh ipcrtm mh luihtc i fcs prclmkd`dmhtcs c `ckc km rmlcfmltir fi dhbcr`ildüh.
³Yuä ispmltcs triti fi oustdbdlildüh3 \d rmkiltis uh pérribc pcr liki uhc km fcs sdjudmhtms puhtcs, aigrés lu`pfdkc lch msti mtipi kmf trigioc?
³Ucr quä ms lchvmhdmhtm mfigcrir mf pfih3
³Luéfms smréh fcs ipcrtms y fd`dtildchms prdhldpifms3
³Luéf ms mf dhtmräs pmrschif, prcbmsdchif, dhstdtuldchif c scldif kmf pfih mfmjdkc3
³Lü`c sm sm rmfildchi mf pfih qum kdsmùistm lch fi lirrmri lursiki3
9<
;.
CGOM[DRC JMHMWIF
Fcs cgomtdvcs sch mhuhldikcs lfircs y prmldscs km fis `mtis qum sm pmrsdjumh mh fi gÿsqumki km scfuldchms i uh prcgfm`i, mh mstm lisc, rmfildchikcs lch fcs bdhms crjihdzildchifms c lc`uhdtirdcs, ms kmldr, sch fis lchtrdguldchms mspmrikis km tu Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh.
³Lü`c sä sd mf cgomtdvc jmhmrif msté gdmh rmkiltikc3
\d fc mslrdgdstm mh uhi scfi crildüh `uy pirmldki if tàtufc kmf trigioc.
\d usistm uh scfc vmrgc mh dhbdhdtdvc (ir, mr, dr).
\d fc rmfildchistm lch mf piri quä quä km tu pfih.
\d pumkms `cstrir mvdkmhldis km su rmifdzildüh.
\d lchtdmhm uh fcjrc kmsmikc if bdhifdzir mf trigioc.
\d ifukm i fi cgtmhldüh km lchcld`dmhtcs.
\d ms pcsdgfm km iflihzir kurihtm mf tdm`pc qum kurm mf \m`dhirdc km [dtufildüh.
Uiri mf mom`pfc qum msti`cs sdjudmhkc mh msti Juài, mf cgomtdvc jmhmrif smrài? Kdbuhkdr mhtrm fcs prckultcrms prckultc rms km ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐, Uumgfi, fcs gmhmbdldcs km fi ijrdlufturi lmhtriki mh fi lchsmrvildüh km rmlurscs y utdfdzildüh km msliscs dhsu`cs.
;.9. CGOM[DRC\ M\UMLÀBDLC\ Fcs cgomtdvcs mspmlàbdlcs dhkdlih fc qum sm prmtmhkm iflihzir mh liki mtipi kmf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh . Bildfdtih mf lu`pfd`dmhtc kmf cgomtdvc jmhmrif y smùifih
illdchms `uy lchlrmtis.
9;
Uiri mf lisc tritikc, fcs cgomtdvcs mspmlàbdlcs smràih fcs sdjudmhtms?
Lfisdbdlir fcs tdpcs km luftdvc `és usuifms mh fi rmjdüh.
Ihifdzir fcs mbmltcs qum fis tälhdlis km luftdvc luftdvc trikdldchifms clisdchih if sumfc km fi lc`uhdkik ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐, Uumgfi.
Lc`pirir fis fis `mocrms préltdlis km luftdvc lch fis pmcrms.
Ailmr uh kdijhüstdlc.
\mfmlldchir, `mkdihtm mf schkmc km uhi `umstri rmprmsmhtitdvi km prckultcrms km fi rmjdüh y fàkmrms lc`uhdtirdcs, fi bcr`i dkühmi km kdbuhkdr fi dhbcr`ildüh.
Urcjri`ir smsdchms dhbcr`itdvis y km lipildtildüh.
Wmjdstrir fcs fcjrcs.
Mvifuir fis fis rmpmrlusdchms kmf pfih km dhtmrvmhldüh mh fi fi lc`uhdkik.
Mhtrm `és mspmlàbdlcs smih fcs cgomtdvcs, `és pcsdgdfdkikms km lu`pfd`dmhtc tmhkréh. Ms hmlmsirdc tc`ir mh lumhti qum km liki cgomtdvc sm kmgmré prmsmhtir pcstmrdcr`mhtm uhi mvdkmhldi km su lu`pfd`dmhtc. \m rmlc`dmhki hc utdfdzir fcs sdjudmhtms vmrgcs? lc`gitdr, dhldkdr, dhbfudr, smhsdgdfdzir, prmldsi`mhtm pcrqum sch sugomtdvcs. I lchtdhuildüh sm prmsmhti uhi tigfi km sujmrmhldis km vmrgcs piri rmkiltir fcs cgomtdvcs.2
2
Gfcc` lfisdbdlü fcs cgomtdvcs mkulitdvcs mh fcs sdjudmhtms kc`dhdcs? lchcld`dmhtc, lc`prmhsdüh, ipfdlildüh, ihéfdsds, sàhtmsds y mvifuildüh. Äf y sus lcfmjis hc adldmrch msti tixchc`ài piri fi mfigcrildüh km tmsds, pmrc rmsufti ÿtdf piri rmkiltir fcs cgomtdvcs km uh prcymltc km dhvmstdjildüh. Räism Zccfbcfn, Ihdti M. (7552? ;<=). 9=
³Yuä sm qudmrm sigmr3
³Yuä cgomtdvc pfihtmir3
³Lü`c ms3 ³Yudähms sch3 ³Luéhtcs aiy3 ³Yuä kdbmrmhldi aiy mhtrm mstcs jrupcs3 ³Luéfms sch fcs mfm`mhtcs qum lc`pchmh mstm bmhü`mhc3 ³Ucr quä clurrm mstm bmhü`mhc3 ³Luéfms sch fis liusis qum fc crdjdhirch3 ³Lü`c sm prmsmhtiré mstm bmhü`mhc kikis fis sdjudmhtms ldrluhstihldis3 ³Luéfms kmgmh smr fis liriltmràstdlis km mstm prcymltc qum `m pmr`dtih fcjrir fis `mtis3 ³Yuä li`gdcs sm pumkmh prckuldr mh mstm bmhü`mhc lch fi ipfdlildüh km mstm prcjri`i3
Kmslrdgdr, lckdbdlir, mhu`mrir, lfisdbdlir, dkmhtdbdlir, kdijhcstdlir. Lc`pirir, iscldir, kdbmrmhldir. Ihifdzir, lrdtdlir. Mxpfdlir, mhtmhkmr, lc`prmhkmr. Urmkmldr, prmvmr, prchcstdlir. Urcpchmr, pfihtmir, bcr`ufir, kdsmùir, prcymltir, lrmir, prcjri`ir. @ckdbdlir, li`gdir, crjihdzir, `mocrir, prc`cvmr.
Hcti? mstcs vmrgcs tdmhmh `és ipfdlildüh mh prcymltcs km kmsirrcffc lc`uhdtirdc. ³Mxdstm rmfildüh mhtrm mstcs kcs Lchbdr`ir, vmrdbdlir, lc`prcgir, biltcrms3 km`cstrir. ³Aisti quä puhtc mf kdsmùc km mstm Mvifuir, vifcrir. prcjri`i msté iflihzihkc fcs cgomtdvcs prcpumstcs3 Hcti? mstcs vmrgcs tdmhmh `és ipfdlildüh mh `ckifdkikms km tdtufildüh qum hc sch tmsds. Bumhtm? Ikiptildüh lch bdhms kdkéltdlcs piri msti Juài, km fi tixchc`ài km Gfcc`, Mhjamfairt, Brcst, Adff y Nritawcaf (94=2) ldt. pcr Z ccfbcfn, Ihdti M. (7552? ;<=).
92
=.
KM\LWDULDÜH KM FI UWCU]M\[I
Mh mstm ipirtikc mxpfdlirés km `ihmri crkmhiki fcs prclmkd`dmhtcs qum pchkrés mh `irlai piri ipcyir i fi crjihdzildüh c lc`uhdkik. Kmgms dhlfudr fi pfihmildüh tctif, kmskm fi prmsmhtildüh km fi sdtuildüh prcgfm`étdli aisti fis illdchms qum pfihtmis piri scfuldchir fi sdtuildüh ikvmrsi.
* Fi lc`uhdkik ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐, Uumgfi ms uhi rmjdüh ugdliki mh mf lmhtrc crdmhtm kmf Mstikc km Uumgfi. Fi vclildüh kmf fujir ms m`dhmhtm`mhtm ijràlcfi. \mjÿh kitcs kmf DHMJD (755=), fcs prdhldpifms luftdvcs sch brdocf, pipi y `iàz. Mh fcs ÿftd`cs = iùcs ai aigdkc uhi jrivm kds`dhuldüh km fcs rmhkd`dmhtcs mh mf luftdvc kmf `iàz. Mf prc`mkdc hildchif ms km <.= tch/Ai (\ijirpi, 75599), `dmhtris qum piri msti zchi, mf rmhkd`dmhtc ms km ipmhis 9.= [ch/Ai ]hi km fis liusis itrdgudgfms if gioc rmhkd`dmhtc ms mf `chcluftdvc priltdlikc mh fi zchi, iscldikc i préltdlis trikdldchifms km luftdvc, qum aih rmpmrlutdkc mh pärkdki km sumfcs y gioi bmrtdfdkik. Fcs prckultcrms km fi lc`uhdkik km ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐ aih `ihdbmstikc su dhtmräs mh dhtmjrir piqumtms tmlhcfüjdlcs km figrihzi km lchsmrvildüh y smfmlldüh km sm`dffis piri su `mocri`dmhtc jmhätdlc. ]h jrupc km prckultcrms ai amlac fi scfdldtuk ihtm mf LIKMW km fi zchi piri qum smih dhtmjrikcs if Urcjri`i km Kmsirrcffc km Lipildkikms, Dhhcvildüh [mlhcfcjài y Mxtmhsdchds`c Wurif km fi \IJIWUI. Uiri mffc rmqudmrmh kmf kmsirrcffc km uhi prcpumsti km trihsbmrmhldi tmlhcfüjdli qum lchtm`pfm lc`c cgomtdvcs?
Jmhmrif [rihsbmrdr fi tmlhcfcjài km Figrihzi km lchsmrvildüh piri fi prckulldüh km `iàz i fcs prckultcrms km fi lc`uhdkik ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐
Mspmlàbdlcs Dkmhtdbdlir if jrupc km prckultcrms fàkmrms piri dhdldir mf prclmsc km lipildtildüh. Mstigfmlmr uh prcjri`i km lipildtildüh y km`cstrildüh tmlhcfüjdli. Mstigfmld`dmhtc km pirlmfis km`cstritdvis. \mjud`dmhtc i fis pirlmfis y lipildtildüh 9:
Dhtmjrildüh km jrupcs km trigioc u crjihdzildchms mhtrm mf jrupc km prckultcrms Bcr`ildüh km mxpmkdmhtms piri scfdldtuk km ipcycs piri fi ikqudsdldüh km `iqudhirdi mspmldifdziki Mvifuildüh kmf prclmsc km trihsbmrmhldi y ikcpldüh tmlhcfüjdli. *
91
2.
IFLIHLM\ T FD@D[ILDCHM\
Iquà kmslrdgdrés aisti a isti quä puhtc ffmjiré tu prcymltc y luéfms smréh smré h tus fcjrcs, pcr mom`pfc, mh mf lisc mxpumstc, süfc sm kdsmùiré fcs `mkdcs dkühmcs piri kir i lchclmr i fcs acrtdluftcrms tälhdlis iftmrhitdvis km luftdvc, y prcjri`ir smsdchms dhbcr`itdvis y km lipildtildüh. Hc sm pfihtmi crjihdzirfcs piri mxpcrtir c ikqudrdr `és tdmrris, hd lchvmrtdrfcs mh `dm`grcs km uhi iscldildüh, pcr mom`pfc. Ucr ctri pirtm, kmgms kmldr qum mf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh tdmhm uhi prcymlldüh km lcrtc y `mkdihc pfizcs mh uh fipsc mstigfmldkc qum rmbmrdrés mh mf ipirtikc rmfitdvc if Lrchcjri`i, y qum gmhmbdldiré i uh hÿ`mrc mstd`ikc km Q pmrschis. Mh mstm ipirtikc kmgms kmldr luéfms sch fis lccrkmhikis mspildifms y tm`pcrifms mh qum sm dhslrdgm tu trigioc. Dhlfuym mf dhdldc y mf tär`dhc mh qum mbmltuirés tu dhvmstdjildüh, y ti`gdäh fi liriltmrdzildüh kmf lchtmxtc, yi smi crjihdzildchif c lc`uhdtirdc. Fcs risjcs qum kmslrdgis kmgmh mstir ifdhmikcs lch mf pfihtmi`dmhtc kmf prcgfm`i y fcs cgomtdvcs, pcr fc qum aiy qum mfmjdr süfc iqumffcs qum prmsmhtmh dhbcr`ildüh rmfmvihtm. Hc ms hmlmsirdc ipuhtir fcs ràcs, `chtiùis y gcsqums km uhi fclifdkik sd hc ms rmfmvihtm piri tu prcymltc, kmskm fumjc, sd mstuvdmsms aigfihkc km uh prcymltc km iluilufturi, pcr mom`pfc, ms cgvdc qum sà dhtmrmsirài sigmr ilmrli km fcs ràcs, pmrc ms hmlmsirdc qum mvifÿms fi pmrtdhmhldi km fcs kitcs qum mxpchkrés. \m pumkm dhlfudr, sdh m`girjc, lrcquds, crjihdjri`is, bctcjribàis km fi dhbrimstrulturi lch fi qum lumhti fi crjihdzildüh c fi lc`uhdkik mh fi qum sm mh`irli tu prcymltc. Wmlumrki qum pumkms pisir i fi smlldüh km Ihmxcs ifjuhcs km fcs kitcs rmfitdvcs i mstm ipirtikc. Ucr ÿftd`c, mvdti lchbuhkdr fcs fà`dtms y iflihlms km tu prcymltc lch fcs d`pmkd`mhtcs, qumois y cgstélufcs qum hc kmpmhkmh km td piri fi rmifdzildüh kmf prcymltc. 94
:.
M\Y]M@I KM ILCUDC KM DHBCW@ILDÜH
Mh mstm ipirtikc prcpchkrés fcs tmxtcs i fcs qum rmlurrdrés piri kirfm sustmhtc tmürdlc i tus ipcrtildchms. \mrài mxlmfmhtm qum ilcpdiris dhbcr`ildüh rmfitdvi i lü`c sm ailm uh prcymltc lc`uhdtirdc, sd fi lc`uhdkik ai pirtdldpikc ihtms mh ifjuhcs prcymltcs km gmhmbdldc lc`ÿh, y quä ilchsmoih fcs mxpmrtcs y fcs mspmldifdstis piri qum tu pfih smi mxdtcsc. Uiri mstc guslirés fdgrcs, rmvdstis, ihtcfcjàis, irtàlufcs, `chcjribàis, tmsds, rmpcrtms, kclu`mhtcs cbdldifms, mhlumstis km crjihds`cs dhtmrhildchifms, hildchifms, rmjdchifms, mstitifms c `uhdldpifms, isà lc`c pmrdükdlcs, kclu`mhtifms, mhtrmvdstis y tcki lfism km kclu`mhtcs qum tm iyukmh i smfmlldchir fi dhbcr`ildüh. Mslcjm scfi`mhtm fis qum mh vmrkik tm smih ÿtdfms y lchtrdguyih i tus bdhms. Mh mstm ipirtikc kmf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh mxpfdlirés fcs lchlmptcs lfivm km tu prcymltc, km fcs luifms ikmfihti`cs kitcs luihkc aigfi`cs kmf tàtufc. Fc qum airés iquà smré kmstilir quä sm ai mstukdikc aisti mf `c`mhtc scgrm liki uhc km fcs lchlmptcs? i) ‖ijrdlufturi sustmhtigfm‐, ‖kmjrikildüh km sumfcs‐, ‖ijrcmlcfcjài‐, ‖lchcld`dmhtc y préltdlis fclifms‐. \mjuri`mhtm if fmmr fcs tmxtcs mstirés km ilumrkc lch ifjuhcs iutcrms, `dmhtris qum lch ctrcs hc. Mh mstm lisc kmgms kmldrfc y irju`mhtir pcr quä. [c`i km mffcs fcs mfm`mhtcs qum lchsdkmrms ÿtdfms piri tu trigioc c qum pumkms ikiptir piri mxpfdlir fc qum tm prcpchms, pmrc hc lcrtms y pmjums dhbcr`ildüh lc`c sd bumri uhi fdsti c uh jfcsirdc.
1.
UFIH KM ILLDÜH
Mh mstm ipirtikc kmslrdgdrés fis illdchms m dhstru`mhtcs qum lchsdkmrms pmrtdhmhtms. Kmspuäs i`pfdirés fc mxpumstc luihkc kmsirrcffms mf Kdijhüstdlc, mf 75
Ufih km trigioc y fi Ipfdlildüh kmf prcymltc, gioc uh msqum`i mstigfmldkc km mtipis piri tmhmr `iycr lchtrcf scgrm fis prcpumstis y fcs rmsuftikcs qum prmtmhkis cgtmhmr, isà hc prc`mtmrés li`gdcs mh pclc tdm`pc y hc kmsvdirés aildi ctrc ru`gc mf ipcyc qum kmsmis rmifdzir lch gism mh fi hmlmsdkik kmtmltiki. Kmtiffi fcs prclmkd`dmhtcs qum rmifdzirés mh liki mtipi. Iltÿi lc`c mstritmjdi mstritmjdi piri ailmr tu ‖pfih km cpmrildchms‐ mh mf lu`pfd`dmhtc km fi tirmi. Ucr msc pdmhsi `uy gdmh quä illdchms m`prmhkmrés piri cgtmhmr fcs rmsuftikcs mspmrikcs mh liki tri`c kmf qum smré tu prcymltc bdhif, sdm`prm tmhdmhkc prmsmhtm fis `mtis qum kmsmis iflihzir> ikm`és, kmgms kmtmr`dhir luéf smré fi smlumhldi füjdli km fi momluldüh km fis illdchms, prmvmr luéhtc tdm`pc tm tirkirés mh liki uhi km mffis y mh quä `c`mhtc lchvdmhm rmifdzirfis. Juàitm pcr mf cgomtdvc jmhmrif y hc fc pdmrkis km vdsti> kmspuäs vm pfihmihkc liki uhc km fcs prclmscs qum kmgms mbmltuir piri kir lu`pfd`dmhtc i fcs cgomtdvcs mspmlàbdlcs.
79
4.
ÀHKDLM [MH[I[DRC KMF UWCTML[C
Mh mstm ipirtikc rmsmùirés km uhi `ihmri `uy sdhtätdli fc qum mxpchkrés mh liki ipirtikc kmf kclu`mhtc kmbdhdtdvc. Hc sm triti süfc km lcfclir uh tàtufc y rmfildchirfc lch su péjdhi rmspmltdvi. Ucr mom`pfc? Mh mf lipàtufc DD kmf Urcymltc km Kmsirrcffc Crjihdzildchif c Lc`uhdtirdc, lcrrmspchkdmhtm if \ustmhtc [mürdlc, sm airé rmbmrmhldi i ctrcs prcymltcs km kmsirrcffc mh lchtmxtcs pirmldkcs if km fi lc`uhdkik ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐, Uumgfi, y mh fcs luifms mf iutcr kmf kclu`mhtc sm gisiré piri kdsmùir sus mstritmjdis km kdbusdüh km fis préltdlis ijràlcfis sustmhtigfms. [i`gdäh sm tritiré mh mstm ipirtikc, scgrm mf mstikc iltuif km fcs mstukdcs lchlmrhdmhtms i fi mlcfcjài sustmhtigfm, isà lc`c fcs dhkdlikcrms hildchifms, rmjdchifms y mstitifms. Kmspuäs sm kmsirrcffirài i jrihkms risjcs, mh mf mom`pfc adpctätdlc qum msti`cs sdjudmhkc, fc qum lchtmhkràih fcs sdjudmhtms ipirtikcs lcrrmspchkdmhtms if kclu`mhtc bdhif? Ihtmlmkmhtms, Umrtdhmhldi kmf prcymltc, \ustmhtc tmürdlc, Kdijhüstdlc, Ufih km trigioc y Ipfdlildüh kmf prcymltc. I lchtdhuildüh `mhldchirm`cs fcs prdhldpifms mfm`mhtcs i fcs qum kmgm ailmrsm rmbmrmhldi? Ihtmlmkmhtms kmgmrés dhlfudr mf @irlc Wmbmrmhldif, mf Ufihtmi`dmhtc kmf
Urcymltc, mf Cgomtdvc Jmhmrif kmf [rigioc y fcs Cgomtdvcs Mspmlàbdlcs. Mstcs yi fcs mfigcristm, pmrc ms d`pcrtihtm ipcyirtm mh bumhtms km dhbcr`ildüh qum pumkis lchsuftir mh dhvmstdjildchms, dhstdtuldchms (DHMJD), fdgrcs, péjdhis wmg, iquà sm kmgm `mhldchirsm quä dhbcr`ildüh mxtri sm lcfcliré piri lc`pfm`mhtir mf buhki`mhtc y kühkm sm prmtmhkm mhlchtrir. 77
Umrtdhmhldi Umrtdhm hldi kmf Urc ymltc sm rmbdmrm i Irju`mhtildüh km fi pmrtdhmhldi kmf
prcymltc prcpumstc, ms kmldr, fi lchvmhdmhldi c lchjrumhldi qum tdmhm mf
tm`i lch su dhtmhldüh pmrschif km iyukir i su lc`uhdkik> i hdvmf prcbmsdchif lü`c sm rmfildchi lch fc qum iprmhkdstm km fi fdlmhldituri, y i hdvmf scldif mf gmhmbdldc i fi lc`uhdkik qum sm ctcrjiré lchsdkmrihkc y ismjurihkc pcr fc ihifdzikc mh mf prcymltc qum hc pmroukdliré mh ctris érmis i fi `ds`i. Iacri rmfildchi mf prcymltc lch fcs cgomtdvcs km pcfàtdli mstitif, piri mffi yi kmgdstm fmmr mf Ufih Mstitif kmf Mstikc km Uumgfi c fcs pfihms `uhdldpifms c hildchif, piri rmfildchir mscs prcymltcs pfihtmikcs lch fc qum kmsmi ailmr, y mstc qum sm fmyü y ihifdzü smrvdré piri ipcyir fi pmrtdhmhldi kmf prcymltc. [i`gdäh pckrés ailmr fi vdhlufildüh kmf prcymltc lch fcs cgomtdvcs km ]HDKM\> iquà rmfildchi fi msmhldi km fi `dsdüh, vdsdüh y cgomtdvcs qum fi ]HDKM\ tdmhm if ffmvir mkulildüh i fcs li`pus lc`c mf qum sm kmom km trigioir y ailmr prcymltcs kmskm mf smhtdkc lc`ÿh y if prcbmsdchifdzir i fi jmhtm km fis lc`uhdkikms pumkih tmhmr fis amrri`dmhtis hmlmsirdis tmürdlc-préltdlis piri pfihmir, d`pfm`mhtir y mvifuir dkmis c prcymltcs lch lifdkik y lch sustmhtigdfdkik mlcfüjdli, mlchü`dli y scldif. \ustmhtc [mü [mürdlc rdlc ? ms fi Kmslrdpldüh km fis gisms tmürdlc-`mtckcfüjdlis y
tälhdlis kmf prcymltc, irju`mhtihkc fi pmrtdhmhldi prcbmsdchif. Kdijhüstdlc , iquà ms d`pcrtihtm qum lcfcqums fcs mfm`mhtcs lch fcs qum
tdmhms pmhsikc lchtir lc`c dhbrimstrulturi, rmlurscs au`ihcs y rmlurscs tmlhcfüjdlcs> isà lc`c? [älhdlis km kdijhüstdlc (sm lchtm`pfi luifqudmr tälhdli smhldffi lc`c mhlumsti, cgsmrvildüh pirtdldpihtm c jrupc bclif). Fi dkmi ms dkmhtdbdlir luéf tälhdli m dhstru`mhtc iyukiré i cgtmhmr fi 7<
dhbcr`ildüh hmlmsirdi piri lchclmr i prcbuhkdkik fc qum sm cgsmrvü c sm lrmm qum sm mhlumhtri mf fujir i d`pfm`mhtir uh prcymltc y sd mh vmrkik fc hmlmsdti. Lchtm`pfi ti`gdäh [älhdlis km dhvmstdjildüh, lc`c mhtrmvdsti lch su dhstru`mhtc? bcr`itc km mhtrmvdsti c lumstdchirdc lch prmjuhtis igdmrtis> fi tälhdli mhlumsti qum su dhstru`mhtc? lumstdchirdc (lch prmjuhtis lmrrikis y lc`c tif rmspumstis prmvdi`mhtm lcfclikis lc`c cpldüh)> cgsmrvildüh sdstm`étdli lch su dhstru`mhtc? fdsti km vmrdbdlildüh c lamln fdst> cgsmrvildüh ihmlkütdli lch sus dhstru`mhtcs? gdtélcri c kdirdc km li`pc> rmvdsdüh km kclu`mhtcs lch sus dhstru`mhtcs? bctcjribài, vdkmcs, iukdcs, mtl. qum pumkmh lchsuftir mh ifjuhi bumhtm lchbdigfm km @mtckcfcjài km fi dhvmstdjildüh lc`c mf fdgrc km Wcgmrtc Amrhéhkmz \i`pdmrd. Ms süfc piri pfihmir fis tälhdlis m dhstru`mhtcs qum i fc firjc kmf kmsirrcffc kmf prcymltc smréh hmlmsirdis piri dr tmhdmhkc mvdkmhldis c pckmr tc`ir kmldsdchms. Ctris sch fis [älhdlis km mvifuildüh, qum djuif ms prcymltir km fis ihtmrdcrms kmslrdtis luéfms tm vih i smrvdr piri mvifuir mf äxdtc km tu prcymltc, yi smi qum mfdjdmris mvifuir i fc firjc kmf prclmsc c aisti mf bdhif km fi d`pfm`mhtildüh kmf `ds`c. Ucgfildüh? qum ms mf lchouhtc km dhkdvdkucs c mfm`mhtcs i mstukdir, qum
pumkmh smr pmrschis, ihd`ifms, cgomtcs c irtàlufcs, kclu`mhtcs, mtl. km iqumffcs qum cgtmhkrés dhbcr`ildüh y/c qum ipfdlirés fcs dhstru`mhtcs. Hc sm kmgm km lchbuhkdr lch fi pcgfildüh gmhmbdldiki, pcr mom`pfc? mh uh prcymltc km kmsirrcffc lc`uhdtirdc mh mf qum sm gmhmbdldiré i tckc uh `uhdldpdc c uhi lc`uhdkik mh mspmldif, pcrqum mf prcymltc sm rmbdmri i lchstrudr uh lmhtrc turàstdlc lch liriltmràstdlis mspmlàbdlis km uh piàs, piri pmrschis kmf `ds`c qum hmlmsdtmh y kmsmmh ilukdr i vdsdtirfc, sdh qum d`pcrtm fcs justcs km 7;
fcs pcgfikcrms kmf fujir i kchkm sm lcfcliré y qum pcr fc tihtc hc sm mhtrmvdstiré c mhlumstiré i hdhjuhi km msis pmrschis piri mf kdijhüstdlc, mh mf prclmsc kmf kmsirrcffc kmf prcymltc c piri fi mvifuildüh kmf `ds`c> pmrc qum mlchü`dli`mhtm sd fms iyukm i su kmsirrcffc, mhtchlms hc smré fi pcgfildüh km mstukdc sdhc fi pcgfildüh gmhmbdldiki fcs pcgfikcrms km msm `uhdldpdc c lc`uhdkik kchkm sm ugdliré mf lmhtrc turàstdlc. T fi pcgfildüh km mstukdc smréh fcs kclu`mhtcs mh fcs qum sm ipcyiré piri lchclmr lü`c sch fcs lmhtrcs turàstdlcs km mscs piàsms y sd tdmhm fi cpcrtuhdkik km mhtrmvdstir c mhlumstir i jmhtm km msm piàs djuif sm lchtm`pfi kmhtrc km mstm tdpc km pcgfildüh. T ti`gdäh mhtrih fcs mxpmrtcs lc`c pcgfildüh km mstukdc, mh lisc km qum sm rmqudmri mhtrmvdstirfms. @umstri? ms uh hÿ`mrc rmprmsmhtitdvc km fi pcgfildüh km mstukdc i qudmh sm
vi i ipfdlir fcs dhstru`mhtcs. Kdijhüstdlc km fi sdtuildüh i dhtmrvmhdr ? iquà yi prmsmhtis fcs rmsuftikcs km
fis tälhdlis km kdijhüstdlc ipfdlikis. Umrc hc fc rmkiltis piri mstm kclu`mhtc? pfih km dhtmrvmhldüh> sdhc luihkc yi sm aiyi iprcgikc y yi sm tmhjih fcs kitcs km mscs rmsuftikcs. prmsupu mstc qum sm mspmri Urcpumsti mlchü`dli qum ms mf kitc kmf prmsupumstc lchtm`pfir piri mf äxdtc kmf prcymltc mh tckis sus bisms y qum luihkc yi sm tmhjih mf kdijhüstdlc sm pumkm `mocrir mf prmsupumstc.
Ufih km [rigioc, ms fi crjihdzildüh mh uh msqum`i c luikrc, km fi smrdm km illdchms i rmifdzir mh mf prcymltc. Hc fc lchbuhkis lch mf lrchcjri`i km mfigcrildüh kmf prcymltc, pcrqum msm süfc lchtm`pfi ; `msms i pirtdr kmf dhdldc km mfmlldüh kmf tm`i y aisti qum mhtrmji mf kclu`mhtc bdhif.
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Mf pfih km [rigioc kmgm lchsdkmrir tckis fis bisms c piscs kmskm mf kdijhüstdlc, pisihkc pcr fi pfihmildüh km iltdvdkikms, d`pfm`mhtildüh kmf prcymltc y fi mvifuildüh> tckc mstc mh prcspmltdvi. Wmlumrki qum uh prcymltc hc ms hmlmsirdc qum sm d`pfm`mhtmh tckis sus bisms, pmrc sd kmgms km pfihmir luéfms smràih, lü`c smràih, luéhkc sm ffmviràih i ligc, qum hmlmsdtiràis km rmlurscs mh liki uhi, fcs prckultcs qum vis i dr cgtmhdmhkc, mtl. Uumkms mfigcrir uh luikrc km kcgfm mhtriki lch fcs mfm`mhtcs qum lchsdkmrms d`pcrtihtms lchtm`pfir piri qum sm ffmvm i ligc km bcr`i sitdsbiltcrdi tu prcymltc, c mf msqum`i qum kmsmms y qum cgsmrvms qum mh äf sm lc`prmhkm tckcs fcs `c`mhtcs kmf prcymltc. T pcr ÿftd`c, Ipfdlildüh kmf Urcymltc , lcfcli fis jmstdchms qum tmhkrés qum rmifdzir piri qum sm pumki ffmvir i ligc km bcr`i sitdsbiltcrdi mf prcymltc, isà lc`c fis rmlc`mhkildchms qum fis pmrschis rmfildchikis i fi ipfdlildüh kmgmh lchsdkmrir prmvdc if `ds`c> ms kmldr, rmifdzi uhi prcspmltdvi km tckc mf mslmhirdc hmlmsirdc piri qum fi ipfdlildüh kmf prcymltc sm ffmvm mh tdm`pc y bcr`i, smjÿh fc lcfclikc mh Ufih km [rigioc. Luihkc mstä iprcgikc mf prctclcfc c pfih km dhtmrvmhldüh, y sd iflihzis i ipfdlir uhi pirtm kmf prcymltc, mhtchlms fc qum sulmkdü fc lcfclirés mh tu kclu`mhtc bdhif, pcr iacri süfc smré fc qum vdsuifdlms tmhkrés qum tmhmr c ailmr piri qum hc mxdstih cgstélufcs c mxdstih fcs `àhd`cs pcsdgfms.
B]MH[M\ KM DHBCW@ILDÜH Fi gdgfdcjribài c fdsti km rmbmrmhldis ms uh dhvmhtirdc km fcs tmxtcs lchsuftikcs y ldtikcs, crkmhikcs ifbigätdli`mhtm i pirtdr kmf ipmffdkc kmf iutcr. Lc`c mh mf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh ipmhis mstés pfihmihkc tu prcymltc ms prcgigfm qum fi
gdgfdcjribài mstä dhlc`pfmti y qum if kmsirrcffir mf trigioc viyis dhlfuymhkc `és iutcrms. Wmvdsi qum fcs tmxtcs smfmlldchikcs mstäh iltuifdzikcs y smih fcs d`prmsldhkdgfms. 72
Mh msti smlldüh airés uh fdstikc km fcs fdgrcs, rmvdstis y kclu`mhtcs qum lchsuftistm. Wmlurrm prmbmrmhtm`mhtm if mstdfc km ldtildüh kmf sdstm`i IUI, iuhqum ti`gdäh pumkms ailmrfc smjÿh mf sdstm`i km hctis i pdm km péjdhi. Mf crkmh ms mstrdlti`mhtm ifbigätdlc y hc kmgms pchmrfm hÿ`mrcs c vdùmtis. : Uiri ldtir smjÿh mf sdstm`i IUI tm rmlc`mhki`cs lchsuftir msti péjdhi? attp?//smrvdldcsvi.dtms`.`x/lvr/bcr`itcSipi/judiSipi2ti.pkb Uiri lchclmr lü`c sm ldti smjÿh kdvmrscs sdstm`is, dhlfudkc mf km hctis i pdm km péjdhi, lchsufti msti fdji? attp?//www.rmsmirlajitm.hmt/pugfdlitdch/;9;;=;95SMstritmjdisSpiriSmfigcrirSfdgr csSS`
[email protected]@mhhkmzS@irldh Uiri mf sdstm`i IUI utdfdzi fcs sdjudmhtms bcr`itcs km rmbmrmhldi Iutcr km uh fdgrc d`prmsc? Iutcr, I. I. (942:). [àtufc kmf trigioc. Fujir? Mkdtcrdif. Iutcr, I. I. (944:). [àtufc kmf trigioc. Wmlupmrikc km attp?//www.xxxxxx \d hc ipirmlm mf iutcr sdhc uh mkdtcr, fi rmbmrmhldi smré isà? Mkdtcr, I. I. (Mk.). (9412). [àtufc kmf trigioc . Fujir? Mkdtcrdif. Uiri mf lipàtufc km uh fdgrc, usi fcs sdjudmhtms bcr`itcs? Iutcr, I. I. (944=). [àtufc kmf lipàtufc c mhtriki. Mh I. Mkdtcr (Mks.), [àtufc kmf fdgrc (pp. xxx-xxx). Fujir? Mkdtcrdif. \d mf fdgrc bum rmlupmrikc mh fàhmi, fi rmbmrmhldi smrài isà?
:
Fcs mom`pfcs aih sdkc tc`ikcs km fi I`mrdlih Uyslacfcjdlif Issclditdch. (7ª. mk.). (7557). @ihuif km Uugfdlildchms km fi I`mrdlih Usylacfcjdlif Issclditdch . Rmrsdüh igrmvdiki ^[rik. km @drcsfivi Jumrri BràisP. @äxdlc? Mkdtcrdif mf @ihuif @ckmrhc. 7:
Iutcr, I. I. (944=). [àtufc kmf lipàtufc c mhtriki. Mh I. Mkdtcr (Mks.), [àtufc kmf fdgrc (pp. xxx-xxx). Wmlupmrikc km attp.//www.xxxxxx Irtàlufc km rmvdsti d`prmsi? Iutcr, I. I. (`iyc, 7551). [àtufc kmf irtàlufc. Hc`grm km fi rmvdsti , vcfu`mh, (hÿ`mrc), péjdhis. Irtàlufc km rmvdsti mh fàhmi? Iutcr, I.I. (`iyc, 7551). [àtufc kmf irtàlufc. Hc`grm km fi rmvdsti , (vcfu`mh), péjdhi. Wmlupmrikc km attp?//www.xxxxx Wmvdsti hc mspmldifdziki, sdh iutcr? (755<, igrdf). Yuc, 922, 7;-<7. Irtàlufcs km pmrdükdlc, lch iutcr? Iutcr, I. I. (7552, 92 km igrdf). Hc`grm kmf irtàlufc. Hc`grm kmf pmrdükdlc, p. \mlldüh. Umrdükdlc mh fàhmi Iutcr, I. I. (755=, 7= km ijcstc). [àtufc kmf irtàlufc. Hc`grm kmf pmrdükdlc. Hc`grm km fi smlldüh (\mll). Wmlupmrikc mf <5 km ijcstc km 755=, km attp?//www.xxxx Uiri mf sdstm`i km hctis i pdm km péjdhi usi fis sdjudmhtms rmbmrmhldis 1? Fdgrc km uh iutcr? _ivifi Wudz, Wcgmrtc, Mf fdgrc y sus crdffis, <ª. mk., @äxdlc? ]HI@ (Lcfmlldüh Gdgfdctmli kmf Iutcr), 9441. Iutcr lcrpcritdvc? Lé`iri Hildchif km fi Dhkustrdi Mkdtcrdif @mxdlihi, Iltdvdkik Mkdtcrdif. Fdgrcs 7557, @äxdlc, Lihdm`, 755<. 1
Fcs mom`pfcs aih sdkc tc`ikcs km @mhähkmz @irldh, Ihi @irài. (7552). ‖Mf mstdfc km kclu`mhtildüh km hctis i pdm km péj dhi‐, Mstritmjdis piri mfigcrir fdgrcs. @mtckcfcjài piri ldtis y rmbmrmhldis gdgf dcjrébdlis , @äxdlc? Ucrrÿi/]hdvmrsdkik Ihéauil. 71
Irtàlufc km uhi rmvdsti? @ähkmz Ilcsti, @irdc, ‖Fi ldmhldi y sus rdvifms. Mf trdstm lisc km Mfdsigmta [ihj‐, mh Ldmhldi y Kmsirrcffc, vcf. 74, hÿ`. 924, `irzc-igrdf, 755<, pp. ;7-;<.
Uchmhldis mh lchjrmscs, sm`dhirdcs y sd`pcsdcs? @ittms Kurmtt Kihdmf, ‖Mf pipmf km fis gdgfdctmlis y fcs lmhtrcs km dhbcr`ildüh dhbcr`i ldüh mh fi dhvmstdjildüh‐, pchmhldi prmsmhtiki mh Uihcri`i km fi Dhvmstdjildüh mh fi ]hdvmrsdkik Ihéauil? Fcjrcs y Wmtcs , Urd`mr \d`pcsdc km Dhvmstdjildüh Audxqudfulih, Mstikc km @äxdlc, ]hdvmrsdkik Ihéauil, 7 km bmgrmrc km 755=, pp. 79-72.
Irtàlufc km pmrdükdlc? Amrrmri, Ocrjm, ‖Dhstih i kmhuhldir mh mf mxtrihomrc fmy km `mkdcs‐, mh Mf ]hdvmrsif , @äxdlc, K.B., 9= km igrdf km 7552, p. 2 I.
Kclu`mhtc dhstdtuldchif mh fàhmi? ]hdvmrsdkik km Lékdz, Cbdldhi km \cbtwirm Fdgrm, Kclu`mhtc Dhstdtuldchif km Lrmildüh km fi C\F]LI, rmlupmrikc mf 97 km igrdf km 755=, kdspchdgfm mh? attp?//scbtwirmfdgrm.uli.ms/kclu`mhtcs/lrmildch-csfuli Gisms km kitcs? Ihkmrsmh, Oiln, ‖[am rcfm cb sugomlt fdtmrituri dh slacfirfy lc``uhdlitdch? ih dhtmrprmtitdch gism kch scldif mpdstm`cfcjy‐, mh Ocurhif cb Kclu`mhtitdch, =1 (;), 7557, rmlupmrikc mf 2 km igrdf km 755=, gism km kitcs M`mrifk, kdspchdgfm mh? attp?//ouhc.m`mrifkkdhsdjat.lc`/vf 0;9;57=4/lf012/`w0D/rpsv/=44:/v
LWCHCJWI@I Mh mstm ipirtikc fc qum airés smré pfihmir mf tdm`pc km kmkdlildüh piri liki mtipi kmf kclu`mhtc kmbdhdtdvc, ms kmldr, km f Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif
74
c lc`uhdtirdc . Uiri mffc pumkms utdfdzir uh Kdijri`i km Jihtt. 4 Mf kdijri`i sm
lc`pchm km uh mom vmrtdlif mh mf qum sm dhkdlih fis iltdvdkikms pcr jrupc km tirmis qum smréh momlutikis, y mh mf mom acrdzchtif sm `umstri uh lifmhkirdc pcr sm`ihis. Ikm`és, pumkms dr ihctihkc mf pcrlmhtiom km ivihlms.
IHMQC\ Mh fi smlldüh km ihmxcs sm ik`dtm qum mhtrmjums `itmrdif lc`pfm`mhtirdc km tu Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh . Ms uh ipirtikc cpldchif mh mf qum pumkms dhsmrtir
crjihdjri`is, jrébdlcs, bctcjribàis, lrcquds y kclu`mhtcs mslihmikcs, pmrc sä `msurikc mh fi lihtdkik km péjdhis qum clupms. Lch mf bdh km qum mf fmltcr tmhji ihtmlmkmhtms scgrm mf `itmrdif qum mxadgdrés mh mstm ipirtikc, ms hmlmsirdc qum tm aiyis rmbmrdkc i äf mh mf lumrpc kmf kclu`mhtc.
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Mh fi rmk aiy kdspchdgfm uh tutcrdif piri fi mfigcrildüh km uh Kdijri`i km Jihtt? attp//www.`csdhjmhdmrcs.lc`/7554/99/l attp//www.`csdhjmhdmrcs.lc`/7554/99/lc`c-lrmir-uh-kdijr c`c-lrmir-uh-kdijri`i-km-jihtt.lc` i`i-km-jihtt.lc`.at`f .at`f <5
UIW[M DD
DHBCW@M KM UWCTML[C KM KM\IWWCFFC LC@]HD[IWDC ] CWJIHD_ILDCHIF
Mstrulturi kmf kclu`mhtc bdhif Mf Dhbcr`m kmf prcymltc km kmsirrcffc lc`uhdtirdc u crjihdzildchif ms fi momluldüh km tckc fc qum pfihmistm mh mf kclu`mhtc dhdldif qum m xpfdli`cs mh fi Uirtm D. Fi dhbcr`ildüh qum mxpchjis kmgm smr lchbdigfm, subdldmhtm y lfiri. Fi mxtmhsdüh sujmrdki ms mhtrm 25 i 15 péjdhis. I lchtdhuildüh, km `ihmri sdhtätdli tm `cstri`cs mf crkmh y lchtmhdkc qum kmgm ffmvir mf dhbcr`m. Lirétufi
Mfm`mhtcs mh crkmh y kdspcsdldüh qum sm `umstrih mh mf mom`pfc.
Àhkdlm
Wmfildüh km liki ipirtikc lch su péjdhi rmspmltdvi.
Dhtrckulldüh
Ms uhi prmsmhtildüh jmhmrif kmf dhbcr`m.
Lipàtufc D Ihtmlmkmhtms Lipàtufc DD Umrtdhmhldi kmf prcymltc Lipàtufc DDD \ustmhtc tmürdlc Lipàtufc DR Kdijhüstdlc
Ms uhi i`pfdildüh kmf @irlc Wmbmrmhldif y fi Oustdbdlildüh, qum yi bumrch kmsirrcffikcs mh mf kclu`mhtc ihtmlmkmhtm. Ms fi irju`mhtildüh km fi pmrtdhmhldi kmf prcymltc kmskm mf é`gdtc scldif, dhstdtuldchif, prcbmsdchif y pmrschif. Kmslrdpldüh km fis gisms tmürdlc-`mtckcfüjdlis y tälhdlis kmf prcymltc. \ch ldtis tmxtuifms isà lc`c fi rmbmrmhldi i fis tälhdlis y/c `mtckcfcjài prcbmsdchif i ipfdlir Kmslrdpldüh km fi sdtuildüh dhdldif i pirtdr km fi luif sm pfihtmi mf prcymltc.
Lchlfusdchms
Kmsirrcffc km fcs puhtcs lfivm km fi d`pfm`mhtildüh y mvifuildüh kmf prcymltc ³\m fcjrü mf cgomtdvc pfihtmikc3 ³Yuä mfm`mhtcs aigré qum rmbcrzir3 ³Yuä rmsuftikc sm fcjrirch3
Wmlc`mhkildchms
\ujmrmhldis i fi crjihdzildüh, dhstdtuldüh c lc`uhdkik y i fi ]hdkms
Bumhtms km dhbcr`ildüh
Wmbmrmhldis ldtikis.
Ihmxcs
Mvdkmhldis kclu`mhtifms y jrébdlis km fc qum sm dhbcr`i.
m`prmsi,
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]hdvmrsdkik piri mf Kmsirrcffc kmf Mstikc km Uumgfi
‖[àtufc lc`pfmtc‐
UWCTML[C KM KM\IWWCFFC LC@]HD[IWDC ] CWJIHD_ILDCHIF
Yum piri cgtmhmr mf jrikc ilikä`dlc km
Jrikc i cgtmhmr
Urmsmhti Hc`grm y ipmffdkcs kmf ifu`hc
Uumgfi, Uum.
@ms, iùc <<
Àhkdlm
DH[WCK]LLDÜH…………………………………………… DH[WCK]LLDÜH……………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………… …… Lipàtufc D. Ihtmlmkmhtms…………………………… D. Ihtmlmkmhtms…………………………………….......... ………....................... ......................... ................... ....... Lipàtufc DD. Umrtdhmhldi kmf Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc lc`uhdtirdc u crjihdzildchif.... Lipàtufc DDD. \ustmhtc tmürdlc ……………………..……… ……………………..………………………………… ……………………………… …… Lipàtufc DR. Kdijhüstdlc………………….…… Kdijhüstdlc………………….……………………………… ………………………………………….. ……………….. Lipàtufc R. Ufih km trigioc …………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………. …………. Lipàtufc RD. Ipfdlildüh kmf prcymltc km kmsirrcffc lc`uhdtirdc u crjihdzildchif..… Lchlfusdchms……………………………………………………… Lchlfusdchms………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………… Wmlc`mhkildchms…………………………………………………………………………. Bumhtms km dhb cr`ildüh…………………………….............. cr`ildüh……………………………........................... .......................... ........................... ................
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DH[WCK]LLDÜH Mh mstm ipirtikc kmgms mxpfdlir pcr quä mfmjdstm mf tàtufc 95 smfmlldchikc piri mf prcymltc, isà lc`c uhi grmvm kmslrdpldüh km fcs `ctdvcs pcr fcs qum cptistm pcr msti `ckifdkik km tdtufildüh. Wmlumrki qum iuhqum msti smlldüh kmf trigioc sm prmsmhti mh fis prd`mris péjdhis mh rmifdkik kmgms mspmrir i mslrdgdrfi kmspuäs km aigmr tmr`dhikc mf kclu`mhtc. * Mom`pfc? Mf prmsmhtm prcymltc km kmsirrcffc lc`uhdtirdc tdtufikc tdtufik c ‖[rihsbmrmhldi tmlhcfüjdli piri mf `mocri`dmhtc prckultdvc y jmhätdlc km `iàz mh fi lc`uhdkik Fi @ijkifmhi, Uum.‐ Uum.‐ rmspchkm i uhi scfdldtuk km fi lc`uhdkik piri mfmvir fi prckulldüh km uhc km sus prdhldpifms luftdvcs? mf `iàz. ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐ @ijkifmhi‐ ms uhi lc`uhdkik ugdlikc mh fi pirtm lmhtrc crdmhtm kmf mstikc km pumgfi. Mf Àhkdlm km Kmsirrcffc Au`ihc (DKA) km fi zchi ms gioc y mf `iàz lchstdtuym uhi d`pcrtihtm iltdvdkik mlchü`dli mh fi zchi. Mf prcymltc tdmhm lc`c cgomtdvc kdbuhkdr mhtrm fcs prckultcrms km ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐, Uumgfi, fcs gmhmbdldcs km fi ijrdlufturi lmhtriki mh fi lchsmrvildüh km rmlurscs y utdfdzildüh km msliscs dhsu`cs. Mstc pmr`dtdré qum fcs prckultcrms pumkih dhlcrpcrir uhi tmlhcfcjài piri mf `mocri`dmhtc kmf hdvmf km prckulldüh, piri fi lchsmrvildüh y `mocri`dmhtc km fcs sumfcs ijràlcfis y piri mf `mocri`dmhtc jmhätdlc km sus `iàlms lrdcffcs. * Mom`pfc? Mh mf lipàtufc D, lcrrmspchkdmhtm i Ihtmlmkmhtms, tritc lch mxtmhsdüh y prcbuhkdkik fis rizchms pcr fis qum lchsdkmrc d`pcrtihtm mf prcymltc km kmsirrcffc lc`uhdtirdc pfihtmikc. Isd`ds`c, lchtmxtuifdzc fi lc`uhdkik ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐, fi prckulldüh km `iàz y su d`pcrtihldi rmjdchif rmjdch if y fclif. 95
Ailm`cs fi ilfirildüh km qum am`cs smjudkc mf mom`pfc bdltdldc qum `ihmoi`cs mh mf kclu`mhtc prmvdc, pcr fc qum fcs hc`grms km fis fis dhstdtuldchms, dhstdtuldchms, prcjri`is km lc`putildüh lc`putildüh c ldukikms hc tdmhmh uh rmbmrmhtm rmbmrmhtm rmif. <=
Mh mf lipàtufc DD, lcrrmspchkdmhtm i fi Umrtdhmhldi kmf prcymltc, kmslrdgc fi d`pcrtihldi qum fi d`pfm`mhtildüh kmf prcymltc tmhkrài piri fi lc`uhdkik, scgrm tckc mh lchsdkmrildüh i fi d`pcrtihldi qum mf Ufih Mstitif km Kmsirrcffc mh fcs Moms 9 y 7 (@és m`pfmc y `iycr dhvmrsdüh m Djuifkik km cpcrtuhdkikms piri tckcs) ki if bc`mhtc y rmlchvmrsdüh km fis iltdvdkikms prckultdvis km fis zchis `irjdhikis. Isd`ds`c kmslrdgc lü`c fi pirtdldpildüh mh mstm prcymltc `m pmr`dtdü ipfdlir fcs lchcld`dmhtcs ikqudrdkcs mh fi uhdvmrsdkik y lü`c fm pmr`dtdü i fi lc`uhdkik vdsuifdzir uhi humvi pmrspmltdvi km trigioc y `mocri km sus préltdlis prckultdvis. Mh mf lipàtufc DDD, \ustmhtc tmürdlc… tmürdlc … Mh mf Lipàtufc DR … Mh mf Lipàtufc R…. R…. Mh mf Lipàtufc RD…. RD …. Mh fis Lchlfusdchms aijc uh gifihlm lràtdlc km `d triymltcrdi prcbmsdchif, lmhtréhkc`m mh mf fcjrc kmslrdtc, isà lc`c ti`gdäh ihifdzc tihtc fcs ildmrtcs lc`c fcs kmsibàcs y prcgfm`is i fcs qum fcs prcbmsdchdstis km `d érmi sm mhbrmhtih. Mh Wmlc`mhkildchms aijc ifjuhcs smùifi`dmhtcs qum `m pirmlm kmgmh lchsdkmrir fis dhstdtuldchms, pÿgfdlis c prdvikis, piri ifdhmir su `dsdüh, vdsdüh y vifcrms lch fcs rmqumrd`dmhtcs km qudmhms mh mffi figcrih, piri qum fcs cgomtdvcs dhstdtuldchifms sm lu`pfih km `ihmri üptd`i y mstc lchtrdguyi i lrmir uh lfd`i figcrif bivcrigfm. Lihifdzir ikmluiki`mhtm fi lrmitdvdkik km fcs m`pfmikcs y mhbclir fcs msbumrzcs dhkdvdkuifms aildi mf fcjrc km uh bdh vifdcsc ms pcsdgfm. Bdhif`mhtm, mh Ihmxcs prmsmhtc fis mvdkmhldis jrébdlis, msqum`is y `ckmfcs qum `m judirch mh mf prclmsc km pfihmir y pchmr mh `irlai mf sdstm`i kmslrdtc i fc firjc kmf dhbcr`m. *
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LIUÀ[]FC D IH[MLMKMH[M\ Mh mstm lipàtufc kmgmrés dhlfudr fcs mfm`mhtcs qum yi kmsirrcffistm mh tu prcpumsti dhdldif? @irlc rmbmrmhldif, oustdbdlildüh, Ufihtmi`dmhtc kmf prcgfm`i, Cgomtdvcs jmhmrif y mspmlàbdlcs. Ipüyitm km fc qum yi kmsirrcffistm y mh lisc hmlmsirdc mhrdquälmfc mhrdquälm fc lch mf humvc lchcld`dmhtc km fi lc`uhdkik c kmf prcgfm`i, jmhmrikcs i pirtdr km tu trigioc lch fi lc`uhdkik u crjihdzildüh. I lchtdhuildüh kmslrdgdrm`cs fcs mfm`mhtcs qum kmgmh dhtmjrirsm mh mstm lipàtufc. @irlc Wmbmrmhldif. Mstm ipirtikc vumfvm i rmtc`ir fi dhbcr`ildüh qum dhtmjristm
mh mf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh. Wmlumrki qum mh mstm ipirtikc sm kmslrdgm fi uhdkik km cgsmrvildüh, yi smi uhi dhstdtuldüh, fclifdkik, lc`uhdkik c rmjdüh. Fcs risjcs qum sm kmslrdgih kmgmh mstir ifdhmikcs lch mf pfihtmi`dmhtc kmf prcgfm`i y fcs cgomtdvcs, pcr fc qum aiy qum mfmjdr süfc iqumffcs qum prmsmhtmh dhbcr`ildüh rmfmvihtm, mh mstm lisc, rmfildchiki lch fi ijrdlufturi y fis tälhdlis km luftdvc `és usuifms mh fi lc`uhdkik km rmbmrmhldi. \m pumkm dhlfudr lrcquds, crjihdjri`is y bctcjribàis km fi dhbrimstrulturi lch fi qum lumhti fi crjihdzildüh, m`prmsi c dhstdtuldüh mh fi qum sm mh`irli mf mstukdc, isà lc`c uh rmlumhtc km fcs rmlurscs au`ihcs, bdhihldmrcs, `itmrdifms c tmlhcfüjdlcs> pcr supumstc, aiy qum lmrldcrirsm km lchtir lch fcs pmr`dscs piri kdvufjir msi dhbcr`ildüh. *
Mom`pfc? ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐, Uum. ms uhi lc`uhdkik ugdlikc mh fi pirtm lmhtrc crdmhtm kmf mstikc km Uumgfi. \u Àhkdlm km Kmsirrcffc Au`ihc (DKA), smjÿh mf LCHMRIF (7595) ms gioc y mf `iàz lchstdtuym uhi d`pcrtihtm iltdvdkik mlchü`dli mh fi <:
zchi. Mf 15% km fi pcgfildüh sm kmkdli if luftdvc km `iàz, iuhqum km ästcs, mf ;5% ti`gdäh luftdvi pipi c brdocf. ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐, Uum. sm fclifdzi i 9= n` km fi prdhldpif ldukik km fi zchi. Mxdstm uhi ÿhdli vài km lc`uhdlildüh qum aildi fi ligmlmri `uhdldpif. \üfc mf <=% km fi pcgfildüh lumhti lch mstukdcs km aisti tmrlmrc km prd`irdi (DHMJD, 7595). Mxdstm uhi bumrtm tisi km mxpufsdüh km fi pcgfildüh, aildi Mstikcs ]hdkcs, smjÿh rmpcrtm km fi LCHIUC, uh <5% km virchms m`djri. Mh fi lc`uhdkik mxdstmh kcs mslumfis km hdvmf prd`irdi y uhi km smluhkirdi. Fcs mstukdcs km giladffmritc y supmrdcrms sm d`pirtmh mh fi ligmlmri `uhdldpif. * Ludki km hc mxtmhkmr km`isdikc tu trigioc mh isuhtcs trdvdifms c ihmlkütdlcs qum hc juirkmh rmfildüh lch fcs bdhms qum pmrsdjum mstm kclu`mhtc. Ucr bivcr, rmsàstmtm i fi tmhtildüh km clupir `ulais péjdhis mh kmslrdgdr fi crcjribài y fcs jrikcs y fitdtukms mh fis qum sm aiffi mf fujir kchkm sm dhslrdgm tu trigioc. Msi ms uhi préltdli likuli qum sm rm`chti i fi mkulildüh prd`irdi, luihkc i fcs hdùcs sm fms pmkài qum trihslrdgdmrih fis bi`csis ‖msti`pdtis‐, pmrc mh mf hdvmf km fdlmhldituri hiki iutcrdzi qum sm sdji usihkc. Oustdbdlildüh. Mh mstm ipirtikc ms hmlmsirdc qum irju`mhtms fi d`pcrtihldi kmf
prcymltc prcpumstc, mh rmfildüh if prcgfm`i kmtmltikc y qum tm ffmvirch i smfmlldchir msi prcgfm`étdli. Msti pirtm yi fi ais kmsirrcffikc mh tu Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh. \dh m`girjc tm dhvdti`cs i vcfvmr i fmmrfi m dhtmjrir humvcs
mfm`mhtcs jmhmrikcs i triväs kmf kmsirrcffc km tu trigioc. Wmlumrki qum sdm`prm ms rmlc`mhkigfm dhlfudr bumhtms km dhbcr`ildüh piri kir `iycr scfdkmz y iltuifdkik. Ucr supumstc mf mom`pfc süfc kmsirrcffi uhi pirtm km fc qum kmgms igcrkir mh mstm ipirtikc. Dhlfuym fcs km`és mfm`mhtcs qum dhdldif`mhtm sm tm sujdrdmrch. *
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Fi vclildüh prckultdvi km fi fi lc`uhdkik ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐ ms m`dhmhtm`mhtm ms m`dhmhtm`mhtm ijràlcfi. \mjÿh kitcs kmf DHMJD (755=), fcs prdhldpifms luftdvcs sch brdocf, pipi y `iàz. Mh fcs ÿftd`cs = iùcs ai aigdkc uhi jrivm kds`dhuldüh km fcs rmhkd`dmhtcs mh mf luftdvc kmf `iàz. Mf prc`mkdc hildchif ms km <.= tch/Ai (\ijirpi, 75599), `dmhtris qum piri msti zchi, mf rmhkd`dmhtc ms km ipmhis 9.= [ch/Ai ]hi km fis liusis itrdgudgfms if gioc rmhkd`dmhtc ms mf `chcluftdvc mh fis pirlmfis, iscldikc i préltdlis trikdldchifms km luftdvc, qum aih rmpmrlutdkc mh pärkdki km sumfcs y gioi bmrtdfdkik. Lc`c prckultc km ifjuhis pfétdlis lch ismscrms km fi \IJIWUI, fcs prckultcrms km fi lc`uhdkik km ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐ aih `ihdbmstikc su dhtmräs mh dhtmjrir piqumtms tmlhcfüjdlcs km figrihzi km lchsmrvildüh y smfmlldüh km sm`dffis piri su `mocri`dmhtc jmhätdlc. ]h jrupc km prckultcrms ai amlac fi scfdldtuk ihtm mf LIKMW km fi zchi piri qum smih dhtmjrikcs if Urcjri`i km Kmsirrcffc km Lipildkikms, Dhhcvildüh [mlhcfcjài y Mxtmhsdchds`c Wurif km fi \IJIWUI. … * Ufihtmi`dmhtc kmf prcymltc. Msti pirtm ti`gdäh ai sdkc kmsirrcffiki lch
ihtmrdcrdkik, isà qum lüpdifi y vmrdbdli qum lchtmhji mfm`mhtcs bmaildmhtms qum kmh scstäh y lrmkdgdfdkik i fi prcpumsti i kmsirrcffir. Uiri mffc rmvdsi qum mf ipirtikc lchtmhji uhi grmvm irju`mhtildüh mspmlàbdli`mhtm rmfildchiki lch mf prcgfm`i if luif sm vi i lchtrdgudr piri su scfuldüh. Cgomtdvc Jmhmrif km [rigioc . [i`gdäh yi kmsirrcffistm mstcs mfm`mhtcs, isà qum
pésifcs kmskm tu Ufih km dhtmrvmhldüh . Uiri humstrc lisc adpctätdlc? *
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Kdbuhkdr mhtrm fcs prckultcrms km ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐, Uumgfi, fcs gmhmbdldcs km fi ijrdlufturi lmhtriki mh fi lchsmrvildüh km rmlurscs y utdfdzildüh km msliscs dhsu`cs. * Dhlfuym ti`gdäh fcs cgomtdvcs mspmlàbdlcs lch fcs qum kmskm mf dhdldc pfihtmistm trigioir. Fi mxtmhsdüh iprcxd`iki smré km 95 luirtdffis. Fi pijdhildüh i pirtdr km mstm ipirtikc, smré mh hÿ`mrc irégdjcs, mh fi pirtm dhbmrdcr kmrmlai.
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LIUÀ[]FC DD UMW[DHMHLDI KMF UWCTML[C Aiy trms mfm`mhtcs qum sm kmgmh kmsirrcffir mh mstm lipàtufc? Irju`mhtildüh km fi pmrtdhmhldi kmf prcymltc, Urcymltc y cgomtdvcs km pcfàtdli mstitif y Rdhlufildüh kmf prcymltc lch fcs cgomtdvcs km ]HDKM\. Irju`mhtildüh km fi pmrtdhmhldi pmrtdhmhl di kmf prcymltc. p rcymltc. Mh msti pirtm airés `mhldüh
i lü`c mf prcymltc prcpumstc ms pmrtdhmhtm kmskm fcs é`gdtcs? pmrschif, prcbmsdchif y scldif. Kmskm mf é`gdtc pmrschif airés uhi rmbfmxdüh km lü`c mstm prcymltc ipcrti i tu pfih km vdki, c fis `mtis qum tm ais pfihtmikc lc`c buturc prcbmsdchdsti. Uumkms rmbfmxdchir mh mf smhtdkc km lü`c mf prcymltc ti`gdäh tm ipcrtiré i td lc`c pmrschi. Kmskm mf puhtc km vdsti prcbmsdchif, pckrés rmfildchir fis lc`pmtmhldis, aigdfdkikms c lchcld`dmhtcs qum ikqudrdstm i fc firjc km tu mstihldi mh fi ]HDKM\, piri pckmr mhbrmhtir fcs rmtcs qum mf prcymltc mxdjm piri su pfihmildüh, kmsirrcffc m d`pfm`mhtildüh. [m sujdmrc ipcyirtm km fis `itmrdis qum tm lipildtirch piri pckmr rmifdzir mf prcymltc prcpumstc. T bdhif`mhtm, kmskm mf é`gdtc scldif, `mhldchi qum gmhmbdldcs ipcrtiré fi rmifdzildüh km tu prcymltc yi smi piri fi lc`uhdkik u crjihdzildüh dhvcfulriki. * Mf kmsirrcffc km mstm prcymltc pmr`dtdü qum kmsirrcffir aigdfdkikms km fdkmrizjc qum `m bumrch km `ulai utdfdkik piri crjihdzir i fcs prckultcrms km fi lc`uhdkik. [i`gdäh `m pmr`dtdü dkmhtdbdlir qum `ds aigdfdkikms km pfihmildüh bumrch lipilms km fcjrir qum mf prcymltc pukdmsm lchlfudr mxdtcsi`mhtm. Fcs lchcld`dmhtcs ikqudrdkcs mh fis kdbmrmhtms `itmrdis kmf pfih km mstukdcs km fi Fdlmhldituri mh Ijrchc`ài, pukm pchmrfcs mh préltdli mh kdstdhtcs `c`mhtcs kmf kmsirrcffc kmf prcymltc. Ucr mom`pfc km fi `itmrdi km Fdkmrizjc y `ihmoc km jrupcs dkmhtdbdquä `d lipildkik y mstdfc km fdkmrizjc qum `m pmr`dtdü pckmr dhtmjrir y fcjrir qum mf jrupc iflihzism fcs cgomtdvcs qum sm pfihmirch piri ;9
fi lipildtildüh mh tm`is km Figrihzi km lchsmrvildüh. [i`gdäh pukm mhliuzir y scfuldchir fcs lchbfdltcs qum sm kdmrch mh mf jrupc if dhdldc km su lchbcr`ildüh. \cldif`mhtm fi d`pfm`mhtildüh kmf prcymltc prcpumstc gmhmbdldü if jrupc km prckultcrms dhvcfulrikcs. Mf 15% km mffcs ai dhdldikc fi dhtmjrildüh km fis préltdlis km figrihzi km lchsmrvildüh. Mstc fms pmr`dtdré rmkuldr sus lcstcs y mfmvir fi prckulldüh mh mf `mkdihc pfizc. * Urcymltc y cgomtdvcs km pcfàtdli mstitif. Msti pirtm tc`i uhi mspmldif d`pcrtihldi
mh fcs prcymltcs km kmsirrcffc lc`uhdtirdc, yi qum pmr`dtdréh oustdbdlir fi scfdldtuk km rmlurscs piri su d`pfm`mhtildüh. Ucr mffc ms `uy d`pcrtihtm qum vmrdbdqums qum moms, `mtis u cgomtdvcs kmf Ufih km Kmsirrcffc hildchif, mstitif c `uhdldpif, kmpmhkdmhkc kmf d`piltc i jmhmrir, mstéh rmfildchikcs lch tu prcpumsti. \djudmhkc humstrc mom`pfc adpctätdlc, mf prcymltc prcpumstc msté rmfildchikc lch fcs Moms 9 y 7 kmf Ufih Mstitif km Kmsirrcffc kmf Mstikc km Uumgfi. Uiri tu prcymltc mh mspmlàbdlc tm sujdmrc rmvdsir fcs sdtdcs wmg km fcs kdstdhtcs ürkmhms km jcgdmrhc. Mh lisc km mstir kdspchdgfm mh fàhmi ilukm kdrmlti`mhtm if érmi lcrrmspchkdmhtm y rmvàsifc. Rdhlufildüh kmf prcymltc lch fcs cgomtdvcs km ]HDKM\. Mh mstm `c`mhtc yi tdmhms
mfm`mhtcs subdldmhtms piri pckmr rmfildchir fi `dsdüh, vdsdüh y pmrbdfms km mjrmsc km tu fdlmhldituri. Hc lidjis mh fi tmhtildüh km trihslrdgdr fi `dsdüh, vdsdüh c pfih km mstukdcs km tu fdlmhldituri. Fc d`pcrtihtm iquà ms iscldir lü`c fi uhdvmrsdkik, i triväs tuyc, fcjri lu`pfdr su smhtdkc km mxdstdr. Lchtdhuihkc lch humstrc mom`pfc, pumkms lc`mhtir lc`c fcs rmsuftikcs km mstm prcymltc ipcyirih i `mocrir fi lifdkik km vdki km fi lc`uhdkik y lü`c mstc tdmhm rmfildüh lch fi `dsdüh km fi uhdvmrsdkik mh mf ipcyc if kmsirrcffc km fis lc`uhdkikms. Fi mxtmhsdüh sujmrdki kmf lipàtufc ms km = péjdhis.
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LIUÀ[]FC DDD \]\[MH[C [MÜWDLC Mh mstm lipàtufc kmgmrés dhtmjrir, km liki uhc km fcs puhtcs kmf pfih km trigioc y mspmldbdlildchms km d`pfm`mhtildüh, uhi kmslrdpldüh prcbmsdchif grmvm, ms kmldr, ldtis tmxtuifms, rmbmrmhldi i fis tälhdlis y/c `mtckcfcjài prcbmsdchif qum ipfdlistm. Hc ms uh `irlc tmürdlc, lc`c sm `ihmoi mh uhi tmsds, sdhc `és gdmh mf kmsirrcffc km iqumffcs lchcld`dmhtcs tmürdlcs hmlmsirdcs piri mf kmsirrcffc m d`pfm`mhtildüh mxdtcsi kmf prcymltc prcpumstc. Mh mf Ufih km Dhtmrvmhldüh yi kmsirrcffistm uh msgczc km fcs mfm`mhtcs d`pcrtihtms i dhlfudr. Wmvàsifc y mhrdqumlm mf lipàtufc lch humvi dhbcr`ildüh rmfmvihtm. \djudmhkc humstrc mom`pfc, fis pifigris lfivms kmf prcymltc qum msti`cs kmsirrcffihkc sch? figrihzi km lchsmrvildüh, luftdvc `iàz, `mocri`dmhtc jmhätdlc km sm`dffis lrdcffis, trihsbmrmhldi tmlhcfüjdli, lchbcr`ildüh km jrupcs km trigioc .
Mh mstm lipàtufc kmgmrés ailmr uhi rmlcpdfildüh km fis prdhldpifms rmlc`mhkildchms km tälhdlis km figrihzi km lchsmrvildüh piri mf luftdvc kmf `iàz> kmgmrés kmslrdgdr mf piqumtm tmlhcfüjdlc qum \IJIWUI, Lcfmjdc km Ucstjrikuikcs, DHDBIU, Ly@@D[ u ctris dhstdtuldchms mkulitdvis y km dhvmstdjildüh, aih kmsirrcffikc piri kdstdhtis zchis prckultdvis. [i`gdäh smré d`pcrtihtm sigmr
lü`c sm rmlc`dmhki ailmr uhi
trihsbmrmhldi km tmlhcfcjài, isà qum smjuri`mhtm fmmrés fis rmlc`mhkildchms qum Buhkildüh Urckulm Uumgfi ailm if rmspmltc. Mh ctris pifigris kmgmrés lchclmr piri pckmr ipfdlir, fcs lchcld`dmhtcs rmqumrdkcs mh mf prcymltc. Lc`c sdm`prm, tm rmlc`mhki`cs rmvdsms sdtcs km dhbcr`ildüh smrdi y lchbdigfm, ikm`és km iltuifdziki. Fi mxtmhsdüh sujmrdki kmf lipàtufc ms km 95 péjdhis.
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LIUÀ[]FC DR KDIJHÜ\[DLC Fi d`pcrtihldi km lchclmr fi sdtuildüh dhdldif km luifqudmr prcymltc, pirtm km fi dkmi km pckmr mhbclir fcs rmlurscs hmlmsirdcs piri mf fcjrc mxdtcsc kmf `ds`c. Ucr mffc mf tmhmr uh lchcld`dmhtc prmvdc km fi lc`uhdkik u crjihdzildüh, dhtmjrikc km uhi `ihmri bcr`if y `mtckcfüjdli, ms pcsdgfm ismjurir mf iflihzir fis `mtis y cgomtdvcs prcpumstcs. Km iquà fi d`pcrtihldi km lchclmr dhkdlikcrms km dhbrimstrulturi, rmlurscs au`ihcs, tmlhcfüjdlcs, scldifms y mlchü`dlcs i pirtdr km fcs luifms sm lchstrudré tu prcpumsti. Dhtmjri fcs mfm`mhtcs qum kmsirrcffistm mh mf Ufih km illdüh y i`pfàifcs lchbcr`m smih hmlmsirdcs. Msti pirtm hc bum kmsirrcffiki mh mf Ufih km Dhtmrvmhldüh, isà qum mh msti pirtm tm kirm`cs mfm`mhtcs piri su lchstrulldüh. Ucr supumstc if kmsirrcffir mf dhbcr`m bdhif, lchsdkmri rmfitirfc lc`c ifjc yi amlac. I lchtdhuildüh rmvdsirm`cs tälhdlis km kdijhüstdlc y mvifuildüh qum tm pumkmh smr ÿtdfms. [m kirm`cs lchsmocs piri fi kmtmr`dhildüh km dhstru`mhtcs i ipfdlir y fi kmtmr`dhildüh km fi pcgfildüh y `umstri i dhlfudr. Mstm ipirtikc kmgm mspmldbdlir luéf ms fi tälhdli km kdijhüstdlc `és ikmluiki piri mf tdpc km prcymltc qum prcpchms. Wmvdsi fi pmrtdhmhldi km usir uhi mhtrmvdsti, uh lumstdchirdc, cgsmrvildüh pirtdldpihtm, jrupcs bclifms, mhtrm ctrcs. Mh tckc lisc vmrdbdli luéf ms mf cgomtdvc kmf dhstru`mhtc c tälhdli qum ipfdlirés y sd fcs kitcs jmhmrikcs lcrrmspchkm i fi dhbcr`ildüh qum kmsmis cgtmhmr. Ms d`pcrtihtm qum fcs rmsuftikcs irrcomh dhbcr`ildüh lchbdigfm, cpcrtuhi y cgomtdvi, piri qum fi prcpumsti lchstrudki tmhji gisms süfdkis. I lchtdhuildüh tm kmslrdgc ifjuhis tälhdlis km k m dhvmstdjildüh qum Wdvmri (7597) `mhldchi y qum pckràih smrvdrtm. Ihéfdsds km lchtmhdkc. Lchsdstm mh uh ihéfdsds km fi dhbcr`ildüh vmrtdki mh uh kclu`mhtc piri dkmhtdbdlir dkmis rmpmtdkis c dkmis mxprmsikis, kmhctitdvi c lchhctitdvi`mhtm, ms kmldr, mxpfàldti`mhtm c mhtrm fàhmis. ]h igcjikc rmifdzi lisd sdm`prm ihéfdsds km lchtmhdkc, iuhqum mh mstm lisc mf ihéfdsds msté
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ifdhmikc lch mf cgomtdvc jmhmrif km trigioc, ms rmlc`mhkigfm tmhmr dhkdlikcrms km ihéfdsds lc`c crdmhtildüh. Cgsmrvildüh. Jmhmrif`mhtm tdmhm lc`c ipcyc uh dhstru`mhtc kmhc`dhikc ‖juài km cgsmrvildüh‐, piri crdmhtir fi `driki y rmjdstrc km fcs lc`pcrti`dmhtcs c iltdtukms qum tm sch hmlmsirdcs dkmhtdbdlir piri mf fcjrc km tu prcymltc. Mhlumsti. ]h lumstdchirdc kdsmùikc piri rmlcfmltir dhbcr`ildüh i uh jrih hÿ`mrc km pmrschis y mh pclc tdm`pc. \u kdsmùc kmgm smr ludkikcsc m dhtmjrir süfc iqumffis prmjuhtis qum tmhjih rmfildüh lch fcs cgomtdvcs pfihtmikcs. [m rmlc`dmhkc ailmr uh momrldldc km ihéfdsds km tu lumstdchirdc y prmjuhtirtm i qum cgomtdvc rmspchkm liki uhi km fis prmjuhtis, sd hc lcrrmspchkm i ifjuhc km fcs cgomtdvcs, mhtchlms hc vifm fi pmhi dhtmjrirfis, yi qum süfc tm prcpcrldchiré kitcs y trigioc km `és piri lckdbdlir y ihifdzir mf lumstdchirdc. \dm`prm ms rmlc`mhkigfm ailmr fi vifdkildüh km tu dhstru`mhtc piri sigmr sd mf mhlumstikc mhtdmhkm y rmspchkm fis prmjuhtis lc`c fc aigàis pfihmikc. Mhtrmvdsti. Ms uh lumstdchirdc qum pmr`dtm rmlcfmltir dhbcr`ildüh km uhi pmrschi mxpmrti c qudmh vdvm mh mf li`pc km lchcld`dmhtc c prcbmsdchif qum sm msté dhvmstdjihkc. Hcr`if`mhtm ms ilchsmoigfm ipfdlirfc i pmrschis lfivms kmf prcymltc? fàkmrms, iutcrdkikms, rmprmsmhtihtms km dhstdtuldchms, mtl. Mstukdc kmf mhtcrhc. Kmpmhkdmhkc km fi fdlmhldituri gdmh pumkm smr, mf ihéfdsds km fcs kitcs cbrmldkcs pcr mf Dhstdtutc Hildchif km Mstikàstdli y Jmcjribài isà lc`c ctris crjihdzildchms mspmldifdzikis qum ipcrtmh dhbcr`ildüh hmlmsirdi piri lu`pfdr lch uh cgomtdvc mspmlàbdlc. [älhdli mxpmrd`mhtif. Grdhki fi pcsdgdfdkik km lchtristir kcs mslmhirdcs, uhc lch fi ipfdlildüh km uhi iltdvdkik c prumgi y ctrc, sdh dhtrckuldr biltcr km dhtmrvmhldüh ifjuhc> pcr supumstc, sm rmqudmrm uh pclc km tdm`pc piri ihifdzir rmsuftikcs kmf prclmsc. Ucr mffc ms d`pcrtihtm vmrdbdlir fi hmlmsdkik km ipfdlirfi. Ctrc dhstru`mhtc `uy usikc, ms uh ihéfdsds BCKI (Bcrtifmzis, Cpcrtuhdkikms, Kmgdfdkikms y I`mhizis) qum pmr`dtm ailmr uh kdijhüstdlc kmf mhtcrhc dhtmrhc ;=
y mxtmrhc y pmr`dtm mstigfmlmr pfihms mstritäjdlcs, mstritmjdis y cgomtdvcs i iflihzir mh mf prcymltc. Rcfvdmhkc i humstrc mom`pfc km fi juài, piri pckmr dkmhtdbdlir fis hmlmsdkikms mspmlàbdlis km fi lc`uhdkik km ‖Fi @ijkifmhi‐ sm ailm hmlmsirdc mhtrmvdstir if fàkmr kmf jrupc piri dkmhtdbdlir luéf ms mf dkmi qum mf jrupc km trigioc km fi lc`uhdkik pmrsdjum lch mf prcymltc, lc`c msté lchbcr`ikc mf jrupc, qum liriltmràstdlis scldifms, mlchü`dlis y lufturifms tdmhm liki dhtmjrihtm, qum pipmf pumkmh oujir mh mf jrupc, luéf ms fi kdspchdgdfdkik km tdm`pc y mspildc, mtl. Ctris mhtrmvdstis qum ti`gdäh rmqumrdrés ailmr, ms i ijrühc`cs m dhvmstdjikcrms kmf `iàz qum tm iyukmh i dkmhtdbdlir fcs piqumtms tmlhcfüjdlcs y fis rmlc`mhkildchms tälhdlis `és iprcpdikis piri fi zchi. Ikdldchif`mhtm pckrés kmsirrcffir uh ihéfdsds km mhtcrhc piri lchclmr fis liriltmràstdlis mkébdlis, hdvmfms km prckulldüh, liriltmràstdlis jmcfüjdlis km fi zchi, kdspchdgdfdkik km prmldpdtildüh, mtl. \mjuri`mhtm rmqumrdrés ipfdlir virdis km mffis mh kdstdhtcs `c`mhtcs, piri ismjurirtm lchtir lch fi dhbcr`ildüh hmlmsirdi. Ctrcs mfm`mhtcs d`pcrtihtms i kmsirrcffir lc`c pirtm kmf kdijhüstdlc, y qum vih iscldikcs i fi rmlcfmlldüh km kitcs, sch fi pcgfildüh y fi `umstri. Ucgfildüh. Mh mf lisc km uhi rmvdsdüh kclu`mhtif, fi pcgfildüh lcrrmspchkm i fis
bumhtms km dhbcr`ildüh kchkm smréh rmlcfmltikcs fcs kitcs> c gdmh, fi pcgfildüh ti`gdäh pumkmh smr bumhtms vdvis (mspmldifdstis, fi lc`uhdkik, prcbmsdchifms kmf érmi, mtl.) kmpmhkdmhkc kmf cgomtdvc kmf prcymltc y rmlurscs lch fcs qum sm lumhtm. Mf lrdtmrdc km smfmlldüh km fi pcgfildüh kmgm smr `uy lfirc, kmskm mf dhdldc, y kmgm oustdbdlir pcr quä msi pcgfildüh y su rmfildüh lch mf cgomtdvc kmf prcymltc. @umstri. Kmpmhkdmhkc km fi lihtdkik km rmlurscs qum sm tdmhmh piri rmifdzir mf
Urcymltc Crjihdzildchif c Lc`uhdtirdc ms rmlc`mhkigfm smfmlldchir uhi `umstri rmprmsmhtitdvi iprcvmlaihkc fis amrri`dmhtis mstikàstdlis isà lc`c mf lrdtmrdc km mxpmrtcs> y mvdtir fcs smsjcs qum sm prmsmhtih mh fi rmlcfmlldüh km kitcs.
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[älhdlis km mvifuildüh . Uiri pckmr vifcrir fcs rmsuftikcs cgtmhdkcs mh tu
prcymltc kmgms kmtmr`dhir luéf ms fi tälhdli `és ikmluiki i fi sdtuildüh igcrkiki. Uckràis rmlurrdr i dhstdtuldchms ilrmkdtikcris, d`pfm`mhtir uhi tälhdli km mvifuildüh km pirms c km <25¿, mhtrm ctris. Umrc ms d`pcrtihtm qum huhli pdmrkis km vdsti mf cgomtdvc kmf prcymltc. Ms d`pcrtihtm rmliflir qum mf Urcymltc km Kmsirrcffc Crjihdzildchif c Lc`uhdtirdc, hc kmgm pirtdr km supumstcs. Ms dhkdspmhsigfm rmifdzir uh kdijhüstdlc kmf érmi km trigioc, crjihdzildüh, lc`uhdkik y iqumffc qum smi pmrtdhmhtm if cgomtdvc y pfih km trigioc. Isd`ds`c lch msti dhbcr`ildüh, yi smré pcsdgfm ailmr uh prd`mr ilmrli`dmhtc i fi prcpumsti mlchü`dli kmf prcymltc. [ckcs mstcs mfm`mhtcs hc kmgmh kmsirrcffirsm lc`c suglipàtufcs. Fi mxtmhsdüh iprcxd`iki ms km = péjdhis.
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LIUD[]FC R UFIH KM [WIGIOC Mstm lipàtufc ms fi pirtm `mkufir kmf prcymltc. Rirdcs km fcs mfm`mhtcs yi bumrch kmsirrcffikcs pirldif`mhtm mh tu Ufih km Dhtmrvmhldüh , iacri lcrrmspchkm kmtiffirfcs. Kmgms dhlfudr fi kmslrdpldüh km iltdvdkikms i rmifdzir lc`c pirtm kmf prcymltc? mf lrchcjri`i km trigioc i`pfdc y fcs prckultcs pirldifms y tctifms qum mstiràis mspmrihkc iflihzir kurihtm mf kmsirrcffc kmf `ds`c. Kmslrdgm fcs trms `c`mhtcs km pfihmildüh kmf prcymltc?
Ihtms? Fis iltdvdkikms prmvdis i fi ipfdlildüh kmf prcymltc. Kurihtm. Iltdvdkikms i kmsirrcffir mh fi d`pfm`mhtildüh y mh smjud`dmhtc km fi cpmrildüh kmf prcymltc.
Kmspuäs. Mvifuildüh kmf d`piltc kmf prcymltc mh mf érmi crjihdzildchif c lc`uhdtirdi qum aiyis smfmlldchikc.
Juàitm pcr mf cgomtdvc jmhmrif y hc fc pdmrkis km vdsti> kmspuäs vm pfihmihkc liki uhc km fcs prclmscs qum kmgms mbmltuir piri kir lu`pfd`dmhtc i fcs cgomtdvcs mspmlàbdlcs. Fcs ipirtikcs ihtmrdcrms sch buhki`mhtifms, pmrc scgrm tckc lchsdkmri qum fcs mstéh kmsirrcffihkc kmskm mf puhtc km vdsti km uh prcbmsdchif, pcr mffc ms d`pcrtihtm qum sm hctm qum hc ms uh lchouhtc km dkmis c sujmrmhldis lirmhtms km uh scpcrtm prcbmsdchif y mvdkmhldis. Uiri su kmsirrcffc pumkms ipcyirtm km ifjÿh scbtwirm jritudtc kdspchdgfm mh fi rmk, tif lc`c Cpmh Urco> c pumkms ailmr usir pfihtdffis piri mfigcrir jrébdlis km Jihtt, tigfmrcs km lc`ihkc, mtl.> c sd`pfm`mhtm lchstruym uhi tigfi km Mxlmf. ]hi vmz qum prcpusdstm tu msqum`i juài, iacri lcrrmspchkm mspmldbdlir fis iltdvdkikms, liriltmràstdlis km fcs prckultcs c prclmscs i kmsirrcffir, pmrbdf km fis pmrschis i dhtmjrir if prcymltc, dhkdlildchms km scbtwirm, sdstm`is cpmritdvcs c `iqudhirdi rmqumrdki piri mf fcjrc kmf cgomtdvc kmf prcymltc. ;1
Lc`c tckc prclmsc, ms hmlmsirdc dhvcfulrir mfm`mhtcs, illdchms, `mkdcs, `c`mhtcs m dhkdlikcrms km mvifuildüh km fc prcpumstc. Iuhqum sdm`prm sm prmsmhtiréh sdtuildchms hc prmvdstis, qum kmgmh tritir km prmvmrsm kmhtrc kmf pfih i kmsirrcffir. Fi mxtmhsdüh sujmrdki ms km 95 péjdhis.
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LIUD[]FC RD IUFDLILDÜH KMF UWCTML[C Ti tmhdmhkc kmtmr`dhikcs fcs mfm`mhtcs qum kmgmh kmsirrcffirsm mh mf pfih km trigioc ihtmrdcr, mhtchlms ms pcsdgfm vmrdbdlir fcs piscs piri fi d`pfm`mhtildüh km fi prcpumsti. Rmrdbdlir sd sm rmqudrdmrmh pmr`dscs, fdlmhldis, tré`dtms qum kmgmh kmsirrcffirsm. Mh mf mom`pfc qum am`cs vmhdkc kmsirrcffihkc, kikc qum uhi pirtm kmf prcymltc ms fi scfdldtuk km ipcycs mh mf Urcjri`i km Kmsirrcffc km Lipildkikms, Dhhcvildüh [mlhcfcjài y Mxtmhsdchds`c Wurif km fi \IJIWUI, kmgmrés lchclmr bmlais km ipmrturi km vmhtihdffi, rmqudsdtcs qum kmgm lu`pfdr mf jrupc km trigioc, hÿ`mrc km lctdzildchms rmqumrdkis y fis liriltmràstdlis km fis `ds`is. Fi mxtmhsdüh sujmrdki ms km 95 péjdhis.
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LCHLF]\DCHM\ Mh mf lisc km qum mf prcymltc sm aiyi pckdkc d`pfm`mhtir, mhtchlms mh msti smlldüh kmgms kmslrdgdr fcs gmhmbdldcs c ipcrtildchms jmhmrikis pcr mf prcymltc piri fi lc`uhdkik u crjihdzildüh. [if vmz aiyis kmtmltikc qum tu prcpumsti hc lchsdkmrü tckcs fcs mfm`mhtcs hmlmsirdcs piri fcjrir fcs prckultcs mspmrikcs, mhtchlms ms véfdkc ailmr fi rmbmrmhldi i iqumffis `mtis, prckultcs c prclmscs qum hc sm lchsdjudmrch. Uckràis `mhldchir qum fd`dtildchms pcr pirtm km fi crjihdzildüh c lc`uhdkik sm kmtmltirch> iltdtukms qum hc lchtm`pfistm mh fi prcpumsti y qum tuvdmrch dhbfumhldi scgrm mf äxdtc c brilisc kmf prcymltc. Mh lisc km qum süfc aiyis amlac fi prcpumsti, mhtchlms ms d`pcrtihtm qum rmbfmxdchms scgrm fi hmlmsdkik km tmhmr ludkikc lch ifjuhcs mfm`mhtcs lfivms km km fi prcpumsti, rmlc`mhkildchms scgrm fi hmlmsdkik km ikqudrdr ldmrti `iqudhirdi. \cbtwirm, mqudpc c pmrschif piri iflihzir mf äxdtc kmf prcymltc. Lchtdhuihkc lch mf mom`pfc, sd mf prcymltc süfc lchsdkmri fi prcpumsti, mhtchlms ms hmlmsirdc ailmr adhlipdä mh qum mf jrupc km trigioc qum vi i scfdldtir mf ipcyc kmf prcjri`i km fi \IJIWUI, sm lchstdtuyi lch subdldmhtm tdm`pc piri pckmr dhtmjrir mf mxpmkdmhtm ihtms km qum igri fi vmhtihdffi. \d mf prcymltc yi sm pusc mh `irlai y sm lchlfuyü ms d`pcrtihtm lc`mhtir mhtrm ifjuhcs ctrcs ispmltcs rmfmvihtms, mf jrupc prmsmhtü prcgfm`is piri lchbcr`irsm, yi qum hc tckcs rmuhàih fis liriltmràstdlis hmlmsirdis? smr modkitirdc, tmhmr if `mhcs fi pcsmsdüh fmjif km 7 amltérmis, uh ipcrtm mlchü`dlc km 75% kmf vifcr kmf prcymltc, mtl. Ikm`és pckrés `mhldchir, qum fi lipildtildüh rmprmsmhtü uh biltcr lfivm piri qum mf prcymltc rmsuftiri mxdtcsc, yi qum bildfdtü qum mf ipcyc bumri ctcrjikc if jrupc km prckultcrms km fi lc`uhdkik, qum pmr`dtdü dhtmjrir km `ihmri béldf, fi tälhdli km figrihzi km lchsmrvildüh. Isà qum mh msti pirtm pckrés `mhldchir fcs puhtcs lfivm km tu prcymltc. Fi mxtmhsdüh sujmrdki ms < péjdhis lc`c `éxd`c. =9
WMLC@MHKILDCHM\ Kmgdkc
i
tu
lc`pfmti
dh`mrsdüh
kmhtrc
kmf
prcymltc,
pckrés
ailmr
rmlc`mhkildchms i fi lc`uhdkik u crjihdzildüh lch fi qum mstuvdstm trigioihkc. Ucr mffc aiz fis rmlc`mhkildchms qum pmr`dtih lchtdhuir c `mocrir mf prcymltc prcpumstc. \m prmldsc mh tus rmlc`mhkildchms, aizfc kmskm uhi vdsdüh prcbmsdchif y cgomtdvi. Ms véfdkc ailmr rmlc`mhkildchms i fi ]HDKM\ piri fi `mocri kmf pfih km mstukdcs c i fi lc`uhdkik u crjihdzildüh piri fcjrir `mocrms rmsuftikcs. [i`gdäh pckràis kdrdjdrtm i tus lc`piùmrcs c buturcs dhtmrmsikcs mh fi lirrmri c mh uh prcymltc sd`dfir, piri qum mffcs lchsdkmrmh dhtmjrir mh su prcpumsti y fcjrir `mocrir sus prcpdcs rmsuftikcs. Djuif`mhtm pckrés sujmrdr humvis vdsdchms, mhbcqums kdstdhtcs, vmrtdmhtms hc mxpfcrikis qum pmr`dtih i ctrcs mstukdihtms dkmhtdbdlir cpldchms km tdtufildüh c km trigioc. Fi mxtmhsdüh sujmrdki ms km 7 péjdhis lc`c `éxd`c.
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Bumhtms km dhbcr`ildüh Wm`dtm i fcs fmltcrms i fis bumhtms km dhbcr`ildüh qum m`pfmistm piri mf Dhbcr`m. Uumkms kdvdkdrfi mh kcs? fi gdgfdcjribài km lchsufti qum sm rmbdmrm i tckis fis cgris qum mbmltdvi`mhtm lchsuftistm y ldtistm mh tu trigioc, y fi gdgfdcjribài km rmbmrmhldi, lchstdtudki pcr iqumffis cgris qum tm sdrvdmrch piri i`pfdir fcs lchlmptcs y mom`pfcs iuhqum hc fis aiyis ldtikc km `ihmri mxpfàldti. Wmtc`i fis lchsdkmrildchms qum yi am`cs mxpfdlikc mh fi smlldüh ac`üfcji i ästi km fi Uirtm D. Fi mxtmhsdüh iprcxd`iki ms km kcs péjdhis.
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Ihmxcs
Fi buhldüh km fcs ihmxcs mh mf Dhbcr`m sdrvm piri ipcrtir mvdkmhldis km fi sdtuildüh prcbmsdchif kmslrdti. Fi dhbcr`ildüh qum lchtdmhm msti smlldüh ms illmscrdi y iuhqum pumkms prmsldhkdr km mffi, tm smrvdré piri dfustrir ifjuhcs km fcs prclmscs qum pusdstm mh `irlai lch mf kdsmùc km tu sdstm`i lc`putirdzikc, c tm pmr`dtdré km`cstrir, piri mf mom`pfc ifukdkc, lü`c sm if`ilmhigih ihtms fcs kitcs km fi gdgfdctmli mh lchtristm lch fc qum iltuif`mhtm sm pusc d`pfm`mhtü. \djum fis `ds`is lchsdkmrildchms qum yi mxpfdli`cs mh fi Uirtm D lcrrmspchkdmhtm i msti smlldüh.
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Wmbmrmhldis Gdgfdcjrébdlis LWM\UC, I. @irlc Ihtchdc. (7595). Juài km kdsmùc km prcymltcs scldifms lc`uhdtirdcs gioc mf mhbcqum km `irlc füjdlc. Lchlmptcs msmhldifms y ipfdlildchms. Lirilis? mkdldüh `d`mcjribdiki kmf iutcr. Kdspchdgfm mh fàhmi mh
attp?//www.mu`mk.hmt/fdgrcs/7554/=:=. JITHCW Guttmrbdmfk, Mrdl. Mrdl. (755
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