Hildegard Peplau - Teoria das Relações Interpessoais

-; G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

RMF\B_ZFEGEB EB Æ\C_G BZJC@G ZR[B_FC_ EB BMLB_DGHBD ZÊC ACÊC EB EBRZ EB[G_UGDBMUC EB BMLB_DGHBD RMFEGEB JR__FJR@G_ EB UBC_FGZ EB BMLB_DGHBD JR_ZC EB @FJBMJFGUR_G BD BMLB_DGHBD ‚ OC@CMNG OC@CMNG :.±GMC ‚ 7.±ZBDBZU_B9 7.±ZBDBZU_B9 UR_DG 7

G tbcrfg eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

-7 G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

ÄMEFJB

FMU_CERÈÊC ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ........................................ .................. ? MCUG OFCH_ÇLFJG ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ............................. ....... : JCMUBÛRG@FQGÈÊC JCMUBÛRG@FQGÈÊC EG UBC_FG EB [B[@GR .......................................... .............................................. .... 2 Bmqugergdbmtc Bmqugergdbmtc Nfstúrfjc b Lcmtbs Ubúrfjgs ................................................... ................................................... 2 UBC_FG EGZ _B@GÈÒBZ FMUB_[BZZCGFZ FMUB_[BZZCGFZ ............................................. ........................................................ ........... 8 Bmlbrdghbd [sfjcefmïdfjg ........................................... ................................................................. ................................. ........... 8 [rfmjfpgfs [rbssupcstcs .......................................... ................................................................. ......................................... .................. > [rfmjfpgfs Jcmjbftcs ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ...................... > [cstu`gecs b Bstçhfcs eb Ebsbmvc`vfdbmtc Ebsbmvc`vfdbmtc eg [brscmg`fegeb ......................... ......................... 6 [_CJBZZC EB _B@GÈÊC FMUB_[BZZCG@ EB BMLB_DGHBD ZBHRMEC [B[@GR............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................ ..... 77 Lgsb eb Crfbmtgèêc ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................. ........................... 77 Lgsb eb Febmtflfjgèêc .......................................... ................................................................. ........................................... .................... 75 Lgsb eb Bxp`crgèêc

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-? G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

FMU_CERÈÊC Rdg jfámjfg acvbd jcdc g bmlbrdghbd mbjbssftg eb sbefdbmtgr cs sbus jcmnbjfdbmtcs prúprfcs, obd jcdc cs gequfrfecs b gegptgecs eb cutrgs efsjfp`fmgs jcd vfstg ë sug gutcmcdfg b bspbjflfjfegeb. Zbhumec [btbrscm (7688) jftgec pb`g Bsjc`g eb Bmlbrdghbd [ús-oçsfjg eb @fsocg (76><), udg tbcrfg jcmsfstb mud jcmaumtc eb prcpcsfèòbs fmtbr-rb`gjfcmgegs eb udg lcrdg sfstbdçtfjg fdp`fjgmec udg crebd mg bstruturg fmtbrmg. Bstg crhgmfzg ud jcmtbñec, bxp`fjg b prbvá cs gjcmtbjfdbmtcs mc jgdpc eb udg efsjfp`fmg ec jcmnbjfdbmtc jcmnbjfdbmtc sbrvfmec gfmeg jcdc ud hufg pgrg g prçtfjg. Jcmlcrdb g tbcrfg egs rb`gèòbs fmtbrpbsscgfs eb [bp`gu b eb gjcrec jcd c gutcr suprgjftgec, g bmlbrdghbd æ ud prcjbssc fmtbrpbsscg` tbrgpáutfjc, gtrgvæs eg rb`gèêc bmlbrdbfrc-pgjfbmtb, pgrg jcmsbhufr gauegr g gtfmhfr g dgturfegeb b lgjf`ftgr

-: G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

MCUG OFCH_ÇLFJG Nfèbhgre B`fzgobtn [bp`gu mgsjbu g 7 eb Zbtbdorc eb 76;6 bd _bgefmh, mg [bmsf`vïmfg. Eurgmtb g fmlïmjfg, tbstbdumncu g bpfebdfg eb hrfpb eb 767>, c qub fmlùbmjfcu bd duftc g sug pbrjbpèêc eg ecbmèg b eg dcrtb scorb cs fmefväeucs b gs lgdä`fgs. (Ncwi, J., ?;;5) Fmfjfcu g jgrrbfrg eb bmlbrdghbd bd 76:7, bd [cttstcwm ‚ [bmsf`vïmfg [bmsf`vïmfg ‚ b b eb sbhufeg bxbrjbu gjtfvfegebs jcdc bmlbrdbfrg mc Obmmfmhtcm Jc``bhb, cmeb lbz ud ogjngrb`gtc bd [sfjc`chfg Fmtbrpbsscg`, Fmtbrpbsscg`, bd 765:. Bstuecu mgs fmstg`gèòbs psfqufçtrfjgs ec Ob``bvub gme Xnftb Fmstftutb, Fmstftutb, jcd Ngrry Ztgji Zu``fvgm, efstfmtc psfqufgtrg eg æpcjg, b prcjurcu bmtbmebr b ebsbmvc`vbr g tbcrfg fmtbrpbsscg` eb Zu``fvgm, jcd g lfmg`fegeb eb gp`fjç-`g ë prçtfjg eb bmlbrdghbd. (Ncwi, J., ?;;5)


Nfèbhgre [bp`gu fmlùbmjfcu c gvgmèc ecs pgeròbs prclfssfcmgfs, beujgtfvcs b prçtfjcs eg bmlbrdghbd b eblbmebu vfhcrcsgdbmtb qub gs bmlbrdbfrgs ebvfgd tcrmgr-sb dgfs fmstruäegs pgrg pcebrbd prbstgr vbregebfrcs jufegecs vbregebfrcs jufegecs tbrgpáutfjcs gcs ecbmtbs, bd vbz ec jufegec jcmsbrvgecr qub sb rbg`fzgvg mcs ncspftgfs psfqufçtrfjcs eg æpcjg. [rbjurscrg mg sug çrbg, bmlgtfzcu g fdpcrtïmjfg eg gutc-rbhu`gèêc prclfssfcmg` gtrgvæs eg jrbebmjfgèêc jrbebmjfgèêc b fmtrceuzfu c jcmjbftc eb hrgu eb Dbstrb. (Ncwi, J., ?;;5) Bmqugmtc prclbsscrg, tcrmcu corfhgtúrfg g bmtrbvfstg eb bmlbrdghbd jcd cs pgjfbmtbs, c rbhfstc egs dbsdgs b c bstuec gjbrjg ecs pgeròbs eb fmtbrgjèêc. Jcd ogsb mbssgs gmctgèòbs b mg sug bxpbrfámjfg, põeb lcrdu`gr gs eblfmfèòbs eb gmsfbegeb, jcml`ftc b lrustrgèêc prbsbmtbs mg sug tbcrfg. Gs puo`fjgèòbs mgs qugfs [bp`gu jcmtfmucu g ebsbmvc`vbr b g db`ncrgr c sbu trgog`nc pbrdgmbjbrgd jcmsfstbmtbs mc pbräcec eb 762? g 766<. (Ncwi, J., ?;;5) Lg`bjbu g 78 eb Dgrèc eb 7666, gcs >6 gmcs, mg sug jgsg mg Jg`flúrmfg. Lcf jcmsfebrgeg g bmlbrdbfrg ec sæju`c b sæju`c b ebstgjgeg, mg çrbg eg psfqufgtrfg, jcdc g dêb eg bmlbrdghbd psfqufçtrfjg. psfqufçtrfjg. G pgrtfr ec sbu trgog`nc, c prcjbssc fmtbrpbsscg` fmtbrpbsscg` pgsscu


JCMUBÛRG@FQGÈÊC JCMUBÛRG@FQGÈÊC EG UBC_FG EB [B[@GR

Bmqugergdbmtc Bmqugergdbmtc Nfstúrfjc b Lcmtbs Ubúrfjgs

Nfèbhgre [bp`gu, jcd c coabjtfvc eb fmtbhrgr c jcmnbjfdbmtc fmstftuäec mg sug bstruturg jcmjbptug`, ebsbmvc`vbu ud dceb`c eb bmlbrdghbd ogsbgec mg tbcrfg. G sug tbcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs fmjùäg mc sbu dceb`c, tbcrfgs eb bmlbrdghbd bxfstbmtbs mudg g`turg bd qub c ebsbmvc`vfdbmtc ebstgs brg rb`gtfvgdbmtb mcvc. (Ncwi, J., ?;;5) Gfmeg sbhumec g gutcrg suprgjftgeg, [bp`gu uscu c jcmnbjfdbmtc rbtfrgec eg

-< G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

bmlgtfzgr g fdpcrtïmjfg eg dctfvgèêc, ec jcml`ftc b ec pgpb` eg lgdä`fg mc fmfjfc eg fmlïmjfg b ebsjcorfr g fdpcrtïmjfg ec fmjcmsjfbmtb. f mjcmsjfbmtb. (Ncwi, J., ?;;5) G Ubcrfg eg Dctfvgèêc Nudgmg eb Dgs`cw efz qub gs pbsscgs sêc dctfvgegs gutc-rbg`fzgèêc. C pgrg gtfmhfr c sbu prúprfc pctbmjfg`, prcjbssc bssb qub sb ebsfhmg gutc-rbg`fzgèêc. trgog`nc eb Df``br jbmtrg-sb mg Ubcrfg eg [brscmg`fegeb, bd dbjgmfsdcs eb gaustb, psfjctbrgpfg b bd prfmjäpfcs eb gprbmefzghbd gprbmefzghbd scjfg`. C Dceb`c eb _bspcstg gc Bstädu`c eb [gv`cv fmlùbmjfcu cs prfmjäpfcs eb gprbmefzghbd scjfg` eb Df``br. Bstb guxf`fcu mg trgeuèêc eg tbcrfg b prçtfjg psfjc-gmg`ätfjgs pgrg tbrdcs eg tbcrfg eb gprbmefzghbd, jrfgmec cs lumegdbmtcs pgrg qub cs obngvfcrfstgs fmhrbssgssbd mg çrbg eg tbrgpfg. (Ncwi, J., ?;;5) Zu``fvgm lcf prbjurscr mg çrbg eg psfqufgtrfg dcebrmg. Jcd cutrcs tbúrfjcs b tbrgpbutgs efstfmtcs, g`grhcu g psfjgmç`fsb Lrbuefgmg oçsfjg b trgog`ncu jcd c coabjtfvc eb fmjùfr ebtbrdfmgmtbs ju`turgfs b scjfgfs mg vfsêc Lrbuefgmg, bmlgtfzgmec c ebsbmvc`vfdbmtc egs rb`gèòbs fmtbrpbsscgfs jcdc prc`cmhgdbmtcs mbjbssçrfcs eg vfsêc psfjgmg`ätfjg. (Ncwi, J., ?;;5) Ebstb dcec, [bp`gu prcjurcu jcdofmgr gs efvbrsgs febfgs ecs tbúrfjcs


UBC_FG EGZ _B@GÈÒBZ FMUB_[BZZCGFZ FMUB_[BZZCGFZ G tbcrfg eb [bp`gu æ udg tbcrfg gp`fjgeg bd jcmtbxtcs bspbjälfjcs, sbmec dgfs lçjf` g sug gp`fjgèêc mg prçtfjg. Æ jcmsfebrgeg udg tbcrfg eb dæefc g`jgmjb pcfs prcpòb blbftcs dbmcs gostrgjtcs qub gs hrgmebs tbcrfgs b dgfs bspbjälfjcs pgrg g prçtfjg, cu sbag, æ ebsjrftg eb lcrdg j`grg b gaustçvb` ë rbg`fegeb. Eb gjcrec jcd bstg tbcrfg, g eägeb bmlbrdbfrc-pgjfbmtb bstgob`bjb udg dbtg jcdud eg qug` rbsu`tgd c jrbsjfdbmtc b ebsbmvc`vfdbmtc pbsscgfs. (Ncwi, J., ?;;5)

Bmlbrdghbd [sfjcefmïdfjg

-> G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

eflbrbmtbs ju`turgs b trgefèòbs ecs eflbrbmtbs pgjfbmtbs b bmlbrdbfrcs. Ebstb dcec, scdbmtb rbg`èg g rb`gèêc ñmfjg b fmtbrpbsscg` bmtrb c pgjfbmtb b c prbstgecr eb jufegecs. (G`dbfeg, \.9 @cpbs D. & Egdgsjbmc D., ?;;2)

[rfmjfpgfs [rbssupcstcs

G bmlbrdghbd efmïdfjg, eblfmfeg pcr [bp`gu, ebsbmvc`vb-sb tbmec jcdc ogsb ecfs prbssupcstcs lumegdbmtgfs, bxp`fjftgdbmtb1 f.

G pcsturg gecptgeg pb`c bmlbrdbfrc fmtbrlbrb efrbjtgdbmtb mg gprbmefzghbd ec utbmtb eurgmtb c prcjbssc eb jufegec, gc `cmhc eg sug bxpbrfámjfg jcdc ecbmtb9

ff.

C guxä`fc gc ebsbmvc`vfdbmtc eg pbrscmg`fegeb b gc sbu gdgeurbjfdbmtc æ udg lumèêc eg bmlbrdghbd qub bxfhb c usc eb prfmjäpfcs b dætcecs qub lgjf`ftbd b crfbmtbd c prcjbssc eb scùèêc ecs prco`bdgs cu eflfjuègebs fmtbrpbsscgfs quctfefgmcs. (Ncwi, J., ?;;5)


bmjcmtrg bd ebsbmvc`vfdbmtc b bslcrèg-sb pcr rbeuzfr g gmsfbegeb prcvcjgeg pb`gs sugs mbjbssfegebs. mbjbssfegebs. (G`dbfeg, \.9 @cpbs D. & Egdgsjbmc D., ?;;2) Mc qub efz rbspbftc gc jcmjbftc eb sgñeb, [bp`gu glfrdg qub jcmsfstb mudg pg`gvrg sädoc`c qub fdp`fjg ud dcvfdbmtc eg pbrscmg`fegeb pgrg g lrbmtb l rbmtb b cutrcs prcjbsscs nudgmcs nudgmcs bd jursc, jursc, mc sbmtfec eb udg vfeg jrfgtfvg, jrfgtfvg, jcmstrutfvg, prceutfvg, prceutfvg, pbsscg` b jcdumftçrfg. (Ncwi, J., ?;;5) [cr lfd, g gutcrg eg tbcrfg eblfmb c gdofbmtb jcdc lcrègs bxfstbmtbs mc bxtbrfcr ec crhgmfsdc b mc jcmtbxtc eg ju`turg, g pgrtfr egs qugfs g dcrg`, cs jcstudbs b jrbmègs sêc gequfrfecs. Mc bmtgmtc, gs jcmefèòbs hbrgfs susjbptävbfs eb jcmeuzfrbd ë sgñeb fmjùbd sbdprb c prcjbssc fmtbrpbsscg`. (Ncwi, J., ?;;5)

[cstu`gecs b Bstçhfcs eb Ebsbmvc`vfdbmtc Ebsbmvc`vfdbmtc eg [brscmg`fegeb

Eb gjcrec jcd g Bsjc`g eb Bmlbrdghbd [ús-Oçsfjg eb @fsocg (76><1<:), g

- 7; G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs 

Ebsbmvc`vbr g jgpgjfegeb eb pgrtfjfpgr ‚ gprbmebr gs ngof`fegebs eb jcdprcdfssc, jcdpbtfèêc b jccpbrgèêc jcd cs cutrcs9 bstgob`bjfdbmtc eb udg vfsêc dgfs rbg`fstg ec dumec b ud sbmtfdbmtc ec prúprfc ùhgr mc dbsdc. (Ucwmsbme. D., ?;;?) Gssfd, æ pcssävb` jcdprbbmebr db`ncr c qub [bp`gu glfrdg qugmec eblfmb g

pbsscg jcdc ud ‐crhgmfsdc vfvc mud bstgec eb bquf`äorfc fmstçvb` qub ùtg pgrg gtfmhfr ud bstgec eb bquf`äorfc pbrlbftc qub mêc gtfmhb sbmêc mg dcrtb.— (Bsjc`g eb

Bmlbrdghbd [ús-Oçsfjg eb @fsocg9 76><1<:).

- 77 G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

[_CJBZZC EB _B@GÈÊC FMUB_[BZZCG@ EB BMLB_DGHBD EB [B[@GR C prcjbssc eb bmlbrdghbd sbhumec [bp`gu æ jcdpcstc pcr qugtrc lgsbs fmtbr-rb`gjfcmgegs b fmefsscjfçvbfs1 crfbmtgèêc, febmtflfjgèêc, bxp`crgèêc b

rbscùèêc . Jgeg udg ebstgs lgsbs jgrgjtbrfzg-sb pcr ud jcmaumtc eb lumèòbs, `fhgegs gcs prco`bdgs eb sgñeb, qub bvcùbd ë dbefeg qub bmlbrdbfrc b c pgjfbmtb gprbmebd g trgog`ngr jcmaumtgdbmtb pgrg rbsc`vbr gs eflfjuègebs. Bd jgeg udg egs lgsbs sêc eblfmfegs gs tgrblgs b cs pgpæfs bxfhfecs gc bmlbrdbfrc mgs efstfmtgs sftugèòbs. ([bp`gu, N., 766;) [grg g lcrdu`gèêc ec sbu prcjbssc, [bp`gu tcdcu bd jcmsfebrgèêc mudbrcsgs qubstòbs, jcmsfebrgegs bssbmjfgfs pcr sf, prcjurgmec, jcmsbqubmtbdbmtb, g rbspcstg pgrg bstgs, eb lcrdg g prcpcr ud prcjbssc j`grc, jcdp`btc b gp`fjçvb` mg

- 7? G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

sgñeb, qub pceb sbr dgfs cu dbmcs j`grc pgrg c pgjfbmtb, bstb hbrg`dbmtb sc`fjftg udg gssfstámjfg prclfssfcmg` qub jcmsfebrb ñtf`. Bstbs gspbjtcs fmefjgd qub c pgjfbmtb tbd g fdprbssêc eb qub mbjbssftg eb gaueg pgrg rbsc`vbr c prco`bdg. Gc rbj`gdgr bstg gaueg, c pgjfbmtb pceb lgzá-`c eb lcrdg fdbefgtg, urhbmtb, cu gtbdpgeg (eb lcrdg g pbrdftfr udg p`gmflfjgèêc eg dbsdg). Zbhumec [bp`gu, N. (766;) c sc`fjftgr gssfstámjfg pcr mbjbssfegeb sbmtfeg cu dg` jcdprbbmefeg, jcmstftuf c prfdbfrc pgssc eb udg bxpbrfámjfg efmïdfjg eb gprbmefzghbd g pgrtfr eg qug` pceb egr-sb c pgssc sbhufmtb mc jrbsjfdbmtc pbsscg` b scjfg`. C pgssc sbhufmtb mêc æ dgfs qub g jcmsfebrgèêc b ebsjceflfjgèêc egs mbjbssfegebs eb gprbmefzghbd ec pgjfbmtb. C bmlbrdbfrc ebvb pbrhumtgr-sb qub tfpc eb mbjbssfegebs beujgtfvgs pceb tbr ud pgjfbmtb b jcdc pceb fmtbrvfr eb lcrdg g gauegr c pgjfbmtb g tbr jcmsjfámjfg egquf`c qub `nb bstç g gjcmtbjbr. C bssbmjfg`, sbhumec g gutcrg suprgjftgeg, æ lgzbr jcd qub c pgjfbmtb jcdprbbmeg g eflfjuègeb qub bmlrbmtg b ebsbmvc`vg udg jcmeutg eb jccpbrgèêc. C bmlbrdbfrc ebvb tbr p`bmg jcmsjfámjfg jcmsjfámjfg qub, eurgmtb bstg btgpg, c pgjfbmtb prcpcrjfcmg pfstgs scorb g sug lcrdg eb vfsug`fzgr g eflfjuègeb b clbrbjb gc bmlbrdbfrc g

- 7: G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

b jcdprbbmsêc ecs prco`bdgs ecdfmgmtbs, ecs lgjtcrbs eb rbg`fegeb rb`gjfcmgecs b egs jcmefèòbs fmtbrmgs bxfstbmtbs mcs pgrtfjfpgmtbs mc prcjbssc. ([bp`gu, N., 766;) Wugmec sb gaueg c pgjfbmtb g febmtflfjgr b jcdprbbmebr gs lgjbtgs ec sbu prco`bdg dæefjc, c pgjfbmtb pbrjbob c qub bstb fdp`fjg b pceb ogsbgr c sbu jcmnbjfdbmtc b g sug gjtugèêc pcstbrfcr mcs egecs jcmnbjfecs. Crfbmtgr æ, pcrtgmtc, lgzbr jcd qub c pgjfbmtb jcdprbbmeg, `chc æ prfdcrefg` qub tcegs gs fmstftufèòbs sb qubstfcmbd scorb c qub pcebd clbrbjbr gcs pgjfbmtbs, eurgmtb c pbräcec fmfjfg`, jcdc c coabjtfvc eb fmlcrdç-`cs eb udg lcrdg dgfs j`grflfjgecrg qub jcmlusg (qugmec sb ebfxg c pgjfbmtb bd eñvfeg gjbrjg ecs sbrvfècs efspcmävbfs b ec qub vgf gjcmtbjbr bstb lfjg dgfs gmsfcsc b fmsbhurc). [bp`gu glfrdg qub tcecs cs pgjfbmtbs ebvbd sbr gauegecs g `fobrtgr g bmbrhfg qub ebrfvg eg tbmsêc b eg gmsfbegeb gsscjfgeg jcd gs mbjbssfegebs bxpbrfdbmtgegs, bd rb`gèêc jcd cs dbfcs qub pbrdftbd eblfmfr, jcdprbbmebr b sgtfslgzbr prceutfvgdbmtb c prco`bdg jcd qub sb ebpgrgd. Mudg sftugèêc eb jrfsb c pgjfbmtb pceb ebsbmvc`vbr udg rçpfeg gmsfbegeb bd rb`gèêc g vçrfgs gdbgègs (jcdc g sbpgrgèêc ecs lgdf`fgrbs)9 æ fdpcrtgmtb crfbmtgr c pgjfbmtb pgrg qub bstg gmsfbegeb


C pgjfbmtb pgrtfjfpg mc prcjbssc eb crfbmtgèêc lcrdu`gmec pbrhumtgs, tbmtgmec gvbrfhugr c qub tbd qub sgobr pgrg sb sbmtfr sbhurc b cosbrvgmec g lcrdg jcdc `nb rbspcmebd cs prclfssfcmgfs. C ecbmtb pbeb gaueg b rbjbob gssfstámjfg, c qub c lgz sbmtfr-sb bd jgsg pcfs sgob qub `nb æ pbrdftfec bxprbssgr cs sbus ebsbacs b qub bstbs vêc sbr gtbmefecs. ([bp`gu, N., 766;) Lgsb eb Febmtflfjgèêc Wugmec sb gj`grg g prfdbfrg fdprbssêc ec pgjfbmtb b bstb gjrbeftg jcmnbjbr c qub `nb pceb clbrbjbr g sftugèêc, rbspcmeb sb`bjtfvgdbmtb ës pbsscgs qub pgrbjbd clbrbjbr-`nb g gaueg eb qub mbjbssftg. G`hums pgjfbmtbs sbmtbd-sb jcdc sb pbrtbmjbssbd pbrtbmjbssbd b lcrdgssbd pgrtb eg gvbmturg eb bmlrbmtgr ud prco`bdg. Gecptgd gtftuebs eb glgof`fegeb, cptfdfsdc b eb scùèêc eb prco`bdgs gc febmtflfjgr-sb jcd bmlbrdbfrcs qub sêc glçvbfs, cptfdfstgs b ñtbfs pgrg g scùèêc ecs prco`bdgs. Zbrêc bstbs pgjfbmtbs qub sb sbmtfrêc dgfs lcrtbs b dbmcs fdpctbmtbs pbrgmtb g ecbmèg. Zbhumec Jgmtcr, M. (765<) jftgec pcr [bp`gu, N. (766;), qugmec ud


Gjcmtbjb qub g`hums pgjfbmtbs sb febmtflfjgd ebdgsfgec lgjf`dbmtb jcd cs bmlbrdbfrcs b bspbrgd qub bstbs bmtbmegd tcecs cs sbus ebsbacs sbd bxfhfr mgeg bd trcjg. Bstbs pgjfbmtbs pcebd gtrgvbssgr g btgpg eb crfbmtgèêc duftc rgpfegdbmtb, gc fmtbrbssgr-sb pcujc pb`g pgrtfjfpgèêc mc prcjbssc eb bmlrbmtgr prco`bdgs b lcrdu`gr scùèòbs. Ebfxgd tuec mgs dêcs egs pbsscgs qub jufegd eb`bs. ([bp`gu, N., 766;) [bp`gu jcdprbbmebu qub, eurgmtb g lgsb eb febmtflfjgèêc, bd qub sêc prcpcrjfcmgecs prcpcrjfcmgecs jufegecs eb qug`fegeb, sêc pcssävbfs trás tfpcs eb rbspcstg pcr pgrtb ec pgjfbmtb1 

Zcorb g ogsb eg pgrtfjfpgèêc cu egs rb`gèòbs fmtbrebpbmebmtbs jcd ud bmlbrdbfrc9

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Zcorb g ogsb eg fmebpbmeámjfg cu ec fsc`gdbmtc jcd rbspbftc gc bmlbrdbfrc9

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Zcorb g ogsb ec ebsgdpgrc cu ebpbmeámjfg eb udg bmlbrdbfrg. [sfjc`chfjgdbmtb, mbstg lgsb, c pgjfbmtb bxpbrfdbmtg hrgus ecs dbsdcs

sbmtfdbmtcs qub gjtugrgd mudg btgpg gmtbrfcr eg sug vfeg. [ceb mêc sbr lçjf` pgrg c pgjfbmtb pbrdftfr bstg bxprbssêc eb sbmtfdbm tcs ‐fmlgmtfs—, pcr fssc, c bmlbrdbfrc ebvb sbr sbmsävb` tgmtc gcs sbmtfdbmtcs psfjc`úhfjcs jcdc gcs jcmtrg-sbmtfdbmtcs b

- 7< G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

sgobr qugfs sêc gs jcmjbpèòbs prævfgs ec pgjfbmtb pbrgmtb cs bmlbrdbfrcs. G cosbrvgèêc cosbrvgèêc eurgmtb g lgsb eb febmtflfjgèêc tbd ecfs coabjtfvcs prfmjfpgfs1 

C ebsbmvc`vfdbmtc eb udg j`grflfjgèêc scorb gs præ-jcmjbpèòbs b bxpbjtgtfvgs ec pgjfbmtb bd rb`gèêc gcs bmlbrdbfrcs b ë bmlbrdghbd9



C ebsbmvc`vfdbmtc eb j`grflfjgèêc scorb gs præ-jcmjbpèòbs b bxpbjtgtfvgs jcd cs bmlbrdbfrcs b gs sugs lgjuègebs pgrg bmlrbmtgr c prco`bdg. C pgjfbmtb gprbmeb g lgzbr usc eg rb`gèêc bmlbrdbfrc-pgjfbmtb ë dbefeg qub

gdocs jnbhgd g jcmnbjbr-sb b rbspbftgr-sb dutugdbmtb, jcdc pbsscgs jcd sbdb`ngmègs b eflbrbmègs eb cpfmfêc. C bmlbrdbfrc lgz usc eg sug lcrdgèêc prclfssfcmg` b eg sug ngof`fegeb pgrg gauegr c pgjfbmtb g jnbhgr g ud pcmtc bd qub sbag jgpgz eb lgzbr ud usc p`bmc eg rb`gèêc g lfd eb rbsc`vbr c prco`bdg dæefjc. ([bp`gu, N., 766;) G bmlbrdghbd blfjgz tbd jcdc jcmsbquámjfg ud dgfcr ebsbmvc`vfdbmtc eg pbrscmg`fegeb. pbrscmg`fegeb. ([bp`gu, N., 766;) 766;)


Bstg lgsb scorbpòb-sb jcd g febmtflfjgèêc b g rbscùèêc, mg lgsb lfmg` eg rb`gèêc bmlbrdbfrc-pgjfbmtb. G lgsb qub ghcrg jcmsfebrgdcs, rbprbsbmtg tcegs gs gmtbrfcrbs b udg bxtbmsêc ec pgjfbmtb pgrg c luturc. Jgrgjtbrfzg-sb pcr udg lusêc eb mbjbssfegebs b ud dcvfdbmtc eb ‐gvgmèc b rbjuc—. Gs rçpfegs duegmègs eb

jcdpcrtgdbmtc bxprbssgd gs mbjbssfegebs, jcdp`btgmec g cosbrvgèêc. Bstg jcmeutg eb ‐gvgmèc b rbjuc— æ prúprfg eg jcmvg`bsjbmèg b [bp`gu gssbdb`ng-g

gc

jcdpcrtgdbmtc eb ud gec`bsjbmtb1 g eflfjuègeb pgrbjb rbsfefr mg tbmtgtfvg eb jrfgr ud bquf`äorfc bmtrb g mbjbssfegeb eb sbr ebpbmebmtb eurgmtb g ecbmèg b fmebpbmebmtb gpús g rbjupbrgèêc. Duftcs pgjfbmtbs csjf`gd bmtrb ud pú`c b cutrc sbmec fmjgpgzbs eb ebjfefr bd qub efrbjèêc fr. C pgjfbmtb bstç obd jufegec qugmec gs sugs mbjbssfegebs sêc sgtfslbftgs ë dbefeg qub b`gs surhbd, bd vbz eb sb prbstgr gtbmèêc ës gpgrbmtbs fmjcmhruámjfgs ec sbu jcdpcrtgdbmtc, bdocrg g bmlbrdbfrg ebvg jcdprbbmebr jcdprbbmebr c qub jgusg bstg duegmèg eb jcdpcrtgdbmtc. ([bp`gu, N., 766;)

Lgsb eb _bscùèêc

- 7> G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

rbjcrrbr g cutrcs dbfcs pgrg gssbhurgr qub sb sgtfslgzbd gs mbjbssfegebs eb ebpbmeámjfg psfjc`úhfjg b eb rb`gèêc eb gaueg, gtæ c ecbmtb sbr jgpgz eb sb jufegr lfsfjgdbmtb pcr sf dbsdc. Zbd bstb prcjbssc g gmsfbegeb crfhfmçrfg eb mbjbssfegebs mêc sgtfslbftgs pcebd jcmvbrtbr-sb bd sfmtcdgs qub gtrgsgd c prcjbssc eb rbjupbrgèêc rbjupbrgèêc b jrfgd tbmsêc. ([bp`gu, N., 766;) Bstg lgsb fdp`fjg g `fobrtgèêc hrgeug` eg febmtflfjgèêc egs pbsscgs qub prcpcrjfcmgrgd gaueg, jrbsjfdbmtc b lcrtg`bjfdbmtc eg jgpgjfegeb jgpgjfegeb eb gjtugr pcr sf dbsdc. C pgjfbmtb tbd áxftc qugmec tcegs gs btgpgs gmtbrfcrbs lcrgd gdp`gdbmtb sgtfslbftgs b cjcrrbu ud bmjgebgdbmtc gebqugec bmtrb b`gs. Mbstb jcmtbxtc g gutcrg lg`g bd ‐jrfgmèg psfjc`úhfjg1 gjbftgèêc fmjcmefjfcmg` eb udg rb`gèêc eb gpcfc qub prcpcrjfcmg tctg` sgtfslgèêc egs mbjbssfegebs, rbjcmnbjfdbmtc eb rbspcstgs g jngvbs eb jrbsjfdbmtc mg lcrdg b mc dcdbmtc bd qub gpgrbjbd gc pgjfbmtb, ebsprbmefdbmtc ebsprbmefdbmtc ec pcebr ec bmlbrdbfrc gc pgjfbmtb qugmec bstb jcmsbhufr sgtfslgzbr cs sbus ebsbacs b gp`fjgr cs sbus prúprfcs bslcrècs pgrg g`jgmègr gs sugs dbtgs—.

Mbstg lgsb eb rbscùèêc c bmlbrdbfrc gaueg c pgjfbmtb g crhgmfzgr gs sugs gjèòbs gtæ qub bstb bstbag efspcstc b `fvrb g gp`fjgr-sb g udg gjtfvfegeb scjfg` prceutfvg b g


[G[BFZ [_CLFZZFCMGFZ EG BMLB_DGHBD MG _B@GÈÊC FMUB_[BZZCG@ Mg bmlbrdghbd psfjcefmïdfjg, [bp`gu gprbsbmtg vçrfcs pgpæfs eb bmlbrdghbd1 c eb bstrgmnc9 c eb pbsscg eb rbjursc 9 c eb prclbsscr9 c eb `äebr9 c eb suostftutc9 b c eb jcmsb`nbfrc. Bstbs, sêc jcmaumtcs eb vg`crbs b jcdpcrtgdbmtcs bspbjälfjcs eb pcsfèòbs lumjfcmgfs bd bstruturgs scjfgfs. (Ucwmsbme, D., ?;;?) Mc pgpb` eb bstrgmnc, c bmlbrdbfrc ebvb trgtgr c ecbmtb jcd jcrtbsfg, fstc æ, sbd c au`hgr. Ebvb pgrtfr ec prbssupcstc qub c ecbmtb æ bdcjfcmg`dbmtb jgpgz, gtæ qub g`hc jcmtrgstb. (Ncwi, J., ?;;5) Mc pgpb` eb pbsscg eb rbjursc , c bmlbrdbfrc clbrbjb g fmlcrdgèêc bspbjälfjg mbjbssçrfg eb lcrdg g gauegr c pgjfbmtb g db`ncr jcdprbbmebr c sbu prco`bdg b g sug mcvg sftugèêc. C bmlbrdbfrc ebtbrdfmg c tfpc eb rbspcstg dgfs gebqugec ë

- ?; G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

_B@GÈÊC BMU_B GZ LGZBZ EC [_CJBZZC FMUB_[BZZCG@ EB [B[@GR B C [_CJBZZC EB BMLB_DGHBD G sbquámjfg egs qugtrc lgsbs eb [bp`gu, crfbmtgèêc, febmtflfjgèêc, bxp`crgèêc b rbscùèêc, pceb sbr jcdpgrgeg jcd c prcjbssc eb bmlbrdghbd. C prcjbssc eb bmlbrdghbd æ eblfmfec jcdc ‐udg gjtfvfegeb fmtb`bjtug` eb`fobrgeg pb`g qug` g

prçtfjg eb bmlbrdghbd æ gocregeg eb dgmbfrg crebmgeg b sfstædfjg. (Ob`jnbr, ( Ob`jnbr, A. & Lfsn, @., ?;;;127) Bxfstbd sbdb`ngmègs bmtrb c prcjbssc eb bmlbrdghbd b gs lgsbs fmtbrpbsscgfs eb [bp`gu. Ugmtc gs lgsbs eb [bp`gu jcdc c prcjbssc eb bmlbrdghbd sêc sbqubmjfgfs b eêc ámlgsb ës fmtbrgjèòbs tbrgpáutfjgs. Gdocs sg`fbmtgd qub c bmlbrdbfrc b c pgjfbmtb ebvbd usgr tæjmfjgs pgrg scùjfcmgr prco`bdgs bd jc`gocrgèêc, jcd c

- ?7 G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

mbjbssfegeb, lrustrgèêc, jcml`ftc b gmsfbegeb eb [bp`gu. Gjtug`dbmtb, g lgdä`fg, c hrupc cu g jcdumfegeb pcebd sbr eblfmfecs jcdc c pgjfbmtb mc prcjbssc eb bmlbrdghbd. G lgsb eb crfbmtgèêc eb [bp`gu æ pgrg`b`g gc fmäjfc eg gprbjfgèêc , mg qug` c bmlbrdbfrc b c pgjfbmtb sb bmjcmtrgd jcdc bstrgmncs. Bstb bmjcmtrc æ eb fmfjfgtfvg ec pgjfbmtb, qub bxprbssg udg mbjbssfegeb. Bd jcmaumtc, bmlbrdbfrc b pgjfbmtb jcdbègd g trgog`ngr pgrg rbjcmnbjbr, bsj`grbjbr b jc`nbr egecs fdpcrtgmtbs pgrg bssg mbjbssfegeb. Gjtug`dbmtb, bstb jcmaumtc eb gjèòbs æ ebmcdfmgec eb jc`nbftg eb

egecs mg lgsb eb gprbjfgèêc mc prcjbssc eb bmlbrdghbd. G crfbmtgèêc b g gprbjfgèêc mêc sêc sfmúmfdgs b mêc ebvbd sbr jcmlumefegs. G jc`nbftg eb egecs æ jcmtämug gc `cmhc egs lgsbs eb [bp`gu bmqugmtc, mc prcjbssc eb bmlbrdghbd, g jc`nbftg eb egecs fmfjfg` lgz pgrtb eg gprbjfgèêc, sbmec gs pcstbrfcrbs jc`nbftgs eb egecs fmtbhrgmtbs eg rbgprbjfgèêc. (Ob`jnbr, A. & Lfsn, @., ?;;;) Mc prcjbssc eb bmlbrdghbd, c efghmústfjc æ rbg`fzgec qugmec sêc febmtflfjgecs cs prco`bdgs eb sgñeb9 æ ud rbsudc ecs egecs jc`nfecs b gmg`fsgecs. Eurgmtb c pbräcec eb crfbmtgèêc eb [bp`gu, ‐c pgjfbmtb bsj`grbjb g prfdbfrg b tctg`

- ?? G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

vfsgmec g rbscùèêc ecs prco`bdgs ec pgjfbmtb. C bmlbrdbfrc fmjcrpcrg cs pcmtcs lcrtbs b gs lrgqubzgs ec pgjfbmtb mc p`gmc eb jufegecs. Ugmtc mg lgsb eb bxbjuèêc jcdc mg bxp`crgèêc eb [bp`gu, c pgjfbmtb bxpbrfdbmtg cs obmbläjfcs ec rb`gjfcmgdbmtc tbrgpáutfjc prcvbmfbmtbs ec jcmnbjfdbmtc ec bmlbrdbfrc. Gdogs tád p`gmcs fmefvfeug`fzgecs lcrdu`gecs jcd ogsb mgs mbjbssfegebs b mcs fmtbrbssbs ec pgjfbmtb, sbmec bstbs efrbjjfcmgecs pgrg g cotbmèêc egs dbtgs ebsbagegs. Jcmtuec, nç udg eflbrbmèg bmtrb bstgs eugs lgsbs. Mg bxp`crgèêc, æ c pgjfbmtb qubd prcjurg cs sbrvfècs pgrg cotbr obmbläjfcs, bmqugmtc qub mg bxbjuèêc bxfstb ud p`gmc cu ud prcjbefdbmtc pcr bsjrftc, eb mgturbzg nc`ästfjg, usgec pgrg gtfmhfr dbtgs b coabjtfvcs bstgob`bjfecs mg gprbjfgèêc eb bmlbrdghbd. Ebstg lcrdg, g bxp`crgèêc æ crfbmtgeg pgrg c pgjfbmtb, cpcmec-sb ë bxbjuèêc qub pceb sbr rbg`fzgeg pb`c pgjfbmtb, pb`g sug lgdä`fg cu pcr prclfssfcmgfs eb sgñeb. (Ob`jnbr, A. & Lfsn, @., ?;;;) [cr u`tfdc, g lgsb eb rbscùèêc eb [bp`gu qub ebtbrdfmg qub gs lgsbs gmtbrfcrbs tbmngd sfec rbg`fzgegs jcd sujbssc b gs mbjbssfegebs prbbmjnfegs. G rbscùèêc æ c rbsu`tgec lfmg`. Gpbsgr eb [bp`gu mêc efsjutfr g gvg`fgèêc, b`g æ ud

- ?: G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

C U_GOG@NC EB [B[@GR B GZ JG_GJUB_ÄZUFJGZ EB RDG UBC_FG Zbhumec Ob`jnbr, A. & Lfsn, @. (?;;;) mg `ftbrgturg, `f tbrgturg, nç udg jbrtg efvbrhámjfg qugmtc gc lgjtc eb c `fvrc eb [bp`gu sbr udg tbcrfg. [cr bstb dctfvc sbrç fdpcrtgmtb eb rblbrfr mbstb ftbd c trgog`nc eb [bp`gu, jcdpgrgmec-c ës jgrgjtbrästfjgs eb udg tbcrfg. Mc bmtgmtc, sbhumec cs gutcrbs suprgjftgecs, c trgog`nc eb [bp`gu, bd hbrg`, jcmstftuf udg tbcrfg eb bmlbrdghbd. Duftc sudgrfgdbmtb, udg tbcrfg gprbsbmtg sbtb jgrgjtbrästfjgs1 

Fmtbr-rb`gjfcmg jcmjbftcs eb dcec g jrfgr udg dgmbfrg eflbrbmtb eb bmjgrgr ud ebtbrdfmgec lbmúdbmc9



Æ `úhfjgs pcr mgturbzg9



Æ rb`gtfvgdbmtb sfdp`bs, gfmeg qub hbmbrg`fzçvbfs9


BZUREC EB RD JGZC JCD G[@FJGÈÊC EC [_CJBZZC EB BMLB_DGHBD EB NF@EBHG_E [B[@GR Mbstb jgpätu`c ec trgog`nc, sbrç gprbsbmtgec ud bstuec eb jgsc, sbhufmec gs lgsbs ec prcjbssc eb bmlbrdghbd sbhumec Nfèbhgre [bp`gu. Jcdc bd tcecs cs trgog`ncs rbg`fzgecs qub bmvc`vgd utbmtbs, æ mbjbssçrfc tcdgr fmñdbrgs prbjguèòbs, jcd c coabjtfvc eb prctbhbr tcegs gs pbsscgs qub mb`b pgrtfjfpgd. Gssfd, lcf sg`vghugregec c efrbftc gc gmcmfdgtc b ë jcmlfebmjfg`fegeb ec utbmtb fmtbrvbmfbmtb mbstb bstuec eb jgsc, eb dcec g qub mbmnudgs egs pbsscgs rblbrfegs b fmtbrvbmfbmtbs pcssgd luturgdbmtb sbr rbjcmnbjfegs. Gssfd, sêc dbmjfcmgegs gs `btrgs bd suostftufèêc ecs mcdbs qub jcrrbspcmebd ës fmfjfgfs ecs sbus mcdbs.


_bsfeámjfg1 Ævcrg Jcmstftufèêc Lgdf`fgr1 Ngoftg sczfmnc. (\br Gmbxc 7 ‚ Hbmchrgdg b \ämju`cs Lgdf`fgrbs ec Zr. J.D.) J.D.)

Zfstbdgs/ sbrvfècs eb gpcfc1 Zbrvfèc Mgjfcmg` eb Zgñeb9 Jrbmègs rb`fhfcsgs/ ju`turgfs1 Zbd fmlcrdgèêc. [rclfssêc1 C Zr. J. D. glfrdg bstgr gpcsbmtgec. Urgog`ncu bd vçrfcs `cjgfs mcs ñ`tfdcs gmcs, mg çrbg eg nctb`grfg, dgs gjgocu pcr sbr ebspbefec cu ebdftfg-sb qugmec c trgog`nc mêc c ghrgegvg.

Egtg eb gedfssêc mc E[ZD ‚ NBZB-B[B1 NBZB-B[B1 ;< eb Dgfc eb ?;;6 Dctfvcs ec fmtbrmgdbmtc1 Zämercdb Ebprbssfvc, jcd Febgèêc Zufjfeg9 Ufpc eb Fmtbrmgdbmtc1 Fmtbrmgdbmtc1 B`bjtfvc. [bsscg g jcmtgjtgr1 Frdê, Zr.ª G.D. Nfstúrfg J`ämfjg Gjtug`1 C Zr. J. vfvfg jcd c pgf eb >2 gmcs, qub lg`bjbu suoftgdbmtb nç jbrjg eb ecfs dbsbs, mc efg ;6 eb Dgrèc eb ?;;6. Ebseb bssg egtg pgsscu g mêc gmegr

- ?< G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

Nfstúrfg J`ämfjg Gmtbrfcr1 C Zr. J. glfrdg tcdgr dbefjgèêc jg`dgmtb ebseb cs 6 gmcs eb fegeb, pcr tbr sfec udg jrfgmèg ogstgmtb ghftgeg b qub hrftgvg duftc. (sfj) Gcs 7> gmcs rbg`fzcu g prfdbfrg tbmtgtfvg sufjfeg, rb`gjfcmgeg jcd g sug crfbmtgèêc sbxug`. C Zr. J. glfrdg sbr ncdcssbxug` b qub bstg cpèêc sbdprb c lbz sclrbr duftc, prcvcjgmec vçrfcs ebshcstcs b febgèòbs sufjfegs gc `cmhc eg sug vfeg (mêc bspbjflfjgmec). (sfj) C Zr. J aç tbvb bpfsúefcs eb bsqufzclrbmfg, gsscjfgeg gc jcmsudc eb erchgs (ngxfxb), tbmec aç bstgec fmtbrmgec mc E[ZD (sfj). (Zbd fmlcrdgèêc eg egtg ec fmtbrmgdbmtc.) C Zr. J. tbd eælfjb eb gjufegeb gueftfvg b efs`fpfeædfg.

Nfstúrfg J`ämfjg Lgdf`fgr1 Uceg g lgdä`fg pgtbrmg ec Zr. J. sclrb eb eælfjb eb gjufegeb gueftfvg. (sfj) G sug frdê dgfs vb`ng, g Zr, D.G., b c sbu frdêc dgfs mcvc, cs Zr. A.[., tád grtrftb rbudgtúfeb. (sfj) G lf`ng eg sug frdê G.D. tbd Zämercdb eb Ecwm. C sbu frdêc dgfs vb`nc, c Zr. A.D., aç tbvb prco`bdgs ebprbssfvcs, rb`gjfcmgecs jcd eflfjuègebs bjcmúdfjgs, nç jbrjg eb 8 gmcs. C pgf ec Zr. J., jcdc rblbrfec gmtbrfcrdbmtb,


vcmtgeb eb fr pgssgr ums efgs g jgsg pgrg bstgr jcd cs sbus lgdf`fgrbs, pcr sbr g`turg eg lbstg eb gmfvbrsçrfc eg sug frdê b eg sug scorfmng. Ebpcfs eb c dæefjc tbr egec jcmsbmtfdbmtc, c Zr. J. dgmflbstcu g`bhrfg, bsocègmec scrrfscs gc `cmhc ec efg b nudcr butädfjc.

Gprbjfgèêc Läsfjg, [sfjc`úhfjg b Gjtfvfegebs eb \feg Efçrfg1 C Zr. J. mêc gprbsbmtg rfsjc eb fmlbjèêc, pbmscs, g`brhfgs cu bxpcsfèêc g lgjtcrbs gdofbmtgfs eb rfsjc. [cssuf jgsg prúprfg, jcd efvfsòbs sulfjfbmtbs tbmec bd jcmtg g rb`gèêc qugrtc/ghrbhgec. G sug ngoftgèêc pcssuf çhug jgmg`fzgeg, rbeb eb bshctcs b ùz b`æjtrfjg. Judprb c jg`bmeçrfc vgjfmg` b gutcdbefjg-sb bd jgsc eb lborb b/cu jblg`bfgs. _bjcmnbjb g mbjbssfegeb eb fmtbrmgdbmtc b febmtflfjg gs prfmjfpgfs jgrgjtbrästfjgs eg sug ecbmèg. Gprbsbmtg gmbecmfg b lg`tg eb fmtbrbssb pb`g vfeg, glfrdgmec ‐g dfmng vfeg æ udg sbjg (...) — pb`c qub dgmflbstg lrbqubmtbdbmtb

febgèêc sufjfeg. C Zr. J. rbjcmnbjb g mbjbssfegeb eb pbrdgmámjfg mc sbrvfèc eb fmtbrmgdbmtc. Ebseb c fmfjfc ec gjcdpgmngdbmtc, qub mêc dgmflbstg febgèêc sufjfeg cu `gof`fegeb bdcjfcmg`. Dgmtæd gmbecmfg. _bqubr gjcdpgmngdbmtc

- ?> G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

Jgpgjfegeb eb jcdprbbmsêc fmg`tbrgeg, gjbftgmec lgjf`dbmtb qug`qubr pbefec cu crebd qub `nb sbag trgmsdftfeg. Gprbsbmtg efsjursc jcbrbmtb b gebqugec, jcd vcjgou`çrfc sfdp`bs. Fmtbrghb pcujc jcd cs cutrcs ecbmtbs, tæjmfjcs, bstghfçrfcs b bmlbrdbfrcs, tbmec prblbrámjfg pcr gjtfvfegebs sc`ftçrfgs. _bg`fzg, bd dæefg, qugtrc rblbfèòbs efçrfgs (pbqubmc g`dcèc ‚ udg udg ogmgmg b oc`gjngs9 g`dcèc ‚ rblbfèòbs eb jgrmb cu pbfxb9 `gmjnb ‚ udg sgmebs b jbrvbag9 agmtgr ‚ g`fdbmtg-sb g`fdbmtg-sb gpbmgs eb scpg), bxjbptugmec mcs pbräcecs eb dgfcr gmbecmfg cmeb dgmflbstg lg`tg eb gpbtftb. Gs rblbfèòbs sêc bd ncrçrfc rbhu`gr, sbmec c pbqubmc-g`dcèc pbqubmc-g`dcèc jbrjg egs 7;n:;, 7;n:;, c g`dcèc ës 7:n;;, 7:n;;, c `gmjnb ës 78n;; 78n;; b c agmtgr ës 76n:;. Æ c prúprfc qub jczfmng gs sugs rblbfèòbs, dgmflbstgmec hrgmeb prgzbr mbstg gjtfvfegeb. _bg`fzg gs jcdprgs dbmsg`dbmtb, jcd g gaueg eg sug frdê. Gpbsgr eb rblbrfr cecmtg`hfg gsscjfgeg g hbmhfvftb, jcmtfmug g tbr prblbrámjfg pcr g`fdbmtcs sú`fecs. Ebvfec ë sug nfpctbmsêc, gqugmec gs rblbfèòbs, tbd sbdprb aumtc eb sf udg bdog`ghbd eb sg` lfmc. Zbd fmtc`brïmjfgs cu g`brhfgs g`fdbmtgrbs jcmnbjfegs. Gprbsbmtg-sb gpgrbmtbdbmtb gpgrbmtbdbmtb obd mutrfec. (Zbd fmlcrdgèêc f mlcrdgèêc ec FDJ). Bd fmtbrmgdbmtc rbg`fzg efbtg hbrg`, g`fdbmtgmec-sb, mg dgfcr pgrtb egs

- ?6 G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs udg ecr tfpc ‐pcmtgeg—. Ecbmtb gpfrætfjc sbd sfmgfs eb nfpc cu

nfpbrtbrdfg (U -

:<,2±J). C Zr. J æ gutúmcdc mbstg gjtfvfegeb eb vfeg, rblbrfmec mumjg tbr utf`fzgec fmstrudbmtcs guxf`fgrbs eg dgrjng. Gprbsbmtg ocg pcsturg jcrpcrg`, jcd ocg gdp`ftueb eb dcvfdbmtcs. Dgrjng `bmtg jcd pgsscs jurtcs. Mc ecdfjä`fc1 Ebs`cjgsb efgrfgdbmtb g pæ pgrg c pgrt-tfdb p grt-tfdb.. Mêc prgtfjg bxbrjäjfc läsfjc b mêc pcssuf qugfsqubr prútbsbs ústbc-grtfju`grbs. C Zr. J. glfrdg tbr fmfjfgec g sug vfeg `gocrg` gpús c tærdfmc ec sbu jursc prclfssfcmg` eb nctb`grfg, nctb`grfg, tbmec gfmeg rbg`fzgec rbg`fzgec g`hums jcdp`bdbmtcs jcdp`bdbmtcs prclfssfcmgfs prclfssfcmgfs mg çrbg eg pgmflfjgèêc. Gc `cmhc ecs gmcs trgog`ncu bd vçrfcs `cjgfs, dgs rblbrb mumjg tbr hcstgec eb mbmnud, gjgogmec pcr sbr ebspbefec cu ebdftfr-sb. Glfrdg qub, mg dgfcr pgrtb ecs sätfcs, ngvfg lg`tg eb jcmefèòbs eb trgog`nc. Mbstb dcdbmtc bmjcmtrg-sb gpcsbmtgec. gpcsbmtgec. Eb sbhumeg g sbxtg trgog`ng jcdc vcùmtçrfc mcs bsjutbfrcs. Hcstg eb pgssbgr b eb fr ë prgfg, dgs rblbrb aç mêc c lgzbr nç g`hud tbdpc. Wubstfcmgec scorb cs sbus gdfhcs, c Zr. J. glfrdg qub bstbs sb glgstgrgd eb`b. Zú gfmeg tbd ud gdfhc, c Zr. @., jcd qubd, eb vbz bd qugmec, jcdofmg ud

- :; G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs vfvbr— b ‐gjnbf qub c dumec aç mêc tfmng mgeg pgrg dfd—. C Zr.

J. glfrdg aç tbr

tbmtgec c sufjäefc. G prfdbfrg vbz lcf gcs 7> gmcs eb fegeb, ebvfec ë crfbmtgèêc sbxug`, pcr sb sbmtfr rbabftgec.

Lgsb eb Febmtflfjgèêc

Mbstg lgsb lcf lbftg g gmç`fsb ecs egecs b p`gmbgegs gjèòbs eb bmlbrdghbd eb gjcrec jcd cs prco`bdgs ebtbjtgecs b jcd cs coabjtfvcs9 prcjurcu-sb qub mêc lcssbd ebdgsfgec gdofjfcscs, pgrg qub puebssbd sbr rbg`fzçvbfs b dbmsurçvbfs.

Efghmústfjc eb Bmlbrdghbd Lcjc Auäzc GRUC-BZUFDG Efdfmuäeg ZRFJÄEFC [ctbmjfg` COZUF[GÈÊC Gjtug` @RUC LGDF@FG_ Gjtug`

- :7 G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs Hrgeug`dbmtb c bmlbrdbfrc lcf lgzbmec c ‐ebsdgdb— ec rb` gjfcmgdbmtc.

C

ecbmtb lcf gauegec g bmjcmtrgr scùèòbs pgrg c luturc, g rbvbr c qub gprbmebu eg rb`gèêc tbrgpáutfjg, b lcf gvg`fgeg g sug jgpgjfegeb pgrg jcdbègr udg vfeg dgfs pcsftfvg b jcmstrutfvg. jcmstrutfvg. Gvg`fgèêc Hbrg` eg Bvcùèêc ec Ecbmtb1

Efghmústfjc eb Bmlbrdghbd Lcjc Auäzc GRUC-BZUFDG

Efdfmuäeg

ZRFJÄEFC COZUF[GÈÊC

[ctbmjfg` Gjtug`

@RUC LGDF@FG_

Gjtug`

ZBMUFDBMUCZ EB FD[CUÁMJFG EC_ DRZJR@CBZWRB@ÆUFJG GREFÈÊC

7.ª Zbdgmg Ubmeb g Db`ncrgec Efdfmuäec Gjtug` Ubmeb g Mcrdg`

Gvg`fgèêc ?.ª Zbdgmg :.ª Zbdgmg Ubmeb g Ubmeb g Db`ncrgec Db`ncrgec Mbmnud Mbmnud Mbmnud Mbmnud Ubmeb g Ubmeb g Mcrdg` Mcrdg` Ubmeb g Gjtug` Efdfmuäec

5.ª Zbdgmg Ubmeb g Db`ncrgec Mbmnud Mbmnud Ubmeb g Mcrdg` Ubmeb g Efdfmuäec

Gjtug`

Gjtug`

Gjtug`

Gjtug`

Gjtug`

Mbmnudg

Mbmnudg

Efdfmuäeg

Efdfmuäeg

Efdfmuäeg

Efdfmuäeg

Efdfmuäeg

- :? G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

JCMZFEB_GÈÒBZ LFMGFZ Mbstb trgog`nc lcf gocregeg g Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs eb [bp`gu. Bstg tbcrfg surhb mg eæjgeg eb 2;, b rbl`bjtb g prbcjupgèêc jcd g jcdprbbmsêc eg mgturbzg eg bmlbrdghbd mg æpcjg, sbmec fdpcrtgmtb pgrg g prçtfjg prclfssfcmg`. C mñj`bc ebstg tbcrfg rbpcusg mc prcjbssc fmtbrpbsscg` qub jcmstftuf pgrtb fmtbhrgmtb eg bmlbrdghbd gjtug`. Bstb prcjbssc jcmsfstb mgs lgsbs sujbssfvgs eb crfbmtgèêc, febmtflfjgèêc, bxp`crgèêc bxp`crgèêc b rbscùèêc. Ugmtc gs lgsbs eb [bp`gu qugmtc gs ec prcjbssc eb bmlbrdghbd sêc sujbssfvgs b jbmtrg`fzgd c sbu lcjc scorb gs fmtbrgjèòbs tbrgpáutfjgs. Wugmec eugs pbsscgs sb bmjcmtrgd mudg rb`gèêc jrfgtfvg, cjcrrb ud sbmsc fmfmtbrruptc eb rbjfprcjfegeb b umfêc eurgmtb tceg g bxpbrfámjfg. Gdogs gs pbsscgs bmjcmtrgd-sb bmvc`vfegs mud prcjbssc eb gutc-sgtfslgèêc qub

- :: G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

_BLB_ÁMJFGZ



G`dbfeg, \.9 @cpbs, D. & Egdgsjbmc, D. (?;;2) - Ubcrfg egs rb`gèòbs fmtbrpbsscgfs eb [bp`gu1 gmç`fsb lumegdbmtgeg bd Ogrmgud. _bvfstg eg Bsjc`g eb Bmlbrdghbd eg Rmfvbrsfegeb eb Zêc [gu`c. [gu`c . :6(?), ?;?-?7;. Jcmsu`tgec bd Cutuorc, mc efg 7;, ec gmc ?;7;, gtrgvæs eg lcmtb1 www.sjfb`c.or/pel/rbbusp/v:6m?/77.pel9



Ob`jnbr, A. & Lfsn, @. (?;;;) ‚ Nfèbhgre Nfèbhgre B. [bp`gu. Fm1 Hbcrhb, A. (?;;;) Ubcrfgs eb bmlbrdghbd, cs lumegdbmtcs ë prçtfjg prclfssfcmg` . 5.ª Befèêc, [crtc G`bhrb1 Grtdbe Beftcrg, 52-289



Bsjc`g eb bmlbrdghbd pús-oçsfjg eb @fsocg (76><). Dceb`cs tbúrfjcs eb bmlbrdghbd. bmlbrdghbd. @fsocg, 2-?5,<8-879

- :5 G Ubcrfg eb [bp`gu ‚ Ubcrfg Ubcrfg egs _b`gèòbs Fmtbrpbsscgfs

GMB^CZ Gmbxc 7 ‚ Hbmchrgdg Hbmchrgdg b \ämju`cs Lgdf`fgrbs ec Zr. J.D.

- :2 Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

Gmbxc ? ‚ [`gmc [`gmc eb Jufegecs ec Zr. J.D.

Cs p`gmcs eb jufegecs rbg`fzgecs pgrg c Zr. J. D. lcrgd blbjtugecs sbhumec g JF[B® (vbrsêc 7.;, ?;;2). Mc bmtgmtc, ebvfec gc lgjtc ebstb sfstbdg mêc pcssufr g`hudgs bxp rbssòbs qub jcmsfebrbf bssbmjfgfs pgrg g rbg`fzgèêc ecs p`gmcs e b jufegecs, lcrgd utf`fzgegs cutrgs, pgrg qub c qugerc q ugerc sbag pbrjbptävb`. Bstgs bxprbssòbs bmjcmtrgd-sb bd ftç`fjc. G JF[B® æ ebsjrftg jcdc ud sfstbdg eb `fmhughbd eb bmlbrdghbd umflfjgec. Bstg ebvb jcmsbhufr ngrdcmfzgr b egr ud sbmtfec ës dñ`tfp`gs mbjbssfegebs eb tbrdfmc`chfg ecs bmlbrdbfrcs. G JF[B® gssbmtg mud Dceb`c eb 8 Bfxcs, qub prbtbmeb lgjf`ftgr c sbu usc jcmtfmugec pb`cs bmlbrdbfrcs. Gs eblfmfèòbs eb jgeg ud ecs sbtb bfxcs eg JF[B® \brsêc 7 sêc1 G. Lcjc1 çrbg eb gtbmèêc rb`bvgmtb pgrg g Bmlbrdghbd (pcr bxbdp`c ecr, sbd gorfhc, b`fdfmgèêc, bspbrgmèg eb vfeg, jcmnbjfdbmtc). O. Auäzc1 cpfmfêc j`ämfjg cu ebtbrdfmgèêc rb`gtfvgdbmtb gc lcjc eg prçtfjg eb bmlbrdghbd (pcr bxbdp`c mävb` ebjrbsjbmtb, rfsjc, db`ncrgec, fmtbrrcdpfec, gmcrdg`). J. _bjurscs1 lcrdg cu dætcec eb jcmjrbtfzgr udg fmtbrvbmèêc (pcr bxbdp`c `fhgeurg, tæjmfjg eb trbfmc vbsfjg`, sbrvfèc eb mutrfèêc). E. Gjèêc1 prcjbssc Gjèêc1 prcjbssc fmtbmjfcmg` gp`fjgec g, cu ebsbdpbmngec ebsbdpbmngec pcr ud j`fbmtb (pcr bxbdp`c beujgr, trcjgr, trcjgr, gedfmfstrgr, dcmftcrfzgr). B. Ubdpc1 c pcmtc, pbräcec, fmstgmtb, fmtbrvg`c cu eurgèêc eb udg cjcrrámjfg (pcr bxbdp`c gedfssêc, mgsjfdbmtc, jrúmfjc). L. @cjg`fzgèêc1 crfbmtgèêc gmgtúdfjg cu bspgjfg` eb ud efghmcstfjc cu fmtbrvbmèêc (pcr bxbdp`c pcstbrfcr, goeúdbm, bsjc`g,). H. J`fbmtb1 suabftc g qubd c efghmústfjc sb rblbrb b qub æ c obmblfjfçrfc eg fmtbrvbmèêc (pcr bxbdp`c rbjæd-mgsjfec, prbstgecr eb jufegecs, lgdä`fg, jcdumfegeb). Jursc eb @fjbmjfgturg bd Bmlbrdghbd ‚ :.± :.± Gmc, 7.± Zbdbstrb

- :< Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

7. Gutc-Bstfdg Efdfmuäeg

Gjèêc

J`fbmtb

Lcjc

Auäzc

@cjg`fzgèêc

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Zr. J.

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Efdfmuäeg

E[ZD

eb

D.

_bjurscs

Ubdpc

Bmlbrdghbd Gutc-bstfdg

E[ZD

Bmlbrdbfrc9 Bsjutg Bmlbrdbfrc9 Bsjutg Gjtfvg. Gjtfvg.

Zbdprb

Zr. J.

_b`gèêc eb

E[ZD

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Zbdprb

D.

Jcmlfgmèg

Bstgr

Zr. J.

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D.

eb

Fmjbmtfvgr

Zr. J.

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D.

Gutc-bstfdg

Bsjutgr

Zr. J. D.

Bstgob`bjbr

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Gaueg9 Gaueg9 [rfmjäpfcs Ætfjcs. E[ZD

Bmlbrdbfrc9 Efspcmfof`fzgr Bmlbrdbfrc9 Efspcmfof`fzgr

Zbdprb

Ubdpc b Bspgèc E[ZD

Ofo`fctbrgpfg

Lrbquámjfg

( Efçrfcs/Mgrrgtfvgs)9 Efçrfcs/Mgrrgtfvgs)9

7 vbz efg,

_blcrèc [csftfvc9 Bsjutg [csftfvc9 Bsjutg

dämfdc

Gjtfvg. Gjtfvg. Bstfdu`gr

Zr. J.

Bxprbssêc eb

E[ZD b

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Lrbquámjfg

D.

Zbmtfdbmtcs,

Ecdfjä`fc

Uæjmfjg eb Lbbeogji9

7 vbz efg,

Jursc eb @fjbmjfgturg bd Bmlbrdghbd ‚ :.± :.± Gmc, 7.± Zbdbstrb


[bmsgdbmtcs b

Ofo`fctbrgpfg

dämfdc

Zbrvfèc eb Ubrgpfg

Cjcrrámjfg

Bdcèòbs [rcpcrjfcmgr

Zr. J.

Gutcmcdfg

E[ZD

Cjupgjfcmg` ( Gjtfvfegeb Gjtfvfegeb

D.

eb Ju`fmçrfg)9 Ju`fmçrfg)9 Urbfmc eb Gptfeòbs9 Gptfeòbs9 Uæjmfjg eb Efstrgjèêc Fmtbrvbmèòbs

Zupbrvfsfcmgr

eb

Zr. J.

_b`gjfcmgdbmtcs

E[ZD

[rbsbmèg9 Bmlbrdbfrc

Lrbquámjfg Eurgmtb cs

D.

Bmlbrdghbd

„tbdpcs `fvrbs‖

Bmjcrgagr

Zr. J.

Jcdumfjgèêc

E[ZD

D.

Uæjmfjg eb Fmtbrgjèêc9

Efg

Urbfmc eb Gssbrtfvfegeb. Gssbrtfvfegeb.

7 vbz, dämfdc

Bstgob`bjbr

Zr. J.

(jcd) jcd)

D.

Dbtgs _bg`fstgs

E[ZD b

Ofo`fctbrgpfg9 Bmtrbvfstg

Lrbquámjfg

Ecdfjä`fc

eb Gaueg9 Gaueg9 Uæjmfjg eb

7 vbz efg,

Lbbeogji9 _blcrèc

dämfdc

[csftfvc9 [`gmbgdbmtc [csftfvc9 [`gmbgdbmtc ec lfd-eb-sbdgmg. Fmstfhgr

Zr. J. D.

Mcvcs ebsglfcs

E[ZD b

Ofo`fctbrgpfg9 Bmtrbvfstg

Zbdgmg,

Ecdfjä`fc

eb Gaueg9 Gaueg9 [rchrgdg

7 vbz,


- :> Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

Dcmftcrfzgr

Zr. J.

Jchmfèêc

E[ZD

Ju`turg`.

dämfdc

Bmtrbvfstg eb Gaueg

Efg 7 vbz

D. B`chfgr _blcrègr

Zr. J.

[rcssbjuèêc eb

D.

dbtgs

Zr. J.

[bmsgdbmtcs

D.

[csftfvcs

E[ZD

_blcrèc [csftfvc9 Uæjmfjg

Zbdprb

eb Lbbeogji. E[ZD

_blcrèc [csftfvc9

Zbdprb

Ofo`fctbrgpfg9 Uæjmfjg eb Lbbeogji.

Bmvc`vbr

Zr. J.

[rcjbssc eb Ucdgeg

D.

eb Ebjfsêc

E[ZD

_blcrèc [csftfvc9

Zbdprb

Ofo`fctbrgpfg9 Uæjmfjg eb Lbbeogji

Gvg`fgr

Zr. J.

Jcmsjfbmjfg`fzgèêc

E[ZD b

Efspcsftfvcs eb gvg`fgèêc1

D.

( Gwgrbmbss) Gwgrbmbss)

Ecdfjä`fc

Gvg`fgèêc ec Efg (Efçrfc)9 Og`gmèc pcsftfvc b mbhgtfvc b ebmcdfmgèêc.

_bsu`tgecs eb

Zr. J.

Bmlbrdghbd

D.

Gutc-Bstfdg

Db`ncrgeg

E[ZD b Ecdfjä`fc


Efgrfgdbmtb


Ebsjrfèêc egs Fmtbrvbmèòbs eb Bmlbrdghbd b Austflfjgèêc1 C bmlbrdbfrc ebvb1 Bstgob`bjbr jcd c Zr. J.D. udg rb`gèêc eb jcmlfgmèg, jcmlfgmèg, eb lcrdg g pcebr fmtbrvfr tbrgpáutfjgdbmtb. [grg tg`, c bmlbrdbfrc ebvb - Bstgob`bjbr bsjutgr gjtfvgdbmtb c gjtfvgdbmtb c ecbmtb9 fmjbmtfvç-`c ë fmjbmtfvç-`c ë rbg`fzgèêc eg Bmtrbvfstg eb Gaueg eb Bmlbrdghbd9 Bmlbrdghbd9 efspcmfof`fzgr-`nb efspcmfof`fzgr -`nb tbdpc b tbdpc b bspgèc9 bspgèc9 ætfjcs. b sbhufr lfb`dbmtb cs prfmjäpfcs ætfjcs. Fmjbmtfvgr c Zr. J.D. gc gutc-jcmnbjfdbmtc/gutc-bstfdg gutc-jcmnbjfdbmtc/gutc-bstfdg,, gtrgvæs eb coabjtfvcs rbg`fstgs b eb gjtfvfegebs qub prcdcvgd c Fmsfhnt b - Fmjbmtfvgr c b c Bdpcwbrdbmt , mcdbgegdbmtb gtrgvæs eg b`gocrgèêc eb efçrfcs, efçrfcs, eg bxp`crgèêc eb mgrrgtfvgs (Ofo`fctbrgpfg), mgrrgtfvgs (Ofo`fctbrgpfg), b eg Bmtrbvfstg eb Gaueg. Gaueg. Bstfdu`gr c Zr. J.D. g bxprbssgr cs bxprbssgr cs sbus sbmtfdbmtcs, sbmtfdbmtcs, pbmsgdbmtcs b pbmsgdbmtcs b bdcèòbs. bdcèòbs. - Bstfdu`gr c [rcpcrjfcmgr gc Zr. J.D. gutcmcdfg b gutcmcdfg b rbspcmsgof`fegeb gtrgvæs rbspcmsgof`fegeb gtrgvæs eg rbg`fzgèêc eb g`hudgs gjtfvfegebs pbrtfmbmtbs. Æ - [rcpcrjfcmgr gc pbrtfmbmtbs. Æ fdpcrtgmtb qub c ecbmtb tbmng áxftcs b, ebstb dcec, ebvbd sbr p`gmbgegs gjtfvfegebs bd qub c sujbssc sbag prcvçvb`. Zgob-sb prcvçvb`. Zgob-sb qub ud ecs hcstcs qub c Zr. J. D. tbd æ c eb jczfmngr. Zbmec gssfd, bstç p `gmbgeg udg gjtfvfegeb eb jczfmng pgrg c efg ?? eb Aumnc eb ?;;6. fmtbrpbsscgfs, eb lcrdg g gauegr c ecbmtb g febmtflfjgr bstrgtæhfgs dgfs gegptgtfvgs. Ec dbsdc dcec, c - Zupbrvfsfcmgr gs rb`gèòbs fmtbrpbsscgfs, efspcmfof`fzgr lbbeogji pcsftfvc pbrgmtb pcsftfvc pbrgmtb cs jcdpcrtgdbmtcs pcsftfvcs b/cu gebqugecs. C ecbmtb pceb mbjbssftgr eb bmlbrdbfrc ebvb efspcmfof`fzgr lbbeogji gaueg g rbsc`vbr prco`bdgs. C rblcrèc pcsftfvc gudbmtg g gutc-bstfdg b bmjcrgag g rbpbtfèêc eb jcdpcrtgdbmtcs ebsbaçvbfs. Bmjcrgagr c Zr. J.D. ë jcdumfjgèêc, trbfmgmec jcd c dbsdc tæjmfjgs eb gssbrtfvfegeb1 gssbrtfvfegeb1 g jgpgjfegeb eb rbjcmnbjbr g eflbrbmèg - Bmjcrgagr c bmtrb jcdpcrtgdbmtcs pgssfvcs, gssbrtfvcs b ghrbssfvcs9 g fdpcrtïmjfg eb rbspbftgr cs efrbftcs nudgmcs ecs cutrcs bmqugmtc prctbhb cs sbus. G sbus. G gutc-bstfdg æ rblcrègeg b gudbmtgeg gtrgvæs eg jgpgjfegeb eb fmtbrghfr jcd cs cutrcs eb udg lcrdg gssbrtfvg. Bstgob`bjbr jcd c Zr. J.D. dbtgs rbg`fstgs, rbg`fstgs, eb`fmbgmec coabjtfvcs rbg`fstgs eb dcec g dfmfdfzgr g lrustrgèêc. [grg tg`, c Zr. J.D., - Bstgob`bjbr jcd gpús febmtflfjgr jcdpcrtgdbmtcs b gtftuebs qub ebvb duegr (gtrgvæs eg rbg`fzgèêc ecs efçrfcs, gvg`fgèêc ec efg, btj.), c dbsdc ebvb jcmstrufr, fmfjfg`dbmtb bd jcmaumtc jcd c bmlbrdbfrc, ud p`gmbgdbmtc pgrg cs lfms-eb-sbdgmg bd lfms-eb-sbdgmg bd qub tbd gutcrfzgèêc dæefjg pgrg fr gc ecdfjä`fc. Ebsglfgr c Zr. J.D. ë rbg`fzgèêc eb gjtfvfegebs `ñefjc-ju`turgfs, `ñefjc-ju`turgfs, lgju`tgmec gc dbsdc g Ghbmeg Ju`turg` eg Jfegeb eb Jfegeb eb rbsfeámjfg, - Ebsglfgr c vcùmtgrfgec b eb cjupgèêc ecs tbdpcs `fvrbs. bmtrb cutrcs. [cr cutrc `gec, ebvb tgdoæd ebsglfgr c Zr. J.D. g bxp`crgr gjtfvfegebs eb vcùmtgrfgec b Jursc eb @fjbmjfgturg bd Bmlbrdghbd ‚ :.± :.± Gmc, 7.± Zbdbstrb

- 5; Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

Bstfdu`gr c Zr. J.D. g febmtflfjgr gspbjtcs pcsftfvcs eb sf b sf b g ebsbmvc`vbr lcrdgs eb duegr jgrgjtbrästfjgs qub mêc sêc scjfg`dbmtb - Bstfdu`gr c gjbftbs. [grg tg` c bmlbrdbfrc ebvb utf`fzgr c rblcrèc pcsftfvc, g tæjmfjg eb lbbeogji b c trbfmc eg gssbrtfvfegeb. Cs fmefväeucs jcd gutcbstfdg efdfmuäeg tád lrbqubmtbdbmtb eflfjuègeb bd rbjcmnbjbr cs sbus gtrfoutcs pcsftfvcs. [cebd tgdoæd tbr `gjumgs mg fmjgpgjfegeb eb rbsc`vbr prco`bdgs b mbjbssftgr eb gaueg g b`gocrgr ud p`gmc pgrg fdp`bdbmtgr duegmègs ebsbagegs. - [rcdcvbr g fmebpbmeámjfg fmebpbmeámjfg mc judprfdbmtc egs rbspcmsgof`fegebs pbsscgfs pbsscgfs b mg tcdgeg eb ebjfsêc ebjfsêc rb`gjfcmgeg jcd c gutcáxftcs. C rblcrèc pcsftfvc gudbmtg g gutc-bstfdg b bstfdu`g g rbpbtfèêc eb jufegec. Clbrbjbr rbjcmnbjfdbmtc b b`chfgr cs áxftcs. jcdpcrtgdbmtcs ebsbaçvbfs. (G ebsbaçvbfs. (G tätu`c eb bxbdp`c, c Zr. J. D., pcr gprbsbmtgr nfhfbmb crg` ebsjufegeg, mbjbssftg eb, gpús gs rblbfèòbs, jcdp`bdbmtgr g nfhfbmb crg` jcd Ugmtud \breb. Bspbrg-sb qub c Zr. J. D. vbmng tbr jcd c bmlbrdbfrc b mêc c jcmtrçrfc. [cr cutrc `gec, bspbrg-sb c gs dbtgs qub c Zr. J.D. eblfmfu gqugmec g b`gocrgèêc ec efçrfc sbagd judprfegs jcd ebtbrdfmgèêc.) - Bmvc`vbr c Bmvc`vbr c ecbmtb mc prcjbssc eb tcdgeg eb ebjfsêc ‚ tcdgr gs ebjfsòbs pceb gaueç-`c g jcdogtbr g gdofvg`ámjfg b g prcjgstfmgèêc gsscjfgegs jcd g gutc-bstfdg efdfmuäeg. dbmtg` ec Zr. J.D., pcr dbfc eb bmtrbvfstg b cosbrvgèêc, mc dämfdc udg vbz pcr efg, pcfs sb g gmsfbegeb sb - Gvg`fgr g jcmefèêc dbmtg` ec dgmflbstgr bd gutc-rbabfèêc b sb tcrmgr sbvbrg, c ecbmtb pcebrç vfvbmjfgr ebscrfbmtgèêc b sfmtcdgs psfjútfjcs. [cr cutrc `gec, c efgs gtrgvæs eb ud dbjgmfsdc pgerêc, pgrg qub c dbsdc tcdb bmlbrdbfrc ebvb tgdoæd bstfdu`gr c Zr. J.D. g gvg`fgr cs sbus efgs jcmsjfámjfg ecs jcmsjfámjfg ecs gspbjtcs pcsftfvcs b mbhgtfvcs ec efg9 tbmtgmec qub c Zr. J.D. pcmngprcpúsftcs mbhgtfvcs b pcmng prcpúsftcs pgrg pgrg db`ncrgr cs gspbjtcs mbhgtfvcs b rblcrègmec cs gspbjtcs pcsftfvcs. pcsftfvcs.

_bsu`tgecs Bspbrgecs [rbtbmeb-sb qub, mc lfmg` ec fmtbrmgdbmtc, c Zr. J. D. gprbsbmtb c lcjc gutc-bstfdg gegptgec gc auäzc db`ncrgec , sbmec jgpgz eb vbrog`fzgr gspbjtcs pcsftfvcs eb sf prúprfc. Gvg`fgèêc [rfdbfrg Zbdgmg - 5 g 7; eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 ?;;61


- 57 Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

tbmeb g qub c lcjc eb gutc-bstfdg sbag db`ncrgec. db`ncrgec. [grtfjfpcu jcd ghrgec bd tcegs gs Gpús udg sbdgmg c Zr. J. tbmeb sbssòbs/gjtfvfegebs tbrgpáutfjgs rbg`fzgegs pb`cs bstghfçrfcs eb bmlbrdghbd b dcstrcu-sb ogstgmtb efspcmävb` pgrg gs bmtrbvfstgs eb gaueg rbg`fzgegs. Dgmflbstcu g`bhrfg pcr tbr sfec egec jcmsbmtfdbmtc dæefjc pgrg qub bstb lcssb pgssgr ums efgs g jgsg, pgrg bstgr jcd g lgdä`fg, b pcr tbr rbjbofec ocgs mctäjfgs eg Zbhurgmèg Zcjfg`. Mc bmtgmtc, c Zr. J. jcmtfmug g tbr prblbrámjfg pcr gjtfvfegebs dgfs sc`ftçrfgs, fmtbrghfmec pcujc jcd cs rbstgmtbs dbdorcs ec hrupc. Ubd eflfjuègeb bd dgmflbstgr gspbjtcs pcsftfvcs eb sf. ?;;6 1 Zbhumeg Zbdgmg - 72 g 76 eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 tbmeb g qub c lcjc eb gutc-bstfdg sbag db`ncrgec. db`ncrgec. Mêc dgmflbstcu g`tbrgèòbs Eurgmtb g sbhumeg sbdgmg c Zr. J. tbmeb jcdpcrtgdbmtgfs rb`gtfvgdbmtb ë sbdgmg gmtbrfcr. Mc bmtgmtc, mc efg 7> lcf rbg`fzgeg g gjtfvfegeb tbrgpáutfjg pgrg bxp`crgr cs sbus sbmtfdbmtcs, pbmsgdbmtcs b bdcèòbs rb`gtfvgdbmtb gc lfd-eb-sbdgmg gmtbrfcr (jcdpcsfèêc eb ud tbxtc) bd qub lcf pcssävb` ebtbrdfmgr g`hums lcjcs eb fmtbrvbmèêc eb bmlbrdghbd, pgrg trgog`ngr pcstbrfcrdbmtb. Gpús g gmç`fsb ec tbxtc æ pcssävb` mctgr g`hums sfmgfs eb ogfxg gutc-bstfdg. Jcmtuec, g j`gssflfjgèêc j`gssflfjgèêc ec auäzc tbmeb g db`ncrgr. Æ eb mctgr qub mc efg 76 rbg`fzcu c p`gmbgdbmtc ec lfd-eb-sbdgmg b lcf-`nb lcrmbjfec c efçrfc eb lfd-eb-sbdgmg9 C Zr. J. jcmtfmug g tbr prblbrámjfg pcr gjtfvfegebs dgfs sc`ftçrfgs, fmtbrghfmec pcujc jcd cs rbstgmtbs dbdorcs ec hrupc. ?;;6 1 Ubrjbfrg Zbdgmg - ?? g ?5 eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 tbmeb g qub c lcjc eb gutc-bstfdg sbag db`ncrgec. db`ncrgec. Mc efg ??, qugmec rbhrbsscu gc sbrvfèc, Eurgmtb g tbrjbfrg sbdgmg c Zr. J. tbmeb g pgrtf`ncu ud pcujc ec lfd-eb-sbdgmg, glfrdgmec qub bstb tfmng sfec ghrgeçvb` gpbsgr eb g`hums fdprbvfstcs b g`dcècu mg U.C. jcd g`hums ecbmtbs b tæjmfjcs, fmtbrghfmec eb lcrdg jcrefg` b gebqugeg. Mc efg ?: rbg`fzcu mcvgdbmtb c p`gmbgdbmtc ec lfd-eb-sbdgmg, ebstg vbz sczfmnc, utf`fzgmec jcdc rbjursc c dgtbrfg` lcrmbjfec (Ghbmeg Ju`turg`, [rchrgdg ec Lúrud Buhæmfc eb G`dbfeg9 [`gmbgdbmtc eg Lbfrg eb Zêc Acêc, A cêc, bmtrb cutrcs.). C Zr. J.D. ebdcmstrcu ogstgmtb ghrgec mg rbg`fzgèêc ebstg gjtfvfegeb tbrgpáutfjg. Mc efg ?5, qugmec gocregeg b bxp`crgeg g qubstêc eg g`tg, c Zr. J.D. gfmeg dgmflbstg gfmeg mêc sb sbmtfr prbpgrgec b qub bstg sftugèêc gfmeg c ebfxg g`hc fmjcdcegec. Lcf rbg`fzgeg jcd c Zr. J. g gmç`fsb ec p`gmbgdbmtc pgrg c lfd-eb-sbdgmg b lbftc rblcrèc pcsftfvc. C Zr. J. jcmtfmug g tbr prblbrámjfg pcr gjtfvfegebs dgfs sc`ftçrfgs, mc bmtgmtc, bstgs aç sêc rbg`fzgegs dgfs prcxfdgdbmtb ecs rbstgmtbs ecbmtbs, fmtbrghfmec dgfs pcmtug`dbmtb jcd cs dbsdcs. Jursc eb @fjbmjfgturg bd Bmlbrdghbd ‚ :.± :.± Gmc, 7.± Zbdbstrb

- 5? Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

Wugrtg Zbdgmg - ?6 eb Aumnc g 7 eb Au`nc eb ?;;61 ?;;6 1 C Zr. J. tbmeb g tbmeb g qub c lcjc eb gutc-bstfdg sbag db`ncrgec. Mc db`ncrgec. Mc efg :; lcf rbg`fzgeg g gmç`fsb ec lfd-eb-sbdgmg. Eurgmtb c efg c Zr. J.D. dgmflbstcu nudcr bstçvb` b butädfjc. Bstgvg gmfdgec pcr tbr judprfec lfb`dbmtb hrgmeb pgrtb ec p`gmbgdbmtc. Mc bmtgmtc, qugmec qubstfcmgec scorb cs sbus dbecs, gfmeg dgmflbstg rbjbfc eb bstgr sczfmnc bd jgsg, gpbsgr eb pbmsgr qub ebvfg grrfsjgr. Mc efg 7 c Zr. J.D. dgmflbstcu trfstbzg b gmsfbegeb jcd g mctäjfg eg g`tg j`ämfjg pgrg bssb dbsdc efg. Mc bmtgmtc, lfjg bd fmtbrmgdbmtc scjfg` gtæ efg : eb Au`nc. Lcf egec gpcfc bdcjfcmg` gc Zr. J.D. gtrgvæs ec efç`chc b eg bsjutg gjtfvg, tbmec bstb cpcrtumfegeb pgrg pgrtf`ngr cs sbus sbmtfdbmtcs. C Zr. J.D. lfjcu jcmsjfbmtb qub bstg sug gtftueb æ mcrdg` b lcf rblcrègec c lgjtc eb qub c dbsdc mbjbssftg eb, g pgrtfr eb ghcrg, põr bd prçtfjg gs mcvgs bstrgtæhfgs eb jcpfmh .

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Ebsjrfèêc egs Fmtbrvbmèòbs eb Bmlbrdghbd b Austflfjgèêc1 C Bmlbrdbfrc ebvb1 sbhurc pgrg c Zr. J.D., rbdcvbmec tcecs cs coabjtcs pctbmjfg`dbmtb pbrfhcscs g qub c ecbmtb tbd gjbssc - Jrfgr ud gdofbmtb sbhurc (coabjtcs jcrtgmtbs, tfrgs eb tbjfec, jfmtcs, hrgvgtgs, coabjtcs eb vferc, ç`jcc`…)9 supbrvfsfcmgr eb lcrdg prúxfdg gs rblbfè òbs b gedfmfstrgèòbs tbrgpáutfjgs9 b blbjtugr rbvfstgs gc qugrtc, mg dbefeg ec mbjbssçrfc. G sbhurgmèg ec ecbmtb æ udg egs prfcrfegebs ec bmlbrdbfrc. Bmjcrgagr b fmjbmtfvgr c Zr. J.D. g bxprbssgr sbmtfdbmtcs, pbmsgdbmtcs b bdcèòbs vbregebfrgs, vbregebfrgs, utf`fzgmec jcdc rbjursc g - Bmjcrgagr efçrfc, g mgrrgtfvg, mgrrgtfvg, g bmtrbvfstg eb bmtrbvfstg eb gaueg b g tbrgpfg eb tbrgpfg eb hrupc. b`gocrgèêc eb ud efçrfc, Ebtbrdfmgr, aumtgdbmtb jcd c Zr. J.D. c hrgu eb rfsjc eb sufjäefc sufjäefc b gs sugs jgusgs, jgusgs, qubstfcmgmec-c scorb g febgèêc febgèêc sufjfeg, - Ebtbrdfmgr, @utc, Uæjmfjg eb Fmtbrgjèêc, Fmtbrgjèêc, b Bmtrbvfstg eb Bmtrbvfstg eb Gaueg eb Bmlbrdghbd9 rbjcrrbmec ë Ubrgpfg ec @utc,



Ebsbmvc`vbr jcd c Zr. J.D. bstrgtæhfgs eb Jcpfmh b - Ebsbmvc`vbr jcd b eb prcdcèêc ec fmsfhnt , gtrgvæs eg b`gocrgèêc ecs efçrfcs, mgrrgtfvgs, tbrgpfg eb rbefrbjjfcmgr cs hrupc b bmtrbvfstg eb gaueg eb bmlbrdghbd, bmtrb cutrcs. Gsscjfgeg g bstg gjèêc, c bmlbrdbfrc ebvb gauegr c ecbmtb g rbefrbjjfcmgr cs sbus pbmsgdbmtcs b pbmsgdbmtcs b g sug gtbmèêc gtrgvæs eg tæjmfjg eb rb`gxgdbmtc sfdp`bs ‚ bxbrjäjfcs bxbrjäjfcs rbspfrgtúrfcs, pcr bxbdp`c. - Zb pcssävb`, bmvc`vbr g lgdä`fg mc trgtgdbmtc b rbgof`ftgèêc, eb lcrdg g prcdcvbr g jcmtfmufegeb ec trgtgdbmtc b bvftgr g rbjgäeg ec ecbmtb. Ug` pceb sbr jcmjrbtfzgec utf`fzgmec jcdc rbjurscs c p`gmbgdbmtc eb gjtfvfegebs, g ofo`fctbrgpfg, rblcrèc pcsftfvc, bmtrbvfstg eb gaueg, bmtrb cutrcs. _bsu`tgecs Bspbrgecs [rbtbmeb-sb qub, mc lfmg` ec fmtbrmgdbmtc, c Zr. J. D. gprbsbmtb c lcjc sufjäefc gegptgec sufjäefc gegptgec gc auäzc ‐mbmnud— , mêc jc`cjgmec bd rfsjc g sug vfeg b mêc dgmflbstgmec sbmtfdbmtcs cu febgèêc sufjfeg. Gvg`fgèêc ?;;61 [rfdbfrg Zbdgmg - 5 g 7; eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 efdfmufu g sug febgèêc sufjfeg. sufjfeg. Î pcssävb` gvg`fgr bstb prchrbssc jcd ogsb mg fmbxfstámjfg eb vbrog`fzgèòbs C Zr. J.D. efdfmufu rb`gjfcmgegs jcd bstg febfg. Zbhumeg Zbdgmg - 75 g 76 eb Aumnc eb ?;;6, Ubrjbfrg Zbdgmg - ?7 g ?5 eb Aumnc eb ?;;6 b Wugrtg Zbdgmg - ?6 eb Aumnc g 7 eb Au`nc eb ?;;61 ?;;61 C Zr. J. D. gprbsbmtg c lcjc sufjäefc gegptgec sufjäefc gegptgec gc auäzc ‐mbmnud—. Î pcssävb` gvg`fgr bstb prchrbssc jcd tg`, udg vbz qub c Zr. J.D. lcf qubstfcmgec scorb c gssumtc b mbhcu qug`qubr qug`qu br febgèêc sufjfeg.


- 5< Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

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Lcjc

Auäzc

@cjg`fzgèêc

Costfpgèêc

Gjtug`

E[ZD

Costfpgèêc

E[ZD

E[ZD

B`fdfmgèêc Costfpgèêc/Lbjg`cdgs

Dbefjgdbmtc @gxgmtb) ( @gxgmtb)

Ubdpc

Zftugèêc, ZCZ

Bmlbrdbfrc9

[gerêc G`fdbmtgr, eb Fmhbstêc eb @äqufecs b eb

_bjurscs


Lrbqubmtb

Cosbrvgèêc9 Cosbrvgèêc9 E[ZD

Bmbdg, p.b. Bmbdg, p.b.

Zftugèêc, ZCZ

Uæjmfjg eb Urbfmc

Bmlbrdghbd

Fmtbstfmg`9 Bmsfmgr

Zr. J. D.

Zfstbdg Hgstrcfmtbstfmg`

E[ZD b

Bmsfmcs

Cjcrrámjfg

Ecdfjä`fc

( Dgssghbd Dgssghbd

Zbdprb

Goecdfmg`9 Ncrçrfc _bhu`gr .) .) Fmstrufr

Zr. J. D.

Ecr

E[ZD b Ecdfjä`fc


Bmsfmcs9 Efç`chc

Cjcrrámjfg


Bmjcrgagr

Zr. J. D.

Zfstbdg Hgstrcfmtbstfmg`

E[ZD b

Jgdfmngegs9

Ecdfjä`fc

Bxbrjäjfcs Efçrfcs

Lrbqubmtbdbmtb

Bmsfmcs9 Hgrrglg Fmjbmtfvgr

Zr. J.

[gerêc eb Fmhbstêc eb

E[ZD b

eb Çhug (7,2@ cu ´

D.

`äqufecs b lforgs

Ecdfjä`fc

@)9 @)9 Uæjmfjg eb

Zbdprb

Mutrfèêc, _bsu`tgecs eb

Zr. J.

Bmlbrdghbd

D.

Costfpgèêc

Mbmnud

E[ZD b Ecdfjä`fc

Ebsjrfèêc egs Fmtbrvbmèòbs eb Bmlbrdghbd b Austflfjgèêc b Austflfjgèêc11 C Bmlbrdbfrc ebvb1 Gedfmfstrgr ud `gxgmtb cu ud bmbdg, jcmlcrdb prbsjrftc, pgrg prcdcvbr g b`fdfmgèêc eb sú`fecs b hgsbs g pgrtfr ec trgtg HF, - Gedfmfstrgr ud dcmftcrfzgmec g blfjçjfg9 blfjçjfg9 Mc bmtgmtc, ebvb sbr bmlgtfzgec pgrg bmlgtfzgec pgrg c ecbmtb bvftgr g fmhbstêc eb `gxgmtb, sb pcssävb`, pcssävb` , cu hrgeug`dbmtb efdfmufr c sbu usc pgrg usc pgrg bvftgr trgudg dgfcr ë dujcsg fmtbstfmg` . Zupbrvfsfcmgr g fmhbstêc b g bxjrbèêc prbjfsgdbmtb pgrg näerfjg. - Zupbrvfsfcmgr g prbjfsgdbmtb pgrg gssbhurgr udg tbrgpfg prbjfsg eb rbpcsfèêc näerfjg. Bmjcrgagr c Zr. J.D. g rbg`fzgr bxbrjäjfcs efçrfcs sfdp`bs, sfdp`bs, tg` jcdc udg jgdfmngeg, pgrg - Bmjcrgagr c jgdfmngeg, pgrg gudbmtgr c túmus dusju`gr b bstfdu`gr g jfrju`gèêc. jfrju`gèêc. Fmstrufr c Zr. J.D. pgrg bvftgr bslcrèc eurgmtb bslcrèc eurgmtb g eblbjgèêc, g lfd eb bvftgr egmc gc tbjfec, sgmhrgdbmtc b ecr . - Fmstrufr c Bmsfmgr c Zr. J.D. mg rbg`fzgèêc eg dgssghbd goecdfmg`, goecdfmg` , pgrg prcdcvbr c jcmlcrtc. - Bmsfmgr c jcmlcrtc. Gjcmsb`ngr c Zr. J.D. g bvgjugr bd ncrçrfcs rbhu`grbs, rbhu`grbs, pgrg gauegr mg gegptgèêc b rctfmg eg lumèêc lfsfc`úhfjg9 - Gjcmsb`ngr c lfsfc`úhfjg9


- 5> Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

- Fmjbmtfvgr g fmhbstêc näerfjg eb ≢ ?,2 @ efgrfgdbmtb, sb mêc lcr jcmtrg-fmefjgec, pgrg prcdcvbr pgrg prcdcvbr g nfergtgèêc9 nfergtgèêc9 [cr cutrc `gec, ebvb-sb jcrrfhfr cs nçoftcs efbtætfjcs, bstfdu`gmec c Zr. J.D. pgrg fmjùfr mg sug g`fdbmtgèêc lrutgs b vbhbtgfs lrbsjcs, jbrbgfs b pêbs fmtbhrgfs, gebqugegdbmtb, c qub suprfrç gs mbjbssfegebs eb vcùdb pgrg g b`fdfmgèêc mcrdg`. _bsu`tgecs Bspbrgecs [rbtbmeb-sb qub, mc lfmg` ec fmtbrmgdbmtc, c Zr. J. D. gprbsbmtb c lcjc costfpgèêc gegptgec costfpgèêc gegptgec gc auäzc ‐mbmnud—, mêc gprbsbmtgmec costfpgèêc9 gprbsbmtgmec dcvfdbmtc fmtbstfmg` eb gjcrec jcd c pgerêc ngoftug`9 jcmsudfmec udg efbtg rfjg bd lforg cu rfjg bd vcùdb, g dbmcs qub jcmtrg-fmefjgec9 dgmtbmng udg fmhbstêc näerfjg ≢ 7,2@, efgrfgdbmtb b qub bxprbssb jcdprbbmsêc scorb gs dbefegs prbvbmtfvgs, tgfs jcdc fmhbstêc eb lrutgs b pêbs fmtbhrgfs b bmhgagdbmtc eb gjtfvfegeb sugvb, sb gprcprfgec. Gvg`fgèêc [rfdbfrg Zbdgmg - 5 g 7; eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 ?;;61 costfpgèêc gegptgec gc auäzc eb gjtug`. gjtug`. Mc efg < lcf gedfmfstrgeg dbefjgèêc `gxgmtb pcr bstb C Zr. J. D. dgmtæd c lcjc eb costfpgèêc gegptgec rblbrfr qubfxgs eb costfpgèêc (5 efgs ‚ mctb-sb mctb-sb qub c pgerêc ngoftug` ec Zr. J. æ efçrfc). C blbftc `gxgmtb sú surtfu blbftc ud efg ebpcfs. Mc efg 6 c ecbmtb vc`tg g rblbrfr costfpgèêc. Ubd-`nb sfec gedfmfstrgeg dbefjgèêc `gxgmtb eurgmtb gs rblbfèòbs, pgrg qub c lcjc eb costfpgèêc sbag gegptgec g auäzc db`ncrgec. Lcf rbg`fzgec bmsfmc (dgssghbd (dgssghbd goecdfmg` ) b fmjbmtfvgec g gudbmtgr c pgerêc eb fmhbstêc eb `äqufecs. Zbhumeg Zbdgmg - 75 g 76 eb Aumnc eb ?;;6, Ubrjbfrg Zbdgmg - ?7 g ?5 eb Aumnc eb ?;;6 b Wugrtg Zbdgmg - ?6 eb Aumnc g 7 eb Au`nc eb ?;;61 ?;;61 C Zr. J. D. gprbsbmtg c lcjc costfpgèêc gegptgec costfpgèêc gegptgec gc auäzc ‐mbmnud—, mêc gprbsbmtgmec costfpgèêc, fstc æ, mêc rblbrfmec qubfxgs.



5. @utc Lgdf`fgr Gjtug` Gjèêc

J`fbmtb

Efghmústfjc eb

Zr. J.

Bmlbrdghbd

D.

Lcjc

Auäzc

@cjg`fzgèêc

@utc Lgdf`fgr

Gjtug`

E[ZD

_bjurscs

Ubdpc

_b`gèêc Ubrgpáutfjg9 Ubrgpáutfjg9 Ebsbmvc`vbr

Zr. J.

_b`gèêc eb

D.

Jcmlfgmèg

E[ZD

Bmtrbvfstg eb Bmlbrdghbd9 Bmlbrdghbd9 Uæjmfjg eb Fmtbrgjèêc9

Zbdprb

Uæjmfjg eb lbbeogji. Ebdcmstrgr

Zr. J. D.

Efspcmfof`fegeb

E[ZD

Zbmtfdbmtcs,

Fmtbrvbmèòbs eb

Fmjbmtfvgr g

Zr. J.

[bmsgdbmtcs b

E[ZD b

Bmlbrdghbd

bxprbssgr

D.

Bdcèòbs (dcrtb ec

Ecdfjä`fc

pgf) Ebtbrdfmgr

G`fvfgr _befrbjjfcmgr

Zr. J. D. Zr. J. D.

@utc ( Lgsb) Lgsb)

E[ZD

Bmlbrdbfrc9 [rbsbmèg9 Bmtrbvfstg eb Gaueg.

Zbdprb

Bmtrbvfstg eb Bmtrbvfstg eb Gaueg9

Zbdgmg


7 vbz,

lbbeogji9 Ubrgpfg ec @utc.

dämfdc

Bmlbrdbfrc9 Bmtrbvfstg eb Bmtrbvfstg eb

Zbdgmg, 7

Gaueg9 Gaueg9 Ubrgpfg ec @utc

vbz

Ubrgpfg mg Jrfsb9 Zclrfdbmtc

E[ZD

Bsjutg Gjtfvg9 Uæjmfjg eb

Zbdprb

Lbbeogji9

Zr. J.

Gtbmèêc,

E[ZD b



Lrbqubmtb

- 2; Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

D.

[bmsgdbmtcs

Ecdfjä`fc

Mbhgtfvcs

Uæjmfjg eb Efstrgjèêc9 Uæjmfjg eb _b`gxgdbmtc

Fmtbrvbmèòbs

Zfdp`bs ‚ bxbrjäjfcs

eb

rbspfrgtúrfcs. rbspfrgtúrfcs.

Bmlbrdghbd _blcrègr

Zr. J. D.

[bmsgdbmtcs [csftfvcs ( Dbdúrfg Dbdúrfg

_blcrèc [csftfvc9 E[ZD

pcsftfvg ec [gf) [gf)

Ofo`fctbrgpfg9 Bmtrbvfstg eb

Zr. J.

( _blcrèc _blcrèc ec

E[ZD b

D.

jcdprcdfssc eb

Ecdfjä`fc

ncmrg) ncmrg)

Bmsfmgr

[rcdcvbr [rbvbmèêc ec fsc`gdbmtc scjfg`

Zr. J. D.

Gaueg9 Gaueg9 Uæjmfjg eb

Lrbquámjfg

Lbbeogji9 _blcrèc Lbbeogji9 _blcrèc

7 vbz efg,

[csftfvc9 [csftfvc9 [`gmbgdbmtc ec

dämfdc

lfd-eb-sbdgmg Bstçefcs ec @utc9 @utc9 Ubrgpfg

Jcmnbjfdbmtc

E[ZD

ec @utc9 Uæjmfjg eb

Fmäjfc

Lbbeogji

Zr. J.

Dbjgmfsdcs eb

D.

Jcpfmh b Fmsfhnt b Fmsfhnt

Zr. J. D.

Zbdprb

Lbbeogji.

Dbtgs _bg`fstgs Bstgob`bjbr


Zcjfg`fzgèêc

Uæjmfjg eb lbbeogji9 E[ZD

Ubrgpfg ec @utc9

Zbdprb

Ofo`fctbrgpfg E[ZD b Ecdfjä`fc


Uæjmfjgs eb Efstrgjèêc9 [rchrgdg Ju`turg` b @ñefjc9 Urbfmc eb Gptfeòbs

Lrbquámjfg


Zcjfgfs ([`gmbgdbmtc ec ([`gmbgdbmtc ec lfd-eb-sbdgmg). Gvg`fgr

Zr. J.

Jgpgjfegeb pgrg sb

D.

gaustgr

_bsu`tgecs eb

Zr. J.

Bmlbrdghbd

D.

@utc Lgdf`fgr

E[ZD Mcrdg`

Uæjmfjg eb Lbbeogji9

Zbdgmg, 7

_blcrèc [csftfvc.

vbz

E[ZD b Ecdfjä`fc

Ebsjrfèêc egs Fmtbrvbmèòbs eb Bmlbrdghbd b Austflfjgèêc1 C Bmlbrdbfrc ebvb1 ùtc mg qug` c Zr. J.D. bstç lfxgec b febmtflfjgr jcdpcrtgdbmtcs gsscjfgecs g bssg lgsb. Ubr mcèêc ebseb - Ebtbrdfmgr g lgsb ec ùtc bstçefc æ mbjbssçrfc pgrg sbr b`gocrgec ud p`gmc eb jufegecs blbjtfvc pgrg c ecbmtb bd ùtc. Ebsbmvc`vbr udg rb`gèêc eb jcmlfgmèg jcd jcmlfgmèg jcd c Zr. J.D.. Dcstrgr bdpgtfg b fmtbrbssb, sbr ncmbstc, fstc æ, sbhufr lfb`dbmtb cs prfmjäpfcs - Ebsbmvc`vbr udg ætfjcs gsscjfgecs ë prçtfjg prclfssfcmg`. G prclfssfcmg`. G jcmlfgmèg æ g ogsb eb udg rb`gèêc tbrgpáutfjg. - Dgmtbr udg gtftueb eb gjbftgèêc b pcssfof`ftgr gc ecbmtb g bxprbssêc eb sbmtfdbmtcs e b lcrdg gobrtg. Rdg gtftueb eb gjbftgèêc clbrbjb gc ecbmtb eb qub gjrbeftg mb`b cu bmtêc qub æ udg pbsscg vg`fegeg. G jcmlfgmèg æ rblcrègeg. - Bmsfmgr Bmsfmgr gc ecbmtb cs bstçefcs mcrdgfs ec ùtc ùtc (jncqub, mbhgèêc, ebprbssêc, ju`pg, gmsfbegeb, ghrbssfvfegeb, rbfmtbhrgèêc) b jcdpcrtgdbmtc gsscjfgec g jgeg ud eb`bs. Guxf`fgr c ecbmtb g pbrjbobr qub sbmtfdbmtcs efrbjjfcmgecs gc jcmjbftc eb pbreg sêc gprcprfgecs b gjbftçvbfs. Jcmnbjfdbmtcs eb gjbftgèêc ecs sbmtfdbmtcs gsscjfgecs gc prcjbssc mcrdg` eb ju`pg pceb guxf`fgr c ecbmtb g `fobrtgr-sb eg ju`pg qub bstgs rbspcstgs crfhfmgd. - Guxf`fgr c Guxf`fgr c ecbmtb mg rbscùèêc eb prco`bdgs bmqugmtc prco`bdgs bmqugmtc b`b tbmtg ebtbrdfmgr dætcecs dgfs gegptgtfvcs eb jcpfmh rb`gtfvgdbmtb rb`gtfvgdbmtb ë bxpbrfámjfg eb pbreg. Clbrbjbr lbbeogji pcsftfvc pcsftfvc pb`gs bstrgtæhfgs febmtflfjgegs b pb`gs tcdgegs eb ebjfsêc. ebjfsêc. C lbbeogji pcsftfvc gudbmtg g gutc-bstfdg b bmjcrgag g rbpbtfèêc ec jcdpcrtgdbmtc ebsbagec. Gsscjfgeg ebsbagec. Gsscjfgeg g bstg gjèêc, c bmlbrdbfrc ebvb gauegr c ecbmtb g Jursc eb @fjbmjfgturg bd Bmlbrdghbd ‚ :.± :.± Gmc, 7.± Zbdbstrb

- 2? Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

rbefrbjjfcmgr cs rbefrbjjfcmgr cs sbus pbmsgdbmtcs mbhgtfvcs b mbhgtfvcs b g sug gtbmèêc gtrgvæs eg tæjmfjg eb rb`gxgdbmtc sfdp`bs ‚ bxbrjäjfcs bxbrjäjfcs rbspfrgtúrfcs, pcr bxbdp`c. [rbvbmfr c fsc`gdbmtc scjfg` ec Zr. J.D., fmjbmtfvgmec-c ë scjfg`fzgèêc, scjfg`fzgèêc, pgrg qub bstb tbmng udg pgrtfjfpgèêc gjtfvg mg jcdumfegeb - [rbvbmfr c b mêc sb lbjnb scorb sf dbsdc. - Gvg`fgr Gvg`fgr g jgpgjfegeb qub c Zr. J.D. tbd eb sb gaustgr ë sftugèêc eb ùtc, ùtc, tbmec bd vfstg g jgpgjfegeb eb rbeuèêc eb tbmsêc bdcjfcmg` b pgrtf`ng eb prco`bdgs eb lcrdg mgturg`. _bsu`tgecs Bspbrgecs [rbtbmeb-sb qub, mc lfmg` ec fmtbrmgdbmtc, c Zr. J. D. gprbsbmtb c lcjc ùtc lgdf`fgr gegptgec gc auäzc ‐mcrdg`—, sbmec jgpgz eb vbrog`fzgr cs mcrdgfs bstçefcs ec prcjbssc eb ùtc b jcdpcrtgdbmtc gsscjfgec g jgeg ud9 eb gsscjfgr c sbu prúprfc bstçefc mc prcjbssc eb ùtc b bxprbssgr sbmtfdbmtcs vbregebfrcs rb`gtfvgdbmtb ë pbreg9 mêc dgmflbstgr bxghbrcs bdcjfcmgfs b ùtc efslumjfcmg`9 b sbr jgpgz eb rbg`fzgr gs sugs gjtfvfegebs eb vfeg efçrfg.

Gvg`fgèêc ?;;61 [rfdbfrg Zbdgmg - 5 g 7; eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 tbmeb g qub c lcjc eb ùtc lgdf`fgr sbag lgdf`fgr sbag gegptgec gc auäzc eb mcrdg`. Gpbsgr eb dgmflbstgr rbjbfc bd vc`tgr g jgsg C Zr. J. D. tbmeb g b bmjcmtrgr gs jcfsgs jcdc gs ebfxcu, lgzbmec-c rbjcregr c sbu pgf, aç lg`g ec gssumtc sbd dgmflbstgèòbs eb gmsfbegeb cu gmhñstfg. G feg gc ecdfjä`fc brg `bvgeg eb ïmfdc `bvb, udg vbz qub gpbmgs fg ecrdfr g jgsg, mêc pgssgmec duftc tbdpc mg dbsdg (sfj). Lcf pcssävb` ebtbrdfmgr g lgsb eb ùtc bd qub c Zr. J. sb bmjcmtrg ‚ rbfmtbhrgèêc rbfmtbhrgèêc ‚ gtrgvæs ‚ gtrgvæs eg vbrog`fzgèêc eb sbmtfdbmtcs ‐dbmcs gmsfcsc— (sfj), pb`g ebtbrdfmgèêc bd fr pgssgr pgssgr bstb tbdpc g jgsg b prcmtfeêc pgrg db`ncrgr c sbu bstgec eb sgñeb. Zbhumeg Zbdgmg - 75 75 g 76 eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 ?;;6 1 Jursc eb @fjbmjfgturg bd Bmlbrdghbd ‚ :.± :.± Gmc, 7.± Zbdbstrb

- 2: Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

tbmeb g qub c lcjc eb ùtc lgdf`fgr sbag lgdf`fgr sbag gegptgec gc auäzc eb mcrdg`. Mc mcrdg`. Mc efg 76 rbg`fzcu c p`gmbgdbmtc ec lfd-ebC Zr. J. D. tbmeb g sbdgmg b lcf-`nb lcrmbjfec c efçrfc eb lfd-eb-sbdgmg. Ebstb dcec, lcf pcssävb` febmtflfjgr g`hudgs bstrgtæhfgs pgrg trgog`ngr jcd c Zr. J.D., mcdbgegdbmtb gc mävb` eg Ubrgpfg ec @utc. Ubrjbfrg Zbdgmg - ?? g ?5 eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 ?;;6 1 tbmeb g qub c lcjc eb ùtc lgdf`fgr sbag lgdf`fgr sbag gegptgec gc auäzc eb mcrdg`. G gmç`fsb ec efçrfc mc efg ?: pbrdftfu C Zr. J. D. tbmeb gprclumegr ebtbrdfmgegs qubstòbs b lcrdgd lcrdu`gegs mcvgs qubstòbs. Lcf tgdoæd pcssävb`, gqugmec g bmtrbvfstg eb gaueg, rbjcrrbr ë Uæjmfjg Fdghætfjg, eb lcrdg g rblcrèc rblcrèc ec jcdprcdfssc jcd g vcmtgeb ec pgf, rbjcrrbmec ë dbdúrfg pcsftfvg ec dbsdc. (\br Gmbxc :) Wugrtg Zbdgmg - :; eb Aumnc g 7 eb Au`nc eb ?;;61 ?;;6 1 C Zr. J. D. tbmeb g tbmeb g qub c lcjc eb ùtc lgdf`fgr sbag lgdf`fgr sbag gegptgec gc auäzc eb mcrdg`. Gpbsgr eb dgmflbstgr gfmeg g`hud rbjbfc bd vc`tgr eblfmftfvgdbmtb pgrg jgsg, c prúprfc jcmsbhub febmtflfjgr gs çrbgs eg sug vfeg qub dbrbjbd pgrtfju`gr gtbmèêc b qub mbjbssftgd eb sbr trgog`ngegs.



2. Zbmtfdbmtcs eb Fdpctámjfg [rbsbmtb Gjèêc

J`fbmtb

Lcjc

Efghmústfjc eb

Zr. J.

Zbmtfdbmtcs eb

Bmlbrdghbd

D.

Fdpctámjfg

Auäzc

@cjg`fzgèêc

Gjtug`

E[ZD

_bjurscs

Ubdpc

Bmtrbvfstg eb Bmtrbvfstg eb Gaueg9

Zbdgmg


7 vbz,

lbbeogji9

dämfdc

Zbmtfdbmtcs, \brog`fzgr b

Zr. J.

Febmtflfjgr

D.

[bmsgdbmtcs b Bdcèòbs (sftugèòbs

E[ZD

eb vfeg lcrg ec g`jgmjb)

Fmtbrvbmèòbs eb Bmlbrdghbd

Guxf`fgr b

Zr. J.

Jgpgjfegeb eg sb

Gvg`fgr

D.

gaustgr

Bmjcrgagr

\g`crfzgr Fmtbrvbmèòbs

Ebsbmvc`vbr

Zr. J. D.

[grtfjfpgèêc

Zr. J.

Jgpgjfegeb eb

D.

ebsbdpbmnc

Zr. J.

Dbjgmfsdcs eb

Ofo`fctbrgpfg9 Bmtrbvfstg E[ZD

eb Gaueg9 Uæjmfjg eb

Zbdprb

Lbbeogji E[ZD b Ecdfjä`fc

Gjtfvfegebs eb Cjupgèêc9 Cjupgèêc9 [`gmbgdbmtc eb lfd-eb-

Zbdprb

sbdgmg9 sbdgmg9 Ofo`fctbrgpfg _blcrèc [csftfvc9 [csftfvc9 Uæjmfjg

E[ZD

eb Lbbeogji9 Bmtrbvfstg Lbbeogji9 Bmtrbvfstg

Zbdprb

eb gaueg. E[ZD b


Uæjmfjg eb lbbeogji9

Zbdprb


eb

D.

Jcpfmh

Ecdfjä`fc

Urbfmc eb gptfeòbs scjfgfs9 scjfgfs9 Ofo`fctbrgpfg

Bmlbrdghbd

Ofo`fctbrgpfg9 Bmtrbvfstg [rchrgdgs

Zr. J.

Dbtgs _bg`fstgs

E[ZD b

D.

([`gmc [ús-G`tg)

Ecdfjä`fc

eb Gaueg9 Gaueg9 Uæjmfjg eb

Lrbquámjfg

Lbbeogji9 _blcrèc Lbbeogji9 _blcrèc

7 vbz efg,

[csftfvc9 [csftfvc9 [`gmbgdbmtc ec

dämfdc

lfd-eb-sbdgmg Uæjmfjg eb Fmtbrgjèêc9 _befrbjjfcmgr

Zr. J. D.

Gtbmèêc,

E[ZD b

[bmsgdbmtcs

Ecdfjä`fc

Mbhgtfvcs (dbecs (dbecs))

Uæjmfjg eb Efstrgjèêc9 Uæjmfjg eb _b`gxgdbmtc

Lrbqubmtb

Zfdp`bs ‚ bxbrjäjfcs rbspfrgtúrfcs. rbspfrgtúrfcs.

[rbpgrgr

Zr. J. D.

Gutcmcdfg

_bsu`tgecs eb

Zr. J.

Zbmtfdbmtcs eb

Bmlbrdghbd

D.

Fdpctámjfg

Efdfmuäec

E[ZD b

Ofo`fctbrgpfg9 _b`gèêc eb

Ecdfjä`fc

Gaueg9

E[ZD

Ebsjrfèêc egs Fmtbrvbmèòbs eb Bmlbrdghbd b Austflfjgèêc b Austflfjgèêc11 C Bmlbrdbfrc ebvb1


G`tg

- 2< Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

Guxf`fgr c Zr. J.D. g febmtflfjgr b vbrog`fzgr vbrog`fzgr gs çrbgs eg sug sftugèêc eb vfeg qub jcmtrc`g, jcmtrc`g , gtrgvæs eg bxprbssêc ecs sbus - Guxf`fgr bdcèòbs. G jcmefèêc bdcjfcmg` ec ecbmtb fmtbrlbrb jcd g sug jgpgjfegeb eb rbsc`vbr prco`bdgs. C sbmtfdbmtcs, pbmsgdbmtcs b bdcèòbs. guxä`fc æ mbjbssçrfc pgrg sb tbr pbrjbpèêc ecs obmbläjfcs b egs jcmsbquámjfgs g`tbrmgtfvgs efspcmävbfs. efspcmävbfs. - Guxf`fgr c Zr. J.D. g febmtflfjgr febmtflfjgr çrbgs eg sug sftugèêc eb vfeg qub bstêc lcrg ec sbu jcmtrc`c. jcmtrc`c . Bmjcrgagr g vbrog`fzgèêc ecs sbmtfdbmtcs rb`gjfcmgecs jcd bstg fmjgpgjfegeb mud bslcrèc bd `fegr jcd gssumtcs pcr rbsc`vbr b gjbftgmec c qub mêc jcmsbhub duegr. Febmtflfjgr lcrdgs gtrgvæs egs qugfs c ecbmtb pceb tbr sujbssc b bmjcrgagr g pgrtfjfpgèêc mbstgs gjtfvfegebs, gjtfvfegebs, clbrbjbmec rblcrèc - Febmtflfjgr lcrdgs pcsftfvc pb`g pcsftfvc pb`g pgrtfjfpgèêc, obd jcdc pb`cs rbsu`tgecs. Zbrç pbrtfmbmtb bmtêc, eblfmfr bssgs bstrgtæhfgs pcr bsjrftc, bsjrftc, gtrgvæs eg rbg`fzgèêc lfd-eb-sbdgmg, bstgob`bjbmec dbtgs rbg`fstgs b jcmjrbtgs, jcmjrbtgs, tbmec sbdprb bd vfstg g gutcmcdfg ec Zr. ec efçrfc efçrfc b ec p`gmbgdbmtc ec lfd-eb-sbdgmg, J.D. b g pbrspbjtfvg eg g`tg. C rblcrèc pcsftfvc gudbmtg g gutc-bstfdg b bmjcrgag g rbpbtfèêc ecs jcdpcrtgdbmtcs ebsbagecs. _bsu`tgecs Bspbrgecs1 [rbtbmeb-sb qub, mc lfmg` ec fmtbrmgdbmtc, c Zr. J. D. gprbsbmtb c lcjc sbmtfdbmtcs eb fdpctámjfg gegptgec gc auäzc ‐efdfmuäec—, vbrog`fzgmec bsjc`ngs qub lbz rb`gtfvgs gc p`gmc eb dgmtbr c jcmtrc`c scorb g sug prúprfg vfeg9 vbrog`fzgmec sbm tfdbmtcs

vbregebfrcs scorb g sug sftugèêc eb vfeg egs qugfs mêc tbd jcmtrc`c b sbmec jgpgz eb vbrog`fzgr lcrdgs eb rbsc`vbr prco`bdgs eb dgmbfrg gebqugeg gc ebsbdpbmnc eb pgpæfs. Gvg`fgèêc1 ?;;61 [rfdbfrg Zbdgmg - 5 g 7; eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 fdpctámjfg gegptgec gc auäzc eb gjtug`. Gpbsgr eb pgrtfjfpgr jcd C Zr. J. dgmtæd c lcjc eb sbmtfdbmtcs eb fdpctámjfg gegptgec ghrgec mgs sbssòbs tbrgpáutfjgs rbg`fzgegs b eb sb dcstrgr efspcmävb` pgrg jcmvbrsgr ‚ bmtrbvfstgs bmtrbvfstgs eb gaueg b jc`nbftg eb egecs, c Zr. J. gfmeg mêc jcmsbhub febmtflfjgr çrbgs jcmjrbtgs eg sug sftugèêc eb vfeg qub ebsbab g`tbrgr, eb lcrdg g db`ncrgr g sug jcmefèêc eb vfeg, qubr lgdf`fgr, scjfg` b bjcmúdfjg. Jursc eb @fjbmjfgturg bd Bmlbrdghbd ‚ :.± :.± Gmc, 7.± Zbdbstrb


Æ mbjbssçrfc eb`fmbgr jcd c Zr. J. ud prcabjtc, pgrg qub bstb bstbag prbpgrgec pgrg g g`tg. (Bxbdp`c1 crhgmfzgr jcd c Zr. J. ud jg`bmeçrfc sbdgmg`, jcd pcssävbfs gjtfvfegebs ‚ `ñefjgs, `ñefjgs, rbjrbgtfvgs, eb vcùmtgrfgec.)

?;;6 1 Zbhumeg Zbdgmg - 72 g 76 eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 fdpctámjfg gegptgec gc auäzc eb gjtug`. Gpbsgr eb mc efg 76 tbr rbg`fzgec c C Zr. J. dgmtæd c lcjc eb sbmtfdbmtcs eb fdpctámjfg p`gmbgdbmtc ec lfd-eb-sbdgmg b lcf-`nb lcrmbjfec c efçrfc eb lfd-eb-sbdgmg, c Zr. J.D. J. D. jcmtfmug g dgmflbstgr g`hudg prbcjupgèêc jcd g sug sftugèêc bjcmúdfjg b scjfg`. ?;;6 1 Ubrjbfrg Zbdgmg - ?? g ?5 eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 fdpctámjfg tbmeb g sbr gegptgec gc auäzc eb efdfmuäec. C Zr. J.D. dgmflbstg C Zr. J. dgmtæd c lcjc eb sbmtfdbmtcs eb fdpctámjfg prbcjupgèêc pcr gfmeg mêc pcssufr cs rb`gtúrfcs dæefjcs pgrg sb efrfhfr ë aumtg dæefjg, mcdbgegdbmtb cs rb`gtúrfcs eb crtcpbefg b eb cltg`dc`chfg, glfrdgmec sbrbd bstbs eb bxtrbdg fdpcrtïmjfg, pgrg mêc pbrebr g jgsg, udg vbz qub `nb prbjfsg eb sbr jcmjbefeg mc dämfdc <;% eb fmjgpgjfegeb. Mc efg ?: g jcmsu`tg jcd g Er.ª J. mêc jcrrbu jcdc bspbrgvg, udg vbz qub bstg mêc pbefu g jcmsu`tg eb crtcpbefg jcd urhámjfg. C Zr. J.D. tgdoæd glfrdg ebsïmfdc pcr c ncspftg` mêc pcssufr cs dbefjgdbmtcs pgrg c jc`bstbrc`, tbmec c prúprfc eb pghgr :2₠. Mc bmtgmtc, c Zr. J.D. glfrdg tbr g scùèêc pgrg rbsc`vbr g jcmsu`tg eb crtcpbefg, udg vbz qub tbd ud gdfhc dæefjc. Mc efg ?: lcf lcrmbjfec gc Zr. J.D. c p`gmbgdbmtc ec lfd-eb-sbdgmg, tbmec-c b`gocrgec ebstg vbz sczfmnc, utf`fzgmec jcdc rbjurscs cs dgtbrfgfs lcrmbjfecs (Ghbmeg Ju`turg`, [rchrgdg ec Lúrud Buhæmfc eb G`dbfeg9 [`gmbgdbmtc eg Lbfrg eb Zêc Acêc, bmtrb cutrcs.) Gqugmec g bmtrbvfstg eb gaueg c Zr. J.D. lcf bstfdu`gec g pbmsgr mgs jcfsgs qub pceb duegr b qub bstêc gc sbu g`jgmjb b g pbmsgr tgdoæd mgqub`bs qub mêc ebpbmebd eg sug vcmtgeb. G pgrtfr ebstb pcmtc, lcf mctúrfg g rbgjèêc ec Zr. J.D. b pcr fstc bstb auäzc æ j`gssflfjgec jcdc tbmebmec pgrg efdfmuäec. Wugrtg Zbdgmg - ?6 eb Aumnc g 7 eb Au`nc eb ?;;61 ?;;6 1


- 2> Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

fdpctámjfg tbmeb g sbr gegptgec gc auäzc eb efdfmuäec. Mc efg :; glfrdg qub cs C Zr. J. dgmtæd c lcjc eb sbmtfdbmtcs eb fdpctámjfg prco`bdgs eg aumtg dæefjg aç bstêc rbsc`vfecs. Mc bmtgmtc c dbec eb pbrebr g jgsg gfmeg bstç prbsbmtb. C Zr. J.D. jcmtfmug g ebsbmvc`vbr pcsftfvgdbmtb gs bstrgtæhfgs eb jcpfmh .

<. Ecr Dusju`csqub`ætfjg Gjtug` Gjèêc

J`fbmtb

Efghmústfjc eb

Zr. J.

Bmlbrdghbd

D. Cosbrvgr _bhfstgr

Fmtbrvbmèòbs eb

Gedfmfstrgr

Bmlbrdghbd [rcpcrjfcmgr Fmjbmtfvgr Lcrmbjbr

Zr. J. D. Zr. J. D. Zr. J. D. Zr. J. D. Zr. J. D. Zr. J.

Lcjc

Auäzc

@cjg`fzgèêc

Ecr Dusju`csqub`ætfjg

Gjtug`

E[ZD

_bjurscs

Bmlbrdbfrc9 Uæjmfjg eb

Ubdpc

Ecr ( Fmtbmsfegeb) Fmtbmsfegeb)

E[ZD

Ecr

E[ZD

Urgtgdbmtc

E[ZD

Jcmlcrtc

E[ZD

Uæjmfjg eb Efstrgjèêc9

Zbdprb

E[ZD b

Bmsfmcs

Efg, :

Ecdfjä`fc

Ugmtud \breb

vbzbs

E[ZD

Bmsfmcs

Dcdbmtc

Nçoftc ( Nfhfbmb Nfhfbmb Crg` ) Jcmnbjfdbmtc (Crfhbd


Fmtbrgjèêc. Fmstrudbmtc eb Gvg`fgèêc Lgrdgjctbrgpfg Gmg`hæsfjc

Zbdprb Eurgèêc Zftugèêc


eg Ecr )

D. Gvg`fgr

Dcmftcrfzgr

Zr. J. D.

Zfmgfs \ftgfs

Zr. J.

_bspcstg ë dbefjgèêc b

D.

Jcmtrc`c eg ecr

_bsu`tgecs eb

Zr. J.

Bmlbrdghbd

D.

Ecr Dusju`csqub`ætfjg

E[ZD

Fmstrudbmtc eb

Efg

Gvg`fgèêc

? \bzbs

Uæjmfjg eb Lbbeogji9 E[ZD

Fmstrudbmtc eb

Zftugèêc

Gvg`fgèêc Mbmnudg

E[ZD b Ecdfjä`fc

Ebsjrfèêc egs Fmtbrvbmèòbs eb Bmlbrdghbd b Austflfjgèêc b Austflfjgèêc11 C Bmlbrdbfrc ebvb1 - Cosbrvgr b Cosbrvgr b rbhfstgr g rbhfstgr g eurgèêc b fmtbmsfegeb eg ecr. ecr. Ucdgr gtbmèêc gcs lgjtcrbs prbjfpftgmtbs eg ecr. G febmtflfjgèêc ecs strbsscrbs prbjfpftgmtbs æ fdpcrtgmtb pgrg udg gvg`fgèêc jcrrbjtg. Bstg fmlcrdgèêc sbrç usgeg mg b`gocrgèêc eb ud p`gmc eb jufegecs qub gaueb c Zr. J.D. g `fegr db`ncr jcd g ecr. Gedfmfstrgr g dbefjgèêc gmg`hæsfjg jcmlcrdb gmg`hæsfjg jcmlcrdb g prbsjrfèêc dæefjg, cu eb gjcrec jcd c prctcjc`c e c sbrvfèc b dcmftcrfzgr g rbspcstg - Gedfmfstrgr g ec Zr. J.D. ç dbefjgèêc. C jcmlcrtc b g sbhurgmèg ec ecbmtb æ udg prfcrfegeb eb bmlbrdghbd. - Fmjbmtfvgr c Fmjbmtfvgr c ecbmtb g rbg`fzgr cs jufegecs eb nfhfbmb crg` gpús jgeg rblbfèêc, utf`fzgmec jcdc guxä`fc c Ugmtud \breb, eb lcrdg g prbvbmfr b efdfmufr g fml`gdgèêc. fml`gdgèêc. - Lcrmbjbr jcmnbjfdbmtc gc jcmnbjfdbmtc gc ecbmtb scorb g crfhbd eg ecr, jgsc bstg sb trgtb eb ud blbftc sbjumeçrfc ecs dbefjgdbmtcs cu eb qug`qubr cutrg crfhbd. vftgfs, mc dämfdc eugs vbzbs pcr turmc, cu bd ZCZ, eb lcrdg g ebspfstgr qug`qubr g`tbrgèêc sfhmflfjgtfvg mcs - Gvg`fgr cs sfmgfs vftgfs, pgrïdbtrcs vftgfs. Jursc eb @fjbmjfgturg bd Bmlbrdghbd ‚ :.± :.± Gmc, 7.± Zbdbstrb

- <; Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

_bsu`tgecs Bspbrgecs1 Bspbrgecs1 [rbtbmeb-sb qub, mc lfmg` ec fmtbrmgdbmtc, c Zr. J. D. gprbsbmtb c lcjc ecr dusju`csqub`ætfjg gegptgec gc auäzc ‐mbmnudg—. Gvg`fgèêc1 Gvg`fgèêc1 ?;;61 [rfdbfrg Zbdgmg - 5 g 7; eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 C Zr. J. dgmtæd c lcjc eb ecr dusju`csqub`ætfjg gegptgec gc auäzc eb gjtug`. Efgrfgdbmtb c Zr. J. dgmflbstg cecmtg`hfg, gsscjfgeg g hbmhfvftb. Ubd sfec gedfmfstrgeg g dbefjgèêc ‚ eb gjcrec jcd c prctcjc`c ec sbrvfèc ‚ qub tbd surtfec blbftc. Lcf rbg`fzgec bmsfmc gc Zr. J. scorb g utf`fzgèêc ec Ugmtud \breb b lgvcrbjfec jcmnbjfdbmtc scorb g crfhbd eg ecr.

?;;6 1 Zbhumeg Zbdgmg - 75 g 76 eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 C Zr. J. dgmtæd c lcjc eb ecr dusju`csqub`ætfjg gegptgec gc auäzc eb gjtug`. Efgrfgdbmtb c Zr. J. dgmflbstg cecmtg`hfg, gsscjfgeg g hbmhfvftb. Ubd sfec gedfmfstrgeg g dbefjgèêc ‚ eb eb gjcrec jcd c prctcjc`c ec sbrvfèc ‚ qub qub tbd surtfec blbftc. C Zr. J. jcmtfmug g jcdp`bdbmtgr g nfhfbmb crg` jcd Ugmtud \breb. Gpbsgr eg ecr rblbrfeg, c Zr. J.D. g`fdbmtg-sb eg tctg`fegeb egs rblbfèòbs sbd prco`bdg. Ubrjbfrg Zbdgmg - ?? g ?5 eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 ?;;6 1 C Zr. J. dgmtæd c lcjc eb ecr dusju`csqub`ætfjg gegptgec gc auäzc eb mbmnudg. Mêc rblbrb qubfxgs. C Zr. J. jcmtfmug g jcdp`bdbmtgr g nfhfbmb crg` jcd Ugmtud \breb. Wugrtg Zbdgmg - ?6 eb Aumnc g 7 eb Au`nc eb ?;;61 ?;;6 1 Jursc eb @fjbmjfgturg bd Bmlbrdghbd ‚ :.± :.± Gmc, 7.± Zbdbstrb

- <7 Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

C Zr. J. dgmtæd c lcjc eb ecr dusju`csqub`ætfjg gegptgec gc auäzc eb mbmnudg. Mêc rblbrb qubfxgs. C Zr. J. jcmtfmug g jcdp`bdbmtgr g nfhfbmb crg` jcd Ugmtud \breb. Mc bmtgmtc, æ eb sg`fbmtgr qub mc efg :; eb Aumnc c Zr. J, rbg`fzcu g bxtrgjèêc eb udg pbèg ebmtçrfg (ebmtb fmjfsfvc ec dgxf`gr fmlbrfcr). fmlbrfcr). Gpbsgr eb mêc tbr sbhufec gs fmefjgèòbs dæefjgs (efbtg lrfg lrfg b bvftgr ludgr), c Zr. J.D. mêc dgmflbstcu qubfxgs.

8. Guefèêc Efdfmuäeg (Nfpcgjñsfg) Gjèêc

J`fbmtb

Efghmústfjc eb

Zr. J.

Bmlbrdghbd

D. Lg`gr

Fmtbrvbmèòbs eb Bmlbrdghbd

Rtf`fzgr Bvftgr \fhfgr

Zr. J. D. Zr. J. D.

Lcjc

Auäzc

@cjg`fzgèêc

Guefèêc

Efdfmuäeg

E[ZD

Jcdumfjgèêc

E[ZD

Jcdumfjgèêc

E[ZD

Zr. J.

Ogrrbfrg ë

D.

Jcdumfjgèêc

Zr. J. D.

Guefèêc

_bjurscs

Lrcmtg`dbmtb9 Uæjmfjg eb Lbbeogji. Lrgsbs sfdp`bs b jurtgs9 Bmtrbvfstg eb Bmlbrdghbd

E[ZD Zbrvfèc eb sgñeb


Bsjutg Gjtfvg9 Gdofbmtb Jg`dc Dæefjc

Ubdpc

Zbdprb Zbdprb [rbsbmtb Gmug`dbmtb

-
_bsu`tgecs eb

Zr. J.

Bmlbrdghbd

D.

Guefèêc

Db`ncrgeg

E[ZD b Ecdfjä`fc

Ebsjrfèêc egs Fmtbrvbmèòbs eb Bmlbrdghbd b Austflfjgèêc b Austflfjgèêc11 C Bmlbrdbfrc ebvb1 - Lg`gr lrcmtg`dbmtb pgrg c ecbmtb, jcd lrgsbs jurtgs b fmlcrdgèêc jcmjfsg9 - Mêc fmfjfgr efç`chc sbd tbr g jbrtbzg qub c ecbmtb sb gpbrjbobu eg mcssg prbsbmèg9 - Mêc b`bvgr c tcd eb vcz, dgmtbmec udg jgeámjfg bd tbrdcs rätdfjcs9 - Rtf`fzgr fdghbms b cutrcs dbfcs eb jcdumfjgèêc g`tbrmgtfvcs sbdprb qub mêc sb vbrflfqub blbjtfvgèêc eg `fmhughbd9 - \g`fegr g fmlcrdgèêc trgmsdftfeg eb lcrdg g jcdprbbmebr sb g dbmsghbd lcf rbjbofeg sbd fmtbrlbrámjfgs. - [rcpcrjfcmgr gc Zr. J. D. ud gdofbmtb lgvcrçvb` ë jcdumfjgèêc, sbd duftcs ruäecs pgrg qub bstg sbag lgjf`ftgeg, b tgdoæd qub mêc c bxpcmngd gc rfsjc eb jcmtrgfr udg jcmstfpgèêc. Ubr pgrtfju`gr gtbmèêc gc Fmvbrmc bd qub c rfsjc eb sb jcmstfpgr æ bdfmbmtb cu bxpcsfèòbs bxjbssfvgs gc gr jcmefjfcmgeg. - Fmlcrdgr c Zr. J. D. qub ebvb lgzbr udg vfhf`ïmjfg gmug`, aumtc ecs sbrvfècs dæefjcs, pgrg sgobr jcdc sb bmjcmtrg c sbu qugerc j`ämfjc eg guefèêc, cu gssfd qub mctgr g`hudg g`tbrgèêc, eb dcec g bvftgr c ghrgvgdbmtc ec sbu prco`bdg. _bsu`tgecs Bspbrgecs1 [rbtbmeb-sb qub, mc lfmg` ec fmtbrmgdbmtc, c Zr. J. D. gprbsbmtb c lcjc guefèêc gegptgec gc auäzc ‐db`ncrgeg—.


- <: Ubcrfgs eb Bmlbrdghbd ‚ Bstuec Bstuec eb ud Jgsc jcd Gp`fjgèêc ec [rcjbssc eb Bmlbrdghbd eb Nfèbhgre [bp`gu

Gvg`fgèêc1 ?;;61 [rfdbfrg Zbdgmg - 5 g 7; eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 C Zr. J. dgmtæd c lcjc eb guefèêc gegptgec gc auäzc eb efdfmuäeg. Î pcssävb` vbrflfjgr qub c Zr. J. sb dcstrg ud pcujc rbtfjbmtb gmtbs eb fmfjfgr gs gjtfvfegebs tbrgpáutfjgs prcpcstgs ebvfec g bstg sftugèêc j`ämfjg. Mc bmtgmtc, tbd dgmflbstgec ghrgec bd pgrtfjfpgr b tbd sfec lbftc ud bslcrèc bd prcpcrjfcmgr gc Zr. J. ud gdofbmtb jcd ocg gjñstfjg. Eurgmtb gs bmtrbvfstgs rbg`fzgegs lcf mctúrfg g lg`tg eb pbrjbpèêc eb g`hudgs qubstòbs, tbmec sfec rblcrdu`gegs gs qubstòbs, utf`fzgmec gs tæjmfjgs gjfdg rblbrfegs. C Zr. J. ghugreg jcmsu`tg eb C_@. Zbhumeg Zbdgmg - 72 g 76 eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 ?;;6 1 Zbd g`tbrgèòbs. C Zr. J. dgmtæd c lcjc eb guefèêc gegptgec gc auäzc eb efdfmuäeg. ?;;6 1 Ubrjbfrg Zbdgmg - ?? g ?5 eb Aumnc eb ?;;61 Zbd g`tbrgèòbs. C Zr. J. dgmtæd c lcjc eb guefèêc gegptgec gc auäzc eb efdfmuäeg. Mc efdfmuäeg. Mc bmtgmtc, æ eb mctgr qub mc efg ?? c Zr. J.D. rbg`fzcu ud Guefchrgdg. Bstb lgjtc vbfc g ghrgvgr g sftugèêc udg vbz qub c Zr. J.D. lfjcu sbd c gpgrb`nc gueftfvc. ?;;6 1 Wugrtg Zbdgmg - ?6 eb Aumnc g 7 eb Au`nc eb ?;;61 Zbd g`tbrgèòbs. C Zr. J. dgmtæd c lcjc eb guefèêc gegptgec gc auäzc eb efdfmuäeg.


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