Homeopathic Management of Defiant and Violent Children

Eloqu`cbd` Xld/ YF-622

Xk`sbs Yr`s`dtltbmd Jy Ymst Frlhult` _tuh`dt :99; Dlg`5 Eloqu`cbd` Xld Xmpbo5 Kmg`mpltkbo Gldlf`g`dt ma Lffr`ssbv` ldh Hàbldt Okbchr`d Maa`r`h tm Xk` Jrbtbsk Bdstbtut` ma Kmg`mpltky, PN _bdflpmr` Aloucty ma Kmg`mpltky (Cmolc @xlgbd`r5 - Hr. Grs. H``pl H`slb)

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Omdt`dts <. Bdtrmhuotbmd…….………………………………………………………………… Bdtrmhuotbmd…….…………………………………………………………………0 0 :. Hbsruptbv` J`klvbmr Hbsmrh`rs……………………… Hbsmrh`rs……………………………………… ……………….. ..………….. …………..6 6 ?. Lssmobltbv` A`ltur`s ldh Hbsmrh`rs………………… Hbsmrh`rs…………………………………… …………………... ...…… ……....<< ....<< 8. Olus`s ma Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r ldh Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r………... Hbsmrh`r………...……...< ……...<1 1 0. Dùrmcmfbolc Olus`s……………………………… Olus`s……………………………….. ..……………………………< ……………………………<6 6 1. Ysyokbltrbo Lss`ssg`dt……………… Lss`ssg`dt…………………………… …………….. ..……………………………: ……………………………:: : 6. Xr`ltg`dt ma Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r ldh Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r…………….:: Hbsmrh`r…………….:: ;. Hbaa`r`dtblc Hblfdmsbs………….. Hblfdmsbs…………..………………………………………………..: ………………………………………………..:8 8 2. Yklrglomtk`rlpy………………………………………………………………..: Yklrglomtk`rlpy………………………………………………………………..:1 1 <9. Yrmfdmsbs………………………………………………………………………..? Yrmfdmsbs………………………………………………………………………..?: : <<. Yr`v`dtbmd……………………………………………………...….…………….? Yr`v`dtbmd……………………………………………………...….…………….?: : <:. Zbfkt Ylr`dtbdf………………………………… Ylr`dtbdf………………………………………………………….…… ……………………….………? …?: : Lct`rdltbv` Gldlf`g`dt
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Londmwc`hf`g`dt

Lcgmst tkr`` y`lrs ma Kmg`mpltkbo stuhb`s, oucgbdlt`s tm tkbs hbss`rtltbmd wkbok wls abdlccy orystlccbs`h lat`r gldy w``ns ma rugbdltbmd. Amr tkbs, B wmuch abrst cbn` tm tkldn Jklflwld _rb _ltkyl _lb Jljl amr bdbtbltbdf g` bdtm tk` k`lcbdf pltk, ldh amr j`bdf gy _muro` ma Bdspbrltbmd ldh `domurlf`g`dt. B wmuch lcsm cbn` tm tm tkldn Hr. Zldfloklrb amr kbs `v`r omdstldt ltt`dtbmd ldh omdo`rd amr lcc tk` _bdflpmr` Aloucty ma kmg`mpltky stuh`dts. B wmuch lcsm cbn` tm skmw gy frltbtuh` tm Hr. Ebt N. Lfflrwlc amr t`lokbdf g` vbjrbmdbo k`lcbdf. Jmtk lr` fmmh cbfktwmrn`rs ma Fmh ldh fr`lt `dfbd`s amr `xpldhbdf lct`rdltbv` k`lcbdf ndmwc`hf` ldh ar`` s`rvbo` bd tk`br omudtrb`s ldh j`ymdh. B wmuch lcsm cbn` tm tkldn Hr. Grs. H``pl H`slb amr k`r suppmrt ldh k`r lhvbo` bd gy hbss`rtltbmd r`s`lrok, ls w`cc ls mtk`r s`dbmrs, wkm klv` nbdhcy omdtrbjut`h tk`br ols` stuhb`s. Clst jut dmt c`lst, B wmuch cbn` tm tkldn gy algbcy ldh cmv`h md`s, `spòblccy gy plr`dts amr tk`br udomdhbtbmdlc cmv` ldh amr fbvbdf g` tk` mppmrtudbty tm c`lrd ldh frmw bdh`p`dh`dtcy.

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Ljstrlot

Lffr`ssbmd ldh gbsj`klvbmrs bd okbchr`d lr` kbfkcy pr`vlc`dt bd tmhly”s smob`ty. Kmw st old jrbdfbdf up ldh t`lokbdf okbchr`d bd tk` :< o`dtury j` sm guok gmr` oklcc`dfbdf tkld l a`w hòlh`s lfm= Hm`s jmgjlrhg`dt ma d`w tòkdmcmfy, okldfbdf algbcy ldh òmdmgbo struotur` pcly suok l kuf` rmc` bd tk` kyp`rlotbvbty ldh lffr`ssbmd ma okbchr`d tmhly= Mr hbh tk`s` hbsmrh`rs sbgpcy fm uddmtbo`h bd okbchr`d ma tk` y`lrs fmd` jy= j y= Ols`s ma hbsruptbv` j`klvbmrlc hbsmrh`rs ldh gmmh hbsmrh`rs klv` mat`d fmd` uddmtbo`h jy plr`dts wkm okmms` tm tkbdn tklt lffr`ssbmd ldh gbsj`klvbmrs bd okbchr`d lr` t`gpmrlry, dmrglc frmwbdf up pk`dmg`dmd ldh hm dmt wlrrldt guok dmtbo`. Gldy hm dmt jmtk`r fmbdf tm tk` lccmpltkbo hmotmrs ldh `v`d ba tk`y hm, gldy ols`s r`glbd bgprmp`rcy hblfdms`h. _mg`tbg`s, plr`dts ldh olr`fbv`rs tkbdn tklt g`dtlc ldh `gmtbmdlc ols`s lr` j`ymdh tk` r`lok ma g`hbolc k`cp, ls lt tbg`s, sygptmgs ma gbsj`klvbmr gly dmt j` suaabob`dt tm j` hblfdms`h ls md` ma tk` ròmfdbz`h g`dtlc hbsmrh`rs. Brr`spòtbv` ma sbtultbmds, kmg`mpltky maa`rs bts j`dàbts bd tr`ltbdf wbtk okbchr`d wbtk tk` ljmv` bssu`s. Xkbs hbss`rtltbmd wls omgpbc`h tm prmvbh` ld `lsy ud h`rstldhbdf ma tk` hbaa`r`dt tk`rlpb`s lvlbcljc` amr tk`s` okbchr`d ldh kmw kmg`mpltky old k`cp. Xmpbos bdocuh`h amous glbdcy md tk` sygptmgltbo pbotur`s ma Hbsruptbv` J`klvbmrlc Hbsmrh`rs, dlg`cy, Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r (MHH), Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r (OH) bd r`cltbmd tm lffr`ssbmd ldh hàbldo`, ldh tk` ourr`dt g`hbolc tr`ltg`dts ldh bdt`rv`dtbmds lvlbcljc`. Lssmobltbv` a`ltur`s ldh gmmh hbsmrh`rs suok ls Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r (JYH) ldh Ltt`dtbmd Hàbobt Kyp`rlotbvbty Hbsmrh`r (LHKH) lr` lcsm omv`r`h bd smg` h`tlbc sm ls tm jrbdf ljmut l jrmlh`r udh`rstldhbdf md Hbsruptbv` J`klvbmrs. Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r wls bdocuh`h ls bt omv`rs sygptmgs ma h`pr`ssbmd ldh gldbl, ldh vbmc`do`. Bt bs bgp`rltbv` tklt w` udh`rstldh tk`s` omggmd j`klvbmurlc hbsmrh`rs bd mrh`r tm lvmbh udh`r, mv`r ldh gbshblfdmsbs ma lffr`ssbv` ldh hàbldt okbchr`d. Xk` kbfkcbfkt ma tkbs hbss`rtltbmd cb`s bd tk` kmg`mpltkbo lpprmlok tm gldlf`g`dt ma Hbsruptbv` J`klvbmrlc Hbsmrh`rs ldh bdocuh`s usàuc kmg`mpltkbo r`g`hb`s, wkbok old j` tln`d lcmdfsbh` lccmpltkbo r`g`hb`s amr l gmr` rmudh`h r`spmds` tm k`lcbdf. Kmg`mpltkbo ols` stuhb`s md lffr`ssbv` ldh hàbldt okbchr`d w`r` bdocuh`h amr eustbaboltbmd purpms`s. Zujrbo ldh r`p`rtmrblc ldlcysbs ma :6 kmg`mpltkbo r`g`hb`s tklt j`st abts tk` sygptmgltbo pbotur`s ma Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r ldh Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r wbtk pmssbjbcbty ma us` bd gmmh hbsmrh`rs ldh Ltt`dtbmd Hàbobt Kyp`rlotbvbty Hbsmrh`r lr` lcsm lhh`h. Bd lhhbtbmd, mtk`r `xbstbdf lccmpltkbo ldh lct`rdltbv` syst`gs ma g`hbobd`s lr` lcsm omv`r`h amr l gmr` rmudh`h p`rspòtbv`.

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<. Bdtrmhuotbmd Qbmc`dt j`klvbmur bd okbchr`d ldh euv`dbc` h`cbdqu`doy bs l wmrrybdf wmrchwbh` pk`dmg`dmd. Bd tk` Pdbt`h _tlt`s, tk` <222 Omcugjbd` Kbfk _okmmc glsslor` wk`r` : t``dlf`rs nbcc`h <: stuh`dts ldh l t`lok`r stbcc r`v`rj`rlt` bd tk` gbdhs ma gldy wk`d vbmc`dt ymutk orbg`s lr` omdo`rd`h. Bd :99;, tk` _udhly X`c`frlpk r`pmrt`h tklt Pdbt`h Nbdfhmg klh l md`-tkbrh bdor`ls` bd vbmc`dt orbg`s omggbtt`h jy okbchr`d ldh ymutk. Xmtlc maa`do`s rms` jy :<% armg :99? tm :::,609 bd :991, wbtk vbmc`dt orbg`s ldh < rmjj`rb`s lt ld `v`d kbfk`r rlt` . Gldy w`r` lcsm embdbdf str``t fldfs, wkbok bdor`ls`h ld bdhbvbhulc”s ljbcbty tm j` `dflf`h bd orbg`. Pdbt`h Dltbmds stlt`h tklt òmdmgb`s bd trldsbtbmd slw l ?9% bdor`ls` bd euv`dbc` orbg`s, gmstcy lssmoblt`h wbtk lcomkmc mr : sujstldo` ljus` . @v`d ba orbgbdlc maa`do` bs dmt ld bssu`, lutkmrbtb`s ldh plr`dts wmrchwbh` lr` abdhbdf bdor`lsbdf dugj`r ma okbchr`d wkm lr` kyp`rlotbv`, lffr`ssbv` ldh vbmc`dt. Amr plr`dts wkm lr` lt tk`br wbts, tk`y wbcc mat`d s`dh tk`br okbchr`d amr hblfdmsbs. Gmr` mat`d tkld dmt, tk`s` lffr`ssbv` ldh hàbldt okbchr`d lr` hblfdms`h wbtk Ltt`dtbmd Hàbobt Kyp`rlotbvbty Hbsmrh`r (LHKH), Hbsruptbv` J`klvbmr Hbsmrh`rs mr/ldh Gmmh Hbsmrh`rs. Hbsruptbv` J`klvbmr Hbsmrh`rs ldh Gmmh Hbsmrh`rs, klv` l kbfk om-gmrjbhbty wbtk Ltt`dtbmd Hàbobt Kyp`rlotbvbty Hbsmrh`r (LHKH). Xk`s` okbchr`d lr` gmstcy pr`sorbj`h wbtk lccmpltkbo g`hboltbmds wkbok lr` ljc` tm k`cp bd gldy ols`s, jut gly omg` lcmdf wbtk bts sbh` àaòts. Gmr` old j` hmd` g`hbolccy tm lrrbv` lt l wkmc`smg` ldh p`rgld`dt our` amr tk` okbchr`d ldh ymutks wkm lr` tk` autur` c`lh`rs ma tk` wmrch. Qbmc`dt ymutks ldh lhmc`so`dts mat`d stlrt j`klvbdf lffr`ssbv`cy ls okbchr`d. @vbh`do`s pmbdt tm ld bdor`lsbdf dugj`r ma okbchr`d wbtk lffr`ssbmd ldh hàbldo`, lt `lrcb`r lf`s. Mds`t ma lffr`ssbmd bd ymudf`r okbchr`d (lf` ?) bs tk` gmst sbfdbaboldt bdhboltmr ma h`cbdqu`doy, vbmc`do` ldh sujstldo` ljus` bd clt`r y`lrs. Bd :99;, Xbg`s r`pmrt`h tklt @dfcldh slw l tmtlc ma 8,999 susp`dsbmds bd okbchr`d lf`h 0 ldh cmw`r. ?<9 ma tk` 899 susp`dsbmd ols`s ma okbchr`d lf`h : ldh ? bdvmcv`h pkysbolc lttlon mr tkr`lt md ldmtk`r okbch mr tk` t`lok`r, wbtk j`klvbmr rldfbdf armg jbtbdf, kbttbdf, tkrmwbdf oklbrs ldh ? skmutbdf ljus`s lt tk` vbotbg . Xk` tmtlc susp`dsbmds lf` :-<< olg` up tm gmr` tkld 80,099, wbtk lf` 2 glnbdf up ljmut l qulrt`r> gmst ols`s bdvmcv` vbmc`do` mr tkr`lt ma vbmc`do`. LHKH, amr `xlgpc`, bs l omggmdcy moourrbdf prmjc`g tklt laaòts ;-<9% ma sokmmc lf`h 8 okbchr`d, lctkmufk bd gmst ols`s bt stlrts `v`d prbmr tm sokmmcbdf . Dmt loomudtbdf amr omgmrjbhbty wbtk LHKH, Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r laaòts j`tw``d :-<1% ma tk` 0 okbchr`d ldh lhmc`so`dt pmpucltbmd . Fmmhwbd `stbglt`h tklt s`rbmus Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r 1 laaòts 8-0% ma tk` okbchr`d ldh ymutk pmpucltbmd . Ldmtk`r mjs`rvltbmd wls tklt gldy bdhbvbhulcs <9-:0% wbtk OH, MHH, LHKH, Glemr H`pr`ssbv` Hbsmrh`r ldh Hystkgbo Hbsmrh`r klv` c`lrdbdf hbsmrh`rs. Xk` Dltbmdlc Bdstbtut` ma G`dtlc K`lctk `stbglt`s tklt :9 ‟ 89% 89% ma tk` 8,999,999 okbchr`d bd tk` Pdbt`h _tlt`s wbtk c`lrdbdf hbsljbcbtb`s gly j` prmd` tm ròurr`dt hàbldo` mr glcbobmus omdhuot ldh gly j` hblfdms`h wbtk LHKH ldh 6 mppmsbtbmdlc hàbldt hbsmrh`r (MHH) mr omdhuot hbsmrh`r .

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Gmmh hbsmrh`rs tln` up ldmtk`r okudn ma hbs`ls`h okbchr`d, lctkmufk tk` dugj`rs gly j` mv`rclppbdf wbtk hbsruptbv` j`klvbmr hbsmrh`r. Lpprmxbglt`cy ?% ma okbchr`d ldh <:% ma ; t``dlf` pmpucltbmd klv` j``d hblfdms`h wbtk h`pr`ssbmd . Jbpmclr hbsmrh`r, l hbs`ls` tklt wls rò`dtcy tkmufkt tm moour bd lhucts, lgmudt`h tm c`ss tkld 6% ma lcc okbchkmmh g`dtlc 2 k`lctk hbsmrh`rs . Qbsbts tm tk` hmotmrs skmw`h tklt jbpmclr hbsmrh`r r`fbst`r`h l 89 tbg`s bdor`ls` j`tw``d <228 ldh :99?. D`lrcy lcc hmotmrs bdt`rvb`w`h j`cb`v`h tklt jbpmclr hbsmrh`r, l s`v`r` bccd`ss, bs mv`rhblfdms`h, wbtk C`bj`dcuat”s stuhb`s lt tk` Dltbmdlc Bdstbtut` ma G`dtlc K`lctk, suppmrtbdf tklt mdcy :9% ma tk` jbpmclr hbsmrh`r okbchr`d g``t tk` orbt`rbl amr tk` hbs`ls`. Xkus, pmbdtbdf mut tm tk` bgpmrtldo` ma udh`rstldhbdf tk` sygptmgs hurbdf ols` tlnbdf. Xk` sygptmgs lssmoblt`h wbtk tk` hbsruptbv` j`klvbmrlc hbsmrh`r ldh bts lssmobltbv` hbsmrh`rs ldh tk` omrr`spmdhbdf a`ltur`s lr` fbv`d k`r` amr oc`lr`r udh`rstldhbdf ldh hblfdmsbs.

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:. Hbsruptbv` J`klvbmur Hbsmrh`rs L. Vklt bs Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r= Hblfdmstbo A`ltur`s ma Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r <9 Loomrhbdf tm tk` Hblfdmstbo ldh _tltbstbolc Gldulc ma G`dtlc Hbsmrh`rs (H_G-BQ-XZ) , Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r bs hàbd`h jy l —ròurr`dt pltt`rd ma d`fltbvbstbo, d`fltbvbstbo, kmstbc`, hbsmj`hb`dt ldh hàbldt hàbldt j`klvbmr” tmwlrhs j`klvbmr” tmwlrhs plr`dts mr mtk`r lutkmrbtb`s amr l gbdbgug ma 1 << gmdtks . Xm qulcbay amr MHH, bt gust moour gmr` ar`qu`dtcy tkld bs mjs`rv`h bd okbchr`d mr lhmc`so`dts ma omgplrljc` lf` ldh h`v`cmpg`dtlc c`v`c ldh gust sbfdbaboldtcy laaòt tk` audotbmdbdf lolh`gbolccy, smoblccy mr mooupltbmdlccy. Hblfdmsbs ma MHH bs dmt glh` ba tk` ljmv` j`klvbmrs moour hu` tm l Ysyokmtbo mr Gmmh Hbsmrh`r, Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r mr Ldtbsmoblc Y`rsmdlcbty Hbsmrh`r (bd bdhbvbhulcs mv`r <; y`lrs ma lf`).

Amr hblfdmsbs ma MHH, lt c`lst 8 ma tk` ; sygptmgs gust moour r`fuclrcy5 Cmsbdf t`gp`r Lrfubdf wbtk lhucts Lotbv`cy hàybdf mr ràusbdf tm omgpcy wbtk lhucts'/ lhucts'/ `ch`rs” r`qu`sts mr ruc`s H`cbj`rlt`cy lddmybdf p`mpc` Jclgbdf mtk`rs amr kbs gbstln`s mr gbsj`klvbmr J`bdf tmuoky mr `lsbcy lddmy`h jy mtk`rs J`bdf ldfry mr r`s`dtauc J`bdf spbtàuc mr vbdhbotbv`        

@xpr`ssbmds ma Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r bdocuh`5 Q`rjlc lffr`ssbmd (ls mppms`h tm pkysbolc lffr`ssbmd ma Omdhuot Omdh uot Hbsmrh`r) Y`rsbst`dt stujjmrdd`ss Z`sbstldo` tm hbròtbmds Dmt wbccbdf tm fbv` bd, omgprmgbs` mr d`fmtblt` H`cbj`rlt` mr p`rsbst`dt t`stbdf ma cbgbts     

MHH okbchr`d gly skmw bdljbcbty tm `dflf` bd pcly qub`tcy, hbsrupt tk` pcly lotbvbty ma mtk`rs ldh `v`d jr`ln tmys. Xk`y gly lcsm cbn` tm hrlf tk`br g`lc tbg`s ldh abfkt mv`r ammh mptbmds. Z`j`ccbmd gly lrbs` bd t`rgs ma p`rsmdlc lpp`lrldo`, kyfb`d`, tbg` sok`huc`s. Omdacbots ar`qu`dtcy lrbs` wbtk plr`dts, t`lok`rs mr p``rs. Ylr`dt ldh okbch t`dh tm jrbdf mut tk` wmrst bd `lok mtk`r wk`d tk`y lr` bd omdacbot. Ld bgpmrtldt alotmr tm dmt` bs tklt gldy MHH okbchr`d hm dmt omdsbh`r tk`gs`cv`s tm j` hàbldt mr mppmsbtbmdlc, jut a`ct tklt tk`br j`klvbmrs w`r` eustbabljc` fbv`d tk` udloo`ptljc` oclbgs mr sbtultbmds. Xkus, g`hbolc prlotbtbmd`rs skmuch j`tt`r udh`rstldh tkbs ls bt gly pr`s`dt tk` udh`rcybdf olus` ma tk` hbsmrh`r (`.f. clon ma cmv`, wldt ma ltt`dtbmd lt kmg`). Lf` ldh F`dh`r MHH bs usulccy `vbh`dt prbmr tm lf` ; ldh dmt clt`r tkld `lrcy lhmc`so`do`. MHH bs gmr` omggmdcy s``d bd glc`s wkm lr` kbfkcy s`dsbtbv`, hbaabouct j`bdf smmtk`h bd tk`br pr`sokmmc y`lrs mr lr` kbfkcy r`lotbv`. Lat`r puj`rty, tk` dugj`rs s``g tm j` gmr` `qulcbz`h j`tw``d glc`s ldh a`glc`s.

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Yr`vlc`do` Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r bs pr`hmgbdldtcy pr`s`dt bd tk` kmg` hurbdf bdt`rlotbmds wbtk p`mpc` tklt tk` MHH okbch ndmws w`cc. Bt gly dmt j` lpplr`dt bd tk` sokmmc mr omggudbty s`ttbdf, mr hurbdf ocbdbolc `xlgbdltbmd. K`do` algbcy g`gj`rs jòmg` bgpmrtldt smuro`s ma bdamrgltbmd amr tk` `lrcy h`tòtbmd ma MHH. Mds`t Mds`t bs typbolccy frlhulc, moourrbdf mv`r gmdtks mr y`lrs. MHH sygptmgs t`dh tm bdor`ls` wbtk lf`. MHH bs l omggmd ldtò`h`dt amr okbchkmmh mds`t ma OH, `spòblccy lgmdf glc`s. Kmw`v`r, gldy okbchr`d wbtk MHH hm dmt `dh up h`v`cmpbdf OH. Hblfdmstbo _tuhb`s _tuhb`s gust j` hmd` tm `dsur` tklt tk` hbsruptbv` j`klvbmr bs dmt hu` tm mtk`r olus`s. Xkyrmbh stuhb`s skmuch j` omdhuot`h tm `dsur` tk`r` lr` dm kyp`rtkyrmbh mr kypmtkyrmbh omdhbtbmds. Dùrmcmfbolc stuhb`s tm lso`rtlbd tklt tk`r` lr` dm mrfldbo jrlbd prmjc`gs. Ysyokmcmfbolc t`stbdf skmuch j` omdhuot`h tm ruc` mut fbat`hd`ss, jmrh`rcbd` r`tlrhltbmd, <: ldh ldxb`ty hbsmrh`rs, ldh lss`ss c`lrdbdf ljbcbtb`s .

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J. Vklt bs Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r= Hblfdmstbo A`ltur`s ma Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r okbchr`d lr` lcsm hàbldt, mppmsbtbmdlc ldh kmstbc`. Kmw`v`r, Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r bs l gmr` s`rbmus j`klvbmrlc prmjc`g omgplr`h tm MHH ls Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r bs hàbd`h jy l s`t ma p`rsbst`dt j`klvbmr p`rsbst`dt j`klvbmr tklt —vbmclt`s tk` jlsbo rbfkts ma mtk`rs mr glemr ldh orbt`rbl skmuch dmt j` aucabcc`h bd Ldtbsmoblc Y`rsmdlcbty Hbsmrh`r amr bdhbvbhulcs lf`h <; ldh ljmv`. Xk`r` lcsm d``hs tm j` lt c`lst ? pr`s`dtbdf sygptmgs bd tk` plst <: gmdtks ldh lt c`lst < sygptmg bd tk` plst 1 gmdtks5 Lffr`ssbmd tm p`mpc` ldh ldbglcs <. mat`d juccb`s, tkr`lt`ds, mr bdtbgbhlt`s mtk`rs :. mat`d bdbtblt`s pkysbolc abfkts ?. kls us`h l w`lpmd tklt old olus` s`rbmus pkysbolc klrg tm mtk`rs (`.f., l jlt, jrbon, jrmn`d jmttc`, ndba`, fud) 8. kls j``d pkysbolccy oru`c tm p`mpc` 0. kls j``d pkysbolccy oru`c tm ldbglcs 1. kls stmc`d wkbc` omdarmdtbdf l vbotbg (`.f., guffbdf, purs` sdltokbdf, `xtmrtbmd, lrg`h rmjj`ry) 6. kls amro`h smg`md` bdtm s`xulc lotbvbty H`cbj`rlt` H`struotbmd ma prmp`rty ;. kls h`cbj`rlt`cy `dflf`h bd abr` s`ttbdf wbtk tk` bdt`dtbmd ma olusbdf s`rbmus hlglf` 2. kls h`cbj`rlt`cy h`strmy`h mtk`rs' prmp`rty (mtk`r tkld jy abr` s`ttbdf `.f. sglskbdf olr wbdhmws, sokmmc vldhlcbsg ) Hò`btaucd`ss mr tkàt <9. kls jrmn`d bdtm smg`md` `cs`'s kmus`, jubchbdf, mr olr <<. mat`d cb`s mr jr`ln prmgbs`s tm mjtlbd fmmhs mr alvmrs mr tm lvmbh h`jts mr mjcbfltbmds (b.`., "omds" mtk`rs) <:. kls stmc`d bt`gs ma dmdtrbvblc vlcu` wbtkmut omdarmdtbdf l vbotbg (`.f., skmpcbatbdf, jut wbtkmut jr`lnbdf ldh `dt`rbdf> amrf`ry) _`rbmus vbmcltbmds ma ruc`s
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<. Okbchkmmh-Mds`t Xyp` 5 mds`t ma lt c`lst < orbt`rbmd oklrlot`rbstbo ma Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r prbmr tm lf` <9 y`lrs. Xk`r` bs gmr` pkysbolc lffr`ssbmd, hbsturj`h p``r r`cltbmdskbps, ldh pmssbjbcbty ma om-gmrjbh LHKH. :. Lhmc`so`dt -Mds`t Xyp` 5 ljs`do` ma ldy orbt`rbl ma Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r prbmr tm lf` <9 y`lrs. Xk`r` bs c`ss pkysbolc lffr`ssbmd ldh gm r` dmrgltbv` p``r r`cltbmdskbps. ?. Pdspòbab`h-Mds`t 5 lf` lt mds`t bs udndmwd _`v`rbty ma Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r Xk`r` lr` ? glbd c`v`cs ma s`v`rbty5 <. Gbch ‟ _ygptmgs lr` a`w bd `xo`ss ma tkms` r`qubr`h tm gln` hblfdmsbs> Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r tklt olus` gbdmr klrg tm mtk`rs `.f. cybdf, truldoy, stlybdf mut lat`r hlrn wbtkmut p`rgbssbmd :. Gmh`rlt` - Dugj`r ma omdhuot prmjc`gs ldh s`v`rbty bs j`tw``d "gbch" ldh "s`v`r`" `.f. st`lcbdf wbtkmut omdarmdtbdf l vbotbg, vldhlcbsg ?. _`v`r` - Gldy omdhuot prmjc`gs bd `xo`ss ma tkms` r`qubr`h tm gln` hblfdmsbs> Omdhuot prmjc`gs tklt olus` omdsbh`rljc` klrg tm mtk`rs `.f. amro`h s`x, pkysbolc oru`cty, us` ma w`lpmd, st`lcbdf wkbc` omdarmdtbdf vbotbg, jr`lnbdf ldh `dt`rbdf Lf` ldh F`dh`r A`ltur`s Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r bs gmr` pr`vlc`dt bd glc`s. _ygptmgs ma tk` hbsmrh`r t`dh tm vlry loomrhbdf tm lf`, typbolccy wbtk tk` gbch`r sygptmgs lpp`lrbdf abrst. Kmw`v`r, tk`r` lr` ols`s wk`r` bdhbvbhulcs `dflf` bd tk` gmr` h`trbg`dtlc lots lt ld `lrcy lf`.

Glc`s wbtk omdhuot hbsmrh`r t`dh tm klv` l gmr` omdarmdtltbmdlc lpprmlok omgplr`h tm a`glc`s. Glc`s wbtk OH t`dh tm `xkbjbt abfktbdf, st`lcbdf, vldhlcbsg, ldh sokmmc hbsobpcbd` prmjc`gs omgplr`h tm a`glc`s wkm t`dh tm cb`, pcly truldt, `dflf` bd sujstldo` ljus` ldh prmstbtutbmd. Yr`vlc`do` Omdhuot hbsmrh`r lpp`lrs tm j` kbfk`r bd urjld tkld rurlc lr`ls. OH s``gs tm `xbst bd <<9% ma okbch pmpucltbmd. Omurs` Omdhuot hbsmrh`r old stlrt moourrbdf lt pr`sokmmc y`lrs, wbtk tk` abrst sbfdbaboldt sygptmgs lpp`lrbdf armg gbhhc` okbchkmmh tkrmufk gbhhc` lhmc`so`do`, wbtk rlr` mds`t lat`r lf` <1. Bd glemrbty ma bdhbvbhulcs, OH wmuch klv` r`gbtt`h jy lhuctkmmh, plrtbouclrcy tkms` wbtk lhmc`so`dt mds`t ldh tkms` wbtk a`w`r ldh gbch`r sygptmgs. Kmw`v`r, tkms` wbtk `lrcy mds`t klv` kbfk`r rbsn amr Ldtbsmoblc Y`rsmdlcbty Hbsmrh`r ldh _ujstldo`-r`clt`h Hbsmrh`r bd lhuctkmmh. Hbsruptbv` J`klvbmr Hbsmrh`r Dmt Mtk`rwbs` _pòbab`h Xkbs hbsmrh`r bs us`h amr oklrlot`rbzbdf ols`s wbtk omdhuot mr mppmsbtbmdlc hàbldt j`klvbmr ldh suaabob`dt sbfdbaboldt ocbdbolc bgplbrg`dt, jut hm dmt g``t tk` aucc orbt`rbls ma MHH ldh OH.

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?. Lssmoblt`h A`ltur`s ldh Hbsmrh`rs<8 Lssmobltbv` a`ltur`s ldh hbsmrh`rs vlry wbtk lf` ldh s`v`rbty ma MHH ldh OH. Bt bs dò`sslry tm tr`lt ldy om-moourrbdf hbsmrh`rs, hbs`ls`s mr sujstldo` ljus` jòlus` tk`y old olus` mr wmrs`d brrbtljbcbty mr hàbldo` ba càt udtr`lt`h. L. Yr`-_okmmc R`lrs MHH ldh OH okbchr`d bd tk`br pr`sokmmc y`lrs mat`d skmw sbfds ma j`bdf `lsbcy brrbtlt`h, lr` kyp`rs`dsbtbv` tm `xt`rdlc stbgucb ldh lr` hbaabouct tm j` smmtk`h. J. _okmmc R`lrs5 Lssmoblt`h A`ltur`s ldh Hbsmrh`rs ma MHH ldh OH <. Cmw s`ca-`st``g (OH kls lhhbtbmdlc prmeòt`h bglf` ma tmu fkd`ss) :. Mv`r bdaclt`h s`ca-`st``g ?. Ymmr arustrltbmd tmc`rldo` 8. Brrbtljbcbty 0. Gmmh cljbcbty 1. Cmw`r tkld lv`rlf` v`rjlc B\ ldh r`lhbdf snbccs 6. C`lrdbdf mr omggudboltbmd hbsmrh`r ;. Ldxb`ty hbsmrh`r 2. Gmmh hbsmrh`r <9. Ysyokmtbo hbsmrh`r <<. _ujstldo`-r`clt`h hbsmrh`rs ma hrufs, tmjloom, lcomkmc> bdhbsorbgbdlt` us` <:. LHKH O. Lssmoblt`h A`ltur`s ldh Hbsmrh`r ma OH <. Cbttc` `gpltky mr omdo`rd amr tk` a``cbdf, wbsk`s, w`cc-j`bdf ma mtk`rs :. Gbsp`ro`bv` bdt`dtbmds ma mtk`rs ls j`bdf gmr` kmstbc` ldh tkr`lt`dbdf, tk`y tk`d r`spmdh wbtk lffr`ssbmd tklt tk`y tkbdn bs eustbab`h ?. Olccmus, clon fubct mr r`gmrs`. @xpr`ss`h r`gmrs` gly dmt j` f`dubd` 8. Bdamrg md omgpldbmds> jclg` mtk`rs amr tk`br mwd gbsh``hs 0. X`gp`r mutjursts 1. Zònc`ssd`ss ldh rbsn-tlnbdf lots. Loobh`dt rlt`s lr` kbfk`r bd OH tkld dmd OH 6. @lrcy mds`t ma s`xulc j`klvbmr ;. _ubobh` bh`ltbmd, ltt`gpt`h ldh omgpc`t`h subobh`s lt l kbfk`r rlt` tkld dmrglc

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H. Pdh`rstldhbdf lssmoblt`h Ltt`dtbmd Hàbobt Kyp`rlotbvbty Hbsmrh`r LHKH bs l p`rsbst`dt pltt`rd ma bdltt`dtbmd ldh/mr kyp`rlotbvbty-bgpucsbvbty bd okbchr`d ldh bs kbfk`r bd bdt`dsbty ldh gmr` h`trbg`dtlc tkld bt bs amr okbchr`d ma sbgbclr h`v`cmpg`dtlc stlf`s> wbtk bgplbrg`dts bd lt c`lst : `dvbrmdg`dts suok ls lt kmg`, sokmmc mr wmrn. Xk`s` sygptmgs skmuch j` pr`s`dt jàmr` tk` lf` ma 6. Lpprmxbglt`cy klca ma okbchr`d wbtk LHKH klv` `btk`r MHH mr OH. Xk` rlt`s ma LHKH okbchr`d wbtk tk`s` MHH mr OH bs kbfk`r tkld tkms` wbtk mtk`r g`dtlc hbsmrh`rs> wbtk kbfk`r bdobh`do` <0 bd tk` : suj-typ`s glrn`h jy kyp`rlotbvbty-bgpucsbvbty. Xkus, bt bs bgpmrtldt amr us tm udh`rstldh tk` sygptmgs omv`rbdf LHKH sm tklt w` old bh`dtbay bt ls l s`plrlt` hbsmrh`r hurbdf hblfdmsbs. Xk` sygptmgs ma LHKH lr` ls amccmws5

Bdltt`dtbmd <. Albcur` tm ply ocms` ltt`dtbmd tm h`tlbcs h `tlbcs mr gln` olr`c`ss gbstln`s bd tlsns :. Vmrn bs hbsmrfldbz`h, olr`c`ss, hmd` wbtkmut tkmufkt> bdhbvbhulcs klv` hbaaboucty n``pbdf tk`br ltt`dtbmd bd lotbvbtb`s ldh abdh bt hbaabouct tm p`rsbst udtbc omgpc`tbmd ?. Ls ba tk` bdhbvbhulc”s gbdh bs `cs`wk`r`, k` bs dmt k`lrbdf mr cbst`dbdf tm mtk`rs” mtk`rs ” r`qu`sts ldh bdstruotbmds 8. Mat`d gmv` armg md` lotbvbty tm ldmtk`r wbtkmut omgpc`tbmd> ar`qu`dt skbats bd omdv`rsltbmds 0. Albcur` tm omgpc`t` tlsn bs hu` tm bdltt`dtbmd ldh dmt mtk`r r`lsmds cbn` hàbldo` 1. _trmdf hbscbn` mr lv`rsbmd tmwlrhs tlsns tklt r`qubr` s`ca-lppcboltbmd, gmr` g`dtlc àamrt, kbfk`r omdo`dtrltbmd mr mrfldbzltbmdlc snbccs 6. Glt`rblcs r`qubr`h amr tlsn lr` mat`d soltt`r`h, cmst, olr`c`sscy kldhc`h mr hl glf`h ;. @lsbcy hbstrlot`h jy stbgucb suok ls dmbs`s mr `v`dts tklt lr` bfdmr`h jy mtk`rs 2. Amrf`tauc bd hlbcy lotbvbtb`s Kyp`rlotbvbty <. Abhf`tbdf mr squbrgbdf squbrgbdf bd md`”s s`lt :. Dmt s`lt`h wk`d `xpòt`h tm hm sm ?. Bdlpprmprblt` ldh `xo`ssbv` ocbgjbdf mr ruddbdf 8. Hbaaboucty `dflfbdf bd lotbvbtb`s qub`tcy 0. Ls ba lcwlys —md tk` fm” mr —prmp`cc`h jy j y l gmtmr” 1. Xlcnbdf `xo`ssbv`cy 6. Abhf`t wbtk mjeòts, tlp tk`br kldhs, skln` tk`br c`fs mr a``t `xo`ssbv`cy ;. Z`stc`ssd`ss 2. Bgpucsbv`5 bgpltb`dt, hbaaboucty h`clybdf r`spmds`, r`spmds`, lwlbtbdf md`”s turd> prmd` tm loobh`dts ldh bs rònc`ss <9. Bdt`rrupt, bdtruh` mtk`rs, bdbtblt` tlcns, tmuok tkbdfs, frlj mjeòts bdlpprmprblt`cy> gln` l ammc

K`do`, LHKH old j` oclssbab`h bdtm ? sujtyp`s5 (<) pr`hmgbdldtcy bdltt`dtbv`, (:) pr`hmgbdldtcy kyp`rlotbv`-bgpucsbv`, (?) omgjbd`h typ`.

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@. Pdh`rstldhbdf lssmoblt`h Gmmh Hbsmrh`rs Gmmh Hbsmrh`rs bts`ca bs l glemr tmpbo ldh bt omv`rs lcc typ`s ma h`pr`ssbmd ldh gldbl. _bdo` Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r omv`rs sygptmgltbo pbotur` ma jmtk h`pr`ssbmd ldh gldbl, ldh glemrbty ma okbchr`d wbtk Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r `xkbjbt lffr`ssbv` ldh vbmc`dt j`klvbmrs, Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r sklcc j` us`h ls l rà`r`do`. H`pr`ssbmd H`pr`ssbmd bd okbchr`d gust j` hbaa`r`dtblt`h armg tk` usulc a``cbdf ma slhd`ss. Bt bs mdcy wk`d h`pr`ssbmd laaòts tk` algbcy, sokmmc ldh smoblc cba` ma tk` okbch, hm`s bt wlrrldt tk` hblfdmsbs. H`pr`ssbmd bd okbchr`d kls sbgbclr sygptmgs wk`d omgplr`h tm lhucts (Xljc` j`cmw). Lhhbtbmdlc sygptmgs bdocuh`5 (<) j`bdf a`lrauc, ldxbmus, t`ds`> (:) r`p`lt`h rèòtbmd mr clon ma bdt`rlotbmd wbtk p``rs> (?) w`ln lolh`gbo p`ramrgldo`> (8) r`stc`ss wbtk bdljbcbty tm omdo`dtrlt` mr jmr`hmg> (0) r`p`lt`h skmutbdf mr omgpclbdbdf> (1) <1 pkysbolc omgpclbdts wbtkmut g`hbolc olus` cbn` k`lhlok` mr stmgloklok` . Gldbl Gldbl bs oklrlot`rbz`h jy s`v`r` brrbtljbcbty wbtk prmcmdf`h t`gp`r mutjursts. _ygptmgs ma lffr`ssbmd bs l r`lsmd amr tk` fr`lt d``h ma psyokbltrbo kmspbtlcbzltbmds bd gldbo okbchr`d. Gldbl bd okbchr`d bs mat`d gbsbdt`rpr`t`h ls LHKH. LHKH bs smg`tbg`s tk` abrst gldba`stltbmd ma gldbl. @c`vlt`h gmmh, acbfkt ma tkmufkts, hòr`ls`h sc``p ldh kyp`rs`xulcbty(bd okbchr`d wkm klv` dmt j``d ljus`h mr wbtd`ss`h lhuct s`xulc j`klvbmr) ldh frldhbmsbty lr` tk` j`st sygptmgs tm hbaa`r`dtblt` gldbl ldh LHKH. Juccybdf gly j` ld lf` spòbabo sygptmg ma frldhbmsbty, jut pròlutbmd kls tm j` tln`d amr omrròt <6 hblfdmsbs . _ygptmgs ma Glemr H`pr`ssbv` @pbsmh`, Gldbo, Gbx`h, Kypmgldbl @pbsmh`s Glemr H`pr`ssbv` @pbsmh` @xp`rb`do` ma 0 mr gmr` sygptmgs tklt p`rsbst d`lrcy `v`ry hly amr : w``ns <. Brrbtljbcbty `.f. ldfry mutjurst, arustrltbmd, jclg` mtk`rs, `xlff`rlt`h r`spmds` tm gbdmr bdobh`dts, p`rsbst`dt ldf`r. Lfbtltbmd (bdljbcbty tm sbt stbcc, plobdf, kldh wrbdfbdf, pucc mr ruj snbd, ocmtkbdf `to.) :. _lhd`ss/h`pr`ss`h/ kmp`c`ssd`ss ?. Hbsbdt`r`st bd lotbvbtb`s wkbok w`r` pr`vbmuscy ma bdt`r`st 8. Hòr`ls`h lpp`tbt` mr albcur` tm gln` w`bfkt flbd/ bdor`ls`h lpp`tbt`/ Orlv` sw``ts mr olrjmkyhrlt` 0. Okldf`s bd _c``p pltt`rd `.f. Bdsmgdbl/ Kyp`rsmgdbl 1. Hòr`ls`h `d`rfy, tbr`hd`ss, altbfu` /

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Gldbo @pbsmh` Ljdmrglccy mr p`rsbst`dt `c`vlt`h gmmh tklt clst amr lt c`lst l w``n <. bdaclt`h s`ca frldhbmsbty :. hòr`ls`h d``h amr sc``p ?. tlcnltbv`, pr`ssur`h d``h tm tlcn 8. acbfkt ma bh`ls mr sujeòtbv` `xp`rb`do` tklt tkmufkts lr` rlobdf 0. hbstrlotljbcbty 1. bdor`ls`h fmlc hbròt`h lotbvbty mr psyokmgmtmr lfbtltbmd 6. `xo`ssbv` bdvmcv`g`dt ma pc`lsurljc` lotbvbtb`s tklt gly klv` plbdauc omds`qu`do`s Gbx`h @pbsmh` _ygptmgs ma jmtk gldbo ldh l Glemr H`pr`ssbv` @pbsmh` tm moour `v`ryhly amr lt c`lst < w``n


_cmw`h pkysbolc ldh g`dtlc lotbvbtb`s Kypmgldbl ldh gut`d`ss <. `c`vlt`h gmmh mr brrbtljbcbty amr lt c`lst 6. _`ds` ma wmrtkc`ssd`ss mr fubct 8 hlys ;. Bgplbr`h ljbcbty tm tkbdn, omdo`dtrlt` mr :. bdocuh` lt c`lst ?-8 sygptmgs ma gldbl gln` hòbsbmds `pbsmh` 2. _ubobh` bh`ltbmd Ymssbjc`5 jmhy lok`s

Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r wls vbrtulccy j`cb`v`h tm j` dmd -`xbst`dt bd okbchr`d udtbc l r`vmcutbmd bd tk okbch psyokbltry bd tk` clt` :9 o`dtury. Jbpmclr hbsmrh`r bd okbchr`d ldh lhmc`so`dts bs l gmr` s`v`r` bccd`ss tkld tklt bd mch`r t``dlf`rs ldh lhucts. Gldy okbchr`d wbtk Jbpmclr r`glbds udhblfdms`h, wkbok bs s`rbmus ls tk` cmdf`r tk` jbpmclr hbsmrh`r r`glbds udtr`lt`h, tk` wmrs` bs tk` cmdf t`rg prmfdmsbs suok ls tk` kbfk subobh` rlt`, wbtk ls <2 guok ls <9-<0% ma jbpmclr pltb`dts omggbtt`h subobh` . Jbpmclr B Hbsmrh`r Bdvmcv`s5 <. Md` mr gmr` gldbo mr gbx`h `pbsmh`s :. Mat`d klv` klh md` mr gmr` Glemr H`pr`ssbv` @pbsmh`s ?. Zòurr`do` bs bdhbolt`h ba tk`r` bs l okldf` bd tk` pmclrbty ma tk` `pbsmh` (`.f. Glemr H`pr`ssbv` Hbsmrh`r `pbsmh` tm Gldbo mr Gbx`h `pbsmh`) mr ld bdt`rvlc j`tw``d `pbsmh`s ma : gmdtks wbtkmut gldbo sygptmgs

Mtk`r spòbaboltbmds5 Cmdfbtuhbdlc Omurs` _pòbab`rs (wbtk mr wbtkmut bdt`r`pbsmh` ròmv`ry)> Vbtk _`lsmdlc Yltt`rd> Zlpbh oyocbdf bs mat`d gldba`st`h bd okbchr`d prbmr tm mr smmd lat`r puj`rty. Jbpmclr BB Hbsmrh`r Bdvmcv`s5 <. < mr gmr` Glemr H`pr`ssbv` @pbsmh` wbtk lt c`lst < kypmgldbl `pbsmh`s :. Yr`s`do` ma Gldbo mr Gbx`h @pbsmh`

Bd Jbpmclr B ldh BB Hbsmrh`rs, tk`r` gust j` sbfdbaboldt bgplbrg`dt bd audotbmdbdf lt wmrn, kmg` mr sokmmc s`ttbdf. Xk` sygptmgs skmuch lcsm dmt j` j`tt`r loomudt`h amr jy _ujstldo` Ljus` Hbsmrh`r, f`d`rlc g`hbolc omdhbtbmds mr mtk`r Gmmh Hbsmrh`rs suok ls _okbzmlaaòtbv` Hbsmrh`r ldh lr` dmt sup`rbgpms`h md _okbzmpkr`dbl, H`cusbmdlc :9 Hbsmrh`r, Ysyokmtbo Hbsmrh`r . Okbchr`d ldh lhmc`so`dts skmw l kbfk`r p`ro`dtlf` ma gbx`h sygptmgs, wbtk sbguctld`mus `xpr`ssbmd ma h`pr`ssbmd ldh gldbl mr rlpbhcy okldfbdf gmmhs. Bdst`lh ma ùpkmrbl, okbchr`d gmr` omggmdcy `xkbjbt bdt`ds` `gmtbmd cljbcbty ldh brrbtljbcbty. –Xk` Jbpmclr Okbch,‗ l suoo`ssauc jmmn pujcbsk`h jy tk` psyokbltrbst H`gbtrb Ylpmcms ldh kbs wba`, Eldbo`, bd <222, dmt`h tklt md` strbnbdf sygptmg pr`s`dt wls tk` orlvbdf amr :< `xo`ssbv` olrjmkyhrlt` . <8


Jbpmclr okbchr`d lr` gmstcy glc`s. L cmdf t`rg stuhy skmws tklt md`-tkbrh ma tk` okbchr`d wbtk tk` c`ss s`v`r` Jbpmclr BB, mat`d swbtok`s tm tk` gmr` s`v`r` Jbpmclr B ls tk`y lf`. Kmw`v`r, tk`r` lr` lcsm okbchr`d wkm s``g tm klv` ròmv`r`h lat`r tk`y jòmg` lhucts, lctkmufk l p`rsmd wkm kls klh l gldbo `pbsmh` kls l kbfk`r prmjljbcbty ma klvbdf ldmtk`r. Hbaa`r`dtblc Hblfdmsbs Bd clt` lhmc`so`dts, jbpmclr hbsmrh`r bs mat`d gbstln`d amr sokbzmpkr`dbl ldh omdhuot hbsmrh`r> wkbc` amr ymudf`r okbchr`d LHKH kls j``d hbaabouct tm hbaa`r`dtblt` armg jbpmclr hbsmrh`r, wbtk kbfk rlt` ma om`xbst`do` j`tw``d tk` twm wkbok t`dh tm hòr`ls` wbtk bdor`lsbdf lf`. Okbchr`d wbtk LHKH t`dh tm h`v`cmp jbpmclr hbsmrh`r j`tw``d << ldh <: y`lrs mch, mat`d skmwbdf h`pr`ssbv` sygptmgs abrst. Amr ymutks wbtk glemr h`pr`ssbmd, ljmut l tkbrh h`v`cmps gldbl/jbpmclr hbsmrh`r. Xk` gldbo rltbdf solc` jy :: Arbstlh, V`cc`r ldh V`cc`r old k`cp hbaa`r`dtblt` gldbo ldh k yp`rlotbv` okbchr`d.

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8. Olus`s ma Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r ldh Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r :?

Xbcc dmw, tk`r` bs dm md` hàbdbt` olus`, jut pmssbjc` omdtrbjutbdf olus`s lr`5 

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Xk` okbch”s bddlt` bddlt` p`rsmdlcbty ldh j`klvbmr suok ls okbchr`d wbtk kbstmry ma hbaabouct bdaldt t`gp`rlg`dt Xk` algbcy ldh plr`dts” pmmr r`cltbmdskbp hydlgbos wbtk tk` okbch suok ls l dmddmd cmvbdf r`cltbmdskbp, dmt fbvbdf tk` okbch suaabob`dt ltt`dtbmd ldh tbg` Y`rgbssbv` plr`dtbdf styc`, clon ma jmudhlrb`s ldh struotur` bd tk` okbch”s hlbcy cba` Pdk`lctky `dvbrmdg`dtlc omdhbtbmds suok ls algbcy bdstljbcbty F`d`tbo Omgpmd`dt Jbmcmfbolc ‟ Jbmcmfbolc ‟ jrlbd jrlbd bdeurb`s mr hlglf`> ok`gbolc bgjlcldo` bd tk` jrlbd Okbch”s lwlr`d`ss tklt tkrmwbdf tldtrugs wbcc f`t kbg wklt k` wldts

Zbsn Alotmrs amr Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r ldh Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r _bdo` Hbsruptbv` J`klvbmrlc Hbsmrh`rs lr` omgpc`x, s`v`rlc rbsn alotmrs gly c`lh tm tk` :8 h`v`cmpg`dt ma MHH 5 

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Lt c`lst md` plr`dt mr sbjcbdf wbtk l kbstmry ma g`dtlc hbsmrh`rs5 LHKH, Mppmsbtbmdlc Hbsmrh`r mr Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r, Ldtb-smoblc Y`rsmdlcbty Hbsmrh`r, _ujstldo`-r`clt`h mr Gmmh Hbsmrh`r (`.f. h`pr`ssbmd) L gmtk`r wkm sgmn`s hurbdf pr`fdldoy J`bdf l vbotbg mr wbtd`ss ma ljus` mr d`fcòt Klrsk, bdomdsbst`dt mr bdàaòtbv` plr`dtbdf. _mg` ouctur`s ldh algbcb`s hm dmt lccmw rmmg amr bdhbvbhulc hbaa`r`do`s. _mg` plr`dts gbsudh`rstldh lv`rlf` mr bdor`ls`h h`v`cmpg`dtlc mppmsbtbmds ls tk` okbchr`d”s hàbldo`. Bdàaòtbv` plr`dtbdf gly c`lh :0 tm l pmw`r struffc`, s`ttbdf tk` jlonhrmp amr mppmsbtbmdlc hàbldt hbsmrh`r . Clon ma sup`rvbsbmd Ymmr r`cltbmdskbp wbtk lt c`lst md` plr`dt `.f. clon ma cmv` ldh omdo`rd. _mg`tbg`s, hbsruptbv` j`klvbmr bs c`lrdt ls l wly amr flbdbdf l huct ltt`dtbmd. Algbcy bdstljbcbty suok ls glrbtlc hbsomrh, hbvmro`, guctbpc` gmv`s (gbcbtlry gmv`s, okldfbdf sokmmcs mr okbch olr` prmvbh`rs ar`qu`dtcy), abdldoblc prmjc`gs, pmmr r`cltbmdskbp wbtk sbjcbdfs @xpmsur` tm vbmc`do` suok ls wltokbdf vbmc`dt prmfrlgg`s, pclybdf vbh`m mr omgput`r flg`s, frmwbdf up bd l vbmc`dt d`bfkjmrkmmh Y``r ‟ Y``r ‟ rèòtbmd rèòtbmd mr h`cbdqu`dt lssmobltbmd _ujstldo` ljus` jy plr`dt mr okbch `.f. lcomkmc, hruf @lrcy bdstbtutbmdlc cbvbdf Clrf` algbcy sbz` :1

Olus`s ma LHKH K`r`hbtlry5 Lt c`lst : f`d`s klv` j``d lssmoblt`h wbtk LHKH Jrlbd struotur` Jrlbd ok`gbolcs ‟ ok`gbolcs ‟ dùrmtrldsgbtt`rs dùrmtrldsgbtt`rs C`lrdbdf hbsljbcbtb`s    

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G`hbolc omdhbtbmds (kyp`r mr kypmtkyrmbhbsg> ammh bdtmc`rldo`s mr lcc`rfb`s suok ls gbcn, duts, `ffs, sk`ccabsk, wk`lt ldh smyl> p`ts, gmch, hust gbt`s, lrtbaboblc ammh, sw``t`d`rs ldh pr`s`rvltbv`s, olaa`bd` ldh tmjloom sgmn`) ldh g`dtlc k`lctk omdhbtbmds (cbn` MHH ldh OH) Xmur`tt`”s sydhrmg` L gmtk`r wkm tln`s lcomkmc ldh hruf hurbdf pr`fdldoy. O`ccpkmd` uslf` hurbdf :6 pr`fdldoy lcsm bdor`ls` kyp`rlotbvbty, bdltt`dtbmd ldh mtk`r j`klvbmrlc prmjc`gs C`lh ldh mtk`r tmxbo pmbsmdbdf

Zbsn Alotmrs amr Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r —Ldtbobpltbmd” kypmtk`sbs ‟ f`d`s jòmg` gmr` omdo`dtrlt`h mv`r f`d`rltbmds, jrbdfbdf strmdf`r ldh alst`r mds`t ma bccd`ss mv`r tk` f`d`rltbmds —Lssmrtbv` gltbdf” kypmtk`sbs ‟ omupc`s omupc`s wbtk Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r t`dh tm j` lttrlot`h tm `lok mtk`r, r`suctbdf bd fr`lt`r omdo`dtrltbmd ma f`d `tbo maacmlh tm h`so`dh`dts 

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0. Dùrmcmfbolc Olus`s5 Jrlbd ljdmrglcbtb`s ljdmrglcbtb`s Armdtlc Cmj`s Xk` armdtlc cmj`s lr` dò`sslry amr mrfldbzbdf, bgpucs` omdtrmc, ltt`dtbmd ldh bdkbjbtbdf r`spmds`s tm stbgucltbmd. Xk` pràrmdtlc plrt ma tk` cmj`s bs r`spmdsbjc` amr tk` bdt`rlotbmd :; ma tkmufkt, `gmtbmds ldh j`klvbmur . Xk` gmtmr omrt`x omdtrmcs tk` jmhy gmv`g`dts, wkbc` tk` càt armdtlc cmj` bs bgpmrtldt amr sp`òk. Hr. E`st` ldh Hr. G``ns” rò`dt r`s`lrok amudh tklt g`hblc pr`-armdtlc omrt`x bs lotbvlt`h wk`d lctrubstbo j`klvbmr bs :2 olcc`h amr . Xk`y lcsm suff`st`h tklt amr glnbdf gmrlc hòbsbmds, o`rtlbd jrlbd lr`ls lr` utbcbz`h5 tk` rltbmdlc (tk` hmrsmclt`rlc pràrmdtlc omrt`x jrlbd r`fbmd tklt bs lcsm us`h bd sustlbd`h ltt`dtbmd ldh g`gmry), `gmtbmdlc/smoblc (g`hblc pr`-armdtlc omrt`x), ldh ?9 omdacbot lwlr`d`ss (tk` ldt`rbmr obdfuclt`h omrt`x, lcsm lssmoblt`h wbtk bdtubtbmd) .

_tuhb`s klv` skmwd tklt okbchr`d ldh lhmc`so`dt wbtk armdtlc cmj` ldh pràrmdtlc omrt`x bdeurb`s, c`sbmds ldh bgplbrg`dts mat`d suaa`r cmdf-t`rg udh`sbrljc` gmhbaboltbmds bd tk`br j`klvbmrs, `spòblccy tklt tmwlrhs Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r, amccmw`h jy bgpucsbv`, ?< udomdtrmccljc` j`klvbmrs . Bdhbvbhulcs wbtk pràrmdtlc audotbmdlc hàbobt suok ls cmw`r dùrmdlc h`dsbty, ljdmrglc pkmspklt` ldh fcuoms` g`tljmcbsg t`dh tm `xkbjbt lffr`ssbv` ldh bgpucsbv` j`klvbmr. Z`s`lrok jy Dùrmsob`dtbst E`ld Hò`ty ldh omcc`lfu`s omdabrg`h tklt lffr`ssbv` lhmc`so`dts hbh dmt lotbvlt` tk` jrlbd lr`ls bdvmcv`h bd gmrlc ldh smoblc r`lsmdbdf (tk` plrlobdfuclt` omrt`x ldh t`gpmrmplrb`tlc eudotbmd) omgplr`h tm ?: tk`br omdtrmc frmup . X`gpmrlc Cmj`s X`gpmrlc cmj`s lr` bgpmrtldt amr k`lrbdf ldh g`gmry. _bdo` tk` t`gpmrlc cmj`s lr` cbdn`h tm tk` cbgjbo syst`g, tk` t`gpmrlc cmj`s s``g tm j` r`clt`h tm `gmtbmds suok ls ldf`r, a`lr, cust ldh e`lcmusy. E`st` ldh G``ns mjs`rv`h tklt tk` dùrmjbmcmfy ma wbshmg bdvmcv`s l jlcldo` j`tw``d tk` d`w`st jrlbd r`fbmds suok ls tk` pr`-armdtlc omrt`x, ldh tk` gmr` prbgbtbv` jrlbd r`fbmds, wkbok bs tk` cbgjbo syst`g. Hblfrlg <5 Xk` Cmj`s ma tk` Kugld Jrlbd

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Cbgjbo _yst`g Xk` cbgjbo syst`g (Hblfrlg :.) omddòts `gmtbmds wbtk tkmufkts ldh p`ro`ptbmds. Hr. Grs. Oklrldebt Fkmmb stlt`h tklt a``cbdfs cbn` `gpltky, kugbcbty, r`fr`t, prbh`, omv`tmusd`ss ldh gmrlc hbsorbgbdltbmd lr` tk` prmhuots ma l h`v`cmp`h cbgjbo syst`g wkbok r`fuclt`s gld”s j`klvbmr wbtkbd wbtkbd l jmudhlry ldh pr`v`dt bt armg j`bdf mv`rcy rltbmdlc ldh `gmtbmdlc.

Ljkbflbc Glrsk, Yk.H ldh omcc`lfu`s amudh mut tklt tk`r` wls c`ss lgyfhlcl lotbvbty bd ymutks wbtk hbsruptbv` j`klvbmrs (MHH ldh OH) ldh —olccmus, ud`gmtbmdlc ?? oklrlot`rbstbos” tkld tk`br tk`br omdtrmc frmup, wk`d tk`y w`r` t`st`h amr `gpltky . Xk` slg` ymutks lcsm klh c`ss omggudboltbmd j`tw``d tk` lgyfhlcl ldh tk` v`dtrmg`hblc armdtlc omrt`x. Hò`ty lhh`h tklt tk` lgyfhlcl ldh v`dtrlc strbltug v`dtrlc strbltug (wkbok r`spmdhs tm a``cbdf r`wlrh`h) w`r` bdt`ds`cy lotbvlt`h bd lffr`ssbv` lhmc`so`dt jmys bd dmd-`gpltk`tbo sbtultbmds wk`d tk`y wltok`h plbd j`bdf bdacbot`h md mtk`rs, wkbok suff`st`h tklt tk`y tmmn pc`lsur` bd mtk`rs” suaa`rbdfs. su aa`rbdfs. LHKH v`rsus Hbsruptbv` J`klvbmrs Glrsk lcsm `vbh`do`h tklt LHKH ldh olccmus, ud`gmtbmdlc oklrlot`rbstbos klv` hbaa`r`dt jbmcmfbolc jlonfrmudh, lctkmufk tk`s` bdhbvbhulcs sklr` tk` slg` bgpucsbv` ldh brr`spmdsbjc` j`klvbmr. LHKH t`sts skmw sglcc`r jlslc fldfcbl (d`rv` ocust`rs bdvmcv`h ?8 bd rmutbd` j`klvbmrs) ldh r`huo`h armdtlc cmj` lotbvbty bd LHKH . Nltyl Zujbl, Yk.H ldh omcc`lfu`s obt`h bd tk`br r`s`lrok tklt bdkbjbtbmd g`hbltbdf pr`-armdtlc r`fbmds s``g r`huo`h bd LHKH, wk`r`ls tk` pmst`rbmr t`gpmrlc-plrb`tlc r`fbmd s``g`h hysaudotbmdlc ?0 bd omdhuot hbsmrh`r . Hblfrlg :

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Dùrmtrldsgbtt`r Abdhbdfs Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r ldh Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r klv` j``d lssmoblt`h wbtk bgprmp`r audotbmdbdf ma spòblc ok`gbolcs bd tk` jrlbd olcc`h dùrmtrldsgbtt`rs. Dùrmtrldsgbtt`rs lbh jrlbd d`rv` o`ccs bd prmp`r omggudboltbmd wbtk `lok mtk`r. _`rmtmdbd, dmr`pbd`pkrbd` ldh hmplgbd` lr` dùrmtrldsgbtt`rs r`clt`h tm `gmtbmds ldh j`klvbmrs. Vk`d tk`s` ok`gbolcs lr` bgjlcldo`h mr dmt audotbmdbdf w`cc, omggudboltbmd ldh r`cly ma bdamrgltbmd wbtkbd tk` jrlbd gly jòmg` klgp`r`h, c`lhbdf tm j`klvbmrlc sygptmgs.

_tuhb`s skmw tklt gmdmlgbd` dùrmtrldsgbtt`r ljdmrglcbtb`s klv` j``d bdhbolt`h bd lffr`ssbv`, hàbldt ldh ldtbsmoblc bdhbvbhulcs. _`rmtmdbd bs r`spmdsbjc` amr s`dhbdf sbfdlc tm ld bdhbvbhulc tm lvmbh klrg. _`rmtmdbd hysaudotbmd olus`s l clon ma olplobty amr j`klvbmrlc bdkbjbtbmd ldh k`do` c`lhs tm `pbsmhbo lffr`ssbmd. Xk` glbd g`tljmcbt` ma _`rmtmdbd, 0-Kyhrmxybdhmc`lo`tbo lobh ( 0-KBLL ), ), lpp`lr`h cmw bd lhucts wbtk `lrcy mds`t lcomkmcbsg ldh vbmc`dt subobhlc j`klvbmr (_t`bd`r ldh Vbcsmd, <222). Lhmc`so`dts wbtk omdhuot hbsmrh`r lcsm klv` l cmw pclt`c`t s`rmtmdbd omudt (Pdbs ldh Ommn, <226). Bd lhhbtbmd, 0-KBLL ldh kmgmvldbccbo lobh bs lcsm mjs`rv`h tm j` bdv`rs`cy r`clt`h tm lffr`ssbmd bd l frmup ma MHH jmys (Qld Fmmz`d `t lc, <222). _tmaa `t. lc (<2;2) r`pmrt`h udjlcldo`h pclt`c`t gmdmlgbd` mxbhls` c`v`cs bd hbsruptbv` j`klvbmr hbsmrh`rs, wkbc` cmw`r c`v`cs ma g`tkmxykyhrmxypk`dyc fcyomc lcsm `xbst bd lffr`ssbv` pltb`dts (_t`bd`r ldh Vbcsmd, <222). Bd LHKH bdhbvbhulcs, bt kls j``d mjs`rv`h tklt tk`y mdcy klv` <9-:0% ma tk` c`v`cs ma Hmplgbd` ldh Dmr`pbd`pkrbd` omgplr`h tm dmd-LHKH bdhbvbhulcs, tkus laaòtbdf tk` ?6 stbgucltbmd ldh r`pr`ssbmd ma tk` jrlbd o`ccs . H`pr`ssbmd kls lcsm j``d cbdn`h tm ?; ljdmrglcbtb`s bd dùrmtrldsgbtt`rs s`rmtmdbd, dmr`pbd`pkrbd`, ldh hmplgbd` . Cmw c`v`cs ma _`rmtmdbd kls j``d cbdn`h tm h`pr`ssbmd. Cmw c`v`cs ma Dmr`pbd`pkrbd` bs r`clt`h tm bdltt`dtbmd ldh hbstrlotbjbcbty. Vkbc` cmw c`v`cs ma Hmplgbd` c`lhs tm bdljbcbty tm omdtrmc bgpucsbv` j`klvbmr, tk` bdor`ls` bd hmplgbd` prmhuotbmd hurbdf vbmc`dt vbh`m flg`s bs sbgbclr tm tklt sgmnbdf glrbeuldl, bdeòtbdf lgpk`tlgbd`s mr omdsugbdf tk` LHH hruf, Zbtlcbd. Okbchr`d pclybdf vbh`m flg`s lr` lhhbot`h tm tk` kbfk`r c`v`c ma hmplgbd` ldh ?2 olddmt omdo`dtrlt` wbtkmut tk`g .

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Hblfrlg ?5 Dùrmd ldh _ydlps`

_muro`5 www.kugldbccd`ss`s.omg 89

Lutmdmgbo Abdhbdfs Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r bdhbvbhulcs pmss`ss lutmdmgbo kypmlotbvbty, wkbok c`lhs tm scmw`r r`spmds`s tm str`ssauc stbgucb mr lrmuslcs suok ls tkms` r`qubr`h tm `solp` klrg. Zlbd` `t lc (<220) hbsomv`r`h tklt <0 y`lr mch glc`s wbtk kbfk`r `còtrmh`rglc ldh olrhbmvlsouclr lrmuslc w`r` c`ss cbn`cy tm j` `dflf`h bd orbgbdlc lotbvbtb`s jy lf` :2 tkld tkms` wbtk c`ss r`lotbvbty.

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1. Ysyokbltrbo Lss`ssg`dt

Xk` ourr`dt psyokbltrbo g`tkmh ma lss`ssg`dt fltk`rs bdamrgltbmd armg guctbpc` smuro`s r`flrhbdf tk` g`dtlc ldh j`klvbmrlc sbfds, sygptmgs ldh rbsn alotmrs ma okbchr`d wbtk hbsruptbv` j`klvbmrlc prmjc`gs. J`sbh`s hblfdmstbo bdt`rvb`ws, bdamrgltbmd old omg` armg rltbdf solc`s ldh l r`vb`w ma ròmrhs armg tk` sokmmc, k`lctkolr` ldh g`dtlc k`lctk ocbdbos, ldh euv`dbc` omurt (Vb`d`r `t lc, :998). Omggmdcy us`h hbsruptbv` j`klvbmr rltbdf solc`s bdocuh` Xk` Okbch J`klvbmr Okòncbst (Lok`djlok, <22:), Bmwl Omdd`rs Lffr`ssbmd Alotmr (Cmd`y ldh Gbcbok, <2;0) ldh tk` Gmhbab`h Mv`rt Lffr`ssbmd _olc` (Nly `t. lc, <2;;). <2;;). Xk` t`lok`rs ldh p``rs” pmmr rltbdf ma tk` okbch”s j`klvbmr ldh cbn`ljbcbty bd sokmmc lr` lcsm bgpmrtldt glrn`rs ma hbsruptbv` j`klvbmrs. Xm auccy udh`rstldh tk` `tbmcmfy, tr`ltg`dt ldh prmfdmsbs, ndmwc`hf` ljmut tk` omfdbtbv` ldh h`v`cmpg`dtlc kbstmry, smoblc bgplot suok ls algbcy s`ttbdf ldh hydlgbos, ldh mtk`r jbmpsyokmsmoblc bdamrgltbmd bs p`rtbd`dt. Vmrnbdf wbtk lffr`ssbv` ldh hàbldt ymudf pltb`dts lcsm r`qubr` pruh`do` ldh gldlf`g`dt ma j`klvbmrs ma pltb`dts suok ls gbss`h lppmbdtg`dts, rònc`ss j`klvbmr ldh sp`òk ldh pmt`dtblc c`flc prmjc`gs, wkbok gly j` tlrf`t`h tmwlrhs tk` pltb`dt mr tk` tk`rlpbst. Okbchr`d ldh lhmc`so`dts wbtk Hbsruptbv` J`klvbmrlc Hbsmrh`rs klv` hbaa`r`dt psyokmpltkmcmfy hu` tm tk` hbaa`r`dt smoblc ldh k`lctk kbstmrb`s. _mg` okbchr`d, smc`cy klv` omdhuot hbsmrh`r mr mppmsbtbmdlc hàbldt hbsmrh`r. Mtk`rs lr` bdacbot`h wbtk LHKH mr/ldh mtk`r gmmh mr g`dtlc hbsmrh`rs suok ls h`pr`ssbmd ldh psyokmsbs. Xkus, l aucc h`sorbptbmd ma tk` pr`s`dtbdf ldh dmd-pr`s`dtbdf sygptmgs ma tk` j`klvbmrlc hbsmrh`r, ld lwlr`d`ss ma mtk`r pmssbjc` hbsmrh`rs, mv`rclppbdf sygptmgs bd tk` hbsmrh`rs ldh omgmrjbhbty d``hs tm j` ndmwd. Hbaa`r`dtblc Hblfdmsbs old k`cp oclssbay ldh hbstbdfubsk tk` hbsmrh`rs (s`` Hblfrlg 8 ldh Xljc` <).

6. Xr`ltg`dt ma Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r ldh Omdhuot 8: Hbsmrh`r Xk`r` bs l vlrb`ty ma tr`ltg`dt amr ymutks wbtk hbsruptbv` j`klvbmrs. Loomrhbdf tm V`bd`r ldh Hucold (:998), tk` s`ttbdfs bdocuh` bdpltb`dt psyokbltrbo udbts, r`sbh`dtblc ldh hly tr`ltg`dt o`dt`rs, omrròtbmdlc alobcbtb`s, ldh mutpltb`dt s`ttbdfs. Xk`rlpb`s lvlbcljc` bdocuh`5 j`klvbmrlc, omfdbtbv`, algbcy, bdhbvbhulc, frmup, plr`dt gldlf`g`dt trlbdbdf, syst`gs tk`mry jls`h ldh pklrglomtk`rlpy. Bd f`d`rlc, l guctb-tr`ltg`dt lpprmlok mv`r ld `xt`dh`h p`rbmh tklt omv`rs tk` lr`ls ma bgplbrg`dts kls ld `vbh`dtcy kbfk`r okldo` ma suoo`ss (_t`bd`r, <226). Xk`s` tr`ltg`dts lcsm j`dàbt okbchr`d ldh lhmc`so`dts suaa`rbdf armg LHKH ldh gmmh hbsmrh`rs. _nbccs Xrlbdbdf Hbsruptbv` J`klvbmrlc Hbsmrh`r okbchr`d ldh lhmc`so`dts wbtk hbaaboucty bd tk`br omfdbtbv` ljbcbtb`s wbcc udh`rfm tr`ltg`dts tklt lbh tk`g bd tk`br omggudboltbmd, ldf`r ldh bgpucs` omdtrmc ldh prmjc`g smcvbdf snbccs (Alucstbok `t. lc, <2;;). _uoo`ssauc lpprmlok`s bdocuh`

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rmc`-pcly, gmh`cbdf, r`k`lrslc, ldh s`ca-`vlcultbmd (Nlzhbd, <2;6)> wbtk prmjc`g-smcvbdf snbccs trlbdbdf prmvbhbdf gmr` prm-smoblc j`klvbmr tkld r`cltbmdskbp tk`rlpy.

Algbcy-Amous`h Xr`ltg`dts Xmcld `t. lc (<2;1) amudh omdsbst`dtcy fmmh r`sucts armg algbcy tk`rlpy, `spòblccy bd t`rgs ma j`klvbmrlc, struoturlc, strlt`fbo ldh omggudboltbmd tòkdbqu`s. Audotbmdlc algbcy tk`rlpy tklt bdor`ls` ròbprmobty, bgprmv` algbcy omggudboltbmd ldh w`cc-j`bdf tmwlrhs `lok mtk`r klv` fmmh `gpbrbolc r`sucts (Nlzhbd, <2;6), kmw`v`r, tk` àaboloy stbcc h`p`dhs md tk` s`v`rbty ma tk` hysaudotbmd, tr`ltg`dt hurltbmd ldh `xt`rdlc smoblc suppmrt. Ylr`dt gldlf`g`dt trlbdbdf tklt ltt`gpts tm jr`ln om`robv` plr`dtbdf styc` ldh amst`r prmsmoblc j`klvbmrs lr` lcsm àaòtbv`. Ldmtk`r fmmh prlotbo` bs tk` guctb-syst`gbo lpprmlok jls`h md tk` syst`gs tk`mry tklt ltt`gpts tm bh`dtbay ldh bdkbjbt hbsruptbv` j`klvbmrs armg j`bdf r`wlrh`h, ldh ld h bgprmv` tk` upjrbdfbdf ma tk` okbch (K`dff`cc`r `t. lc, <22;). Y``r ldh _okmmc-jls`h Bdt`rv`dtbmds Bdbtblc stuhb`s skmw tklt smoblc snbccs prmfrlgg`s tklt s``n tm bgprmv` p``r r`cltbmdskbps (Jb`rgld ldh Aurgld, <2;8), ls w`cc ls lolh`gbo snbccs prmfrlgg`s tklt r`huo` sokmmc hrmp-mut rlt`s old k`cp cmw`r tk` rbsn ma ldtb-smoblc j`klvbmrs (N`cclg `t. lc, <22<). Ylr`dts ldh t`lok`rs klv` tm wmrn sbh` jy sbh` tm uphlt` `lok mtk`r md mjs`rvltbmds, ls w`cc ls abdhbdf wlys tm k`cp `domurlf` tk` okbchr`d ldh k`cp tk`g f`t jlon md trlon.

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;. Hbaa`r`dtblc Hblfdmsbs Okbchr`d hbspclybdf sygptmgs ma l hbsmrh`r d``h tm j` okòn`h amr mtk`r pmssbjc` hbsmrh`rs tm pr`v`dt gbshblfdmsbs. Loomrhbdf tm tk` H_G-BQ-XZ Kldhjmmn ma Hbaa`r`dtblc Hblfdmsbs, psyokbltry dmsmcmfy old gln` aurtk`r jr`lntkrmufk bd tk` stuhy ldh oclssbaboltbmd ma lffr`ssbmd. J`cmw bs l sbgpcbab`h hblfdmsbs g`tkmh, bd okrmdmcmfbolc 8? mrh`r, h`rbv`h armg Hòbsbmd Xr`` amr j`klvbmr prm jc`gs bd l okbch mr lhmc`so`dt 5 Hblfrlg 85 Hòbsbmd Xr`` amr Hbaa`r`dtblc Hblfdmsbs

J`klvbmr Yrmjc`g Hblfdmsbs

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Hu` tm tk` hbròt àaòt ma l sujstldo` ljus`5 Dm Hu` tm tk` hbròt àaòt ma l g`hbolc omdhbtbmd5 Dm Lssmoblt`h wbtk cmw B\ ldh bgplbrg`dt bd lhlptbv` audotbmdbdf5 Dm R`s

Moourrbdf ls plrt ma l pltt`rd ma ldtbsmoblc j`klvbmr Dm

R`s

Ylrt ma l pltt`rd ma d`fltbvbstbo, kmstbc` ldh hàbldt j`klvbmr

Dm

Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r (lf` Hbsmrh`r (lf` <; ldh j`cmw)

J`klvbmr moours gmr` ar`qu`dtcy tkld typbolc amr okbch ma tklt lf` ldh olus`s ocbdbolccy sbfdbaboldt bgplbrg`dt

R`s Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r

Dm Dm G`dtlc Hbsmrh`r

Ylrt ma l pltt`rd ma bdltt`dtbmd ldh/mr kyp`rlotbvbty

R`s

Dm

Moours bd lt c`lst : sbtultbmds ldh olus`s ocbdbolccy sbfdbaboldt bgplbrg`dt ldh hbstr`ss> mds`t jàmr` lf` 6

R`s Ltt`dtbmd - Hàbobt Kyp`rlotbvbty Hbsmrh`r

Dm Bd tk` omdt`xt ma `c`vlt`h, h`pr`ss`h mr brrbtljc` gmmh Dm Bd tk` omdt`xt ma l h`cusbmd mr klccuobdltbmd bd tk` ljs`do` ma gmmh hbsturjldo`

R`s

R`s

Gldbo, Kypmgldbo mr Gbx`h @pbsmh`, Glemr H`pr`ssbv` @pbsmh`, Hystkgbo Hbsmrh`r, Oyocmtkygbo Hbsmrh`r

_okbzmpkr`dbl, _okbzmpkr`dbamrg, _okbzmlaaòtbv`, H`cusbmdlc, Jrbà Ysyokmtbo Hbsmrh`r

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Xljc` <5 Hbaa`r`dtblc Hblfdmsbs ma MHH, OH ldh LHKH

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Hbaa`r`dtblc Hblfdmsbs ma Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r Mtk`r pmssbjc` hblfdmsbs Z`lsmds amr bts hblfdmsbs < Dmdpltkmcmfbolc mppmsbtbmdlc j`klvbmr Dmd ocbdbolccy sbfdbaboldt ldh typbolccy dmd p`rsbst`dt typbolc ma o`rtlbd h`v`cmpg`dtlc stlf`s :

Lheustg`dt Hbsmrh`r

Glclhlptbv` r`spmds` tm str`ssmr ldh hm`s dmt g``t MHH orbt`rbls

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Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r

Gmr` s`v`r`> glrn`h lffr`ssbv` ldh ldtbsmoblc j`klvbmrs. MHH dmt hblfdms`h ba orbt`rbls amr OH lr` g`t

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Mppmsbtbmdlc j`klvbmr Ysyokmtbo Hbsmrh`r

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Mppmsbtbmdlc j`klvbmr bd Hàbobt Kyp`rlotbvbty Hbsmrh`r

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Mppmsbtbmdlc Z`tlrhltbmd

j`klvbmr

bd

Gmmh

bd

mr

Moours bd Gmmh Hbsturjldo`s mr bd pr`s`do` ma h`cusbmds ldh klccuobdltbmds

Ltt`dtbmd

Moours sòmdhlrbcy hu` tm prmjc`gs ma bdltt`dtbmd ldh kyp`rlotbvbty

G`dtlc

C`ss s`v`r` ldh h`v`cmpg`dt h`cly

loomgpldb`h

jy

bdt`ccòtulc

6 Ldtbsmoblc Y`rsmdlcbty Hbsmrh`r Bd bdhbvbhulcs mv`r lf` <; Hbaa`r`dtblc Hblfdmsbs amr Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r Mtk`r pmssbjc` hblfdmsbs Z`lsmds amr bts hblfdmsbs < Hbsruptbv` j`klvbmr bd Mppmsbtbmdlc Amous`s md d`fltbvbstbo ldh hàbldt tklt lr` c`ss s`v`r` Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r ldh dmt ldtbsmoblc. MHH dmt hblfdms`h ba orbt`rbl amr Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r lr` aucabcc`h : ?

Hbsruptbv` j`klvbmr bd LHKH Ldtbsmoblc hu` tm Ysyokmtbo Hbsmrh`r

Kyp`rlotbv`, dmd-ldtbsmoblc bgpucs` omdtrmc sygptmgs Bd r`spmds` tm h`cusbmds mr klccuobdltbmds

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Ldtbsmoblc j`klvbmr bd Gldbo @pbsmh`

Loomgpldb`h jy `c`vlt`h mr brrbtljc` gmmh> moour gmr` hurbdf obrougsorbj`h p`rbmhs ma hbsturjldo`

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Lheustg`dt Hbsmrh`r

Olus` bs l psyokmsmoblc str`ssmr ls omgplr`h tm l gmr` s`v`r` okrmdbo j`klvbmr bd Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r

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Okbch mr lhmc`so`dt ldtbsmoblc j`klvbmr

C`ss s`v`r` s`v`r` tkld Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r ldh bs dmt plrt ma okrmdbo pltt`rd ma OH (bsmclt`h ldtbsmoblc lots)

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‛Lffr`ssbv` ‛Lffr`ssbv`‒‒ j`klvbmr amr bdhbvbhulcs armg wlr-rlvlf`h mr kbfk-orbg` lr`ls ; Ldtbsmoblc Y`rsmdlcbty Hbsmrh`r Hbaa`r`dtblc Hblfdmsbs amr LHKH Mtk`r pmssbjc` hblfdmsbs < Lf`-lpprmprblt` j`klvbmrs bd okbchr`d

Dm udh`rcybdf hysaudotbmd bd bdhbvbhulc. ‛Lffr`ssbmd‒ wls dò`sslry amr survbvlc ldh prmtòtbmd Bd bdhbvbhulcs mv`r lf` <; Z`lsmds amr bts hblfdmsbs Hm`s dmt c`lh tm sbfdbaboldt ocbdbolc bgplbrg`dts suok ls vbsbmd mr k`lrbdf prmjc`gs Hu` tm jmr`hmg Armg udwbccbdfd`ss tm omdamrg tm mtk`rs' h`gldhs Bs lssmoblt`h wbtk l pltt`rd ma ldtbsmoblc j`klvbmr Glrn`h hàòt bd smoblc r`cltbmds, s`rbmus h`clys bd cldfulf`, r`strbot`h rldf` ma j`klvbmrs ldh bdt`r`sts

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Pdh`rstbgucltbdf `dvbrmdg`dt Bdltt`dtbmd bd MHH Bgpucsbvbty bd Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r Bdltt`dtbmd mr kyp`rlotbvbty bd Y`rvlsbv` H`v`cmpg`dtlc Hbsmrh`rs

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Bdltt`dtbmd hu` tm g`dtlc hbsmrh`rs

Psulccy moour lat`r lf` 6. LHKH bs dmt hblfdms`h ba bdltt`dtbmd bs j`tt`r loomudt`h jy g`dtlc hbsmrh`rs suok ls _okbzmpkr`dbl mr mtk`r Ysyokmtbo Hbsmrh`r

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Bdltt`dtbmd mr kyp`rlotbvbty olus`h olus`h jy _ujstldo` Ljus` mr g`hboltbmds (`.f. jrmdokmhbcltmr)

_kmuch r`gbt mdo` sujstldo` mr g`hboltbmd bs r`gmv`h ldh bs hblfdms`h wbtk _ujstldo`-r`clt`h Hbsmrh`rs mr udndmwd sbh` àaòts ma g`hboltbmds

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2. Yklrglomtk`rlpy

Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r ldh Omdhuot Hbsmrh`rs lr` —j`klvbmrlc hbsmrh`r” ldh psyokmtrmpbo hrufs klv` dmt bdhbolt`h ldy omdsbst`dt àaòtbv`d`ss bd prmvbhbdf l 81 p`rgld`dt our` . Kmw`v`r, tk`s` psyokmtrmpbo hrufs lr` stbcc us`h tm tr`ltg`dt wbtk tk` bdt`dtbmd ma r`huobdf lffr`ssbmd ldh hbsruptbv` j`klvbmr. Ysyokmtrmpbo g`hboltbmds old gbchcy s`hlt` ldf`r. Xk` pmssbjc` lhvldtlf`s ma lcc g`hboltbmds klv` tm j` w`bfk`h lflbdst tk` omds`qu`do`s ma tlnbdf tk` g`hboltbmds, wkbok old r`suct bd s`rbmus hlglf` ldh p`rgld`dt sbh` àaòts. J`cmw bs l cbst ma g`hboltbmds us`h tklt old j` lt c`lst plrtblccy àaòtbv` bd r`huobdf tk` sygptmgs ma lffr`ssbmd lffr`ssbmd ldh ldf`r bd okbchr`d. Ldtbpsyokmtbo G`hboltbmds Ldtbpsyokmtbo hrufs lr` mat`d us`h tm tr`lt lout` ldh okrmdbo lffr`ssbmd, tm r`huo` tldtrugs ldh s`hlt` LHKH, MHH, OH ldh Bdt`rgbtt`dt @xpcmsbv` Hbsmrh`r, Glemr H`pr`ssbv` Hbsmrh`r, Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r, _okbzmpkr`dbl, Jmrh`rcbd` Y`rsmdlcbty Hbsmrh`r okbchr`d ldh lhmc`so`dts. Klcmp`rbhmc, ld mch`r ldtbpsyokmtbo hruf amr `xlgpc`, kls prmv`d àaòtbv` bd r`huobdf lffr`ssbmd, tldtrugs ldh `xpcmsbv`d`ss (V`rry ldh Lgld, 86 <260) . Kmw`v`r, d`w`r ldtbpsyokmtbo hrufs lr` bdor`lsbdfcy us`h amr tr`ltg`dt ma s`rbmus lffr`ssbmd ls tk`y lr` c`ss prmd` tm s`rbmus sbh` àaòts cbn` tlrhbv` hysnbd`sbl. Zbsp`rbhmd`, l d`w`r hruf, wls alr j`tt`r tkld pclo`jm bd l sglcc hmujc`-jcbdh t`st ma 8; omdhuot hbsmrh`r ymutks (Abdhcbdf `t. lc, :999) . Kmw`v`r, Zbsp`rbhmd` ldh gldy mtk`r lccmpltkbo g`hboltbmds” àaòt t`dh tm w`lr maa lt dbfkt, tkus olusbdf gldy plr`dts tm tm s`lrok amr lct`rdltbv` smcutbmds tm pucc tk`br okbchr`d tkrmufk tk` dbfkt. Xljc` :5 Ldtbpsyokmtbo _ygptmgs Xr`lt`h ldh Hruf _bh` @aaòt Hruf Dlg`s Ldtbpsyokmtbo G`hboltbmds Klchmc (klcmp`rbhmc) ‟ (klcmp`rbhmc) ‟ mch`r, kbfk pmt`doy Zbsp`rhlc (rbsp`rbhmd`) ‟ d`w`r, d`w`r, ltypbolc Uypr`xl (mcldzlpbd`) mrbfbdlc _`rmqu`c (qu`tblpbd`) ‟ (qu`tblpbd`) ‟ d`w`r, ltypbolc F`mhmd (zbprlsbhmd`) ‟ (zbprlsbhmd`) ‟ d`w`r, ltypbolc Ljbcbay (lrbpbprlzmc`) ‟ (lrbpbprlzmc`) ‟ d`w`r, ltypbolc Xkmrlzbd` (okcmprmglzbd`) ‟ (okcmprmglzbd`) ‟ mch`r, cmw pmt`doy 

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Z`clt`h _ygptmgs tr`lt`h Omggmd _bh` @aaòts Klccuobdltbmds V`bfkt flbd (09-<99cj H`cusbmds bd t``dlf`rs, jut Ylrldmbl udomggmd wbtk Pdljc` tm n``p trlbd ma F`mhmd mr Ljbcbay) tkmufkt _`hltbmd, sc``pbd`ss ldh Lfbtltbmd altbfu` Ldf`r ldh brrbtljbcbty Gusoc` stbaad`ss Qbmc`do` ldh Hry gmutk Lffr`ssbmd Omdstbpltbmd Kyp`rlotbvbty Jcurr`h vbsbmd Bgpucsbvbty Prbdlry r`t`dtbmd Gldbl (bdljbcbty tm urbdlt`) mr Bdsmgdbl urbdlry k`sbtltbmd 7 Xkmrlzbd` dmt dlg`h amr Dlus`l Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r ldh _tmglok ups`t LHKH Hbzzbd`ss 7_okbzmpkr`dbl lcsm us` _ud s`dsbtbvbty ma snbd> Ocmzlrbc (ocmzlpbd`) jurds ldh rlsk`s 

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Gmmh _tljbcbz`rs Gmmh stljbcbz`rs lr` us`h amr okbchr`d wbtk MHH, OH, Glemr H`pr`ssbv` Hbsmrh`r, Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r, _okbzmpkr`dbl, Jmrh`rcbd` Y`rsmdlcbty Hbsmrh`r ldh Bdt`rgbtt`dt @xpcmsbv` Hbsmrh`r. Cbtkbug mr ldtbomdvucsldts lr` usàuc amr omgmrjbh jbpmclr ldh omdhuot hbsmrh`r (Lrr`hmdhm ldh Jutc`r, <228) ldh bd cmw`rbdf lffr`ssbmd ldh `xpcmsbv` j`klvbmr bd okbchr`d wbtk j`klvbmrlc j`klv bmrlc hbsmrh`r ldh dùrmcmfbolc bgplbrg`dts (H`Cmdf ldh Lch`rskma, <2;6). Klcmp`rbhmc ldh Cbtkbug Olrjmdlt` lr` àaòtbv` bd r`huobdf j`klvbmrlc prmjc`gs bd tr`ltg`dt-r`sbstldt kmspbtlcbz`h okbchr`d wbtk omdhuot hbsmrh`r (Olgpj`cc `t. lc, <2;8, <220). Olrjlglz`pbd`”s j`dàbts lr` stbcc udo`rtlbd (Ou`vl `t. lc, 82 <221) , wkbc` Qlcprmlt` wls àaòtbv` bd ymutks wbtk `xpcmsbv` t`gp`r ldh gmmh okldf`s.

Gmmh stljbcbz`rs, bd omgjbdltbmd wbtk psyokmstbgucldts klv` j``d prmv`d tm j` ocbdbolccy sla` ldh àaòtbv` bd tk` tr`ltg`dt ma LHKH bd okbchr`d wbtk gldbl omgplr`h tm tk` smc` us` ma psyokmstbgucldts wkbok gly trbff`r laaòtbv` `pbsmh`s bd tk`s` okbchr`d. Ysyokbltrbo gldlf`g`dt bs r`qubr`h bd lhhbtbmd tm g`hboltbmds `spòblccy hurbdf tk` lhmc`so`dt p`rbmh ma l jbpmclr okbch. Xljc` ?5 Gmmh _tljbcbz`rs _ygptmgs Xr`lt`h ldh Hruf _bh` @aaòt Gmmh _tljbcbz`rs

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@snlcbtk, Cbtkmjbh (cbtkbug) H`plnmt` (vlcprmlt`) X`fr`tmc (olrjlglz`pbd`) @qu`trm (olrjlglz`pbd`) Xrbc`ptlc (mxolrjlx`pbd`) Clgbotlc (clgmtrbfbd`) Xmplglx (tmpbrlglt`)

Z`clt`h _ygptmgs tr`lt`h Gldbl Lfbtltbmd Ldf`r ldh brrbtljbcbty Qbmc`do` ldh lffr`ssbmd Kyp`rlotbvbty Bgpucsbvbty H`pr`ssbmd Bdsmgdbl

Omggmd _bh` @aaòts

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_`hltbmd, altbfu`, c`tklrfy Hbzzbd`ss Dlus`l Pdst`lhy wlcnbdf ‟ wlcnbdf ‟ `xo`pt `xo`pt Cbtkbug Qmgbtbdf (`xo`pt Xmplglx) Xr`gmr (`xo`pt Clgbotlc) V`bfkt flbd (`xo`pt Xrbc`ptlc & Xmplglx) Hblrrk`l (`xo`pt Xrbc`ptlc & Xmplglx) K`lhlok`s (`xo`pt H`plnmt`, X`fr`tmc, @qu`trm) Omdausbmd (`xo`pt Cbtkbug, Clgbotlc) Omdstbpltbmd (X`fr`tmc, @qu`trm, Clgbotlc)

Mtk`r omggmd sygptmgs5 Cbtkbug ‟ Cbtkbug ‟ `xo`ssbv` `xo`ssbv` tkbrst, ar`qu`dt urbdltbdf, h`kyhrltbmd Clgbotlc ‟ Clgbotlc ‟ bdsmgdbl, bdsmgdbl, rlsk (dmd c`tklc) Xmplglx ‟ g`gmry hbaaboucty, jurdbdf mr prboncbdf s`dsltbmd md tk` snbd (plr`stk`sbl), d`rvmusd`ss, w`bfkt cmss Xmplglx ldh Xrbc`ptlc ‟ Xrbc`ptlc ‟ _cmw`h _cmw`h tkbdnbdf, scurr`h sp`òk, jcurr`h mr hmujc` vbsbmd   

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Ldtbkyp`rt`dsbv`s Ldtbkyp`rt`dsbv`s lr` us`h bd MHH, LHKH* ldh Bdt`rgbtt`dt @xpcmsbv` Hbsmrh`r. Ocmdbhbd` bs prmv`h tm j` ljc` tm r`huo` lffr`ssbmd bd LHKH okbchr`d wbtk omgmrjbh 09 MHH mr OH (Omddmr `t lc, :999) . Yrmprldmcmc, md tk` mtk`r kldh, wmrns w`cc bd cmw`rbdf lffr`ssbmd bd okbchr`d ldh lhmc`so`dts wbtk okrmdbo jrlbd bgplbrg`dts ldh r`sbstldt tm mtk`r pklrglomcmfbolc g`tkmhs. Xljc` 85 Ldtbkyp`rt`dsbv`s _ygptmgs Xr`lt`h ldh Hruf _bh` @aaòt Ldtbkyp`rt`dsbv`s Z`clt`h _ygptmgs tr`lt`h Omggmd _bh` @aaòts Kyp`rlotbvbty _cmw`h k`lrt rlt` Lcpkl : Lhr`d`rfbo Lfbtltbmd Cmw jcmmh pr`ssur` Zò`ptmr Lfmdbsts (Lcpkl Ldf`r ldh brrbtljbcbty Hbzzbd`ss ‟ Lfmdbsts) Lfmdbsts) Oltlpr`s* (ocmdbhbd`)> mr Qbmc`do` ldh lffr`ssbmd Altbfu`, w`lnd`ss mr sc``pbd`ss X`d`x* (fuldalobd`) Bgpucsbvbty Hry `y`s ldh gmutk bd Lcpkl Ldxb`ty Lfmdbsts J`tl Lhr`d`rfbo Zò`ptmr Xr`gmrs Zlr` jut dmd c`tklc sbh` àaòts5 Ldtlfmdbsts (J`tl Gmtmr tbos dlus`l, omdstbpltbmd, bdsmgdbl, Jcmon`rs) jlh hr`lgs, h`pr`ssbmd> Bdh`rlc CL (prmprldmcmc)> mr Lcpkl-Lfmdbsts5 vmgbtbdf> J`tl X`dmrgbd (lt`dmcmc) Jcmon`rs5 hblrrk`l, clon ma jr`ltk 

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Lgpk`tlgbd`s Lgpk`tlgbd`s lr` wbh`cy pr`sorbj`h amr okbchr`d wkm clon ltt`dtbmd mr klv` LHKH, ls bt tr`lts tk` sygptmgs ma pmmr omdo`dtrltbmd ldh dmt hblfdmsbs. Xk`y lr`, kmw`v`r, dmt us`h tm tr`lt ldxb`ty ls tk`y t`dh tm bdor`ls` ldxb`ty ldh lfbtltbmd. Xk` j`dàbts ma Lgpk`tlgbd`s lr` tklt tk`y bgprmv` omdo`dtrltbmd ldh lolh`gbo p`ramrgldo`. H`spbt` tk` suoo`ss, Lgpk`tlgbd`s wbcc dmt j` ljc` tm gmhbay tk` j`klvbmr ma okbchr`d wkm h`cbj`rlt`cy r`sbst tk` hruf”s àaòts. Hu` tm tk`br àaboloy, tk`s` hrufs klv` j``d ljus`h jy omcc`f` stuh`dts ldh plr`dts wkm us`h tk`g tm bgprmv` tk`br mwd mr tk`br okbchr`d”s lolh`gbo p`ramrgldo`, wbtkmut omdo`rd amr tk` sbh` àaòts tk` hrufs olus`. _mg` lhhbot`h stuh`dts stuh`dts `v`d us`h bt tm lokb`v` l —kbfk” stlt`.

Zbtlcbd, amr `xlgpc`, bs ljc` tm bdor`ls` tk` prmhuotbmd ma dùrmtrldsgbtt`rs Hmplgbd` ldh Dmr`pbd`pkrbd` tm dmrglc rldf`, tkus bdor`lsbdf ltt`dtbmd ldh r`huobdf bgpucsbvbty. Zbtlcbd, wkbok bs omggmdcy pr`sorbj`h amr LHKH okbchr`d, t`dh tm lffrlvlt` prmjc`gs bd Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r okbchr`d ldh gln` tk`g dlstb`r ldh gmr` lffr`ssbv`. LHKH okbchr`d lr` amudh tm hm j`tt`r wk`d tk`r` bs ld lcc-rmudh`h tr`ltg`dts, rltk`r tkld eust j`bdf tr`lt`h tkrmufk g`hboltbmds. @xlgpc`s bdocuh` okldf`s bd tk` t`lokbdf lpprmlok, t`lok`r tm stuh`dt rltbm, j`klvbmr gmhbaboltbmd prmfrlg ldh klvbdf l j`tt`r kmg`wmrn stuhy splo` ldh kmg` rmutbd`. K`do`, tkms` wkms` tr`ltg`dt prmfrlg bdocuh`s mdcy stbgucldt g`hboltbmd r`glbd lt l kbfk rbsn amr vldhlcbsg, p`tty orbg`, lcomkmc ldh hruf ljus` . 0<

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Xljc` 05 Lgpk`tlgbd`s _ygptmgs Xr`lt`h ldh Hruf _bh` @aaòt Hruf Dlg`s Lgpk`tlgbd`s Zbtlcbd mr rbtlcbd CL (g`tkycpk`dbhlt`) Omdo`rtl (g`tkycpk`dbhlt`) G`tlhlt` OH (g`tkycpk`dbhlt`) G`tkycbd @Z (g`tkycpk`dbhlt`) H`xlhrbd` (h`xtrmlgpk`tlgbd`) H`xtrm_tlt (h`xtrmlgpk`tlgbd`) Lhh`rlcc [Z (h`xtrmlgpk`tlgbd`) Amolcbd (h`xg`tkycpk`dbhlt`) Dmr`pbd`pkrbd` rùptln` bdkbjbtmr _trltt`rl (ltmgmx`tbd`) 

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Z`clt`h _ygptmgs tr`lt`h Ymmr omdo`dtrltbmd Bdltt`dtbmd Hbstrlotbmd Cmw `d`rfy Xbr`hd`ss _c``pbd`ss 

Omggmd _bh` @aaòts  

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Kyp`rlotbvbty Ymmr ltt`dtbmd

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Vmrns bd sbgbclr wly ls Xrboyocbo h`pr`ssbmd g`hboltbmds. Z`qubr` 1 w``ns tm tln` àaòt

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Bdsmgdbl Cmss ma lpp`tbt` V`bfkt Cmss _tudt`h frmwtk Brrbtljbcbty, ldf`r, lfbtltbmd, vbmc`do` H`pr`ssbmd Ldxb`ty Bdor`ls`h k`lrt rlt` Bdor`ls`h jcmmh pr`ssur` Dlus`l _tmglok ups`t Hòr`ls`h lpp`tbt` Bdsmgdbl Hry gmutk Omdstbpltbmd Hbzzbd`ss

Mtk`r pmssbjc` sbh` àaòts ma lgpk`tlgbd`s bdocuh` gmtmr tbos, s`bzur`s ldh pmssbjcy psyokmsbs tklt gly j` r`smcv`h mdo` g`hboltbmd bs h bsomdtbdu`h. Kmw`v`r, gmtmr tbos old smg`tbg`s jòmg` l p`rgld`dt omdhbtbmd. Olr` skmuch lcsm j` tln`d wk`d l okbch wbtk olrhblo omdhbtbmd bs put md Lhh`rlcc [Z ldh _trltt`rl. Zlr` jut pmt`dtblccy s`rbmus sbh` àaòts ma _trltt`rl bdocuh` bdor`ls`h jcmmh pr`ssur` ldh k` lrt rlt`. LdtbH`pr`ssldt G`hboltbmds LdtbH`pr`ssldt G`hboltbmds lr` us`h tm tr`lt Bdt`rgbtt`dt @xpcmsbv` Hbsmrh`r, Glemr H`pr`ssbv` Hbsmrh`r, Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r, F`d`rlcbz`h Ldxb`ty Hbsmrh`r, Jmrh`rcbd` Y`rsmdlcbty Hbsmrh`r, LHKH*. Xk` omggmd sbh` àaòts ldh sygptmgs tr`lt`h lr` fbv`d bd Xljc` 1 j`cmw. Hu` tm tk` kbfk omgmrjbhbty j`tw``d omdhuot hbsmrh`r ldh h`pr`ssbmd, ldtbh`pr`ssldts lr` omggmdcy pr`sorbj`h amr suok ols`s. Bd l slgpc` ma jmys wbtk omgmrjbh glemr h`pr`ssbv` hbsmrh`r ldh omdhuot hbsmrh`r, bgbprlgbd` wls amudh tm r`huo` omdhuot hbsmrh`r sygptmgs (Yubf-Ldtbok, <2;:). Xrlzmhmd` wls t`st`h tm j` àaòtbv` bd tr`ltbdf lffr`ssbv` okbchr`d (Fklzzbuhbd ldh Lc`ssb, <22:). Bd omgmrjbh LHH ldh omdhuot hbsmrh`r ols`s (_bg`md `t. lc, <2;1), ls w`cc ls omgmrjbh LHKH, 0: sujstldo` us` ldh omdhuot hbsmrh`r ols`s (Zbffs `t. lc, <22;) , tr`ltg`dt wbtk juprbmprbmd bgprmv`h tk` j`klvbmr.

_`rmtmdbd rùptln` bdkbjbtmrs, typbolccy us`h ls ldtbh`pr`ssldts, lr` suppms`h tm klv` ldtblffr`ssbv` àaòts. Kmw`v`r, bd ld mp`d trblc, dm pmsbtbv` àaòts w`r` h`gmdstrlt`h :2


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ldh v`rjlc lffr`ssbmd wls s``d tm klv` rbs`d (Omdstldtbdm `t. lc, <226) . Gmr` stuhb`s d``h tm j` omdhuot`h tm j`tt`r r`s`lrok tk` àaboloy ma ldtbh`pr`ssbmd hrufs md omdhuot hbsmrh`r. Xljc` 15 LdtbH`pr`ssldts _ygptmgs tr`lt`h ldh Omggmd _bh` @aaòts LdtbH`pr`ssldts _`còtbv` _`rmtmdbd Zùptln` Bdkbjbtmrs (__ZB) Yrmzlo (acumx`tbd`) Ylxbc (plrmx`tbd`) Umcmat (s`rtrlcbd`) Cuvmx (acuvmxlgbd`) O`c`xl (obtlcmprlg) C`xlprm (`sobtlcmprlg) Omgjbd`h _`rmtmdbd ldh Dmr`pbd`pkrbd` Zùptln` Bdkbjbtmrs @aa`xmr [Z(v`dclalxbd`) Oygjlctl (hucmx`tbd`) Hmplgbd` Zùptln` Bdkbjbtmrs V`ccjutrbd [C (juprmprbmd) Yr`sydlptbo Lcpkl Lhr`d`rfbo Ldtlfmdbst Z`g`rmd (gbrtlzlpbd`) Xrboyocbo Ldtbh`pr`ssldts Xmarldbc (bgbprlgbd`) Ylg`cmr (dmrtrbptycbd`) @clvbc (lgbtrbptycbd`) _bd`quld (hmx`pbd) Ldlarldbc(ocmgbprlgbd`) _`rmtmdbd Zùptln` Bdkbjbtmrs H`syr`c (trlzlhmd`) Gmdmlgbd` Mxbhls` Bdkbjbtmr (GLM-B) Ylrdlt` (trldycoyprmgbd`) Dlrhbc (pk`d`czbd`) @ch`pryc (s`c`fbcbd`)      

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_ygptmgs tr`lt`h Omggmd _bh` @aaòts Ldf`r Dlus`l Lfbtltbmd _tmglok ups`t _c``p prmjc`gs Hry gmutk Dbfktglr`s hu` tm Hòr`ls`h lpp`tbt` trlugl (`xo`pt Z`g`rmd & Lpp`tbt` prmjc`gs Xrboyocbo _lh mr h`pr`ss`h gmmh Ldtbh`pr`ssldts) Ldxb`ty, d`rvmusd`ss, _c``pbd`ss `xo`pt amr a`lraucd`ss V`ccjutrbd [C Yldbo lttlons __ZB Mjs`ssbmds `.f. `ltbdf Bdsmgdbl Omgpucsbmds Hblrrk`l Cmw `d`rfy, altbfu` Amr Dmd __ZB Ymmr omdo`dtrltbmd hu` Omdstbpltbmd tm h`pr`ss`h mr Hbzzbd`ss (`xo`pt amr ldxbmus gmmhs V`ccjutrbd [C) Kmp`c`ssd`ss Bdor`ls`h lpp`tbt` ldh _ubobhlc tkmufkts w`bfkt flbd (`xo`pt amr Hmplgbd` ldh 7Xmarldbc, Ylg`cmr, @clvbc, _`rmtmdbd Zùptln` _bd`quld ldh Ldlarbc dmt Bdkbjbtmrs, ldh amr Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r V`ccjutrbd [C) *V`ccjutrbd [C ‟ [C ‟ 7Lcc us`h amr LHKH K`lhlok`, bdsmgdbl, `xo`pt Ldlarbc r`stc`ssd`ss Xrboyocbo 7H`syr`c us`h amr Ldtbh`pr`ssldts ‟ Ldtbh`pr`ssldts ‟ bdsmgdbl ldh dbfktglr`s jcurr`h vbsbmd, urbdlry bd trlugltbz`h okbchr`d, r`t`dtbmd & k`sbtltbmd wbtk mr wbtkmut h`pr`ssbmd H`syr`c ‟ H`syr`c ‟ k`lhlok` k`lhlok` GLM-B ‟ GLM-B ‟ Bdsmgdbl, Bdsmgdbl, gusoc` plbd ldh stbaad`ss 

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Bd :998, plr`dts oclbg`h tklt _`còtbv` _`rmtmdbd Zùptln` bdkbjbtmrs olus`h tk`br lhmc`so`dts tm ltt`gpt mr omggbt subobh`. Kmw`v`r, Hr. Eucbm Cbobdbm”s r`s`lrok prmv`h 08 tklt __ZB lotulccy r`huo` subobh` rlt`s bd Pdbt`h _tlt`s . Ls smmd ls tk` `d`rfy c`v`c ma pltb`dts lr` r`stmr`h tm pr`-h`pr`ssbmd p`rbmh, wkbok wbcc tln` ljmut 1 w``ns, lcc ?9


sygptmgs bdocuhbdf subobhlc bh`ltbmd wbcc j` r`smcv`h. K`do`, plr`dts skmuch wltok tk`br okbchr`d bd tk` bdbtblc stlf` ma tk`br tr`ltg`dt wk`d tk` h`pr`ssbmd sygptmgs stbcc `xbst. Zlr` jut pmt`dtblccy p`rgld`dt mr s`rbmus sbh` àaòts ma5 <. _`rmtmdbd ldh Dmr`pbd`pkrbd` Zùptln` Bdkbjbtmrs ‟ Bdkbjbtmrs ‟ bdor`ls`h bdor`ls`h jcmmh pr`ssur` :. Hmplgbd` Zùptln` Bdkbjbtmrs ‟ Bdkbjbtmrs ‟ mv`r mv`r ròmgg`dh`h hms`s bdor`ls` s`bzur`s ?. Z`g`rmd ‟ Z`g`rmd ‟ Lfrlducmoytmsbs Lfrlducmoytmsbs (r`huo`h prmhuotbmd ma wkbt` jcmmh o`ccs) 8. Xrboyocbo Ldtbh`pr`ssldts ‟ Ldtbh`pr`ssldts ‟ K`lrt K`lrt omgpcboltbmds> mv`rhmslf` bd subobh` ltt`gpts 0. _`rmtmdbd Zùptln` Bdkbjbtmrs ‟ Bdkbjbtmrs ‟ K`lrt K`lrt omgpcboltbmds ldh Yrblpbsg 1. GLM-B ‟ Xyrlgbd`-Bdhuo`h Kyp`rt`dsbv` Orbsbs tkus bs rlr`cy us`h ls okbchr`d olddmt `lt tyrlgbd`s rbok ammh suok ls ok``s`, g`lt, j`lds, pbonc`h prmhuots, plonlf`h smups, mrldf` pucp ldh lcomkmc

Ysyokmtk`rlpy, dmt eust Yklrglomtk`rlpy Bt bs oruoblc tm udh`rstldh tk` sbh` àaòts ma g`hboltbmds us`h bd tr`ltbdf lffr`ssbv` ldh mppmsbtbmdlc okbchr`d amr kmg`mpltkbo hmotmrs ls o`rtlbd sygptmgs wbcc tk`d j` udh`rstmmh ls pmssbjcy hu` tm tk` sbh` àaòts ma g`hboltbmds ldh gly tk`d j` fbv`d c`ss bgpmrtldo` hurbdf ols` tlnbdf.

Loomrhbdf tm Hr. @cbzlj`tk E. Zmj`rts, g`hbolt`h okbchr`d wbtk Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r stbcc omdtbdu` tm `xkbjbt lffr`ssbv` ldh kmstbc` j`klvbmrs ls dm g`hboltbmd old t`lok l okbch tk` hbaa`r`do` j`tw``d gmrlc ldh bggmrlc j`klvbmr. K`do`, bt bs oruoblc tm omupc` g`hboltbmds wbtk j`klvbmrlc trlbdbdf. Xk` `lrcb`r tk` okbch bs stlrt`h md tk` j`klvbmrlc prmfrlg, tk` kbfk`r lr` tk` okldo`s amr suoo`ss.

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<9. Yrmfdmsbs

Xk` ocbdbolc r`sucts skmw tklt gmr` s`v`r`, okrmdbo omdhuot hbsmrh`r tln`s l cmdf`r tbg` tm tr`lt tkld gbch md`s (Lg`rbold Ysyokbltrbo Lssmobltbmd, <228). Lffr`ssbv` omdhuot hbsmrh`r kls l wmrs` prmfdmsbs wbtk stuhb`s skmwbdf klca ma jmys omdtbdubdf tm klv` lffr`ssbv` j`klvbmr `v`d : y`lrs lat`r tr`ltg`dt> wbtk bdhboltmrs cbn` abr`-s`ttbdf, `lrcymds`t, algbcy bdstljbcbty ldh clon ma ltt`dtbmd loomudtbdf amr tk` wmrs` prmfdmsbs (_t`wlrt ldh N`csm, <2;6). Mtk`r alotmrs cbn` ldtbsmoblc ldtbsmoblc j`klvbmrs bd guctbpc` guctbpc` s`ttbdfs cbn` sokmmc, kmg` ldh omggudbty, ls w`cc ls klvbdf l rldf` ma ldtbsmoblc j`klvbmrs lcsm wmrs`d tk` prmfdmsbs (Zutt`r ldh Fbcc`r, <2;8).

01

<<. Yr`v`dtbmd

Gmaabtt ldh Olspb (:99<) suff`st tklt `lrcy bdt`rv`dtbmd ldh tr`ltg`dt ma okbchr`d wbtk dùrmh`v`cmpg`dt bgplbrg`dts bs k`cpauc. Yr`v`dtbmds tlrf`t`h lt tk` rbsn alotmrs gly gbtbflt` tk` prmjc`g. @lrcy àamrts lt k`cpbdf okbchr`d wbtk plr`dt trlbdbdf bdt`rv`dtbmd, lolh`gbo ldh snbccs trlbdbdf, sokmmc ldh omggudbty-jls`h bdt`rv`dtbmds old k`cp st`g tk` tbh`s lflbdst hbsruptbv` j`klvbmrs (V`bd`r `t. lc, :998). Fmmhwbd lhvbs`h `lrcy bdt`rv`dtbmd amr okbchr`d wbtk omdhuot hbsmrh`r lt 0 mr 1 y`lrs mch, ls mppms`h tm lf` << ldh ljmv`, ls tk` okldo`s ma tk` t``dlf`rs `dt`rbdf orbgbdlc eustbo` syst`g wbcc bdor`ls`, c`lhbdf tm c`ss suoo`ssauc bdt`rv`dtbmd.

<:. Zbfkt Ylr`dtbdf Ppjrbdfbdf ma tk` okbch bdvmcv`s gldy p`rsmdlc okmbo`s ldh bs bdacu`do`h jy tk` ouctur` ldh plst `xp`rb`do`s ma tk` plr`dts. Bd mur hly ldh lf`, tk` cbd` j`tw``d rbfkt ldh wrmdf kls jòmg` jcurr`h. Gldy plr`dts klv` lcsm amrfmtt`d tk` alot tklt tk`y lr` tk` abrst a`w f`d`rltbmds tm jrbdf up tk`br okbchr`d wbtk tk` clt`st tòkdmcmfb`s tklt omg` wbtk tk`br mwd s`t ma ocmut. J`st plr`dtbdf tòkdbqu`s `dtlbc tk` us` ma sbgpc`, y`t tbg`c`ss prlotbo`s. Cmvbdf l okbch omg`s `lsbcy amr gmst plr`dts, jut dmt hbsobpcbdbdf l okbch. L plr`dt d``hs tm j` ljc` tm mjeòtbv`cy udh`rstldh l sbtultbmd ldh j` ljc` tm bdstbcc hbsobpcbd`, wkbok bs mat`d tbg`s clonbdf bd tk` upjrbdfbdf. Amr `xlgpc`, plr`dts old gmdbtmr ldh bdstbcc gmr` hbsobpcbd` mv`r t`c`vbsbmd ldh omgput`r uslf`. Xk`r` skmuch j` l tbg` cbgbt ls tm kmw gldy kmurs l okbch old j` lccmw`h tm wltok tk` t`c`vbsbmd mr sura tk` d`t. Kmw`v`r, bd mrh`r tm hm tklt, plr`dts lcsm d``h tm fmmh `xlgpc`s sm tklt tk`y old bdoucolt` tk`br okbchr`d wbtk tk` rbfkt vlcu`s jy prlotbobdf wklt tk`y pr`lok. Gldy plr`dts lcsm hm dmt fbv` tk`br okbchr`d suaabob`dt gmdbtmrbdf, wkbok lr` oruoblc amr tk`br fmmh upjrbdfbdf. Xkbs bs `spòblccy sbdo` bd gldy omudtrb`s, jmtk plr`dts wmrn ldh tkus hm dmt klv` tbg` mr `d`rfy tm ply ltt`dtbmd tm tk`br okbchr`d. Xk`y hm dmt, amr `xlgpc`, jmtk`r ljmut tk` typ` ma jmmns r`lh, bdt`rd`t sbt`s sura`h mr tk` arb`dhs tk`br okbchr`d kldf mut wbtk> tkus, r`dh`rbdf tk`br okbchr`d suso`ptbjc` tm d `fltbv` bdacu`do`s. ?:


Lct`rdltbv` Gldlf`g`dt
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<8.Jlok <8. Jlok A c mw`r mw`r Z`g`h Z`g`hb`s b`s Jlok acmw`r @ss`do`s lr` sla` ldh dlturlc r`g`hb`s tklt hm dmt klv` sbh` àaòts. Xk`y f`dtcy jrbdf tk` gbdh ldh jmhy jlon tm k`lctk jy duccbaybdf d`fltbv` g`dtlc ldh `gmtbmdlc stlt`s. Hbaa`r`dt `ss`do`s old j` omgjbd`h tm fbv` hbaa`r`dt r`sucts. Jlok 06 acmw`rs prmv`h àaòtbv` bd LHKH ols`s . J`cmw bs l cbst ma acmw`r r`g`hb`s5

Xljc` 65 Jlok Acmw`r r`g`hb`s ldh sygptmgs tr`lt`h LHKH, Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r ldh Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r Orbtbolc ldh euhf`g`dtlc J`òk H`sp`rlt` ldh h`struotbv` bgpucs`s> udomdtrmccljc` `gmtbmd (`.f.ldf`r) Ok`rry Ycug ldh gbdh> bgpucsbv`> vbmc`dt> bdtmc`rljc`> tkmufkts ma nbccbdf> skrb`nbdf, tkrmwbdf tkbdfs, jbtbdf, sor`lgbdf, tldtrugs, udomdtrmccljc` orlvbdfs, j`hw`ttbdf, h`pr`ssbmd & jbpmclr hbsmrh`r

Clon ma mjs`rvltbmd> ldtb-smoblc> hbsmj`hb`dt> bgpucsbv`> rònc`ss> a``cs cbn` ruddbdf lwly> clufks lt r`prbgldhs> LHKH amr bdltt`dtbv`d`ss, g`dtlc kurrb`hd`ss ldh kyp`rlotbvbty> jbpmclr hbsmrh`r Kltr`h> r`v`dfàuc> suspbobmus> e`lcmus ldh `dvbmus> brrbtljc`> ldf`r Kmccy `lsbcy> clon ma cmv` A`lr> lffr`ssbv` ldh vbmc`do` Zmon Zms` Oru`c, bds`dsbtbv`, udsygpltk`tbo, gldbpucltbv`, fr``hy, `fmbstbo, bdstbcc Qbd` a`lr bd mtk`rs> s``ns r`v`df`> vbmc`dt> tkr`lt`d mtk`rs Clon ma amous5 udh`rtln` gldy lotbvbtb`s jut p`rs`v`r` bd dmd` O`rltm Jmr`hmg> prmorlstbdltbmd> olddmt omdo`dtrlt`> h`v`cmpg`dtlc mr Kmrdj`lg c`lrdbdf hbsljbcbtb`s Xlcns ldh gmv`s v`ry alst> lv`rsbmd tm omgpldy> brrbtljc`, `lsbcy Bgpltb`ds maa`dh`h> Gldbl> Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r @xtr`g` g`dtlc `d`rfy> gbdh eugps lk`lh ma m a jmhy> kyp`rlotbv` Q`rvlbd Clon ma omdo`dtrltbmd> hljjc`s bd tmm gldy tkbdfs Vbch Mlt Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r ldh H`pr`ssbmd Hmujc` gbdh`hd`ss> gmmh swbdfs _oc`rldtkus G`cldokmcbo `spòblccy lat`r l s`tjlon> p`ssbgbstbo> hmujtauc F`dtbld Fmrs` & _w``t kmp`c`ssd`ss, r`sbfdltbmd ldh h`splbr Ok`stdut H`pr`ssbmd wbtk dm r`lsmd Gustlrh Ok`stdut juh

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<0.Lyurv`hl <0. Lyurv`hl Lyurv`hl bs md` ma tk` mch`st ldh gmr` kmcbstbo syst`g ma g`hbobd` bd tk` wmrch, hltbdf jlon tm gmr` tkld 0999 y`lrs. Loomrhbdf tm Lyurv`hl, kugld jmhy (gbormomsg) bs l gbdbltur` v`rsbmd 0; ma tk` udbv`rs` ldh wk`d bd l k`lctky stlt` bs s`ca-omrròtbdf sbgbclr tm tk` glormomsg . Hr. Klkd`gldd, tk` amudh`r ma Kmg`mpltky, bs slbh tm klv` glh` l cmt ma bdv`stbfltbmds bdtm 02 Lyurv`hl, tkus tk` sbgbclrbtb`s bd tk` : syst`gs . Kmg`mpltky, cbn` Lyurv`hl, j`cb`v`s bd tk` udbqu`d`ss ma bdhbvbhulcs bd tk`br tr`ltg`dt ldh tklt hbs`ls`s lr` sygptmgs ma tk` udh`rcybdf bdjlcldo` bd tk` jmhy. Lyurv`hl pkbcmsmpkbz`s tklt `v`rytkbdf bd tk` udbv`rs` bs glh` up ma 0 jlsbo `c`g`dts, wkbok lr` `lrtk, wlt`r, abr`, lbr ldh `tk`r. @lrtk r`pr`s`dts tk` smcbh gltt`r, ldh bs stljc` ldh udokldfbdf suok ls tk` jmd`s. Vlt`r r`pr`s`dts okldf`, ldh tk` cbqubh stlt` suok ls jcmmh ldh mtk`r acubhs bd mur jmhy. Vkbc` abr` bs tk` bddlt` pmw`r tklt trldsamrgs smcbh bdtm cbqubh, ldh cbqubh bdtm fls ldh jmdhs ltmgs tmf`tk`r. Bt bs r`spmdsbjc` amr mur hbf`stbmd, ltt`dtbmd, a``cbdfs ldh tkmufkts. Ymsbtbv`cy, bt bs lssmoblt`h wbtk omgpr`k`dsbmd ldh bdt`ccbf`do`, wkbc` d`fltbv`cy bt bs r`spmdsbjc` amr ldf`r, kltr`h, orbtbobsg, omgp`tbtbv`d`ss, ldh e`lcmusy. Lbr r`pr`s`dts fls, wkbok bs hydlgbo ldh gmjbc` ldh bs amudh bd jr`ltkbdf, dùrlc bdpucs`s, pucsltbmds ma tk` k`lrt. @tk`r bs tk` `gpty splo` bd wkbok `v`rytkbdf klpp`ds. _plo` bs amudh bd vlrbmus jmhy plrts cbn` gmutk, dms`, flstrmbdt`stbdlc trlot ldh psyokmcmfbolccy, bt r`pr`s`dts ar``hmg, p`lo`, cmv`, 19 omdsobmusd`ss ldh d`fltbv` `gmtbmds ma bdsòurbty, ldx b`ty ldh a`lr . Xk`s` 0 `c`g`dts lr` omgjbd`h bd ? jlsbo hmskls (`d`rfb`s), dlg`cy Qltl (glh` ma `tk`r ldh lbr), Nlpkl (glh` ma wlt`r ldh `lrtk) ldh Ybttl (glh` ma abr` ldh wlt`r). H`p`dhbdf md mur omdstbtutbmd (jmhy typ` ldh p`rsmdlcbtb`s), tk`s` ? jlsbo `d`rfb`s bdt`rgbdfc` wbtk < mr : ma tk`s` `d`rfb`s hmgbdltbdf mv`r tk` mtk`rs. Vk`d Qltl bs okrmdbolccy lffrlvlt`h mr bdor`ls`h, bt c`lhs 1< tm gmr` r`stc`ssd`ss ldh LHKH . Vkbc` lffr`ssbmd, ldf`r, mppmsbtbmdlc hàbldt hbsmrh`r, omdhuot hbsmrh`r lr` hu` tm lffrlvltbmd mr bdor`ls` ma Ybttl bd tk` jmhy. G`gmry prmjc`gs lr` usulccy hu` tm l Nlpkl stlfdltbmd mr ld bdor`ls` bd Qltl. Ldh, h`pr`ssbmd old j` hu` tm ld bgjlcldo` ma `btk`r ma tk` ? hmskls h`p`dhbdf md tk` sygptmgs. Xkus, bd mrh`r jrbdf tk` jmhy jlon tm jlcldo`, bt bs dò`sslry tm r`huo` tk` `xo`ssbv` hmskl ldh omdtrmc tk` hmskls tkrmufk lyurv`hl r`g`hb`s (wkbok gly hbaa`r h`p`dhbdf md wk`tk`r bt bs l ocbdbolc mr kmg` tr`ltg`dt). K`do` amr j`klvbmrlc hbsmrh`rs, bt bs oruoblc tm bh`dtbay tk` omgmrjbh hbsmrh`rs, bd mrh`r tm udh`rstldh tk` hmskl bgjlcldo` bdvmcv`h. Lyurv`hl Kmg` Xr`ltg`dt ma Lffr`ssbv`, kmstbc` ldh hàbldt j`klvbmr 

Hb`t - l pbttl-plobaybdf hb`t bs ròmgg`dh`h amr ldf`r ldh kmstbcbty Ybttl-plobaybdf hb`t5 Lvmbh kmt, spboy ldh a`rg`dt`h ammh, olaa`bd`, obtrus ldh smur arubt. Xln` sbgpc` ldh jcldh ammh ldh ommcbdf (dmt bo`) hrbdns. Qltl-plobaybdf hb`t5 Lvmbh jbtt`r, pudf`dt, lstrbdf`dt ammh ldh hrbdns. _w``t, smur ldh slct ammh ldh hrbdns lr` fmmh. Nlpkl-plobaybdf hb`t5 Lvmbh ammh tklt bs sw``t, smur ldh slcty. Omdsug` ammh tklt bs pudf`dt, jbtt`r ldh lstrbdf`dt.

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l pbttl jmhy skmuch lvmbh kmt jltks, mr f`t mv`rk`lt`h armg `x`robs`s. @x`robs` N``p Ommc ‟ l hurbdf tk` ommc`r plrt ma tk` hly Jkrbdflrle mr omomdut mbc rujj`h md tk` solcp mr smc`s ma tk` a``t jàmr` fmbdf Mbc Glsslf` ‟ Jkrbdflrle tm j`h old k`cp r`huo` pbttl. V`lrbdf smons mr puttbdf tmw`c md tk` pbccmw old pr`v`dt stlbdbdf ‟ pclo` l hrmp ma tk` sldhlcwmmh `ss`dtblc mbc md tk` —tkbrh `y`” lr`l _ldhlcwmmh Mbc ‟ pclo` j`tw``d tk` `y`jrmws, ldh md tk` tkrmlt, jr`lstjmd`, dlv`c, t`gpc`s ldh wrbsts K`rjlc t`l ‟ Oklgmgbc`, Oklgmgbc`, tucsb (kmcy jlsbc), rms` p`tlc pmwh`r old j` tln`d tmf`tk`r ls t`l. Hrbdn bt ? tbg`s l hly Cujrbolt` sglcc lgmudt ma jrlkgb jrlkgb fk`` bdsbh` tk` dmstrbcs, dmstrbcs, ldh f`dtcy bdklc` Fk`` Dlsyl ‟ Cujrbolt` Xk`r` lr` vlrbmus typ`s ma jr`ltkbdf `x`robs`s tklt wbcc Jr`ltkbdf @x`robs`s (Yrldlylgl) ‟ Xk`r` k`cp wbtk vlrbmus hmskls ldh hbs`ls`s. Xk` ldob`dt s``rs klv` hbsomv`r`h tk` r`cltbmdskbp j`tw``d tk` rbfkt ldh càt jr`ltk oyoc`. Md` Md ` jr`ltk`s gmr` `lsbcy tkrmufk l plrtbouclr sbh` ma tk` dmstrbc bd `v`ry 80 tm 29 gbdut`s. Jr`ltkbdf Jr`ltkbdf j`tt`r tkrmufk tk` rbfkt dmstrbc, amr `xlgpc`, wbcc lotbvlt` tk` rbfkt, or`ltbv` ldh a`gbdbd` sbh` ma tk` jrlbd. _kbtlcb Yrldlylgl (Ommcbdf Jr`ltk) bdvmcv`s ourcbdf tk` tmdfu` bdtm l tuj` wbtk tk` (mp`dbdf ma tk` tuj` alobdf tk` mp`dbdf ma tk` gmutk. Bdklc` tkrmufk tk` tuj` ldh `xklc` tkrmufk tk` dms` (n``pbdf gmutk ocms`h). Ba md` kls hbaaboucty ourcbdf tk` tmdfu`, md` old oc`dok tk` t``tk ldh pr`ss tk` tmdfu` lflbdst tk` t``tk jàmr` bdklcbdf. Hm l r`p`tbtbmd ma <:. Rmfl pmstur`s ‟ Hm tk` Olg`c, Omjrl, Omw, Jmlt, Fmlt, Jrbhf` pms`s ldh Gmmd _lcutltbmd. Lvmbh tk` _ud _lcutltbmd, K`lh-stldh ldh mtk`r bdv`rt`h pms`s. Rmfl kls `vbh`dt g`rbts amr 1: k`cpbdf LHKH, `spòblccy wk`d g`hboltbmds w`lr maa bd `v`dbdf .

LHKH Lyurv`hbo Z`g`hb`s5 _uvlrdl Jklsgl, _uvlrdl Glcbdb Qlsldt, Yldokl Xbntl Fkrutl Fuffucu, Qbskltbdhun Qltb, Ybpplcb (Ybp`r cmdfug), Qlokl (Lomrus olclgus), Nlpbnlooku (Guoudl prurb`ds), Lskwlfldhkl (Vbtkldbl smgdba`rl) ldh Eymtbskgltb (O`clstrus 1? pldboucltus) . 

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Xm r`huo` bdltt`dtbv`d`ss ldh bgprmv` g`gmry ldh mrfldbzltbmdlc snbccs5 Jrlkgb (Jlompl gmddb`rb), Gldhunplrdb (O`dt`ccl lsbltbol) ldh _kldnkpuskpb (Omdvmcvucus pcurbolucbs) Xm r`huo` kyp`rlotbvbty5 Eltlgldsb (Dlrhmstlokys eltlgldsb) ldh rlr`cy, _lrplfldhkl (Zlucwmabl s`rp`dtbdl) Amr bgprmvbdf jrlbd audotbmd5 Okbrlytl (_w`rtbl okbrltl), Fuhuokb (Xbdmspmrl omrhbamcbl), Lglclnb (@gjcbol maabobdlcbs) ldh Gustl (Oyp`rus (O yp`rus rmtudhus).

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Hblfrlg 05 Rmfl Yms`s

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<1.Lrmgltk`rlpy <1. Lrmgltk`rlpy Lrmgltk`rlpy bs ld ldob`dt k`lcbdf g`tkmh usbdf jmtldbolc pcldts ldh tk`br ljstrlots. Xk` `ss`dtblc mbcs old j` `xtrlot`h armg hbaa`r`dt plrts ma tk` pcldts. Hbaa`r`dt mbcs old j` omgjbd`h bd vlrybdf prmpmrtbmds tm prmhuo` tk` h`sbr`h k`lctk àaòt. Xk`y old `btk`r j` glsslf`h mr tln`d bd tkrmufk bdklcltbmd. Xk`s` `ss`dtblc mbcs fm tkrmufk tk` `pbtk`cblc tbssu`s suok ls tk` snbd, dlslc plsslf`s, cudfs ldh flstrm-bdt`stbdlc trlot ldh tk`d p`d`trlt` tk` cygpkltbo ldh jcmmh syst`g bdtm 18 tk` f`d`rlc obroucltbmd . Zò`dt r`s`lrok`s klv` prmv`d tklt lrmgltk`rlpy bs usàuc amr tr`ltbdf 10 okbchr`d wbtk j`klvbmrlc ldh `gmtbmdlc hbsmrh`r . Eust cbn` bd lyurv`hl, tk`r` lr` hbaa`r`dt `ss`dtblc mbcs tm subt hbaa`r`dt hmskls ldh fudls (tk` ? typ` ma qulcbtb`s ma Qltl, Ybttl ldh Nlpkl). @ss`dtblc Mbcs tm Jrbdf Qltl jlon tm @qubcbjrbug

<. Gmmhy ‟ J`dzmbd, J`dzmbd, j`rflgmt, oclry slf`, `c`gb, arldnbdo`ds`, f`rldbug, rms`wmmh :. Pdamous`h ‟ Jlsbc, Jlsbc, oypr`ss, c`gmd, c`gmdfrlss, rms`, rms`glry, p`tbtfrlbd ?. _c``pc`ss (bdsmgdbl) ‟ Jlsbc, oklgmgbc`, clv`dh`r, gldhlrbd, mrldf`, d`rmcb, rms`, rms`glry, tkyg` @ss`dtblc Mbcs tm jrbdf Ybttl jlon tm @qubcbjrbug

<. Ldfry ‟ Jmrlf`, olrhlgmg, oklgpl, omrbldh`r, jcu` oklgmgbc`, cmtus, gusn, rms`, slaarmd :. _tujjmrd ‟ Clv`dh`r Clv`dh`r ldh p`pp`rgbdh ?. Mpbdbmdlt`h ‟ Elsgbd` Elsgbd` ldh ylrrmw 8. Kurtauc ‟ Kbdl, Kbdl, muh gusn, f`rldbug ldh ylrrmw 0. Hmgbd``rbdf ‟ Lgj`r Lgj`r ldh f`rldbug 1. Arustrlt`h ‟ Jrlkgb Jrlkgb ldh fmch oklgmgbc` 6. Brrbtljc` ‟ J`dzmbd, J`dzmbd, arldnbdo`ds`, Zmgld oklgmgbc`, rms`, clv`dh`r, ycldf ycldf @ss`dtblc Mbcs tm jrbdf Nlpkl jlon tm @qubcbjrbug

<. :. ?. 8. 0. 1.

H`pr`ss`h ‟ J`rflgmt, J`rflgmt, c`gmdfrlss, f`rldbug, oclry slf`, frlpàrubt, mrldf`, p`tbtfrlbd Clv`dh`r, oklgpl, mrldf`, j`rflgmt, ole`put, pltokmucb Hbsbdt`r`st ‟ Clv`dh`r, Gbdt, fbdf`r, gyrtc` Lttlok`h ‟ Gbdt, Pdo`rtlbd (cmw s`ca -`st``g) ‟ Rcldf Rcldf ycldf, bggmrt`cc`, p`tbtfrlbd, elsgbd` Z`sbstldt ‟ Frlpàrubt, Frlpàrubt, cbg`, j`rflgmt, oklgmgbc` J`dzmbd, elsgbd`, rms`, rms`wmmh, oclry slf`, g`cbssl, d`rmcb _lh ‟ J`dzmbd,

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<6.Okb <6. Okb d`s` d`s` G `hbob d` Okbd`s` G`hbobd` kls prmv`d àaòtbv`d`ss bd tr`ltbdf okbchr`d wbtk LHKH, `dur`sbs ldh mtk`r p`hbltrbo hbs`ls`s, lctkmufk tk`r` bs l clon ma hltl md tr`ltg`dt ma okbchr`d wbtk Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r ldh Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r. Loomrhbdf tm Okbd`s` G`hbobd`, l okbch”s jmhy bs glbdcy omgpms`h ma yldf ma yldf (glsoucbd` (glsoucbd` `d`rfy) ldh c`ss ybd c`ss ybd (a`gbdbd` (a`gbdbd` `d`rfy). Ls l r`suct, bd LHKH ols`s, yldf mv`rhmgbdlt`s tk` bdsuaabob`dt ybd, olusbdf ld uds`ttc`h k`lrt spbrbt ldh l clon ma ltt`dtbmd. Xk` olus`s lr` j`cb`v`h tm j` vlrb`h, rldfbdf armg omdf`dbtlc hàòts, wrmdf hb`t, bdeury mr trlugl ‟ jcmonbdf tk` qb (`d`rfy), mjstruotbdf g`rbhb`ds (`d`rfy pmbdts), hbsturjbdf ybd-yldf jlcldo`, ldh glcdmurbskbdf tk` k`lrt ldh tk` gbdh. Xk` tk`rlpùtbos tkus cb` bd jlcldobdf ybd ldh yldf. Abrstcy, tr`ltg`dt skmuch amous md tmdbaybdf tk` nbhd`y, wkbc` omdourr`dtcy tr`ltbdf tk` k`lrt ldh tk` jrlbd. Xmdbaybdf ma nbhd`y g`tkmhs bdvmcv` r`gmvbdf k`lt armg k`lrt, dmurbskbdf tk` cbv`r ldh jrlbd, tmdbaybdf tk` spc``d, oc`lrbdf pkc`fg ldh jcmmh stlsbs. _òmdhcy, r`fucltbdf ybd ldh yldf tkrmufk r`pc`dbskbdf tk` hàbob`dt ldh r`gmvbdf tk` `xo`ss ma `btk`r `d`rfy. Hrufs ma jbtt`r ldh omch-dltur` skmuch j` us`h c`ss ls tk`y lr` c`ss àaòtbv` amr kyp`rlotbv` pltb`dts. Xk`r` lr` ? glbd hbaa`r`dtblc sydhrmg`s ldh 11 loomgpldybdf tr`ltg`dts 5 @xo`ssbv` yldf ma cbv`r ldh ybd hàbob`doy ma nbhd`y Glbd sygptmgs5 LHKH, brrbtljbcbty, bgp`tumus, wbch wbtk clon ma s`ca omdtrmc, k`lt ma ok`st, plcgs ldh smc`s, hry gmutk ldh tkrmlt, dbfkt sw`lt, cbn`s omch hrbdn, r`h tmdfu` wbtk cbttc` mr dm aur, rlpbh pucs` tklt bs `btk`r tkr`lhy mr tlut

Xk`rlpùtbos5 Dmurbsk ybd ldh trldqubcbz` gbdh Yr`sorbptbmd ldh hrufs5 Zlhbx Z`kglddbl` Yrl`plrltl, Zkbzmgl Hbmsomr`l`, Aruotus Omrdb, Aruotus Cyobb, Ymrbl, Yclstrug X`stuhbdbs, _`g`d Jbmtl`, Ms Hrlomdbs Amssbcbl, Zlhbx Fcyoyrrkbzl` Yrl`plrltl Glcdmurbskg`dt ma gbdh hu` tm ybd hàbob`doy ma tk` k`lrt ldh spc``d Glbd sygptmgs5 LHH, skmrt jr`ltk, sw`ltbdf, plcpbtltbmd, r`stc`ss sc``p wbtk dbfktglr`, stutt`rbdf, plc` ldh cust`rc`ss omgpc`xbmd, plc` r`h tmufk wbtk tkbd, wkbtbsk aur, a``jc` ldh w`ln pucs`

Xk`rlpùtbos5 Xmdbay k`lrt ldh spc``d, olcg tk` gbdh Yr`sorbptbmd5 Zlhbx Fcyoyrrkbzl` Yrl`plrltl, Aruotus Xrbtbob C`vbs, Aruotus Ubzbpkb Eueujl`, Olucbs Ymcyfmdb Guctbacmrb, Zlhbx Yl`mdbl` Lcjl, Zlhbx _lcvbl` Gbctbmrrkbz`l, Zlhbx Ysùhmst`cclrbl`, Ms Hrlomdbs Amssbcbl, Omdokl Mstr`l`, Zlhbx Ymcyflcl`, Zkbzmgl Ybd`ccbl`, Glfd`tbtug

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Ykc`fg ldh k`lt laaòtbdf tk` k`lrt hu` tm hlgpd`ss ldh k`lt loougucltbmd LHKH, bgp`tumus, wbch wbtk clon ma s`ca-omdtrmc, k`ltbd`ss ma ok`st, k`lrtjurd, bdsmgdbl, pmmr lpp`tbt`, hlrn urbd`, tkbrst, omdstbpltbmd, brrbtljc` jmw`cs, r`h tmdfu` wbtk y`ccmwd`ss, tkbon ldh fr`lsy aur, scbpp`ry ldh rlpbh pucs`

Xk`rlpùtbos5 Oc`lrbdf k`lt ldh pkc`fg, bdhuobdf hb`r`sbs ldh olcgbdf tk` gbdh Yr`sorbptbmd5 Kuldfcbld V`dhld Hòmotbmd wbtk mtk`r bdfr`hb`dts cbn` Y`rbolrpbug Obtrb Z`tboucltl`, Zkbzmgl Ybd`ccbl`, Ymrbl, Olucbs Jljjusl` bd Xl`dblg, Lr`sl`gl oug Jbc`, Aruotus Xrbokmsldtkbs, Aruotus Lurldtbb, Zkbzmgl Omptbhbs, Zkbzmgl Lomrb Frlgbd`b, Omdokl Glrflrbtba`rl Pstl Gmhbaboltbmds ma `lok tr`ltg`dt lr` prmvbh`h h`p`dhbdf md mtk`r omdomgbtldts pr`s`dt suok ls t`dh`doy amr omch, r`stc`ssd`ss ldh omdstbpltbmd. Mtk`r omgjbdltbmds ma hrufs klv` lcsm j``d or`lt`h amr us`. Bd l stuhy jy Rldf Kmdf, LHKH okbchr`d tlnbdf jmtk Okbd`s` ldh V`st`rd g`hboltbmds skmw`h kbfk`r our` ldh lg`cbmrltbmd rlt`s (6:.:% ldh 28.8% r`spòtbv`cy), guok cmw`r sygptmgs r`lpp`lrldo` ( r`suctbdf bd l tmtlc lg`cbmrltbmd rlt` ma 2?.?% . Loomrhbdf tm tk` Emurdlc ma Xrlhbtbmdlc Okbd`s` G`hbobd`, fmtu nmcl, nlvl nlvl, Lsbld mr _bj`rbld fbds`df, snuccolp ldh oklgmgbc`, w`r` prmv`d usàuc amr LHKH hu` tm tk`br àaboloy bd bgprmvbdf jrlbd ldh d`rvmus 12 syst`g k`lctk . Bd ldmtk`r stuhy, Qloolrbl s``hs w`r` tlp`h md tm `lr loupudotur` pmbdts ma ?? okbchr`d, 2 skmw`h glrn`h àaòt, wkbc` <2 skmw`h smg` àaòts> wbtk tmtlc lg`cbmrltbmd rlt` ma ;8.;%69. Vkbc` bd l ols` stuhy, l okbch wls our`h wbtk Cbu V`b Hb Kuldf Xldf Ebl V`b (_bx Aclvmrs Z`kglddbl Hòmotbmd wbtk Lhh`h Aclvmrs) 6<.

Loupudotur` Loupudotur` bs tk` bds`rtbmd ma v`ry abd` d``hc`s md tk` jmhy”s suralo` tm stbguclt` tk` jmhy”s audotbmdbdf, smg`tbg`s bd omdeudotbmd wbtk `còtrbolc stbgucus mr k`lt. Bts glbd us` bs tm stbguclt` tk` G`rbhblds (mr Okldd`cs), wkbok lr` spòblc pltkwlys wk`r` `d`rfy acmws tkrmufk. 6: Loupudtur` k`cps r`stmr` tk` `d`rfy jy jlcldobdf tk` ybd ldh yldf. Hr. Okbl Okly Yuly, l Okbd`s` G`hbobd` hmotmr bd _bdflpmr`, tmch ma loupudotur`”s àaòtbv`d`ss bd ourbdf l t``dlf`r wbtk hàbldt j`klvbmr.

J`sbh`s loupudotur`, tk`r` lr` mtk`r dmd-bdvlsbv` g`tkmhs cbn` loupr`ssur`, wkbok stbguclt`s tk` g`rbhbld pmbdts tkrmufk abdf`rs mr klrh jlcc-sklp`h bdstrug`dts.

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<;.G`hbtltbmd <;. G`hbtltbmd G`hbtltbmd bs l hbsobpcbd` ma tk` gbdh, wk`r` md` fm`s j`ymdh l omdsobmus audotbmdbdf gbdh tm l h``p`r stlt` ma lwlr`d`ss ldh omdsobmusd`ss> cmdf t`rg prlotbo` k`cps md` `c`vlt` armg tk` stlf` ma omdo`dtrltbmd tm omdt`gpcltbmd ldh `v`dtulccy tm g`hbtltbmd. Bt bs mat`d lssmoblt`h wbtk r`cbfbmds, tkmufk bt bs lcsm j` amr dmd-r`cbfbmus purpms`s. G`hbtltbmd ldh ymfl lr` skmwd tm klv` fr`lt pmt`dtblc bd bgprmvbdf l p`rsmd”s psyokmsmoblc j`klvbmur ls plrt ma tk` psyokbltrbo tr`ltg`dt ldh bd ols`s ma j`klvbmurlc hbsmrh`rs hbsmrh`rs6?. _ob`dtbsts klv` amudh mut tklt r`fuclr g`hbtltbmd bdor`ls`s tk` jrlbd ldh o`r`jrlc sbz`, wbtk sbfdbaboldtcy gmr` fr`y gltt`r (suok ls bd tk` rbfkt armdtlc omrt`x). Xk` (rbfkt) kbppmolgpus, wkbok bs r`spmdsbjc` amr c`lrdbdf ldh g`gmry, ldh mtk`r plrts r`clt`h tm `gmtbmds lr` lcsm clrf`r 68. G`hbtltbmd tkus bdor`ls`s tk` omdo`dtrltbmd ldh k`cp p`mpc` j`tt`r omdtrmc tk`br `gmtbmds, f`d`rlt` fmmh `gmtbmds, r`huo` str`ss ldh str`dftk`ds tk` bggud` syst`g. _bdfk `t. lc, klv` lcsm àaòtbv`cy us`h g`hbtltbmd bd k`cpbdf pltb`dts skbat `gmtbmdlccy lrmusbdf tkmufkts mr sbtultbmd tm l jmhy plrt tklt bs `gmtbmdlccy dùtrlc suok ls tk` a``t, tkus k`cpbdf omdtrmc lffr`ssbv` j`klvbmur 60. Hlbcy `dqubry mr lutm-`vlcultbmd lutm-`vlcultbmd ma md`”s j`klvbmr wbcc lcsm jrbdf ljmut ld lwlr`d`ss ma md`”s h``hs, ldh tkus k`cp n``p d`fltbv` h``hs bd okòn. Bd g`hbtltbmd, bt bs ròmgg`dh`h tklt md` abdhs l qub`t spmt (prà`rljcy tk` slg` md` `v`ryhly), n``p tk` `y`s klca-ocms`h mr auccy ocms`h, sbt strlbfkt ldh r`clx tk` jmhy jàmr` stlrtbdf tk` g`hbtltbmd. Jr`ltkbdf G`hbtltbmd bs l sbgpc` g`hbtltbmd g`tkmh tklt amous`s md tk` jr`ltk` fmbdf bd ldh mut. Cbfkt (Eymtb) G`hbtltbmd bs l udbv`rslc g`tkmh ma g`hbtltbmd tklt bs lcsm `lsy ldh sla`, wbtk t`stbgmdblcs md j`tt`r j`klvbmurs ldh lolh`gbo r`sucts. Ylr`dts ldh t`lok`rs old lcsm fubh` tk` okbchr`d bd bt.

Cbfkt G`hbtltbmd Flz` lt mr bglfbd` l aclg` mr fmch`d cbfkt. Xln` tk` cbfkt g`dtlccy bdtm bdt m ymur amr`k`lh, j`tw``d ymur gbh-jrmw. Bglfbd` tklt cbfkt abccbdf up ymur `dtbr` gbdh, `xpldhbdf ldh jòmgbdf jrbfkt`r. Xk` cbfkt jrbdfs p`lo` tm tk` gbdh ldh abcc bt mdcy wbtk fmmh tkmufkts. Xk` cbfkt acmws hmwd tm tk` k`lrt wk`r` bt mp`ds up cbn` l cmtu s bd jcmmg. Xk` cbfkt abccs tk` k`lrt wbtk cmv` ldh fmmh `gmtbmds/a``cbdfs, r`gmvbdf lcc hlrnd`ss. Xk` cbfkt p`rvlh`s tk` cbgjs. Xk` c`fs wbcc md cy jrbdf md` tm tk` rbfkt ldh fmmh pclo`s, wkbc` tk` lrgs ldh kldhs wbcc mdcy hm rbfkt ldh fmmh h``hs. Xk` cbfkt gmv`s up tm tk` tmdfu` ldh gmutk, ldh tk` gmutk wbcc sp`ln sw``tcy ldh smatcy, ldh sly mdcy sp`ln trutk. Xk` cbfkt omdtbdu`s tm lso`dh tm tk` `y`s, ldh tk` `y`s wbcc mdcy s`` fmmh. Xk` cbfkt tk`d abccs tk` `lrs, ldh tk` `lrs wbcc mdcy k`lr fmmh. Xk` cbfkt gmv`s jlon tm tk` k`lh, ldh bt bs tk`d s`dt tm tk` `dtbr` algbcy, arb`dhs, omgpldbmds, ls w`cc ls —`d`gb`s” ldh tk` `dtbr` ku gld rlo`. Xk` cbfkt bs `xt`dh`h tm tk` jbrhs, tr``s, ldbglcs, ldh lcc cbvbdf j`bdfs ldh tk`d tm tk` `lrtk ldh tk` `dtbr` udbv`rs`. Gly lcc j`bdfs j `bdfs j` abcc`h wbtk cbfkt ldh cmv`. Hrlw tk` cbfkt jlon bdtm tk` k`lrt ldh wk`d md` bs r`lhy, scmwcy mp`d tk` `y`s. 

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<2.Z`bnb <2. Z`bnb Z`bnb bs l dmd-r`cbfbmus dlturlc k`lcbdf g`tkmh h`v`cmp`h mrbfbdlccy jy Gbnlm Psub bd <2:: lat`r 61 :< hlys ma r`tr`lt tklt bdvmcv`h alstbdf, g`hbtltbmd ldh prly`rs . K` flbd`h tk` r`v`cltbmd tm t`lok p`mpc` kmw tm k`lc tk`gs`cv`s ldh mtk`rs jy tk` –clybdf ma kldhs‗ ljmv` tk` glemr 66 oklnrls (`d`rfy pmbdts bd tk` jmhy) . Lat`r lttud`g`dt, tk` k`lc`r wbcc j` ljc` tm omdhuot tk` fubh`h cba` amro` tkrmufk tk` k`lc`r kldhs tm tk` pltb`dt”s glemr oklnrls, tk`r`jy s``nbdf tm jrbdf tk` `d`rfy ldh tk` p`rsmd jlon tm k`lctky `qubcbjrbug.

Z`bnb bs l dlturlc, sbgpc` ldh sla` g`tkmh tm tr`lt l p`rsmd ls l wkmc` bdocuhbdf kbs g`dtlc, `gmtbmdlc, spbrbtulc ldh pkysbolc. Lgmdfst tk` gldy j`dàbts ma Z`bnb lr` r`clxltbmd ldh l a``cbdf ma rèuv`dltbmd, p`lo` ldh w`cc-j`bdf. J`cmw bs l h`sorbptbmd ma kmw jlcldo`h oklnrls old klv` l pmsbtbv` bgplot md l p`rsmd”s k`lctk5

_muro`5 www.bdt`rdltbmdlckmcbstboomurs`s.omg

Oklnrls Kbfk`r oklnrl Ormwd

Cmoltbmd Ljmv` tk` ormwd Xmp ma tk` k`lh

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Lssmoblt`h Lspòts ma K`lcbdf Kbfk`r spbrbtulc omdsobmusd`ss

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Omggudboltbmd, s`ca-`xpr`ssbmd, wbcc ldh hòbsbv`d`ss

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omgplssbmd,

wbshmg,

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G`dtlc audotbmdbdf, pmw`r, omdtrmc, s`ca-`st``g, omurlf` _`xulc `d`rfy, `gmtbmd, r`cltbmdskbps, or`ltbvbty, rbsn tlnbdf, p`rsmdlc pmw`r Omddòtbmd tm algbcy ldh kugldbty, survbvlc ldh 6; sòurbty, bdstbdot, frmudhbdf, glt`rblc w`cc-j`bdf

8:


:9.Guhrls :9. Guhrls Guhrls lr` ldob`dt kldh f`stur`s tklt old k`cp jrbdf tk` `d`rfb`s ma tk` jmhy, gbdh ldh `gmtbmds bdtm `qubcbjrbug. @lok abdf`r bs suppms` tm r`pr`s`dt `lok `c`g`dt5 tkugj ‟ tkugj ‟ abr`> abr`> bdh`x ‟ lbr, gbhhc` ‟ splo`, rbdf ‟ `lrtk, cbttc` ‟ wlt`r> tkus spòbabo pmstur`s lcsm k`cp jrbdf bdtm jlcldo` tk` 0 `c`g`dts. Xk`r` lr` stbcc gldy pmstur`s tklt lr` dmt bdocuh`h k`r`. Fyld Guhrl

Yrbtkvb Guhrl

Ps`5 (<) Guhrl ma ndmwc`hf` - Bgprmv`s Bgprmv`s g`gmry ldh sklrp`d tk` jrlbd (:) Yr`v`dts bdsmgdbl (?) K`cps psyokmcmfbolc ldh `gmtbmds prmjc`gs cbn` ldf`r, kyst`rbl ldh h`pr`ssbmd (8) K`cps bd bdtmxboltbmd 62 ldh lhhbotbmd (0) Lotbvlt`s Ybtubtlry ldh `dhmorbd` fcldhs G`tkmh5 Xbps ma tk` tkugj ldh bdh`x abdf`r tmuok `lok mtk`r, wkbc` tk` mtk`r abdf`rs r`glbd str`tok mut. Dm tbg` hurltbmd Ps`s5 (<) Jlcldo`s tk` `lrtk `c`g`dt bd tk` jmhy (:) Bgprmv`s jmhy `qubcbjrbug (?) Z`gmv` pkysbolc w`lnd`ss (8) Bdor`ls` tmc`rldo` ldh pltb`do` G`tkmh5 Xbps ma rbdf abdf`r ldh tkugj tmuok `lok mtk`r, mtk`r ? abdf`rs r`glbd mutstr`tok. Dm spòbabo tbg` hurltbmd

Qlyu Guhrl

Ps`s5 (<) K`cps d`rvmus lbcg`dts (:) Bgprmv`s jlcldo` ma lbr `c`g`dt bd jmhy (?) Z`huo`s lok`s ldh plbds (8) Z`huo`s fls bd stmglok G`tkmh5 N``p tk` bdh`x abdf`r lt tk` jls` ma tk` tkugj, pr`ssbdf tk` tkugj lflbdst bt, wkbc` mtk`r abdf`rs lr` n`pt strlbfkt. Yrlotbo` lt c`lst 80 gbdut`s hlbcy. Amr j`tt`r r`sucts prlotbo` amr lt c`lst : gmdtks

_uryl Guhrl

Ps`s5 (<) Hòr`ls`s `lrtk `c`g`dt bd tk` jmhy (:) Z`huo`s ldxb`ty ldh g`dtlc k`lvbd`ss (?) K`cps hbf`stbmd (8) Z`huo`s okmc`st`rmc ldh w`bfkt (0) K`cps tkyrmbh fcldh audotbmd G`tkmh5 J`dh tk` rbdf abdf`r ldh pr`ss jls` ma tk` tkugj lflbdst bt, wkbc` mtk`r abdf`rs r`glbd strlbfkt. Yrlotbo` 0-<0 gbdut`s twbo` hlbcy

Lnlsk Guhrl

Ps`s5 (<) Z`gmv`s arustrltbmd (:) Psàuc amr k`lrt hbs`ls`s ;9 (?) _tr`dftk`d jmd`s (8) Yr`v`dts dlslc ldh m rlc olvbtb`s G`tkmh5 Embd tbps ma gbhhc` abdf`r ldh tkugj, wkbc` mtk`r abdf`rs r`glbd strlbfkt. Yrlotbo` <0 gbdut`s `lok hly

8?


Klnbdl Guhrl

Ps`s5 (<) Bgprmv`s omdo`dtrltbmd ldh g`gmry (:) Yrmgmt`s ommp`rltbmd j`tw``d càt ldh rbfkt jrlbd G`tkmh5 Embd tk` tbps ma tk` omrr`spmdhbdf abdf`rs ma `lok kldh tmf`tk`r. Yrlotbo` amr <0 gbdut`s

Phld Guhrl

Ps`s5 (<) @dkldo`s audotbmdbdf ma d`rvmus syst`g (:) Zàr`sk`s jmhy (?) Our`s ok`st ldh dlv`c prmjc`gs (8) @dkldo`s `d`rfy acmw tkrmufkmut jmhy G`tkmh5 N``p tk` cbttc` abdf`r strlbfkt, wkbc` tk` mtk`r abdf`rs ldh tkugj embd lt tk` tbp. Dm spòbabo hurltbmd

Qyld Guhrl

Ps`s5 (<) _tr`dftk`ds d`rvmus syst`g (:) Z`flbd k`lt bd jmhy (?) Jlcldo`s `d`rfy bd jmhy G`tkmh5 Embd tk` tbps ma tk` bdh`x ldh gbhhc` abdf`rs wbtk tbp ma tk` tkugj, wkbc` c`lvbdf tk` mtk`r abdf`rs strlbfkt. Yrlotbo` amr :9 gbdut`s

Lpldl Qlyu Guhrl

Ps`s5 (<) _tr`dftk`ds k`lrt ldh dmrglcbz`s plcpbtltbmd (:) r`fuclt`s `xor`tmry syst`g (?) lg`cbmrlt` flstrbo prmjc`gs G`tkmh5 Xk` tbps ma tk` gbhhc` ldh rbdf abdf`rs tmuok tk` tbp ma tkugj, wkbc` tk` bdh`x abdf`r tmuok`s tk` jls` ma tkugj ldh cbttc` abdf`r r`glbds strlbfkt. K`lrt ldh jcmmh pr`ssur` pltb`dts tm prlotbo` <0 gbdut`s twbo` hlbcy

;<

'F yld Guhrl' Ymstur`. N``p tk` rbfkt (l) Yurd Fyld Guhrl - _bt ormss-c`ff`h. N``p kldhs bd 'Fyld kldh d`lr ok`st r`fbmd. N``p càt kldh cybdf md càt nd``. Ps`s5 (<) Bdor`ls`s wbshmg ldh bdt`ccbf`do` (:) Z`huo`s brrbtljbcbty (?) Bgprmv`s g`gmry (8) Bgprmv`s `còtrmglfd`tbo lotbvbty ma tk` jrlbd (0) Oc`lrs tk` jmh y”s lurl (j) HKRLLD GPHZL - _bt ormss-c`ff`h. ormss-c`ff`h. N``p jmtk kldhs bd —Fyld Guhrl” Ymstur` md ymur clp. Zbfkt plcg skmuch j` r`stbdf ljmv` càt plcg bd Fyld guhrl

Ps`s5 (<) Bdor`ls`s p`lo` ldh olcgd`ss (:) Bdor`ls`s omdo`dtrltbmd (?) K`cps bd g`dtlc lbcg`dts cbn` h`pr`ssbmd

88


:<.Kypdmtk`rlpy :<. Kypdmtk`rlpy Kypdmtk`rlpy, cbn` g`hbtltbmd, amous`s md fmbdf bdtm tk` s`ca. Kypdmtk`rlpy, kmw`v`r, kls l trlbd`h kypdmtk`rlpbst wkm k`cps bdhuo` tk` pltb`dt bdtm l h``p sujomdsobmus stlt` tm k`cp tk` pltb`dt udomv`r ldh lhhr`ss plst ldh ourr`dt g`dtlc mr `gmtbmdlc bssu`s lssmoblt`h wbtk tk` sbtultbmd lt kldh. Xk` kypdmtk`rlpbst wbcc tk`d prmvbh` fubhldo` ldh suff`stbmds tm r`smcv` tk` bssu`s ldh sbdo` bt bs olrrb`h mut bd tk` kypdmtbo stlt`, tk` pltb`dt bs suppms` tm j` ljc` tm r`fbst`r bt j`tt`r tkld bd tk` wlnbdf stlt`. _mg` prmfrlgs lcsm trlbd p`mpc` tm p`ramrg s`ca-kypdmsbs md tk`gs`cv`s tm k`cp wbtk tk` prmfr`ss. Kypdmtk`rlpy kls gldy suoo`ss`s wbtk k`cpbdf p`mpc` wbtk prmjc`gs rldfbdf armg sgmnbdf lhhbotbmds tm `gmtbmdlc hbsmrh`rs. ;:

usbo Xk `r lpy ::. _mudh ldh G usbo

Gusbo Xk`rlpy bs tk` us` ma gusbo tm k`cp r`lok mut tm pltb`dts tkrmufk —pkysbolc, `gmtbmdlc, ;? g`dtlc, smoblc, l`stk`tbo ldh spbrbtulc” g`lds ldh k`cp tk`g klv` j`tt`r k`lctk . Mv`r tk` hòlh`s, gmr` r`s`lrok`s lr` f`d`rltbdf pmsbtbv` r`pmrts md kmw Gusbo Xk`rlpy lr` k`cpbdf okbchr`d wbtk prmjc`gs bd s`ca-r`strlbdt, ldlcyzbdf, prmvbhbdf lpprmprblt` smoblc r`spmds`s, bdt`rlotbmd(_trlttmd <2;2> Arb`hcldh`r, <228). Z`sucts lcsm bdhbolt` tklt stuh`dts wbtk prmjc`gs amrgbdf ldh glbdtlbdbdf r`cltbmdskbps wbtk mtk`rs, ldh tk`br surrmudhbdfs lcsm skmw`h bgprmv`g`dt bd s`ca-omdabh`do` ldh s`ca-wmrtk. Loomrhbdf tm Kldskugln`r (<2;9), gusbo old k`cp ymudf okbchr`d j`tt`r loqubr` cldfulf`s, r`lh, h`v`cmp bdt`ccòtulccy, or`ltbv`cy ldh p`rsmdlccy(<2;9). Jm ys wbtk j`klvbmurlc prmjc`gs lr` ljc` tm f`t bdt`r`st`h bd gusbo, ldh clt`r mp`d up ldh sklr` tk`br bssu`s (Eucb`t Lcvbd, <260). Gusbo tk`rlpy old k`cp r`huo` ldxb`ty (K`dhrbons `t lc., <222), bdor`ls` `gmtbmdlc r`spmdsbv`d`ss (Vlss`rgld, <26:) ldh k`cps wbtk bgpucsbv` j`klvbmur, s`ca-omdtrmc (Clygld `t lc., :99:), g`dtlc ldh pkysbolc p kysbolc om-mrhbdltbmd (Gmdt`ccm, <221). Ar`` bgprmvbsltbmd c`ts tk` tk`rlpbst tm udh`rstldh tk` bdt`rdlc prmjc`gs ma tk` okbch (X`rvm, :990), ldh lccmws bt tm j` hbròt`h lt l dùtrlc —mjeòt” (Jrusobl, <2;6). _tuh`dts wbtk j`klvbmrlc mr `gmtbmdlc hbsmrh`r bs mjs`rv`h tm j` gmr` ommp`rltbv` ldh `dtkusblstbo, ldh hbh j`tt`r tkld stuh`dts wkm mdcy plrtbobplt`h bd v`rjlc tk`rlpy (Klbd`s, <2;2). Bd lhhbtbmd, Hr. Glslru @gmtm amudh mut tklt wlt`r bs ljc` tm ljsmrj tk` vbjrltbmdlc pltt`rd ma l wmrh mr gusbo ldh hbspcly bt bd tk` h`-orystlccbzltbmd prmo`ss. Vk`d `xpms`h tm pmsbtbv` wmrhs mr oclssbolc gusbo (plst`h md wlt`r abcc`h p`trb-hbsk`s), wlt`r orystlccbz`s bdtm j`lutbauc acmw`ry pltt`rds> wkbc` d`fltbv` wmrhs mr dmd-oclssbolc gusbo suok ls g`tlccbo mr klrh rmon gusbo olus` ;8 orystlcs tm amrg rbfbh struotur`s . _tuhb`s skmw tklt k`lvy g`tlc rmon gmr` lffr`ssbv` ldh ;0 vbmc`dt j`klvbmr wk`d omgplr`h tm oclssbolc gusbo tklt c`lhs tm cmw`r pucs` rlt` ldh kbfk`r B\ . Ycldts `xpms`h tm oclssbolc gusbo lcsm fr`w tlcc`r, klv` gmr` acmw`rs ldh `v`d fr`w tmwlrhs tk` gusbo> wkbc` pcldts `xpms`h tm g`tlccbo mr rmon gusbo mat`d ròmrh`h pmmr frmwtk, ldh `v`d wbct`h> tkus h`gmdstrltbdf kmw bgpmrtldt wmrhs ldh smudhs lr` tm k`lctky cbvbdf sbdo` kugld bs 69% glh` up ma wlt`r. K`do`, r`cbfbmus prly`rs ldh fmmh tkmufkts lcsm k`cp fbv` fmmh `d`rf`tbo bgprbdts tm tk` jmhb`s.

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:?.Dutrbtbmd

Vbtk LHKH ldh mtk`r j`klvbmrlc hbsmrh`rs, dutrbtbmd ldh hb`t skmuch j` md` ma tk` abrst tr`ltg`dt g`tkmhs tm j` omdsbh`r`h. Z`s`lrok`s skmw tklt tk`r` lr` cbdns j`tw``d dutrbtbmd, hb`t ldh j`klvbmr. _uppc`g`dtlry vbtlgbds, `ss`dtblc altty lobhs ldh gbd`rlcs, amr `xlgpc`, k`cp r`huo` vbmc`do` ldh ldtb-smoblc j`klvbmr lgmdfst ymudf lhuct prbsmd`rs (F`sok `t. lc, :99:). Xk`r` bs lcsm sbfdbaboldt bgprmv`g`dt bd omdhuot, bdt`ccbf`do` mr/ldh lolh`gbo r`sucts lat`r dutrbtbv` hb`ts klv` j``d bgpc`g`dt`h bd ;
Bd t`rgs ma gborm-dutrbtbmd, zbdo, brmd, glfd`sbug, olcobug ldh ompp`r hàbob`doy kls j``d cbdn`h tm LHKH, lffr`ssbmd ldh vbmc`do` bd okbchr`d wbtk j`klvbmrlc hbsmrh`rs (Zms`d `t. lc, ;2 <2;0> _`v`r `t. lc, <226> Jrmpky, <2;1> Vltts, <229) . Xkus l suppc`g`dt ma tk` gbormdutrb`dts bd tk` hb`t bs dò`sslry wk`d tk`y lr` clonbdf. Kbfk`r gbd`rlc bdtln`, cbn` olcobug, lcsm r`huo` tk` tmxbo àaòt ma k`lvy g`tlcs cbn` c`lh (Vlcsk `t. lc, <226). _trlmjrlt, <22;, prmv`h tklt LHKH okbchr`d r`qubr` glfd`sbug suppc`g`dt. Kbfk ompp`r ldh cmw sucpkur hb`t lcsm 29 r`sucts bd LHH sygptmgs suok ls clon ma omdo`dtrltbmd ldh pmmr g`gmry . Mcbfmldtbf`dbo hb`t (A`bdfmch hb`t), wkbok `cbgbdlt`s ammh tklt prmgmt` lcc`rfb`s, bgprmv`h tk` omdhuot ma :8% ma tk` okbchr`d wbtk LHKH ldh omdhuot hbsmrh`r eust ls w`cc omgplr`h tm 88% wkm bgprmv`h usbdf Zbtlcbd (_okbght, <226)> wkbc` fcyomdutrbtbmdlc suppc`g`dts cbn` slooklrbh`s r`huo`h tk` s`v`rbty ma sygptmgs lssmoblt`h wbtk LHKH, MHH, OH ldh sbh` àaòts ma r`clt`h stbgucldt g`hboltbmds (Hyngld, <22;). Bd lhhbtbmd, l fr`lt`r bdtln` ma pkmspkltbhycs`rbd` (l glbd omgpmd`dt ma tk` o`ccuclr g`gjrld`s), bdor`ls`s sydlptbo omggudboltbmds ldh hmplgbd` prmhuotbmd ldh àabob`doy, tkus dmrglcbz` jrlbd audotbmd ldh c`lh tm mv`r 29% bgprmv`g`dts bd pltb`dts wbtk j`klvbmrlc j`k lvbmrlc hbsmrh`rs.

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:8. Jb mok`gb mok`gb o Xb X b ssu` _lct _lcts s Jbmok`gbo o`cc slcts lr` bdmrfldbo slcts wkbok lr` ar`qu`dtcy us`h lcmdfsbh` kmg`mpltky r`g`hb`s, ldh old j` us`h ls suppc`g`dts wk`d tk` jmhy skmws l hàbob`doy. Xk`y lr` hbsomv`r`h jy Hr. _oku`ssc`r, l F`rgld kmg`mpltk. K` amudh mut tklt tk`r` `xbst <: bdmrfldbo slcts ma brmd, olcobug, glfd`sbug, pmtlssbug, smhbug ldh qulrtz wkbok lr` audhlg`dtlc omgpmd`dts r`qubr`h jy tk` jmhy ldh tkus amr cba` sust`dldo`. Ldy bgjlcldo` bd tk` lgmudt ma bdmrfldbo tbssu` slcts bd tk` jmhy wmuch r`suct bd bccd`ss. Xkus jy suppcybdf tk`s` slcts bd tk` rbfkt quldtbty, k`lctk wmuch j` r`stmr`h. Xk`s` bdmrfldbo slcts lr` pr`plr`h tkrmufk trbturltbmd, 2< wk`r`jy tk`y lr` gbx`h bd pr`h`t`rgbd`h quldtbtb`s wbtk gbcn suflr ldh glh` bdtm pbccs . 2:

Jbmok`gbo o`cc slcts lr` fmmh gmmh r`fucltmrs ldh jrlbd tmdbo . Dltbv` Z`g`hb`s, l c`lhbdf dlturlc g`hbobd` gldualotur`r wbtk fmmh t`stbgmdblcs, ròmgg`dh`h tk` us` ma Nlcb 2? Ykmspkmrboug, Dltrug Gurbltboug ldh Olcolr`l Ykmspkmrboug amr LHKH . Bt lcsm ròmgg`dh`h tk` us` ma Dltrug _ucpkurboug, Dltrug Ykmspkmrboug ldh Nlcb Ykmspkmrboug ls suppc`g`dts amr p`mpc` wbtk gmmh bgjlcldo` ldh lffr`ssbmd ls tk` slcts wbcc k`cp r`huo` 28 brrbtljbcbty ldh slhd`ss, ldh prmgmt` l k`lctky c`v`c ma s`rmtmdbd .

J`cmw lr` `xlgpc`s ma jbmok`gbo o`cc slcts tklt lr` fmmh amr okbchr`d wbtk j`klvbmrlc mr gmmh hbsmrh`rs5 Nlcb Ykmspkmrboug (Nlcb Ykms / Ymtlssbug Ykmspklt`) ‟ L d`rv` dutrb`dt fmmh amr jrlbd, d`rv`, gusoc`s ldh jcmmh v`ss`c. Bt old lcsm k`cp wbtk d`rv` acubh ldh fr`y gltt`r prmhuotbmd. Bt kls l olcgbdf ldh smmtkbdf àaòt ldh bs us`h bd t`dsbmd, brrbtljbcbty, h`pr`ssbmd, kyst`rbl, prmstrltbmd ldh sc``pc`ssd`ss. Dltrbug _ucpkurboug (Dlt _ucpk/ _mhbug _ucpklt`) - Vlt`r r`fucltmr ldh o`cc oc`lds`r. Z`huo` a``cbdfs ma slhd`ss, kmp`c`ssd`ss, ldf`r ldh rlf`.

Lobh r`fucltmr amr tk` o`ccs, glbdtlbd Dltrbug Ykmspkmrboug (Dlt Ykms/ _mhbug Ykmsplt`) ‟ Lobh pK jlcldo` bd mur jmhb`s. K`cps lssbgbclt` alt r`qubr`h amr k`lctky audotbmdbdf ma jrlbd. Dltrbug Gurbltboug (Dlt Gur/ _mhbug Okcmrbh`) ‟ Vlt`r hbstrbjutmr. Glbdtlbds wlt`r jlcldo` bd tk` o`ccs, tkus suppmrtbdf jrlbd o`ccs ls bt c`lhs tm prmp`r g`tljmcbsg ldh lssbst bd r`gmvlc ma tmxbds. Dlt Gur skmuch dmt j` omdaus`h wbtk kmus`kmch slct. Olcolr`l Ykmspkmrboug (Olco Ykms/ Olcobug Ykmsplt`) ‟ L L dutrbtbv` tmdbo tklt k`cps frmwtk bd okbchr`d. Bt f`d`rlt`s d`w o`ccs bd tk` jmhy.

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:0. Kmg`mpltky Kmg`mpltky bs l kmcbstbo syst`g ma g`hbobd` hbsomv`r`h jy l F`rgld Ykysbobld Hr. _lgu`c tk Klkd`gldd bd tk` <; o`dtury. Bt tr`lts l p`rsmd ls l wkmc`, jls`h md tk` spbrbtulc, g`dtlc, `gmtbmdlc ldh pkysbolc sygptmgs ma tk` p`rsmd. Kmg`mpltky r`g`hb`s lr` pr`plr`h armg s`còt`h mr wkmc` plrts ma pcldts, gbd`rlcs, g`tlcs, mrfldbo sujstldo`s ldh ldbglcs. Xk`r` lr` lcsm dmsmh`s tklt lr` kmg`mpltkbo r`g`hb`s pr`plr`h armg kugld gmrjbh mr kugld hbs`ls`h tbssu`s suok ls pus. Xk` r`g`hb`s lr` ljc` tm àaòt our` hu` tm tk` Clw ma _bgbclr, –C`t cbn`s j` our`h jy cbn`s‗, cbn`s‗, wk`r` l sbon p`rsmd old j` tr`lt`h jy tk` slg`, jut hbcut`h ldh pmt`dtbs`h amrg ma tk` sujstldo` tklt prmhuo`h tk` slg` slg` nbdh ma sygptmgs bd l k`lctky p`rsmd wk`d tln`d bd oruh` amrg. Bd oclssbolc Kmg`mpltky”s Clw ma _bgpc`x, mdcy l sbgpc` ldh sbdfc` hruf skmuch j` pr`sorbj`h. Xk` Clw ma Gbdbgug stlt`s tklt mdcy tk` c`lst r`qubr`h lgmudt ldh hms` ma tk` r`g`hy skmuch j` us`h tm jrbdf tk` jmhy jlon tm k`lctk. Xk` gmr` hbcut`h r`g`hb`s lcsm c`lh tm fr`lt`r g`hbobdlc pmw`r. Kmg`mpltky s``ns tm jrbdf tk` jmhy”s vbtlc amro` jlon tm `qubcbjrbug jy stbgucltbdf tk` jmhy”s mwd hà`do` gòkldbsg. Kmg`mpltkbo r`g`hb`s old j` us`h tm tr`lt lout` mr okrmdbo hbs`ls`s. Loomrhbdf tm Klkd`gldd, okrmdbo hbs`ls`s wbcc dmt k`lc md tk`br mwd> ba càt udtr`lt`h, tk` 20 pltb`dt wbcc suaa`r wbtk bt kbs wkmc` cba` . J`klvbmrlc hbsmrh`rs bd okbchr`d lr` omdsbh`r`h okrmdbo prmjc`gs ls tk`y lr` cmdf-stldhbdf ldh t`dh tm klv` l frlhulc mds`t. Xk`y lr` h``p-s`lt`h hbs`ls`s tklt laaòt tk` g`dtlc ldh `gmtbmdlc pcld`s. Amr okrmdbo hbsmrh`rs, l omdstbtutbmdlc ldh bdhbvbhulcbz`h lpprmlok tm hbs`ls`s bs r`qubr`h, wkbok tln`s bdtm loomudt tk` gbdh, `gmtbmd, p`rsmdlcbty, jmhy, cba`styc`, cba` `xp`rb`do`s, bhbmsydorlsb`s ma tk` pltb`dt. K`do`, jy cmmnbdf lt tk` tmtlcbty ma sygptmgs, tk` kmg`mpltkbo hmotmr bs tkus ljc` tm s`còt tk` gmst subtljc` r`g`hy amr tk` pltb`dt. @v`d ba twm p`mpc` lr` suaa`rbdf armg tk` slg` j`klvbmrlc hbsmrh`r, tk` r`g`hy lhgbdbst`r`h amr `lok md` gly j` hbaa`r`dt ba tk` tmtlcbtb`s ma sygptmgs hbaa`r. Vk`d lhgbdbst`r`h, tk` ourltbv` lotbmd stlrts bgg`hblt`cy, tkmufk amr okrmdbo ols`s, tk` our` wbcc dlturlccy tln` l cmdf`r tbg` tkld lout` ols`s. _mg` plr`dts gly a`lr tklt Kmg`mpltky wbcc c`lh tm l omgpc`t` okldf` bd tk` p`rsmdlcbty mr g`dtlcbty ma tk` okbch ba tk` r`g`hy bs lhgbdbst`r`h amr okbchr`d wbtk j`klvbmrlc, g`dtlc mr gmmh hbsmrh`rs. Xk` ldsw`r bs —dm”, ls tk` okbch”s bddlt` bddlt ` oklrlot`r wbcc r`glbd, jut tk` t`dh`doy tmwlrhs bddlt` mr loqubr`h d`fltbv` `gmtbmds ldh j`klvbmrs suok ls brrbtljbcbty, oursbdf mr j`ltbdf p`mpc` wbcc j` hbgbdbsk`h mr our`h ba tk` r`g`hy s`còt`h bs tk` sbgbcbgug (tk` gmst gltokbdf r`g`hy tklt sltbsay tk` tmtlcbty ma tk` sygptmgs). K`do`, ld lotbv` okbch wbcc dmt jòmg` ld bdlotbv` bdl otbv` okbch, ldh ld `xtrmv`rt`h `x trmv`rt`h okbch wbcc dmt jòmg` bdtrmv`rt`h. Vk`d l our` mr ld bgprmv`g`dt bs àaòt`h, tk` okbch, wbcc, kmw`v`r klv` l s`ds` ma omdtrmc, w`cc-j`bdf ldh olcgd`ss tm k`cp kbg omp` wbtk hlbcy audotbmdbdf lt kmg`, sokmmc mr tk` mutsbh` `dvbrmdg`dt. J`dàbts

Kmg`mpltky bs sla` ls sujstldo`s tklt lr` tmxbo bd tk`br oruh` amrgs lr` r`dh`r`h dmd-pmbsmdmus ldh dmd-lcc`rfbo tkrmufk tk` prmo`ss ma hbcutbmd> wkmc` gmcòuc`s ma tk` sujstldo`s tkus omuch dmt j` h`tòt`h bd tk` r`g`hb`s. Kmg`mpltky old lcsm j` us`h lcmdfsbh` mtk`r g`hbolc syst`gs suok ls lccmpltky, loupudotur`, dlturmpltky, pkysbmtk`rlpy, glfd`tbo tk`rlpy ldh glsslf`. Bt hm`s dmt klv` ldy sbh` àaòts ls bt s``ns tm jrbdf ljmut l f`dtc` ldh p`rgld`dt our` bd l p`rsmd. Bt bs lcsm òmdmgbolc ldh r`lhbcy lvlbcljc`. 8;


:1.K :1. K mg`mpltky mg`mpltky Ols` Ols`-Xln b df Vk`d l pltb`dt lpprmlok l kmg`mpltkbo hmotmr, tk` hmotmr kls tm mjs`rv` sbfds (tklt old j` s``d, k`lrh, a`ct jy tk` hmotmr), qu`stbmd tk` pltb`dt (sujeòtbv` sygptmgs ls p`ro`bv`h jy tk` pltb`dt) mr tk` p`rsmd wkm olg` wbtk kbg (mjeòtbv` sygptmgs ls mjs`rv`h jy olr`tln`rs, algbcy mr t`lok`r) ldh tln` dmt`. Bd tr`ltbdf tk` p`rsmd ls l wkmc` , bt bs bgpmrtldt tm bh`dtbay tk` omdstbtutbmd ma tk` bdhbvbhulc wbtk `gpklsbs md tk` pkysbolc, g`dtlc ldh `gmtbmdlc gln`-up ma tk` bdhbvbhulc ldh tk` r`clt`h gblsg ldh hbltk`sbs. l. Ykysbolc Omdstbtutbmd Ykysbolc gln`-up ma l p`rsmd bs bgpmrtldt amr okrmdbo ols`s, tk` hmotmr skmuch h`t`rgbd`5 b. Omcmr ma klbr, snbd ldh `y`s bb. Jmhy prmpmrtbmd5 hbstrbjutbmd ma alts bd tk` jmhy, jcmlt`hd`ss, `globltbmd (spr`lhbdf upwlrhs mr hmwdwlrhs> lpp`tbt`) bbb. Xmdfu`5 omcmr, aurry mr sgmmtk bv. _nbd5 k`lctk, frmwtks `.f. gmc`s ldh wlrts, hbsomcmrltbmd `.f. jbrtkglrn, arònc`s j. Mjs`rvltbmd Xkrmufk tk` `y`s ldh mtk`r aloblc `xpr`ssbmd ma tk` okbch, tk` hmotmr wbcc j` ljc` tm mjs`rv` tk` lssmoblt`h t`dh`dob`s ldh `gmtbmds (ldh bts bdt`dsbty ldh hurltbmd)5 stujjmrdd`ss, sklrpd`ss, 21 glcbobmusd`ss, kltr`h, slhd`ss, hbssltbsalotbmd, brrbtljbcbty .

Xkrmufk tk` jmhy gmv`g`dts ldh sp`òk, tk` hmotmr old mjs`rv` tk` h`fr`` ma r`stc`ssd`ss, kyp`rlotbvbty, r`lotbvbty, lffr`ssbv`d`ss, h`struotbv`d`ss, `xtrmv`rt`hd`ss, clsobvbmusd`ss ldh tk` gmtmr ommrhbdltbmd (h`v`cmpg`dtlc stlf`). Amr `xlgpc`, smg` okbchr`d klv` gmr` upp`r tkld cmw`r cbgj r`stc`ssd`ss. Mjs`rvltbmds old k`cp dlrrmw hmwd tk` okmbo` ma tk` r`g`hb`s suok ls bd kyp`rlotbvbty, tk`r` lr` r`g`hb`s tklt pmbdt tm gmr` upp`r tkld cmw`r `xtr`gbtb`s gmv`g`dts. Vk`d tk` okbch bs lcr`lhy omgbdf wbtk l j`klvbmrlc prmjc`g, bt wmuch j` `lsb`r tm bh`dtbay tk` prmjc`gs. Kmw`v`r, tk`r` gly j` okbchr`d wkm omg` amr tr`ltg`dt ma lout` hbs`ls`s suok ls l omch ldh tk` olr`tln`r albcs tm g`dtbmd tk` okbch”s mjs`rv`h j`klvbmrlc prmjc`g. Bd tkbs so`dlrbm, bt bs pmssbjc` amr l hmotmr tm ròmgg`dh tklt tk` okbch omg` amr l omdstbtutbmdlc lss`ssg`dt tm tr`lt tk` okbch”s okrmdbo j`klvbmrlc mr j`klvbmrlc mr `gmtbmdlc prmjc`gs. o. Hbròt \u`stbmdbdf J`sbh`s mjs`rvltbmd, omdstbtutbmdlc lpprmlok tm lpprmlok tm ols`-tlnbdf lcsm r`qubr`s tk` hmotmr tm j` lwlr` ma s`v`rlc alotmrs tklt d``h tm j` bh`dtbab`h bd lffr`ssbv` okbchr`d5 <. Bh`dtbaybdf tk` olus` ma tk` j`klvbmrlc mr g`dtlc hbsmrh`r, wk`tk`r bt bs5 l. Bddlt` mr hu` tm ld `xt`rdlc olus` j. K`r`hbtlry ‟ K`r`hbtlry ‟ algbcy”s algbcy”s k`lctk kbstmry o. Lbcg`dts armg hbs`ls`s, bdeurb`s, vloobdltbmds ldh g`hboltbmds ma plst ldh pr`s`dt

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h. Yrmvmnbdf alotmrs ‟ wk`tk`r tk`r` bs ldy algbcy turjuc`do`s ldh hydlgbo prmjc`gs, jlh p``r bdacu`do`, str`ss, sokmmc prmjc`gs :. Mds`t ‟ Vk`d Vk`d bt abrst moourr`h, wk`tk`r tk` pltb`dt bs suaa`rbdf armg l okrmdbo mr lout` jmut ma tk` j`klvbmrlc j`k lvbmrlc mr g`dtlc hbsmrh`r, bs bt suhh`d mr frlhulc, tk` hurltbmd, kmw k mw cmdf tk` pltb`dt klh tk` bccd`ss, tk` p`rbmhbobty ldh ròurr`do`s. @xlgpc` ma lout` wmuch bdocuh` suhh`d vbmc`dt mutjurst ma ldf`r. @xlgpc` ma l okrmdbo j`klvbmrlc prmjc`g wmuch j` omdstldt hbsmj`hb`do` tmwlrhs plr`dts ?. G`dtlc-@gmtbmdlc _tlt` ‟ t`gp`rlg`dt> a`lrs> kmp`s ldh lspbrltbmds> cbn`s ldh hbscbn`s> s`dsbtbvbty tm plbd, bdeury, dmbs`, tmuok, j`bdf olrrb`h> s`dsbtbvbty tm mtk`r”s plbd, algbcy plbd, algbcy turjuc`do`, t`c`vbsbmd prmfrlgg`s, stmrb`s> r`lotbmd tm ltt`dtbmd/omdsmcltbmd/frbàs> bglfbdltbv` 26 8. J`klvbmrlc ldlcysbs L. _mobljbcbty5 lpprmlokljc`, smobljc`, lhlptljc`, l c`lh`r/amccmw`r, bdt`rlotbv` wbtk ymudf`r okbchr`d mr p``rs, or`ltbv`, omgp`tbtbv`, lffr`ssbv`> kbs lttbtuh` tm ldbglcs, tmys, jcldn`t, strldf`rs, hurbdf pcly, j`bdf lcmd` J. Bdh`p`dh`do`5 r`spmdsbjbcbty r`lotbmd tm dmt f`ttbdf wklt k` wldts O. Lotbvbty5 c`v`c, r`spmdsbv`d`ss, bdt`dsbty, rkytkgbobty, hbstrlotbjbcbty, ltt`dtbmd spld, p`rs`v`rldo`, pltt`rds (a``h, pcly, sc``p) H. H`struotbjbcbty5 jr`lnbdf tkbdfs, kurtbdf mtk`rs, r`spmdsbjbcbty, r`lotbmd tm dmt f`ttbdf wklt k` wldts 0. Bdt`ccòt ‟ omggldh mv`r tk` 0 s`ds`s s`ds`s (cbdfubstbo/cmfbo/nbd`stk`tbo/spltblc/gusbolc) (cbdfubstbo/cmfbo/nbd`stk`tbo/spltblc/gusbolc) ldh ljbcbty mr bdt`r`st bd vlrbmus sujeòts 1. Ykysbolc F`d`rlcs ‟ Hb`t Hb`t (lpp`tbt`, orlvbdfs ldh lv`rsbmds, tkbrst), sc``p (pltt`rd, gmmh md wlnbdf, sc``p pmsbtbmd, cbfkt/k`lvy, r`lsmd amr bdsmgdbl), hr`lgs, w`ltk`r laaòtbmds, p`rspbrltbmd (plrts, sg`cc), urbd` ldh stmmc> Gmhlcbty ‟ tbg` wk`d mr alotmrs tklt olus` tk` sygptmgs tm j` j`tt`r mr wmrs` 6. H`v`cmpg`dtlc Kbstmry - Gmtk`r's h`sorbptbmd ma pr`fdldoy, cljmr, jbrtk, jr`lsta``hbdf ldh k`r `gmtbmds> h`dtbtbmd, c`lrdbdf tm tlcn, wlcn, omgpr`k`dh, gusoucmsn`c`tlc h`v`cmpg`dt, tmbc`t trlbdbdf ;. Algbcy `dvbrmdg`dt ‟ cba`styc`, r`cltbmdskbp wbtk algbcy g`gj`rs, hbvmro`, algbcy gmv`g`dts, r`cbfbmd, abdldoblc stljbcbty 2. Omdomgbtldts ‟ mtk`r mtk`r udr`clt`h sygptmgs loomgpldybdf tk` glbd omgpclbdt <9. Mtk`r `xbstbdf hbs`ls`s ldh pkysbolc t`dh`dob`s Xk` hmotmr d``hs tm bh`dtbay ljmut 0-1 (ldh l glxbgug ma ljmut ;- <9 amr okrmdbo ols`s) n`y sygptmgs armg tk` ols`. N`y sygptmgs old bdocuh` g`dtlc f`d`rlcs, pkysbolc f`d`rlcs, Y\Z_ (pòucblr, qu``r, rlr` mr strldf`) sygptmgs ldh plrtbouclrs ma tk` hbs`ls`. Omggmd sygptmgs ma tk` plrtbouclr hbs`ls` skmuch j` ruc`h mut ls tk`s` lr` amudh bd gmst pltb`dts ldh lbcg`dts ldh bs prmhuo`h bd tk` prmvbdfs ma gldy r`g`hb`s. Bdst`lh, prbmrbty skmuch j` fbv`d tm oklrlot`rbstbo sygptmgs wkbok lr` udusulc ldh hbstbdotbv` ldh lr` amudh bd a`w pltb`dts ldh bd tk` prmvbdfs ma a`w r`g`hb`s ‟ r`g`hb`s ‟ amr amr `xlgpc`, tk` s`dsltbmd ma omjw`js jàmr` tk` alo`. Oklrlot`rbstbo sygptmgs old `btk`r moour wk`d `xpòt`h sygptmgs lr` dmt pr`s`dt mr wk`d ud`xpòt`h sygptmgs lr` pr`s`dt.

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Mpbdbmds ma @gbd`dt Kmg`mpltks :6.K :6. K lkd `gldd gld d ldh mtk`r glst` glst`rr s md G `dtlc ldh @g mtbmdlc mtbmd lc H b s`ls` ls`s Klkd`gldd bd kbs Mrfldmd wrmt` gldy bgpmrtldt pmbdts amr tk` tr`ltg`dt ma hbs`ls`s ma tk` g`dtlc ldh `gmtbmdlc c`v`cs. K` tkmufkt tklt g`dtlc ldh `gmtbmdlc hbs`ls`s skmuch dmt j` oclssbab`h ls l s`plrlt` oclss ma glclhy ^Lpk. :<9W, amr tk`y lr` smc`cy tk` g`dtlc sygptmgs ma 2; tk` wkmc` p`rsmd. p`rsmd. G`dtlc ldh `gmtbmdlc hbs`ls`s lr` —lct`r`h stlt` ma tk` hbspmsbtbmd ldh gbdh” ^Lpk. :<:W r`suctbdf armg l h`rldf`g`dt bd tk` cba` amro`. Gldy ma tk` g`dtlc ldh `gmtbmdlc hbs`ls`s st`g armg omrpmr`lc hbs`ls`s bd wkbok tk` sygptmgltbo h`rldf`g`dt ma tk` gbdh ldh hbspmsbtbmd bs bdor`ls`h wkbc` omdourr`dtcy, tk` omrpmr`lc sygptmgs hbgbdbsk tm tk` pmbdt tklt tk` 22 bccd`ss s``g`h md`-sbh`hcy st`ggbdf armg gbdh mr hbspmsbtbmd ^Lpk. :<0W . K`do`, bt bs bgpmrtldt tm abdh mut tk` `dtbr` sygptmgs ma tk` omrpmr`lc hbs`ls` jàmr` bt wmrs`d bdtm l md`sbh`h g`dtlc hbs`ls`. Xm hòbpk`r wk`tk`r l g`dtlc hbs`ls` bs f`dubd`cy lrbsbdf armg l omrpmr`lc hbs`ls` mr bs l r`suct ma omrrupt mr glcprlotbo`s, jlh `huoltbmd, d`fcòt, sup`rstbtbmd mr bfdmrldo`, md` skmuch fbv` fmmh, arb`dhcy lhvbo` ldh omdsmcltbmd tm tk` pltb`dt. Ba tk` pltb`dt bgprmv`s, ls wbcc j` tk` ols` bd lout` g`dtlc hbs`ls`s ^Lpk. ::1W, tk` cltt`r olus`s lr` tk` r`lsmd amr tk` pmmr g`dtlc omdhbtbmds. Amr r`lc gmrlc mr g`dtlc hbs`ls`s, kmw`v`r, tk` hbs`ls` wmuch j` lffrlvlt`h jy tk` ljmv` olr` ldh suppmrt fbv`d, suok tklt l glcbobmus okbch wbcc jòmg` gmr` glcbobmus ldh l hàbldt okbch wbcc jòmg` gmr` hbsmj`hb`dt ^Lpk. ::8W. Xk`r` lr` lcsm omrpmr`lc hbs`ls`s tklt hm dmt h`f`d`rlt` bdtm md`-sbh`h g`dtlc hbs`ls`s, jut lr` omdstldtcy `xobt`h jy d`fltbv` `gmtbmds> bd tkms` ols`s, tk` jmgjlrhg`dt ma d`fltbv` `gmtbmds `v`dtulccy c`lh tm l fr`lt`r h`struotbmd ma tk` omrpmr`lc jmhy. K` tk`d pmbdt`h mut tklt tk` àaboloy ma tk` kmg`mpltkbo syst`g mv`r mtk`r g`hbobdlc syst`g stldhs mut gmr` oc`lrcy bd okrmdbo g`dtlc ldh `gmtbmdlc hbs`ls`s ^Lpk. :< wkbc` Lomdbt`, J`cclhmddl, _trlgmdbug, Kymsoylgus, G`roury klv` j``d bh`dtbab`h jy kbg ls usàuc amr prmvbhbdf t`gpmrlry r`cbà amr okrmdbo ldh lout` ols`s ^Lpk. ::
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<9< :;.K :;. K lkd `gldd md D ltur ` ma Okr mdb o Hbs`ls Hbs`ls` `

Okrmdbo hbs`ls`s lr` cmdf t`rg hbs`ls`s ma lt c`lst l a`w w``ns cmdf. Bt old `v`d str`tok tm y`lrs ldh hòlh`s. Kmg`mpltkbo tr`ltg`dt old lcc`vblt` ldh r`stmr` l pltb`dt”s k`lctk tm l fmmh vbtlc stlt`. Xk` fmmh stlt` mat`d gln`s p`mpc` mjcbvbmus tm tk` hbs`ls`s tklt klv` y`t r`lr`h tk`br aucc jcmwd stlt`s, `spòblccy wk`d omupc`h wbtk bgprmv`h cbvbdf omdhbtbmds ldh fmmh w`ltk`r. _mg`tbg`s, l wrmdf hb`t, l okldf` ma w`ltk`r, l vbmc`dt mr suhh`d skmon tm tk` jmhy ldh gbdh old olus` tk` r`lpp`lrldo` ma md` mr gmr` sygptmgs, bd lhhbtbmd tm mtk`r d`w omdomgbtldts tklt gly j` `v`d gmr` mr eust ls hbaabouct tm tr`lt. Vk`d bdbtblc r`g`hb`s albc tm our` tk` omdtbdumuscy r`lpp`lrbdf sygptmgs ldh d`w omdomgbtldts àaòtbv`cy amr okrmdbo dmd-v`d`r`lc hbs`ls`s, md` gust suspòt l h``p`r udh`rcybdf pltkmcmfy pltkmcmf y rà`rr`h tm ls gblsg. Klkd`gldd klh l v`ry suoo`ssauc prlotbo` wbtk `xo`cc`dt r`sucts, kmw`v`r, tk`r` w`r` ols`s tklt bgprmv`h omdsbh`rljcy, jut hbh dmt lokb`v` tmtlc our`. K` r`lcbs`h tklt kbs pltb`dts klh ld btok, wkbok tk`y mat`d amrfmt mr albc`h tm omda`ss, flv` kbg l c`lh bdtm l h``p s`lt`h hbs`ls` wkbok k` olcc`h Ysmrl. Klkd`gldd lcsm mjs`rv`h tklt gldy hbs`ls`s cbn` `xo`ssbv` s`dsbtbv`d`ss, `xo`ssbv` mr dmd-`xbstbdf s`xulc h`sbr`s, g`dtlc ldh `gmtbmdlc sygptmgs ma r`tlrhltbmd, rlf`, h`pr`ssbmd, gldbl lr` lcc hbaa`r`dt gldba`stltbmds ma Ysmrl. Xkbs c`h kbg tm tk` hbsomv`ry ma ? jlsbo gblsgs (—hbs`ls` pr`hbspmsbtbmds”), Ysmrl, _yomsbs ldh _ypkbcbs, wkbok lr` tk` jlsbo jubchbdf jcmons ma lcc hbs`ls`s> wbtk Ysmrl j`bdf tk` gmst bgpmrtldt, gmst bdaòtbmus ldh gmst gbsudh`rstmmh md`.. md`.. Hbs`ls`s cbn` _oljb`s, Fmdmrrk`l ldh _ypkbcbs c`lv` —bgprbdts” bd tk` jmhy, wkbok bs ndmwd ls —loqubr`h gblsg” ba tk` bdaòtbmd moours bd tk` slg` f`d`rltbmd> ba bt wls trldsgbtt`h tm tk` autur` autur` f`d`rltbmd, bt bs olcc`h —bdk`rbt`h gblsg”. N`dt, clt`r omdtbdu`h <9: Klkd`gldd”s wmrn ldh olt`fmrbs`h tk` r`g`hb`s bdtm tk` ? gblsgs . _bdo` tk`d, mtk`r gblsgs klv` j``d prmfr`ssbv`cy lhh`h, suok ls Xuj`rouclr ldh Oldo`r gblsgs. Xk`s` gblsgs klv` smg`tbg`s j``d suppr`ss`h jy bdlpprmprblt` tr`ltg`dts tklt tk`y r`glbd udhbsomv`r`h> lt tbg`s, ld lout` hbs`ls`, l skmon mr l frbà, vbmc`dt `gmtbmds mr mtk`r pkysbolc ldh g`dtlc okldf`s old c`lh tm tk` s``gbdf hbslpp`lrldo` ma tk` gblsgltbo sygptmgs. Xk` hbslpp`lrldo` ma gblsgltbo sygptmgs suok ls o`rtlbd snbd `ruptbmds, hm`s dmt g`ld tklt tk` gblsg kls j``d k`lc`h bdt`rdlccy. :;.< Our` ma Okrmdbo Hbs`ls` :;.<.l. _yomsbs _yomsbs bs l v`d`r`lc hbs`ls` ma Fmdmrrkm`l tklt bgp`h`s tk` cba` amro` ldh qubon`ds cba` prmo`ss`s. Bt usulccy abrst gldba`st ls `xor`so`do`s md f`dbtlcs ldh c`lhs tm l t`dh`doy ma mv`rfrmwtks ldh mv`rprmhuotbmd. _yomsbs, wkbok prmhuo` tk` c`lst dugj`r ma okrmdbo hbs`ls`s, bs gmstcy our`h jy Xkuel. Xkuel old j` lct`rdlt`h wbtk Dbtrboug Lobhug tklt gust j` fbv`d l cmdf `dmufk tbg` tm wmrn. @xt`rdlc lppcboltbmds lr` uddò`sslry udc`ss amr oklcc`dfbdf ols`s, wkbok old j` fbv`d Xkuel c`lv` tbdotur`. G`hmrrkbdug old j` us`h amr bdk`rbt`h ols`s. Gbd`rlc r`g`hb`s d``h tm amccmw tkrmufk amr ldtb-psmrbolc tr`ltg`dts.

Z`g`hb`s amr _yomsbs5 Lflr., lcug., lcugd., ldlo., ldt-o., ldt-t., lpbs., lrld., Lrf-g., Lrf-d., lst`r., lur-g., lur., jlr-o., jry., olco., olrj-ld., olrj-s., olrj-v., olust., oklg., obddj., omd., huco., ùpkr., a`rr., ac-lo., frlpk., k`p., bmh., nlcb-o., Nlcb-s., clok., cyo., gldf., G`h., g`ro., g`z., Dlt-s., <9? Dbt-lo., p`tr., pkyt., pucs., sljbd., slrs., sò., s`c., _`p., sbc., _tlpk., sucpk., Xkue.

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:;.<.j. _ypkbcbs _ypkbcbs bs l v`d`r`lc hbs`ls`, wkbok c`lhs tm tk` h`struotbmd ma cba` amro`. _ypkbcbs tr`ltg`dt bs usulccy omgpcbolt`h jy psmrl, wkbok gln`s our` hbaabouct. Ls cmdf ls sypkbcbs” `xt`rdlc okldor` kls dmt j``d okldf`h jy `xt`rdlc g`hboltbmd, tr`ltg`dt tkrmufk kmg`mpltky suok ls trbturlt`h g`roury wbcc j` `lsb`r. Cu`sbdug ldh _bpkbcbdug lr` fr`lt amr suppr`ss`h mr bdk`rbt`h ols`s. Xk`s` dmsmh`s d``h tm j` lct`rdlt`h wbtk l gbd`rlc r`g`hy tm `dsur` tklt ldtb-psmrbolc tr`ltg`dts lr` olrrb`h mut.

Z`g`hb`s amr _ypkbcbs 5 Lrf-g., Lrs-b., lrs-s-a., lrs., lsla., Lur-g-d., Lur-g., Lur., jlh., j`dzlo., olco-b., olco-s., olrj-ld., olrj-v., obddj., oc`g., omd., omr-r., ormt-k., ac-lo., fulb., k`p., bmh., nlcb-lr., nlcb-jb., nlcb-okc., Nlcb-b., Nlcb-s., clok., c`h., G`ro-o., G`ro-b-a., G`ro-b-r., G`ro., g`z., Dbt-lo., p`tr., pk-lo., pkms., Ykyt., slrs., _bc., stlpk., _tbcc., suc-b., sucpk., _ypk., tkue. :;.<.o. Ysmrl Klkd`gldd dlg`h Ysmrl ls tk` h``p`st, okrmdbo hbs`ls` stlt` wk`r` tk`r` bs l kuf` hbsruptbmd bd tk` cba` amro` omgbdf armg wbtkbd (`dhmf`dmus), r`suctbdf bd frlhulc gldba`stltbmd ma pkysbolc sygptmgs ldh scmwbdf hmwd ma cba` prmo`ss`s. Xkbs bdolplobty ma tk` cba` amro` tm k`lc bs glbdcy hu` tm k`r`hbtlry olus`s. Bdbtblccy, r`g`hb`s armg tk` pcldt ldh ldbglc nbdfhmg w`r` us`h, kmw`v`r, Klkd`gldd r`lcbz`h tklt tk`s` r`g`hb`s w`r` dmt strmdf `dmufk tm k`lc tkbs stlt` ma hbs`qubcbjrbug. K`do`, r`g`hb`s armg tk` gbd`rlc nbdfhmg w`r` utbcbz`h ls ldtb-psmrbo <98 r`g`hb`s .

Amr psmrl tklt hm dmt klv` `xt`rdlc pr`s`dtltbmds, bs stbcc clt`dt mr kls h`v`cmp`h bdtm mtk`r amrgs ma okrmdbo hbs`ls`, tk` our` r`qubr`s tk` us` ma gmr` tkld md` ldtb-psmrbo r`g`hy. Mv`r tk` y`lrs, ba tk` `ruptbmd mr btok rò`h`s, bt g`lds tklt tk` psmrl kls lhvldo`h bdt`rdlccy. _mg`tbg`s, tk` pltb`dt gly alo` lout` hbs`ls`s mr l r`-moourr`do` ma l pr`vbmuscy `xbstbdf sygptmg, r`flrhc`ss, tk` hmotmr skmuch stbon tm tk` ldtb-psmrbo r`g`hy pr`sorbj`h ldh lccmw bt tm abdbsk bts lotbmd. Xk` r`-moourr`do` ma l pr`vbmuscy `xbstbdf sygptmg gly j` hu` tm kmg`mpltky `xobtltbmd, wkbok prmv`s tklt tk` r`g`hy bs wmrnbdf. Amr udhurljc` bdt`rruptbdf sygptmgs tklt klv` d`v`r moourr`h prbmr tm tlnbdf tk` kmg`mpltky r`g`hy, bt skmuch dmt j` tln`d cbfktcy, ls bt g`lds tklt tk` ldtb-psmrbo r`g`hy okms`d gly j` bdomrròt ldh skmuch j` ormss okòn`h wbtk ld ldtbhmt` mr l gmr` subtljc` ldtb-psmrbo r`g`hy. Kmw`v`r, ba tk` usulc `xbstbdf sygptmgs lr` lffrlvlt`h (wmrs`dbdf ma sygptmgs) md tk` abrst a`w hlys, jut f`ts j`tt`r frlhulccy, bt g`lds tklt l hàbdbt` our` bs tlnbdf pclo`. Ba tk` sygptmgs omdtbdu` tm lffrlvlt` wbtk tk` slg` mr bdor`ls`h bdt`dsbty md sujs`qu`dt hlys, bt g`lds tklt tk` hms` ma tk` ldtb-psmrbo r`g`hy bs tmm fr`lt ldh bt gly c`lh tm l gmr` s`v`r` ldh sbgbclr okrmdbo hbs`ls`. Bd tkbs ols`, ld ldtbhmt` mr ldmtk`r ldtb-psmrbo r`g`hy skmuch j` prmvbh`h, amccmw`h jy tk` amrg`r ldtb-psmrbo r`g`hy bd l kbfk`r pmt`doy, ba bdhbolt`h. Ba tk` slg` sygptmgs tklt klv` j``d lg`cbmrlt`h mr `rlhbolt`h w`r` tm rbs` lflbd, wbtkmut ldy d`w sygptmgs, tk`d l gmr` subtljc` hms` ma tk` r`g`hy skmuch j` fbv`d. Xk` hmslf` ma l r`g`hy skmuch lcwlys j` fbv`d tk` tbg` tm rud bts aucc j`dàboblc omurs`, ldh dmt j` bdt`rrupt`h jy ldmtk`r r`g`hy. Lcc ldtb-psmrbo, bdocuhbdf tkms` skmrt lotbdf md`s bd lout` hbs`ls`s (cbn` J`cclhmddl, _ucpkur ldh Lrs`dbo) skmuch j` fbv`d lt c`lst ?9 hlys tm lot bd okrmdbo hbs`ls`s. 0?


@v`d tk` sglcc`st hms`, wbcc prmvbh` l j`dàboblc àaòt tm tk` pltb`dt. _mg`tbg`s, l ar`qu`dt r`p`tbtbmd ma hms`s old j` bdeurbmus tm tk` pltb`dt. Xk` j`st ldtb- psmrbo psmrbo r`g`hb`s” àaboloy lr` cbgbt`h bd ols`s wk`r` pltb`dts p ltb`dts suaa`r fr`lt `gmtbmdlc hbsturjldo`s hu` tm suhh`d mr jlh `xp`rb`do`s omgbdf tk`br wly, `spòblccy tkms` tklt tk`y klv` dm pmw`r mv`r. Z`g`hb`s amr Ysmrl5 Lflr., lcug., lg-o., lg-g., ldlo., ldt-o., lrs., lur., lur-g., jlr-o., jmr., olco., olrj-ld., olrj-v., olust., oc`g., omcmo., omd., oupr., hbf., huco., ùpk., frlpk., fule., k`p., bmh., nlcbo., cyo., glf-o., glf-g., gldf., g`z., gur-lo., dlt-o., dlt-g., dbt-lo., dbtrbug, p`tr., pkms., pk-lo., pclt., slrs., s`p., sbc., stldd., sucpk., suc-lo., zbdo.

:;.:. Mtk`r Ymbdt`rs amr Our` Gblsgltbo Gblsgltbo sygptmgs bdocuhbdf g`dtlc md`s, hbaa`r loomrhbdf tm md`”s omdstbtutbmd. L p`rsmd wbtk l sldfubd` t`gp`rlg`dt amr `xlgpc`, gly suaa`r armg ptkbsbs ba tk` btok bs suppr`ss`h. Mtk`r psmrbo sygptmgs bdocuh` bdsltbljc` kudf`r, klbr alcc, `rysbp`cls, lv`rsbmd tm wlrg ommn`h ammh, gbcn ldh g`lt, tkbrst, vbvbh hr`lgs ldh dbfktglr`s, stlgg`rbdf, omcbo, g`dtlc ldh gmmh hbsturjldo`s ma lcc nbdhs cbn` g`cldokmcy, bdsldbty, ldxb`ty, a`lraucd`ss, gldbl ldh gmmh okldf`s.

Ltt`dtbmd gust j` fbv`d tm tk` abrst tbg` ma bdaòtbmd, tk` hurltbmd ma omgpc`t` bdt`rdlc h`v`cmpg`dt ma tk` gblsg ldh tkbrhcy, bts `xt`rdlc gldba`stltbmd. Vk`d`v`r tk`r` bs ld `xt`rdlc gblsgltbo gldba`stltbmd md tk` snbd, tk` kmg`mpltk gust lcwlys abrst our` tk` pltb`dt ma tk` hbs`ls` armg wbtkbd> ldy `xt`rdlc g`hbolc tr`ltg`dt wbtkmut omdsugbdf l kmg`mpltkbo r`g`hy wbcc c`lh tm okldf`s bd tk` `xt`rdlc gldba`stltbmd, tkus r`dh`rbdf tk` gblsg tm s``n mtk`r survbvlc mutc`ts suok ls tkrmufk tk` prmhuotbmd ma udwldt`h sòmdhlry sygptmgs. Ls sygptmgs stlrt f`ttbdf w`ln`r, tk` kmg`mpltk gust omdtbdu` tr`ltbdf `v`d tk` sglcc`st r`gdldts ma ldy sygptmgs, ls d`fcòt wbcc olus` l d`w okrmdbo hbs`ls` tm `g`rf`. :;.?. Bdt`rg`hblt` hbs`ls` Vk`d l pltb`dt bs klvbdf ld `pbh`gbo mr bdt`rg`hblt` hbs`ls`, tk` ldtb-psmrbo tr`ltg`dt gly klv` tm j` hbsomdtbdu`h t`gpmrlrbcy, wkbc` tk` dmd ldtb-psmrbo tr`ltg`dt stlrt`h. Ba tk` bdt`rg`hblt` hbs`ls` bs dmt tmm s`v`r`, bdklcltbmd ma tk` dmd ldtb-psmrbo r`g`hy bs pmssbjc`. Ba l pltb`dt albcs tm f`t jlon tm k`lctk lat`r tk` bdt`rg`hblt` hbs`ls` bs tr`lt`h wbtk dmd ldtb-psmrbo r`g`hy, ld ldtb psmrbo r`g`hy old `dkldo` tk` ròmv`ry. Xk` ldtb -psmrbo tr`ltg`dt wk`d r`stlrt`h, gust tln` bdtm loomudt tk` d`w tmtlcbty ma sygptmgs.

Amr omdstbtutbmdlc tr`ltg`dt, tk`r` lr` tbg`s wk`d lout` sygptmgs ormp up suok ls s`v`r` omufk, wkbc` tr`ltbdf tk` pltb`dt. Bd tkms` ols`s, lout` bdt`rourr`dts lr` pr`sorbj`h, wkbok lr` dmd-h``p lotbdf ldh dmd-gblsgltbo ldh wbcc dmt bdt`ra`r` wbtk tk` gòkldbos ma tk` h``p`r-lotbdf <90 omdstbtutbmdlc r`g`hy .

08


:;.8. Z`g`hy Bdtln` Lhvbo` Lat`r tlnbdf tk` g`hbobd` tk` pltb`dt skmuch n``p stbcc amr lt c`lst ld kmur wbtkmut sc``pbdf. _c``p h`clys tk` lotbmd ma tk` r`g`hy. Amr tk` r`g`hy tm wmrn gmr` strmdfcy, bt old j` stbrr`h bd wlt`r ldh s`rv`h. Bd okrmdbo hbs`ls`s, Klkd`gldd mjs`rv`h tklt l spmmdauc ma tk` smcutbmd ba fbv`d lt c`lst hlbcy mr `v`ry : hlys klst`d tk` our`. Xk` hms` ma ldtb-psmrbo r`g`hy skmuch dmt j` fbv`d l a`w hlys prbmr tm ldh hurbdf tk` mds`t ma g`ds`s, jut old j` fbv`d lt c`lst 8 hlys lat`r tk` g`ds`s `dh. J`sbh`s omdsugbdf ldh bdklcbdf, l r`g`hy old lcsm j` rujj`h md tk` k`lctky plrts ma tk` cbgjs udtbc bt jòmg`s hry. :;.0. Cba`styc` Lhvbo` jy Klkd`gldd L ymudf ldh strmdf pltb`dt wbcc ròmv`r guok alst`r tkld ld mch`r pltb`dt. L okbch wkm t`dhs tm j` gmr` s`h`dtlry skmuch j` `domurlf`h `domu rlf`h tm wlcn gmr` mat`d bd tk` mp`d mp `d lbr. _tuh`dts skmuch j` hbsomurlf`h armg r`lhbdf jmmns ldh wltokbdf mtk`r g`hbl tklt `xobt` tk` s`ds`s. Bd tr`ltbdf tk` gmr` s`rbmus okrmdbo mr g`dtlc hbs`ls`s, g`dtlc wmrn ldh r`lhbdf skmuch j` cbgbt`h tm lvmbh strlbdbdf.

Hurbdf tk` omurs` ma tk` g`hboltbmd, stbgucldts cbn` omaa`` ldh lcomkmc, ls w`cc ls t`l lr` strmdfcy hbsomurlf`h ba l suoo`ssauc our` bs h`sbr`h. Mtk`r strmdf tlstbdf bdfr`hb`dts cbn` mdbmds, p`pp`r, obtrbo lobh, vbd`flr, vbd`f lr, k`rjs, mch ok``s`, wkbsny, jrldhy jrldh y ldh tmjloom skmuch j` lvmbh`h ls w`cc. _trmdf sg`ccbdf p`raug`s skmuch dmt j` us`h .

:;.1. Omgplrbsmds ma Gblsgs <91

@lok gblsg kls bts mwd g`dtlc ldh pkysbolc gldba`stltbmds. J`cmw bs l h`sorbptbmd

5

Xljc` ;5 Omgplrbsmds lormss Gblsgs

Ysmrl a`lrauc, J`klvbmr ldh _`cabsk, ldxbmus, d`rvmus, g`dtlc gldba`stltbmds r`stc`ss, hò`btauc, slhd`ss ldh h`pr`ssbmd, brrbtljc`, clon omdo`dtrltbmd, glcbobmus (psmrlsypkbcmsyomtbo), w`lrbd`ss ma cba` (psmrl-sypkbcbtbo), bccusbmds wbtk pmmr g`gmry

_yomsbs Lrfug`dtltbv`, ruh`d`ss, brlsobjbcbty, e`lcmus, cmqulobmus, suspbobmus, g`ld, gbsokb`vbmus, s`ca-o`dt`r`h ldh ouddbdf wbtk l t`dh`doy tm klrg (`gmtbmdlccy) mtk`rs ldh tm klrg ldbglcs, h`cusbmds wbtk lotbv` g`gmry

_ypkbcbs Oru`c, vbmc`dt, h`struotbv`, rlf`, brrbtljc`, kltr`h, cmltk`, p`rv`rt`h ldh old klrg mtk`rs ldh tk`gs`cv`s. Klccuobdltbmds ldh h`cbrbugs. Old mdcy r`g`gj`r plst okrmdmcmfbolc `v`dts

Xuj`rouclr A`lrc`ss, bdhbaa`r`dt, dmdldxbmus, h`sbr` amr okldf`, rbsntlnbdf. Pdr`strlbd`h plssbmds ldh p`rv`rt`h orlvbdf amr s`x. Qlobccltbmd ma tkmufkts. Bdt`ccbf`dt jut olr`c`ss

00


Zlpbh, gmh`rlt` mr bdsbhbmus. H`p`dhs md hmgbdldo` ma psmrbo mr sypkbcbtbo Gldy a`lrs hu` tm _mg` a`lrs hu` tm A`lrs dmt Hmfs ldh mtk`r A`lrs g`dtlc s`cabskd`ss, gldba`st`h. ldbglcs r`stc`ssd`ss ldh suspbobmd suok ls Ldfubsk lppr`k`dsbmd ma pmv`rty gbsamrtud` Lv`rsbmd tm @xtrmv`rts jut Bdtrmv`rt wbtk Lpp`lr fcmmgy _moblc p`mpc` ldh skmw clon ma fr`lt h`sbr` tm ldh sbc`dt> hm dmt Bdt`rlotbmd omgpldy, omdabh`do` `solp` armg cbn` tm j` strldf`rs. Hbscbn` smoblccy mtk`rs ldh lhvbs`h j`bdf lcmd` tk`gs`cv`s. r`flrhbdf tk`br Cmd`cy, k`lctk udtrustbdf ldh clon omdabh`do`. Hucc ldh clons p`ro`ptbmd Ldf`r lffrlvlt`h Abx`h bh`ls> Brrbtljc` ldh X`gp`rlg`dt Okldf` t`gp`rlg`dt jy okldf` ma mjstbdlt`. a`lrauc. Bgpltb`dt wbtkmut l olus`. w`ltk`r `.f. H`pr`ssbmd jut ldh qulrr`csmg`. Ldf`r lct`rdlt` tkudh`rstmrg n``p tm G`dtlc wbtk t`lraucd`ss. tk`gs`cv`s. sygptmgs cbn` Ory wk`d Omch-jcmmh`h. ldf`r lffrlvlt`h h`pr`ss`h ldh lat`r sc``p. Vln` mtk`rs wbcc ndmw. up hbsomdt`dt`h. _mg` lr` sbc`dt wk`d h`pr`ss`h. Omgpclbd`r ma cba` A`lr h`ltk Ycld h`ltk jut _ubobhlc Hbssltbsalotbmd H`ltk lttlok`h tm cba` tkmufkts. c`lh tm subobhlc _ypkbcbs-syomsbs bgpucs`, c`lhs tm oklrlot`rbs`h jy omgpc`t`h bdhbaa`r`do` subobh`s Btok, jurd, Oltlrrklc Oldo`rs, Okldfbdf, Ykysbolc hbsoklrf`s ldh tugmurs, p`rbmhbolc, Gldba`stltbmds bdaclggltbmd, c`lhbdf tm frmwtks `.f. wlrts uco`rltbmds ròurr`dt omdf`stbmd sygptmgmcmfy> kl`gmrrklf`s Ylo` ma Lotbmd

Kyp`rlotbv`

_cmw ldh gmh`rlt`, bdsbhbmus, tkmufk rlpbh ldh bdommrhbdltbmd bdsbhbmus lr` pmssbjc`

01


H`sbr`s Lv`rsbmds

&

H`sbr`s5 sw``t, smur, altty, bdhbf`stbjc`, spboy ammh

H`sbr`s5 slct, lcomkmc, altty g`lt, p`pp`r, pudf`dt ldh s`lsmd`h ammh

Lv`rs`5 gbcn, jmbc`h ammh, omch Lv`rs`5 g`lt, ammh wbd`, gbcn, spbo` Gmhlcbtb`s

3 wbdt`r, hurbdf sc``p> 4 dlturlc hbsoklrf`s ldh sudrbs` tm suds`t

Oru`cty

Dm r`lc oru`cty, G`dtlc tmrtur`s, jut hò`btaucd`ss ruh`d`ss, ldf`r `xbst armg trbac`s c`lh tm lsslucts

Orbgbdlcbty

Hò`btauc. Albc`h Ouddbdf, j`dàbts orbg` hu` tm pmmr lt `xp`ds` ma mrfldbsltbmd mtk`rs wbtkmut klvbdf tm j` pr`s`dt

J`klvbmrlc Yrmjc`gs

3 omch, w`ltk`r okldf`s, kugbhbty> 4 frmwtks mr r`turd ma gldba`stltbmds

H`sbr`s5 stbgucldts, spboy g`lt, omch ammh, smur tkbdfs. Xmm omch mr tmm kmt ammh Lv`rs`5 g`lt ldh ldbglc prmhuots 3dbfkt, suds`t tm sudrbs`, dlturlc hbsoklrf`s, `xtr`g` t`gp`rltur`, tkudh`rstmrgs, gmv`g`dt, sugg`r, wlrgtk> 4 sudrbs` tm suds`t, okldf` ma pmsbtbmd, omch, ljdmrglc hbsoklrf`, cun`wlrg w`ltk`r Jmhbcy lsslucts, nbccbdfs, pkysbolc tmrtur`s

H`sbr`s5 bdhbf`stbjc`, altty, t`l, tmjloom, g`lt, slct. Xmm kmt mr omch ammh Lv`rs`5 g`lt, stlroky ammh 3 tkudh`rstmrgs, dbfkt, gbcn, arubts, altty ammh, ocms`h rmmg> 4 mp`d lbr, hry w`ltk`r, `pbstlxbs

_mg` oru`cty, pkysbolc mr g`dtlc tmrtur`

Hldf`rmus. Ykysbolccy lttlons p`mpc`. Albc tm r`lcbs` omds`qu`do`

Omggbt tm l orbg`, jut albc tm turd up mr okldf` tk` pclds. Bdhbaa`r`dt jut bs l rbsn tln`r LHKH, Omdhuot Gmstcy Omdhuot LHKH, Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r Mppmsbtbmdlc Hbsmrh`r ldh Hbsmrh`r, Jbpmclr Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r. Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r Hbsmrh`r Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r

06


Xljc` 25 Gblsgltbo V`bfktlf` ma Z`g`hb`s

<96

. k . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k s g r v . p t g k d r o . c . s k . o o s . k . o l p l p - x . m j l m l l s c c g d u l p p m o o r t c r o f d r ` l l l l k u ` y l y ` b u p k c t t u L L L L J O O O O O O K K C C G D D M Y Y _ _ _

Ysmrbo _yomtbo _ypkbcbtbo Xuj`rouclr

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Dmt`5 C ‟ c`lhbdf c`lhbdf ldtb-gblsgltbo r`g`hy> <7+(c`lst), :7++, ?7+++(gmst)

Gmst r`g`hb`s lr` guctb-gblsgltbo, `xo`pt amr dmsmh`s, wkbok t`dh tm lhhr`ss l spòbabo <9; gblsg .

:;.6. Z`gmvbdf Mjstloc`s bd Omdstbtutbmdlc Xr`ltg`dt Ldtb-gblsgltbo r`g`hb`s lr` pr`sorbj`h wk`d tk`r` lr` mjstloc`s tm p`rgld`dt our`, `v`d tkmufk tk` rbfkt omdstbtutbmdlc r`g`hy kls j``d okms`d jls`h md sbgbcbgug. Xm r`gmv` tk` jcmonlf`, ld ldtb-gblsgltbo kmg`mpltky r`g`hy bs stbcc okms`d jls`h md tk` oclssbolc g`tkmh ma kmg`mpltky s`còtbmd ma sbgbcbgug ldh tmtlcbty ma tk` pltb`dt. Bgpmrtldo` bs fbv`d tm `dsur` tklt tk` ldtb-gblsgltbo r`g`hy `xkbjbt sbfdbaboldtcy tk` gblsg ma tk` pltb`dt. _mg`tbg`s, l sbdfc` gblsg bs hmgbdldtcy s``d bd l ols`, wkbc` lt mtk`r tbg`s, hbaa`r`dt gblsgs old `g`rf` lt hbaa`r`dt stlf`s ma tr`ltg`dt.

Amr `xlgpc`, l okbch wbtk LHKH ldh Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r kls l Q`rltrug Lcjug omdstbtutbmd ldh lat`r omdstbtutbmdlc pr`sorbptbmd, gmst ma kbs sygptmgs klv` j``d lcc`vblt`h. Kmw`v`r, ba k` stbcc `xkbjbt smg` sygptmgs suok ls clsobvbmusd`ss ldh bdhbaa`r`do`, ldh tk` tmtlcbty s``g`h tm j` pr`hmgbdldtcy ma Xuj`rouclr gblsg. L strmdf mr c`lhbdf Xuj`rouclr ldtb-gblsgltbo r`g`hy skmuch j` pr`sorbj`h, suok ls Ykmspkmrus, wkbok ba gltok`s tk` ourr`dt tmtlcbty ma sygptmgs, wbcc r`suct bd l p`rgld`dt our` bd tk` pltb`dt.

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:2.Ymt`dtbsltbmd :2. Ymt`dtbsltbmd<92 Ymt`dtbsltbmd bdor`ls`s tk` hydlgbo àaòt ma tk` kmg`mpltkbo r`g`hy ldh r`huo`s tk` tmxbo àaòt ma tk` hruf bd bts oruh` amrg. Xkrmufk pmt`dtbsltbmd, sujstldo`s tklt lr` mrbfbdlccy pmbsmdmus jòmg`s sla` amr bdt`rdlc omdsugptbmd bd kmg`mpltkbo k`lcbdf. Ymt`dtbsltbmd omgprbs`s ma : plrts5 bd suooussbmd, smcujc` sujstldo`s lr` gbx`h bd wlt`r mr lcomkmc lr` skln`h vbfmrmuscy> bd trbturltbmd, dmd-smcujc` sujstldo`s lr` frmudh`h ldh gbx`h bd clotms`. _klnbdf ldh frmudhbdf ma tk` sujstldo` lcsm k`cp bdor`ls` tk` hydlgbo àaòt ma tk` sujstldo`s. Xk`r` lr` gldy pmt`doy solc`s h`p`dhbdf md tk` uslf` ma tk` r`g`hy. Ymt`dob`s lr` oclssbab`h bdtm cmw, g`hbug ldh kbfk. Cmw pmt`dob`s lr` f`d`rlccy armg \(gmtk`r tbdotur`) tm <:O, g`hbug lr` <:O tm :99O, wkbc` kbfk lr` :99O ldh upwlrhs. Klkd`gldd wls sltbsab`h wbtk tk` tk r`sucts armg pmt`dtbs`h r`g`hb`s wbtk ?9O j`bdf kbs gmst `xt`dsbv`cy us`h pmt`doy, wkbc` :99 tk <<9 ldh <999 w`r` lcsm us`h wk`d r`qubr`h . Bd tk` clst y`lrs ma kbs cba`, Klkd`gldd hbsomv`r`h ldh lcsm us`h tk` CG pmt`doy wkbok bs l kbfk ldh f`dtc` pmt`doy. Hòbglc solc`, amr `xlgpc`, bs h`dmt`h jy [ mr H. Hòbglc solc` ma <[ bs pr`plr`h jy gbxbdf md` plrt ma tk` sujstldo` wbtk 2 plrts ma tk` g`hbug (wlt`r, lcomkmc mr clotms`). :[ g`lds tklt tk` sujstldo` bs pmt`dtbs`h twbo`, jy tlnbdf md` plrt ma tk` <[ sujstldo` ldh gbxbdf bt bd 2 plrts ma tk` g`hbug, k`do` r`lokbdf tk` pmt`doy ma <5 <99 ma tk` sujstldo` ldh tk` g`hbug r`spòtbv`cy. O`dtbsbglc solc`, amr `xlgpc`, bs h`dmt`h jy O.
?9.Ymsmcmfy ?9.Ymsmcmfy ‟ pmt`doy pmt`doy s`còtbmd Ymsmcmfy omgprbs` ma tk` hmslf`, pmt`doy s`còtbmd, amrg ldh r`p`tbtbmd ma tk` r`g`hy omg`s sòmdh tm s`còtbdf tk` sbgbcbgug. Ymsmcmfy pclys ld bgpmrtldt rmc` ls l p`rgld`dt, rlpbh ldh f`dtc` our` r`qubr`s tk` omrròt sbgbcbgug ldh tk` gmst subtljc` pmt`doy s`còtbmd, hmslf` ldh uslf`. Ymt`doy s`còtbmd bdvmcv`s tk` okmmsbdf ldh usbdf tk` gmst subtljc` pmt`doy amr tk` hbs`ls` lt kldh. Loomrhbdf tm N`dt, l sbgbcbgug wbcc lot lormss l s`rb`s ma pmt`dob`s, wkbc` l plrtblccy sbgbclr r`g`hy wbcc mdcy lot bd < mr : pmt`dob`s wbtk tk` àaòt ma okldfbdf tk` sygptmgltbo pbotur` ma l p`rsmd. Kmg`mpltks r`glbd hbvbh`h mv`r pmt`doy s`còtbmds, wbtk smg` alvmrbdf kbfk`r ldh mtk`rs <<< suppmrtbdf cmw`r pmt`dob`s . Jm`ddbdfklus`d wrmt` tklt kbfk pmt`dob`s bdor`ls`s tk` spk`r` ma lotbmd ldh our`s okrmdbo, ls w`cc ls lout` bccd`ss`s gmr` rlpbhcy. Gmh`rd, suoo`ssauc kmg`mpltks lr` ljc` tm us` tk` cmw`st tm tk` kbfk`st pmt`doy h`p`dhbdf md tk` ols`> wbtk 1O, ?9O, :99O, wkbc` okrmdbo ols`s (`spòblccy tkms` 02


wbtk glrn`h g`dtlc ldh pòucblr sygptmgs) lr` j`st our`h jy kbfk`r pmt`dob`s. Zmj`rts lhvbs` lflbdst usbdf kbfk pmt`dob`s bd ols`s wk`r` sbgbclrbtb`s lr` udo`rtlbd. Loomrhbdf tm Ocms`, okbchr`d skmuch j` fbv`d g`hbug tm kbfk`r pmt`dob`s> s`dsbtbv` ldh bdt`ccbf`dt bdhbvbhulcs, ls w`cc ls tkms` udh`r tk` bdacu`do` ma hrufs skmuch j` fbv`d kbfk`r pmt`dob`s. N`dt, l pmpuclr prmpmd`dt ma kbfk pmt`dob`s mjs`rv`h tklt ?9O tm :99O skmuch j` fbv`d amr s`dsbtbv` wmgld ldh okbchr`d, ldh lccmw tbg` amr bgprmv`g`dts jàmr` j`bdf fbv`d <9G, amr `xlgpc`, skmuch j` fbv`d abrst ldh omdtbdu`h ls cmdf ls bgprmv`g`dts clst. A`rfb` Vmmhs ldh F`mrf` Qbtkmucnls, kmw`v`r, lhvbs`h lflbdst kbfk pmt`dob`s `spòblccy bd s`dsbtbv` ldh omdstbtutbmdlccy w`ln bdhbvbhulcs ls bt gly c`lh tm strmdf ldh udr`qubr`h lffrlvltbmd mr prmvbdf. Kbfk pmt`dob`s lcsm lot amr l cmdf`r p`rbmh. Xkus Qbtkmucnls ròmgg`dh pmt`dob`s ma <:[ <: [ tm :99O : 99O bd tk`s` bdhbvbhulcs. K` lcsm stlt`h tklt okbchr`d wbtk s`v`r` prmjc`gs ldh glcbfdldob`s skmuch j` fbv`d cmw pmt`dob`s, ldh dmt gmr` tkld :99O. Jut amr okbchr`d suaa`rbdf armg lout` bccd`ss`s, l pmt`doy dmt c`ss tkld :99O skmuch j` fbv`d. Zleld _ldnlrld aurtk`r lhhs tklt dmsmh`s ldh o`rtlbd g`hbobd`s lot j`tt`r bd :99O ldh ljmv`. Kmw`v`r, ba l jmw`c dmsmh` kls j``d fbv`d bd tk` ? gmdtks jàmr`, tk`d bt bs j`tt`r tm amccmw up wbtk l cmw pmt`doy wkbok old j` fbv`d hlbcy. L sbdfc` kbfk hms` bs lcsm ròmgg`dh`h bd lout` hbs`ls`s, wkbc` kbfk pmt`dob`s ma l r`g`hy old j` r`p`lt`h r`fuclrcy bd lout` pkls`s ma l okrmdbo hbs`ls`. Ba l pltb`dt bs lcr`lhy tlnbdf l kbfk pmt`doy r`g`hy ldh bs bgprmvbdf, l cmw pmt`doy ma l hruf old j` pr`sorbj`h amr sup`raboblc sygptmgs. _ldnlrld lcsm g`dtbmd`h tklt hbaa`r`dt pmt`dob`s prmhuo` hbaa`r`dt pkysbmcmfbolc àaòts. Amr `xlgpc`, _bcbo`l bd cmw pmt`doy `domurlf`s suppurltbmd, jut lots mtk`rwbs` bd kbfk pmt`dob`s. Qbtkmucnls g`dtbmd`h tklt o`rtlbd g`hbobd`s cbn` Clok`sbs ldh Lurug, wkbok klv` l t`dh`doy tmwlrhs pkysbolc pltkmcmfbolc omdhbtbmds, skmuch j` r`strbot`h tm ?9O mr :99O, udc`ss tk` bdhbvbhulc bs ar`` ma pkysbolc sygptmgs. Bd ols`s ar`` armg pkysbolc pltkmcmfbolc omdhbtbmds, kbfk`r pmt`dob`s armg ?9O tm Og old tkus j` pr`sorbj`h. Gldy kmg`mpltks d``h tm ròmdsbh`r tk` pmt`doy s`còtbmd ldh j` omgamrtljc` wbtk v`ry cmw ldh v`ry kbfk pmt`dob`s, `spòblccy bd ols`s wk`r` tk`y lr` o`rtlbd ma tk` sbgbcbgug, jàmr` tk`y stlrt okldfbdf r`g`hb`s tm àaòt l our`.

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?<.Z`p`rtmrblc ?<.Z`p`rtmrblc Ldlcysbs Z`p`rtmry bs l kmg`mpltkbo tmmc h`v`cmp`h tm k`cp kmg`mpltks s`còt l sbgbcbgug jls`h md tk` rujrbos prmvbh`h bd tk` r`p`rtmrb`s. L rujrbo bs l wmrh mr s`t ma wmrhs us`h jy tk` r`p`rtmry amudh`r tm h`sorbj` sygptmgs. Hbaa`r`dt r`p`rtmrb`s klv` j``d h`v`cmp`h mv`r tk` y`lrs. N`dt”s omgpc`t` r`p`rtmry, amr `xlgpc`, bs md` ma tk` gmst omgpr`k`dsbv` r`p`rtmry tklt bdocuh`s gldy h`tlbc`h rujrbos ldh tk`br lssmoblt`h r`g`hb`s tklt lr` frlh`h loomrhbdf tm tk`br ourltbv` pmw`r. Omgput`r smatwlr`s suok ls ZLHLZ, md tk` mtk`r kldh, omdtlbd tk` hbaa`r`dt r`p`rtmrb`s ldh abdhbdfs ma w`cc-ndmwd kmg`mpltks ldh bts tòkdmcmfy gln`s abdhbdf l sbgbcbgug c`ss tbg` omdsugbdf. L r`p`rtmrblc ldlcysbs r`qubr`s tk` s`còtbmd ma tk` glbd pr`s`dtbdf ocbdbolc sygptmgs ldh n`ydmt`s armg tk` r`p`rtmry, ldh tk`d abdhbdf tk` sbgbcbgug jls`h md tk` tmtlc vlcu` ldh omudt ma tk` r`g`hb`s. Xk` tmtlc vlcu` ma l r`g`hy bs tk` sug ma somr`s ma lcc tk` rujrbos us`h bd tk` ols` tlnbdf, wkbc` tmtlc omudt g`lsur`s tk` dugj`r ma rujrbos tk` r`g`hy sltbsab`s. Xk` r`g`hy wbtk tk` kbfk`st mr kbfk`r vlcu` ldh omudt skmuch j` kbfkcy omdsbh`r`h ls tk` sbgbcbgug, ba bt gltok`s tk` tmtlcbty ma tk` sygptmgs gmst loourlt`cy. Z`p`rtmry ldlcysbs ma N`dt kls j``d h`v`cmp`h h `v`cmp`h wbtk tk` s`còtbmd ma rujrbos gmst gm st omggmdcy s``d bd ols`s ma hbsruptbv` j`klvbmrlc hbsmrh`rs ls p`r tk` amccmwbdf tljc`s. :6 r`g`hb`s gmr` subtljc` amr hbsruptbv` j`klvbmrlc hbsmrh`rs ma MHH ldh OH lr` bdocuh`h. Xk`y lr` lcsm stuhb`h amr tk`br pmssbjc` us` bd LHKH, gmmh ldh mtk`r g`dtlc hbsmrh`rs cbn` psyokmtbo hbsmrh`r. _mg` ma tk` rujrbos h`sorbj`h bd MHH, old j` us`h bd OH ldh mtk`r hbsmrh`rs ldh vbo` v`rsl, ldh lr` bdhbolt`h wbtk l *> mtk`rs tklt hm dmt klv` l * bdhboltbmd old lcsm j` us`h bd OH ldh mtk`r hbsmrh`rs, h`p`dhbdf md bgpmrtldo` ma sygptmgs. T h`dmt`s sygptmgs bdhbolt`h bd mtk`r hbsmrh`rs ldh klv` j``d `cljmrlt`h `cs`wk`r`. Frlhbdf syst`g usbdf dugj`rs klv` j``d us`h ldh r`pr`s`dt N`dt”s r`p`rtmry5 Jmch amdts (?) j`bdf tk` gmst r`pr`s`dtltbv` r`g`hb`s> btlcbos (:) ldh dmrglc amdts (<). _mg` r`p`rtmry ldlcysbs armg Jlrmccm `t. lc ldh Jm`rbon` klv` lcsm j``d us`h amr rà`r`do` ldh lr` h`dmt`h jy tk` c`tt`r —x”, wbtkmut hbaa`r`dtblc frlhbdf. Bd frlhbdf. Bd ols`s wk`r` tk`r` bs l omgjbdltbmd ma : mr gmr` rujrbos, tk` kbfk`r frlhbdf ma `lok r`g`hy bs omdsbh`r`h. Bd lhhbtbmd, tk`r` gly smg` mv`rclppbdf sygptmgs j`tw``d tk` hbaa`r`dt hbsmrh`rs. Jut tk`y lr` g`dtbmd`h bd loomrhldo` tm okrmdmcmfbolc mrh`r ldh wbcc j` jrbà`h lflbd wk`d dò`sslry. Bt bs tm j` dmt`h tklt tk`r` lr` mtk`r `xbstbdf r`g`hb`s bd `lok r`p`rtmry tklt old lcsm j` omdsbh`r`h loomrhbdfcy. Xk`r` lr` lcsm spòbabo rujrbos, wkbok lr` dmt prmvbh`h bd tk` tljc`s, spòblccy bdhbolt`h amr tk` bdhbvbhulc (tk` Y\Z_) suok ls l spòbabo gbdh sygptmg (cbn` r`stc`ssd`ss jàmr` stmrg), `gmtbmd, pkysbolc f`stur` cbn` l h`sbr` tm pucc md`”s klbr mr pkysbolc f`d`rlcs, gmhlcbtb`s, h`cusbmd mr klccuobdltbmd tklt d``h tm j` strmdfcy omdsbh`r`h bd ols` tlnbdf. tlnbd f.

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Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r Aldob`s, `xlctltbmd ma Clsobvbmusd`ss

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?:.Xk` ?:. Xk` Xkr`` Nbdfhmgs Klkd`gldd wls tk` abrst tm bdbtblt` tk` stuhy ma tk` hbaa`r`do` j`tw``d tk` gbd`rlc, pcldt ldh ldbglc nbdfhmg, ldh tm abdh omgpc`g`dtlry r`cltbmdskbps j`tw``d tk` nbdfhmgs. Mtk`r omdt`gpmrlry kmg`mpltks `xpldh`h md tk` r`s`lrok tm udomv`r tk` oklrlot`rbstbo sygptmgs ma frmup r`g`hb`s bd tk` nbdfhmgs. Hr. Hlvbh Cbttc`, kmw`v`r, kbfkcbfkts tk` d``h tm n``p bd amous tk` tmtlcbtb`s ma tk` pltb`dt”s sygptmgs, bd mrh`r bd mrh`r dmt tm fbv` rbs` tm spòucltbmd mr st`r`mtypbdf. K` hm`s londmwc`hf` tklt l p`rsmd l hbaa`r`dt stlf` ma tr`ltg`dt gly r`qubr` hbaa`r`dt nbdfhmgs ma r`g`hb`s. Hr. Hlvbh Cbttc` mjs`rv`h tklt pcldts udh`rfm rlpbh trldsamrgltbmd ldh lr` tkus sbgbclr tm lout` hbs`ls`s ldh gblsgs. Gbd`rlcs lr` stljc` ldh okldf` mdcy lat`r c`dftky p`rbmhs, tkus lr` sbgbclr tm okrmdbo hbs`ls`s ldh gblsgs. Ldbglc r`g`hb`s, md tk` mtk`r kldh, j`bdf alstbdf lotbdf ldh rlpbhcy h`struotbv`, lr` subt`h amr rlpbhcy h`struotbv` lout` ldh okrmdbo hbs`ls`s. Cbttc` lcsm g`dtbmd`h tklt tk` pcldts ldh ldbglcs gmst subt`h amr okrmdbo hbs`ls`s lr` tkms` tklt lr` gmst laaòt`h jy gbd`rlcs ls bd tk` ols` ma Cyompmhbug ldh Olcolr`l Olrj Mstr`lrug. _ucpkur, Cyompmhbug ldh Olcolr`l Olrj Mstr`lr ug ug lr` tkr`` r`g`hb`s a`ltur`h bd Klkd`gldd”s ldtbldtb psmrbo r`g`hb`s. F K. Oclrn` suff`st`h tklt tk`s` tkr`` r`g`hb`s, wkbok lr` bdobh`dtlccy armg <<: hbaa`r`dt nbdfhmgs, skmuch amrg tk` jlsbs md kmw kmg`mpltkbo r`g`hb`s skmuch j` frmup`h . Loomrhbdf tm Hr. Zleld Zleld _ldnlrld, bccd`ss r`sucts wk`d md` ma tk` nbdfhmgs” oklrlot`rbstbos mv`rtln`s tk` kugld `c`g`dt. Yltb`dts armg tk` pcldts nbdfhmg usulccy hbspcly l k`bfkt`d`h s`dsbtbvbty ldh r`lotbvbty> wkbc` ld ldbglc nbdfhmg pltb`dt”s bssu` bs tklt ma omgp`tbtbmd ldh ldh survbvlc, ldh mat`d tlcns ma j`bdf tk` vbotbg mr lffr`ssmr> clst jut dmt c`lst, l gbd`rlc nbdfhmg pltb`dt”s omdo`rd bs wbtk kbs struotur` ldh oklcc`df`s tm kbs struotur`. Lat`r lso`rtlbdbdf tk` nbdfhmg, gmstcy tkrmufk mjs`rvltbmd ma kldh f`stur`s rltk`r tkld wmrhs bd l s`gb-kypdmtbo stlt`, tk` `gmtbmdlc stlt` bs h`t`rgbd`h tm abdh tk` r`g`hy tkrmufk tk` suj-olt`fmrb`s wbtkbd tk` < bdst`lh tk`y lr` slhbstbo ldh wbcc `dsur` tk`y f`t tk`br v`df`do`. Xmm guok g`dtlc wmrn wbcc lcsm olus` h`jbcbty. Okbchr`d udh`r tk` spbh`rs suj-olt`fmry udh`r tk` ldbglc nbdfhmg, lr` kyp`rlotbv` (wbtk gldy kldh gmv`g`dts), kurrb`h, ouddbdf, e`lcmus, ldh lr` kbfkcy s`dsbtbv` tm gusbo, dmbs` mr vbjrltbmds, cbn`s tm eugp, ocbgj, kbh` ldh hldo`, t`ls`, <<8 klv` l a`lr mr bdt`r`st bd spbh`rs, a`lr ma h`ltk, j`bdf trlpp`h, ldh lr` kbfkcy s`xulc . Okbchr`d udh`r tk` sdln`s suj-olt`fmry lr` kbfkcy e`lcmus, qulrr`csmg`, sòr`tbv`, suspbobmus, lr` <<0 glcbobmus ldh h`struotbv` wbtk l a`lr mr klvbd f tk` h`sbr` tm nbcc mr pmbsmd mtk`rs .

Z`g`hb`s amr Lffr`ssbmd ldh Qbmc`do` Loomrhbdf tm Ylplpkbcbppmu F`mrf`, r`g`hb`s wbtk kbfk`st bdt`dsbtb`s ma vbmc`do` lr`5 Kyms., _trlg., J`cc., K`p., Q`rlt., Ldlo., Cyo., Dux Qmg., Lur., Dbt. lo., Oklg., Clok., G`ro., _tlpk., amccmw`h jy mtk`r r`g`hb`s.

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K` g`dtbmd`h tklt Kyms, _trlg ldh J`cc. lr` omgpc`g`dtlry tm `lok mtk`r ldh tkus, old j` us`h <<1 tmf`tk`r bd l ols` (: mr ? ma tk` r`g`hb`s omgjbd`h) . Xk` g`dtlc ldh pkysbolc `xpr`ssbmds ma vbmc`do` lr` `xpclbd`h j`cmw, wbtk tk` Y\Z_ r`clt`h tm tk` vbmc`dt `xpr`ssbmds. Xk` r`g`hb`s lr` lcsm olt`fmrbz`h loomrhbdf tm tk` nbdfhmg tk`y j`cmdf.

Gbd`rlc Nbdfhmg <<6 ?:.< Lrs`dbo Lcjug

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Hbsmrh`rs5 LHH wbtk kyp`rlotbvbty, MHH> Cldfulf` ldh sp`òk hbsmrh`rs, stlgg`rbdf Lxbs5 Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + Dmd h`struotbv` Ldxbmus ldh jòmg`s tmm r`spmdsbjc`. A`lrauc ‟ bccd`ss, hlrn, tkb`v`s, j`bdf lcmd`, wldts omgpldy> olutbmus ljmut h`lcbdfs> frljs p`mpc` tm a``c sla`. Kbh` udh`r j`h, wln`s up wbtk a`lr ldh eugps mut ma j`h. _`dsbtbv` ‟ omdo`rd`h ljmut kmw mtk`rs p`ro`bv` kbg. Y`raòtbmdbst ‟ Y`raòtbmdbst ‟ wldts `v`rytkbdf bd mrh`r, pclds amr `v`rytkbdf. Brrbtljc` ‟ Brrbtljc` ‟ wldts wldts tm j` olrrb`h quboncy. Z`stc`ss ‟ Z`stc`ss ‟ wldts tm j` olrrb`h jy hbaa`r`dt p`mpc`. _`cabsk ldh `lsbcy ldf`r`h. H`cusbmd ma jufs bd j`h ldh tkb`v`s bd tk` rmmg. Kbts kbs k`lh lflbdst tk` wlcc, lttlons mtk`rs. Oru`c cblr wkm bs e`lcmus, stbdfy ldh st`lcs. D`rvmus tbos, `dur`sbs, `dompr`sbs, frbdhs t``tk, dlbc jbtbdf. _`dsbtbv` tm sg`ccs ldh dmbs`s. F`d`rlcs5 Okbccy, sbps sglcc quldtbty ma wlt`r lt sglcc bdt`rvlc> h`sbr` wlrg ammh ldh hrbdns, gbcn, lobhs ldh omaa``> jurdbdf plbds 4 wlrgtk Gmhlcbtb`s5 3 (wmrs` jy) omch, w`t w`ltk`r, lat`r gbhdbfkt> omch hrbdns, mr ammh, s`lskmr`> 4 (j`tt`r jy) k`lt, k`lh `c`vltbmd, wlrg hrbdns ?:.: Olustboug

Hbsmrh`rs5 LHKH wbtk kyp`rlotbvbty, MHH, OH> cldfulf` hbsmrh`r> h`pr`ssbmd Lxbs5 Vbtkhrlwbdf + Ky`rlotbv`/Kypmlotbv` + Dmd-h`struotbv` + @globlt`h _cmw tm wlcn ldh tlcn. Vldt tm j` olrrb`h. _`dsbtbv` tm dmbs`> `lsbcy stlrtc`h. A`lr5 dbfkt, j`bdf lcmd`, strldf`rs> trbac`s gln` kbg ory. Z`stc`ss, jut gmtbmdc`ss jy a`lr. _ygpltk`tbo tmwlrhs suaa`rbdf ma mtk`rs, old put kbgs`ca bd mtk`rs” pmsbtbmd ls k` ndmws bt old lcsm klpp`d tm kbg. Z`vmcutbmdlry ldh olddmt stldh bdeustbo`. Bh`lcbstbo, hbotltmrblc ldh hàbldt. _lh kugmr wbtk wmrry. Lvmbhs rbsns. Cmdf stldhbdf g`cldokmcy, bdsmgdbl, suhh`d a`lr, arbfkt, emy, rlf`. D``hs omdstldt gmv`g`dt, wkbok hm`s dmt gln` kbg j`tt`r. Gly jòmg` cblr ldh ldlrokbst, wbtk t`dh`doy tm st`lc. @dur`sbs, `dompr`sbs ldh d`rvmus tbos. V`bfkt cmss, h`spbt` fmmh lpp`tbt`. X`dh`doy tm wlrts lrmudh dlbcs. F`d`rlcs5 Okbccy, tkbrsty 12


Gmhlcbtb`s5 3hry, omch wbdhs, gmtbmd ma v`kboc`> 4 hlgp, w`t w`ltk`r, wlrgtk, k`lt ma j`h ?:.? Ouprug G`tlccboug

Hbsmrh`r5 OH> sp`òk ldh cldfulf` hbsmrh`r> gldbl Lxbs5 Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` D`rvmus ldh ud`lsy, ud` lsy, a`lr smob`ty ldh n``ps hbstldo` armg mtk`rs, lv`rsbmd tm okldf`. Glcbobmus, klppy wk`d mtk`rs lr` suaa`rbdf. Cbn`s tm bgbtlt` `v`rymd`. Zlf` lttlons ldh gldbl> vbmc`dt, jbt`s, j`lts, t`lrs tkbdfs, kyst`rbolc, suhh`d h`sbr` tm bdeur`, skrb`n, sor`lg, nbon ldh `solp`. Xlcns bdomk`r`dtcy, w``ps, bs spbtàuc. _tbaa wk`d j`bdf olrrb`h. _mg`tbg`s yb`chbdf, mtk`r tbg`s stujjmrd ldh hbotltmrblc (lutkmrbtltbv`). Hbcbf`dt. Ymmr g`gmry. Rmudf g`d lf` pr`gltur`cy hu` <<2 tm vbo`s cbn` lcomkmc, sujstldo` ljus` ldh clt` dbfkts. Omdvucsbmds . F`d`rlcs5 Okbccy, tkbrsty, splsgs & orlgps, h`sbr` amr wlrg ammh ldh hrbdns Gmhlcbtb`s5 3jàmr` g`ds`s, vmgbtbdf, omdtlot> 4omch wlt`r, p`rspbrltbmd ?:.8 K`plr _ucpkurbs Olcolrùg

Hbsmrh`r ‟ Hbsmrh`r ‟ LHH LHH wbtk bgpucsbv`d`ss> MHH ldh OH> sp`òk hbsmrh`r cbn` stlgg`rbdf Lxbs5 Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` Okbchr`d wkm old sbt ldh hm dmtkbdf. Lv`rsbmd tm pcly. Brrbtljc` ldh mv`rs`dsbtbv` tm tk` sglcc`st pkysbolc (tmuok, omch, hrlat ma lbr, albdt armg plbd) mr psyokmcmfbolc gltt`rs. A``cs k` bs md tk` `hf` ma l g`dtlc jr`ln hmwd. Kypmokmdhrblo. Ldxbmus wbtkmut l olus` ldh hbsomdt`dt`h. Jòmg`s a`rmobmuscy ldfry, hàbldt, mppmsbtbmdlc, bgpucsbv` ldh klsty amr tk` scbfkt`st r`lsmd> bs vbobmus tm mtk`rs. _p`lns ldh hrbdns bd l kurry. Q`rjlccy ljusbv` ldh qulrr`csmg`. Qbmc`dt, h`struotbv` ldh pkysbolccy ljusbv` ‟ ljusbv` ‟ nbons nbons ldh kbt, wbtk bgpucs` tm nbcc, `v`d cmv`h md`s> tkr`lt`d wbtk ndba`. Oru`c ldh slhbstbo ‟ sltbsalotbmd lt mtk`rs” suaa`rbdfs, jut nbdh tm ldbglcs. Omch jcmmh`h gurh`r`r wkm nbccs wbtkmut fubct> nbcc p`mpc` wbtk pc`lsur` (K`rbdf). _`t tkbdfs md abr`. abr`. _ubobhlc tkmufkts, hm dmt a`lr h`ltk. @dur`sbs. F`d`rlcs5 Okbccy, tkbrsty, mv`rs`dsbtbv`, smur sg`ccbdf, prmhuo` suppurltbmds, puruc`dt hbsoklrf`s Gmhlcbtb`s5 3hry omch wbdhs> ommc lbr> hrlufkt, G`roury, tmuok, cybdf md plbdauc sbh`> 4 hlgp w`ltk`r, wrlppbdf k`lh, wlrgtk, lat`r `ltbdf ?:.0 G`rourbus _mcujbcbs

Hbsmrh`rs5 LHKH wbtk bgpucsbvbty, MHH, omdhuot hbsmrh`r, g`gmry w`lnd`ss, r`lhbdf ldh cldfulf` hbsmrh`rs, stlgg`rbdf

69


Lxbs5 Lpprmlokbdf/Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` + Xkbd _ormaucmus wbtk tbssu`s t`dhbdf tm bdaclggltbmd ldh h`struotbmd. Gldy a`lrs5 (l) k` wbcc lot md bgpucs`s ‟ bgpucs`s ‟ tm tm tkrmw tkbdfs lt, kbt mr nbcc cmv`h md` (j) bdsldbty lt dbfkt (o) lvmbh p`mpc` ‟ p`mpc` ‟ jòmg` jòmg` suspbobmus ldh kbh` lwly> `v`rymd` bs ld `d`gy wkm wldts tm kurt kbg. Ldxbmus wbtk fr`lt r`stc`ssd`ss5 omdstldt h`sbr` amr okldf`, trlv`c ldh `solp`> lfbtltbmd> lwnwlrh wbtk bdt`rdlc klstbd`ss ldh scmw r`spmds`> kurrb`h ldh rlpbh sp`òk wbtk scmw ldsw`rs. H`struotbv` ldh lffr`ssbv` lflbdst kbgs`ca ldh mtk`rs - bdtmc`rldt tm omdtrlhbotbmd> ldfry ldh vbmc`dt lttlons> subobhlc ldh kmgbobhlc> h`sbr` tm stlj ldh nbcc ldymd` wbtk ndba`> ndba`> spbts md p`mpc`”s alo`> hbsr`spòtauc ldh r`s`dtauc ls l smoblccy glrfbdlcbs`h p`rsmd. @lsbcy `xobt`h ‟ armg hbaa`r`dt stbgucltbmds> d`rvmus clufkbdf lct`rdlt` wbtk w``pbdf. Hmgbdltbdf. _ky ldh `gjlrrlss`h bd smoblc sbtultbmds, rlr`cy `xpr`ss `gmtbmds ldh jcusk `lsbcy> lv`rs` tm j` cmmn`h mr tmuok`h, y`t klv` bdocbdltbmd tm oltok strldf`rs jy dms`. Kyp`rs`xulc ‟ `lsbcy `xobt`h wbtk `rmtbobsg, clsobvbmusd`ss. Omggbts s`xulc orbg`s cbn` rlp`. Yrmd` tm vbo`s cbn` flgjcbdf, hrufs ldh lcomkmc. Omdsob`do` ‟ fubcty, ldxbmus ldh r`gmrsàuc, subobhlc. _`cabsk cblr wkm bs ruh`. Y`raòtbmdbst (Glsb @cbzlch`) ‟ or`ltbv`> old h`strmy dltur` bd mrh`r tm r`jubch bt j`tt`r. Xurds armg sbh` tm sbh` ldh gmlds> huccd`ss wbtk lv`rsbmd tm pcly F`d`rlcbtb`s5 Okbccy ldh tkbrsty wbtk gmbst gmutk> Maa`dsbv` ldh prmaus` hbsoklrf`s Gmhlcbtb`s5 3 wlrgtk, suds`t tm sudrbs`, dbfkt, w`t, hlgp w`ltk`r, cybdf rbfkt sbh`, p`rspbrbdf

?:.1 Dbtrbo Lobhug

Hbsmrh`rs5 MHH ldh OH Lxbs5 Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` + C`ld C`ld, rbfbh abjr`s, jrud`tt`. Hlrn omgpc`xbmd, klbr ldh `y`s. _udn`d `y`s. Gbs`rljc` md lcc c`v`c ‟ hbslppmbdt`h> hbslppmbdt`h> ldxb`ty md k`lctk gltt`rs `spòblccy oldo`r ldh c`lhbdf tm h`ltk> h`pr`ssbmd ldh subobhlc tkmufkts jut hm`s dmt omggbt subobh` hu` tm a`lr ma h`ltk. Brrbtljc` ‟ Brrbtljc` ‟ orbtbolc orbtbolc ma mtk`rs ldh tk`gs`cv`s> mtk`rs hm dmt `demy kbs omgpldy> brrbtlt`h jy gbstln`s ldh hm`s dmt cbn` omdsmcltbmd> ours`s, w``ps> brrbtlt`h jy dmbs`. Qbmc`dt ldf`r. Hbsbdocbd`h tm wmrn. D`v`r amrfbv`s `v`d wbtk lpmcmfb`s. Bdhbaa`r`dt tm mtk`rs. Mppmsbtbmdlc, wbcc bdeur` ldh pcly rmufk. Mjstbdlt`, gbsokb`vmus, kltàuc, omrrupt ldh vbdhbotbv`. @dur`sbs ldh jbt`s tk` dlbcs. X`dh`doy tm wlrts F`d`rlcbtb`s5 Okbccy, tkbrstc`ss> `xomrbltbdf, tkbd, maa`dsbv` hbsoklrf`s, hbrty> spcbdt`r cbn` plbds Gmhlcbtb`s5 3 `v`dbdf ldh dbfkt, omch ocbglt`, ldh kmt w`ltk`r> 4 rbhbdf bd v`kboc`s

?:.6 Ykmspkmrus

Hbsmrh`rs5 LHKH wbtk kyp`rlotbvbty ldh bgpucsbvbty> MHH ldh OH

6<


Lxbs5 Lpprmlokbdf/Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + Dmd h`struotbv` + X lcc ldh stmmpbdf Clon ma ltt`dtbmd armg kmg` ldh tkus gln`s sup`raboblc arb`dhs mutsbh`. Kyp`rs`dsbtbv` ‟ Kyp`rs`dsbtbv` ‟ a``c mtk`rs” `gmtbmds (oclbrvmyldt, bdtubtbv`)> bdtubtbv`)> s`dsbtbv` tm dmbs`, mhmur, cbfkt ldh mtk`r bgpr`ssbmds. Mjs`rvldt. Ldxbmus ldh a`lrauc ma `v`rytkbdf lrmudh, fkmsts ldh j`bdf lcmd`. Vln`s up lt dbfkt ldh fm`s strlbfkt tm plr`dts. Vldt ma sygpltky. Mp`d, `xtrmv`rt`h, laaòtbmdlt`, or`ltbv` ldh kls c`lh`rskbp qulcbty. H`sbr` tm j` k`ch ldh glfd`tbz`h. Vk`d lfbtlt`h, jòmg`s lffr`ssbv`, jmch, ruh`, vbmc`dt, hbsmj`hb`dt, qulrr`csmg`, lrrmfldt> strbn`s, spbt`s, jbt`s ldh sw`lrs. Klv` wbch, vbmc`dt rlf`s. Z`stc`ss, gust gmv` ljmut omdstldtcy. Kyp`rs`xulc wbtk glsturjltbmd. F`d`rlcs5 Okbccy, tkbrsty, jurdbdf> rlv`dmus kudf`r hurbdf a`v`r Gmhlcbtb`s5 3tmuok, pkysbolc ldh g`dtlc `x`rtbmd, twbcbfkt, wlrg ammh ldh hrbdn, okldf` ma w`ltk`r, f`ttbdf w`t bd kmt w`ltk`r, `v`dbdf, cybdf md càt mr plbdauc sbh`> tkudh`rstmrg, lso`dhbdf stlbrs> 4hlrn, cybdf md rbfkt sbh`, omch ammh, omch, mp`d lbr, wlskbdf wbtk omch wlt`r, sc``p

?:.; Ycugjug g`tlccboug

Hbsmrh`rs5 LHKH, MHH, OH> h`pr`ssbmd Lxbs5 Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kypmlotbv` + Xkbd (Glrlsgus) Z`stc`ss5 klsty. Ljs`dt-gbdh`h. Cmqulobmus ldh qulrr`csmg`. @lsbcy brrbtlt`h, ruh` ldh hàbldt ‟ hàbldt ‟ mppms` smoblc dmrgs> cmv`s tlnbdf rbsns ldh `dflfbdf bd soldhlcmus ldh prmkbjbt`h lotbvbtb`s (flgjcbdf lwly lcc j`cmdfbdfs). _urplss kbs cbgbts ldh fm`s lflbdst tk` clw. Qbmc`dt - lttlons kbgs`ca (stlj) ldh mtk`rs. Clsobvbmus ldh udalbtkauc. Jòmg`s gmr` omch. H`pr`ss`h wbtk a`lr ma j`bdf gurh`r`h. _okmmc okbchr`d wkm lr` s`dt armg md` sokmmc tm ldmtk`r hu` tm clon ma hbsobpcbd`. @dompr`sbs ldh d`rvmus tbos> stupmr stlt` wbtk scmwd`ss bd r`spmds` hu` tm h`pr`ssbmd, wbtk g`dtlc w`lnd`ss ldh cmss ma wmrhs. Ykysbolccy w`ln wbtk rlpbh `globltbmd wk`d bcc. Ylrlcysbs, ltrmpkb`s ldh FBX prmjc`gs. F`d`rlcs5 Okbccy, Xkbrsty Gmhlcbtb`s5 3dbfkt, gmtbmd> 4rujjbdf, klrh pr`ssur`, pkysbolc `x`rtbmd ?:.2 _ucpkur

Hbsmrh`rs5 LHH wbtk bgpucsbv`d`ss> MHH ldh OH> sp`òk ldh cld fulf` hbsmrh`rs Lxbs5 Lpprmlokljc` + Kyp`rlotbvbty + Dmd h`struotbv` + @ globlt`h wbtk jbf j`ccy Hbrty ldh mch cmmnbdf wbtk acljjy snbd. Z`stc`ss ldh sc``pc`ssd`ss> nbons ocmtk`s maa lt dbfkt. @demy j`bdf wbtk mch`r omgpldy ldh r`s`dt wk`d dmt j`bdf tr`lt`h wbtk prbvbc`f`s ma lhucts. _`cabsk. X`dh`doy tm w``p, slhd`ss ldh j` arbfkt`d`h (sor`lgs). Vldts tm j` k`ch tm a``c sòur`. 6:


@v`rytkbdf s``gs j`lutbauc> jmlsts ljmut kbs tkbdfs. Z`cbfbmus laaòtbmds, bglfbdltbv`, ldlcytbolc, lrtbstbo. @xtrmv`rt`h, emvblc, kmw`v`r, bs bgpltb`dt. Lv`rs` tm pcly ldh pkysbolc wmrn - tbr`h, lt << lg, bdhmc`dt. @dompr`sbs, `dur`sbs, frbdhs tk` t``tk ldh jbt`s kbs mwd dlbcs. F`d`rlcs5 Kmt, tkbrsty, kudfry lt <
Ycldt Nbdfhmg ?:.<9 Lomdbtug Dlp`ccus

Hbsmrh`rs5 LHKH wbtk kyp`rlotbvbty ldh bgpucsbv`d`ss> r`lhbdf ldh sp`òk hbsmrh`rs, stlgg`rbdf> MHH Lxbs5 Lpprmlokbdf/Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` + Alt Z`stc`ss ldh kurrb`h> okldf`s pmsbtbmd ar`qu`dtcy. Ldxbmus wbtk kyp`rs`dsbtbvbty. A`lr ma h`ltk, hlrn, a`lr tm c`lv`, tm j` bd slg` pclo` wbtk gldy p`mpc`, tm j` bdeur`h. Ldytkbdf arbfkt`ds> dbfkt t`rrmr. Olutbmus ldh suspbobmus ma surrmudhbdfs. Gbsokb`vmus. Okbch ma tk` mtk`r `xtr`g` bs jmch, mppmsbtbmdlc, ruh`, hbsmj`hb`dt, ldfry, lffr`ssbv` ldh qulrr`csmg`5 jbt`s, tkrmws ldh jr`lns bt`gs. @dur`sbs. F`d`rlcs5 Okbccy, bdt`ds` jurdbdf tkbrst> orlv`s amr lcomkmc, lobhbo ldh jbtt`r h rbdns Gmhlcbtb`s5 3omch, hry wbdh, wlrg rmmg, `v`dbdf, dbfkt, cybdf md laaòt`h sbh`, gusbo, tmjloom> 4 mp`d lbr

?:.<< Lflrbous Gusolrbus Hbsmrh`rs5 LHKH wbtk kyp`rlotbvbty> OH> Z`lhbdf, sp`òk ldh cldfulf` hbsmrh`rs

Lxbs5 Lpprmlokbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` + Xkbd (sc`dh`r) Lct`rdlt` brrbtljbcbty ldh h`pr`ssbmd. Ldfry wbtk kbgs`ca ldh mtk`rs. Lffr`ssbv` ldh tkr`lt`dbdf ‟ us`s amro`, hàbldt. Omch, oru`c> cbn`s tm j` d`lr abr`. @demys ldh d``h hldo` bd kbs cba`. @xo`ssbv`cy jmch wbtk `xlff`rlt`h ldh v`dfàuc j`klvbmr. Mutjurst ma orybdf. Pdbgpmrtldt tkbdfs olus`s slhd`ss. H`cly`h gbc`stmd`s hu` tm scmw`r jrlbd h`v`cmpg`dt> g`dtlc w`lnd`ss. Bdtmxbolt`h cmmn> bdommrhbdltbmd j`tw``d gbdh ldh jmhy. _lys ammcbsk tkbdfs, pm`try ldh prmpkòb`s. Hm`s dmt r`spmdh tm mtk`rs. Old jòmg` bdhbaa`r`dt> stujjmrd ldh prmuh. Lv`rs` tm tmuok, g`dtlc ldh pkysbolc cljmr. A``cs cbn` bo` d``hc`s md tk` snbd wbtk stbdfbdf s`dsltbmd. Gusoc`s gmv` bdvmcudtlrbcy, tr`gmrs, d`rvmus tbos. @demys stmrb`s md lcb`ds, fkmst mr kmrrmr stmrb`s, gln`s up mut ma tk` wmrch stmrb`s tm lttrlot arb`dhs. 6?


F`d`rlcs5 Okbccy, hbv`rs` sygptmgs, sp`òk clon oclrbty Gmhlcbtb`s5 3 mp`d omch lbr, lat`r `ltbdf, lat`r ombtus, bd omch w`ltk`r, jàmr` l tkudh`rstmrg, pr`ssur` md hmrslc spbd`> 4 gmvbdf scmwcy

?:.<: Ldlolrhbug Mrb`dtlc`

Hbsmrh`rs5 LHH wbtk bgpucsbvbty> MHH, OH Lxbs5 Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` Klrh lflbdst mtk`rs hu` tm bda`rbmrbty omgpc`x ldh clon omdabh`do`, c`lhbdf tm rlf`, lffr`ssbmd ldh oru`cty. Bdbtblccy, j`fbds wbtk w`ln g`gmry ldh clt`r prmfr`ss`s tm vbmc`do`. @lsbcy brrbtlt`h ldh maa`dh`h - sp`ln ruh`cy wbtk brmdy, j`cbttcbdf mtk`rs. Jclg`s mtk`rs ldh dmt kbgs`ca. N``ps l hbstldo` armg mtk`rs ls a`lr `v`ryjmhy bs ld `d`gy> tkbdns mtk`rs lr` r`spmdsbjc` amr kbs pcbfkt. Z`stc`ss ldh d`rvmus. Klrh (dmt pmrtrly`h bd armdt ma hmotmr, klrh`r tkld G`h.), hm`s dmt olr` ljmut mtk`rs” a``cbdfs wk`d sp`lnbdf> ours` ours` ldh sw`lr amr scbfkt`st brrbtltbmd. Hulc p`rsmdlcbty5 kls l fmmh sbh` ldh ld `vbc sbh` tklt lsn kbg tm hm wrmdf. Bdhòbsbmd j`tw``d rbfkt ldh wrmdf> lffr`ssbmd ldh p`lo`> vlcu`s bd f`d`rlc. Oru`c wbtkmut r`gmrs`, slhbstbo, g`robc`ss, glcbobmus ldh smoblccy glclheust`h ‟ glclheust`h ‟ tmrg`dt tmrg`dt ldbglcs, bgpucs` tm nbcc, lttlon wbtk vbmc`dt s`xulc cldfulf`> wbtk bgg`hblt` h`gldhs. Lttlons wk`d bd omgpldy mr wk`d vbotbgs lr` hà`ds`c`ss. A`lr k` wbcc j` vbmc`dt ldh mut ma omdtrmc ‟ strbn`s ldh kurt mtk`rs, `v`d usbdf l ndba`. Xkrmws ndba` lwly. A`lr ma `xlgbdltbmds. Omdtrlhbotmry r`lotbmd5 clufks lt s`rbmus gltt`rs ldh r`glbd s`rbmus lt emn`s. Z`cbfbmus a`rvmur, wbtk mjs`ssbmd tm slv` kbs smuc. A``cs ljldhmd`h ldh bsmclt`h. @xtr`g` ols`s c`lh tm sokbzmpkr`dbl. Mcalotmry ld h k`lrbdf klccuobdltbmd. _`dsbtbv` tm hrlufkts. Okbchr`d lr` mat`d okbch ljus` vbotbgs wk`r` tk` plr`dts lr` ljusbv`, kbfkcy orbtboblc, mv`r strbot, skmws kbfk `xpòtltbmds ldh fbv`s s`v`r` pudbskg`dts. Xk` okbch `v`dtulccy jòmg`s sklg`c`ss ldh hbspcly ldtb-smoblc j`klvbmr. K` jòmg`s bdhbaa`r`dt ldh skmws kltr`h tmwlrhs plr`dts. F`d`rlcs5 Okbccy> Omdstldt tkbrst> Cmss ma lpp`tbt` wbtk vbmc`dt kudf`r> sygptmgs fm armg rbfkt tm càt> V`hf`-cbn` plbd Gmhlcbtb`s5 3 lppcboltbmd ma kmt wlt`r> 4lat`r `ltbdf, cybdf md sbh`, rujjbdf

?:.
Hbsmrh`rs5 LHKH wbtk bgpucsbv`d`ss, MHH ldh OH> sp`òk ldh cld fulf` hbsmrh`rs Lxbs5 Lpprmlok (Vbtkhrlw hurbdf bccd`ss) + Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` Fr`lt bdt`dsbty ma sygptmgs. @xpcmsbv` ldf`r wbtk v bmc`do`5 ocbgjs, puccs (klbr), jbt`s cbn` l hmf, spbts, t`lrs ldh tkrmws tkbdfs, strbn`s, ndmons tk` k`lh, s`ts abr` ldh st`lcs. Alo` jòmg`s r`h 68


(hu` tm rusk ma jcmmh) ldh arbfkt`dbdf. Zlf` bs strmdf wbtkmut glcbo` (cbn` _trlg.) ldh stmps suhh`dcy. Lrt`rb`s pucslt` hurbdf rlf`. Clufkt`r lttlons. Xlcns alst. Z`stc`ss. V``ps `lsbcy. A`lr ma hmfs, bdsòts, jclon ldbglcs ldh wmcv`s, ls w`cc ls bglfbdlry tkbdfs cbn` fkmsts, kmrrbjc` alo`s. Bd hbs`ls`h stlt`, old prmhuo` h`cusbmds, h`cbrbugs ldh klv` udstmppljc` vbmc`do`. H`sbr` tm `solp` armg kmg`. Frbdhs t``tk. @dur`sbs, tbos F`d`rlcs5 Okbccy, tkbrsty (fr`lt tkbrst amr omch wlt`r)> sygptmg omg`s ldh fm`s suhh`dcy> strlwj`rry tmdfu` Gmhlcbtb`s5 3 r`prmlok, hrlufkts (udomv`rbdf k`lh), klbr out, tmuok, elr, dmbs`, lat`r dmmd, cybdf hmwd. 4 s`gb-`ròt

?:.<8 Olgpkmrl

Hbsmrh`r5 LHH> OH Lxbs5 Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kypmlotbv` + H`struotbv` Gbdh ldh g`gmry lcgmst dmd-`xbst`dt, r`tlrhltbmd, hm`s dmt ldsw`r qu`stbmds. H`cbrbug wbtk rlf` ldh gldbl. Vldts tm eugp mut ma j`h mr wbdhmw. _or`lgs ldh lsn amr k`cp. Ldxbmus ldh lcgmst cmsbdf omdsobmusd`ss. Omdausbmd omg`s wbtk vbmc`do`, jòmg`s omch ldh wldts tm udomv`r, omch ldh mp`d lbr. H`strmys ocmtk`s. H`sbr` tm nbcc. _`xulccy lrmus`h. F`d`rlcs5 Fr`lt `xklustbmd ldh prmstrltbmd Gmhlcbtb`s5 3 gmtbmd, dbfkt, omdtlot, omch lbr> 4wlrgtk

?:.<0 Kymsoylgus Dbf`r

Hbsmrh`rs5 LHKH wbtk bgpucsbv`d`ss> MHH, OH> sp`òk hbsmrh`r, stlgg`rbdf Lxbs5 Lpprmlokbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` Cbfkt klbr`h okbchr`d wkm lr` brrbtljc`, d`rvmus, kyst`rbolc. Z`stc`ss ldh sc``pc`ss. A``cs udcmv`h. E`lcmus ‟ E`lcmus ‟ sbjcbdfs> sbjcbdfs> c`lhs tm okldf`h p`rsmdlcbty - okbch jòmg`s bdtrmv`rt`h ldh klrh. _``g ls ba bt kls stmpp`h `xbstbdf. Vldt r`v`df`, jut olddmt, tkus jòmg` `gmtbmdc`ss ldh omch. Psulccy plssbv`, jut wbtk qulrr`csmg` mppmrtudbty, vbmc`do` lrbs`s wbtk ldf`r, jbtbdf, jr`lnbdf, strbnbdf, nbccbdf, strldfcbdf> ours`, gmons, scldh`r. _lvlf`. _trmdf h`sbr` tm nbcc. Clsobvbmus gldbl wbtkmut a``cbdfs ‟ `xpms` duhbty ldh pcly wbtk f`dbtlcs, sbdfs mjso`d` smdfs. _klg`c`ss tlcns ldh j`klvbmr. Hbzzybdf clufkt`r, lt `v`rytkbdf. _uspbobmus. A``cs amrsln`d. A`lr ma cmd`cbd`ss, ma j`bdf pmbsmd`h, smch, jbtt`d, ma klvbdf tkbdfs tklt w`r` fbv`d tm kbg j`bdf tln`d lwly. Bdomk`r`dt tlcns ma bglfbdlry tkbdfs. Zàus`s tm `lt. @lsbcy lfbtlt`h, trb`s tm `solp`. Bdeur`s kbgs`ca bdt`dtbmdlccy, subobhlc. @dur`sbs, `dompr`sbs, tbos.

60


F`d`rlcs5 Okbccy, tkbrsty Gmhlcbtb`s5 3dbfkt, hurbdf g`ds`s, lat`r `ltbdf, cybdf hmwd> 4 stmmpbd f

?:.<1 Cyompmhbug Oclvltug

Hbsmrh`r5 MHH ldh OH> c`lrdbdf hbaabouctb`s, r`lhbdf, omudtbdf ldh wrbtbdf prmjc`gs> LHH wbtk bgpucsbvbty Lxbs5 Vbtkhrlwbdf (@globlt`h)/ Lpprmlokbdf (Mj`s`) + Kyp`rlotbv` + Dmd h`struotbv` _`rbmus, olutbmus ldh d`v`r sgbc`s. Clon s`ca-omdabh`do` - bdsòur` ldh omwlrhcy, a`lr r`spmdsbjbcbty, lv`rsbmd tm pcly> lvmbhs sbtultbmds wk`r` k` kls tm skmw kbs a`lrs. Lots hbotltmrblc wbtk cmv`h md`s ldh —bda`rbmr” md`s, wkbc` skmwbdf pc`lsldt p`rsmdl tm mutsbh`rs `spòblccy sup`rbmrs. A`lr ma lutkmrbty, hlrnd`ss, dmbs`s, fkmsts mr bglfbdlry tkbdfs. Zuh` tm plr`dts wkm lr` tmm smat. X`dh tm klv` hbaabouct r`cltbmdskbp wbtk altk`r (Glsb @cbzlch`). @xpr`ss kbs ldf`r jy vbmc`do`5 vbmc`dt rlf`, sor`lgs, ours`s, kbts algbcy ldh w`ln`r md`s. Kyp`rs`dsbtbv` tm bgpr`ssbmds, olddmt tmc`rlt` emn`s, a``cs k` bs lcwlys rbfkt ldh olddmt tmc`rlt` omdtrlhbotbmd. Mjstbdlt`, r`s`dtauc, s`cabsk ldh maa`dsbv`, hbsmj`hb`dt, mppmsbtbmdlc. Brrbtljc`, nbons ldh pusk`s p`mpc` ldfrbcy. Vldts tm j` lcmd`, jut a`lr smcbtuh`5 wldts tm j` d`lr algbcblr p`mpc` ldh dmt strldf`rs. Vln`s up gbs`rljc`, sc``ps lcc hly ldh orb`s lcc dbfkt> clufks mr w``ps bd sc``p Bdt`ccòtulccy strmdf jut pkysbolccy w`ln okbchr`d wbtk d`rvmus tbos, `dur`sbs, `dompr`sbs, FBX hbs`ls`s, cmmns mch`r wbtk wrbdnc`s ldh `lrcy wkbt` klbr F`d`rlcs5 Kmt> tkbrsty> Olprbobmus lpp`tbt` wbtk rlv`dmus kudf`r lt tbg`s> orlv`s sw``ts, wlrg ammh ldh hrbdns. Z`h sldh bd urbd` (orb`s jàmr` urbdltbdf)> rbfkt sbh`h sygptmgs Gmhlcbtb`s5 38-;pg, rbfkt sbh`, ljmv` hmwdwlrhs> k`lt, wlrg rmmg> wlrg lppcboltbmds (`xo`pt tkrmlt ldh stmglok)> 4 gmtbmd, gbhdbfkt, wlrg ammh ldh hrbdns, omch, j`bdf udomv`r`h udomv `r`h

?:.<6 Gltrbolrbl Oklgmgbccl

Hbsmrh`rs5 LHKH wbtk bgpucsbv`d`ss, MHH Lxbs5 Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` Lpp`lrldo`5 Cbfkt jrmwd klbr> md` ok``n r`h ldh tk` mtk`r ok``n plc` Kyp`rs`dsbtbv` ldh brrbtljc` ‟ `lsbcy lddmy`h, s`dsbtbv` tm plbd (md tk`gs`cv`s, mtk`rs), jàmr` g`ds`s> hm`s dmt wldt p`mpc` d`lrjy, hbscbn`s j`bdf tlcn`h tm, ldsw`rs ourtcy, hm`s dmt wldt tm j` tmuok`h> bgpltb`dt. Jbtt`r ldh vbmc`dt ‟ vbmc`dt ‟ kls kls tm j` hbstrlot`h omdstldtcy> okbch w``ps ldh mdcy stmps wk`d olrrb`h mr lr` bd l gmvbdf olr. Old jòmg` jcu` ldh albdt armg w``pbdf. Xk`y tkrmw tk` tkbdf tklt wls maa`r`h, sor`lgs, ours`s, nbons mr `v`d kbts tk` plr`dts mr hmotmr, puccs klbr ma 61


mtk`rs. Xk`y w``p hurbdf sc``p. Bcc-kugmr`h ‟ Bcc-kugmr`h ‟ wldts wldts gldy tkbdfs, aurbmus wk`d dmt fbv`d, jut wk`d fbv`d, rèòts tk`g> udsltbsab`h ldh `lsbcy jmr`h. Ldfry ldh qulrr`csmg` - Mv`r strlbd`h lat`r ldf`r mr omaa`` ljus`. A`lr ma wbdh. Pdomdtrmccljc` ‟ Pdomdtrmccljc` ‟ stmps stmps jr`ltkbdf mr stlrts omdvucsbmd wk`d bd ldf`r, kbts k`lh lflbdst wlcc. Hbaabouctb`s r`lhbdf, wrbtbdf ldh sp`lnbdf. A``cs udalbrcy tr`lt`h (Glsb @cbzlch`). Dmoturdlc t`rrmr ldh `dur`sbs F`d`rlcs5 Vlrg ldh tkbrsty, `xo`ssbv` tkbrst amr omch hrbdns, sc``py, jut sc``pc`ssd`ss> wlrg sw`lts ljmut k`lh Gmhlcbtb`s5 3 k`lt, ldf`r, mp`d lbr, wbdh, dbfkt> 4 j`bdf olrrb`h, wlrg w`t w`ltk`r

?:.<; Dux Qmgbol

Hbsmrh`rs5 LHKH wbtk kyp`rlotbvbty ldh bgpucsbv`d`ss> MHH ldh OH> cldfulf` hbsmrh`rs, stlgg`rbdf Lxbs5 Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` + Xkbd Lgjbtbmus ldh olpljc`. Q`ry brrbtljc` ‟ p`raòtbmdbst, somchs ldh abdhs aluct bd mtk`rs, jàmr` g`ds`s. Bgpltb`dt ldh bgpucsbv`> olddmt stldh mppmsbtbmds. E`lcmus, hàbldt, vbdhbotbv`, oru`c, g`cldokmcbo ldh r`stc`ss. Yrà`r cmd`cbd`ss ldh hm`s dmt cbn` tm j` cmmn`h lt, y`t frljs p`mpc` amr wldt ma sòurbty. \ulrr`csmg` ‟ \ulrr`csmg` ‟ trb`s trb`s tm suppr`ss ldf`r jut c`lh tm ldf`r mutjr`ln wbtk skmuts, ours`, tkrmw, jr`ln ldh t`lr mjeòts lt scbfkt`st prmvmoltbmd. Cmst ma s`ca-omdtrmc ldh w``p armg brrbtljbcbty. Qbmc`dt ldh h`struotbv` ‟ h`struotbv` ‟ ljusbv` ljusbv` (gmr` s`ca-omdtrmcc`h tkld K`plr), jbt`, kbt, nbcc mr s`t abr` md p`mpc`. A`lr ‟ bd h``p`r stlf` wbtk w`lnd`ss ldh h`pr`ssbmd. Ldxbmus wbtk mv`rs`dsbtbvbty tm lcc `xt`rdlc stbgucb, bdeur`h prbh` (maa`dh`h jy bddmo`dt wmrhs), plbd, dmbs`, cbfkt, tmuok, hrlats ma lbr. _ubobhlc tkmufkts ‟ tkmufkts ‟ wbtk wbtk ndba`, fud mr alccbdf maa jlcomdy. jlcomd y. F`d`rlcbtb`s5 Okbccy> tkbrsty Gmhlcbtb`s5 3gmrdbdf, g`dtlc `x`rtbmd, lat`r `ltbdf, tmuok, spbo`s, stbgucldts, dlromtbos, hry w`ltk`r, omch> 4 ràr`skbdf dlp, `v`dbdf r`st, hlgp w`t w`ltk`r

?:.<2 Mpbug

Hbsmrh`rs5 MHH, OH, Gldbl Lxbs5 Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kyp`rlotbv`/Kypmlotbv` + H`struotbv` Okbch cmmns wrbdnc`h ldh mch amr kbs lf`. Cbfkt klbr wbtk clx gusoc`s. Clon ma gmrlcs, wbcc cb` ldh st`lc. @lsbcy `xobt`h ldh lfbtlt`h wbtk fr`lt bglfbdltbmds. Kyp`rs`dsbtbv`, stlrtc`s jy tk` sglcc`st dmbs`, cbfkt, mhmr mr lotbmd> mtk`rwbs` wbcc j` uda``cbdf. @xobt`g`dt `gmtbmdlccy mr bdt`ccòtulccy wbtk ùpkmrbl, omurlf` ldh a``cbdf tklt dmtkbdf old kbdh`r kbg. Dbfkt klccuobdltbmds. A`lr, arbfkt ar``z`s kbg ldh skmon bdbtblt`s ldy hbs`ls` mr r`lotbmd. Qbmc`dt rlf` 66


wbtk lffr`ssbmd ‟ jbt`s, sw`lrs, sor`lgs. Omdvucsbmds lat`r arbfkt mr rlf`. E`lcmus, rlsk, bdomdsbh`rlt`, glcbobmus, oru`c, wbch, kyst`rbolc, clufks tmm guok ldh bdlpprmprblt`cy. @solp`s. 3tmuok. @dur`sbs, `dompr`sbs, F`d`rlcs5 Kmt, fr`lt stupmr ldh sw`lt, kmt sw`lt md omv`r`h lr`ls, plbdc`ssd`ss bd usulc plbdauc sygptmgs Gmhlcbtb`s5 3k`lt, hurbdf ldh lat`r sc``p> 4omch tkbdfs, omdstldt w lcnbdf ?:.:9 _tlpkyslfrbl

Hbsmrh`rs5 LHH wbtk bgpucsbv`d`ss ldh omdhuot hbsmrh`r Lxbs5 Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` \ub`t ldh s`rbmus. @lsbcy ldf`r`h ldh maa`dh`h ‟ bddmo`dt mr trbvblc lotbmd ldh wmrh maa`dhs kbg> suppr`ss`h ldf`r ldh rlf` c`lhs tm brrbtljbcbty> old sujhu` rlf` ldh lrrbv` kmg` tr`gjcbdf ldh tbr`h. @xpcmsbv` rlf` - tkrmwbdf tkbdfs lt p`mpc` wkm maa`dh tk`g. _trmdf s`xulc h`sbr` ‟ suppr`ss`h> stlrts glsturjltbdf lt l ymudf lf`> sky ma mppmsbt` s`x. Kyp`rs`dsbtbv` Kyp`rs`dsbtbv` - scbfkt`st g`dtlc mr gmrlc bgpr`ssbmds> tmuok> pkysbolc bdeurb`s> s`ca `st``g `lsbcy bdeur`h, a``cs k` hm`s dmt h`s`rv` tk` udalbr tr`ltg`dt armg mtk`rs ldh wbcc abdh l okldo` tm r`turd tk` tr`ltg`dt. Fr`lt bdhbfdltbmd ma mtk`rs ldh kbgs`ca> tmrg`dts ldh r`prmlok md`s`ca ma kbs plst h``hs. Gmst ols`s klv` kbstmry ma plr`dts mr `ch`rs wkm ljus` tk` okbch. V``pbdf armg somchbdf mr pudbskg`dt. Lv`rs` tm lutkmrbty. Zuh`. A`lr ‟ cms` s`ca omdtrmc. Bcc-kugmr`h - ory amr tkbdfs, y`t wk`d rò`bv`h, gmv` mr tkrmw lwly tk` mjeòts tklt w`r` fbv`d> wln`s up wldts `v`ryjmhy ldh `v`rytkbdf mut> olccs gmtk`r mat`d F`d`rlcbtb`s5 Okbccy, Xkbrstc`ss> Oldbd` kudf`r `v`d wk`d aucc> Orlv`s5 sw``ts, gbcn Gmhlcbtb`s5 3ldf`r, bdhbfdltbmd, frbà, gmrtbaboltbmd, cmss ma acubhs, s`xulc `xo`ss`s, tmjloom, c`lst tmuok> 4 lat`r jr`lnalst, wlrgtk, r`st lt dbfkt ?:.:< _trlgmdbug

Hbsmrh`rs5 LHH, OH, stlgg`rbdf> h`pr`ssbmd, gldbl Lxbs5 Lpprmlokbdf/Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` Gmst vbmc`dt r`g`hy. Okbch wbtk pkysbolc ldh g`dtlc lfbtltbmds hu` tm arbfktauc ldh jlh `xp`rb`do`s. Hbaaboucty ma omdo`dtrltbmd. Arbfkt`d`h mr a`lrauc5 ma ldbglcs> lt dbfkt bd j`h> ma j`bdf bdeur`h> ma suaa`rbdf. Zlf` lct`rdlt`s wbtk h`pr`ssbmd ldh vbmc`dt j`klvbmr. A`lr ma kbs vbmc`do` jòlus` ma bts bdt`dsbty5 bdeur`s, sorltok`s, jr`lns tkbdfs, jbt`s, spbts, t`lrs, strbn`s ldh `v`d nbccs. Hm`s dmt cbn` tm j` omdtrlhbot`h. Bdhbaa`r`dt tm pkysbolc plbd. Omdvucsbmds. _`xulc lffr`ssbmd5 tmuok`s wmg`d”s jlons mr jr`lsts> hbspclys ldh h`sbr`s tm j` duh`. _``g qub`t wk`d dmt ldfry. A``c c`tklrfbo bd hbaabouct sbtultbmds mr wk`d tk`y sp`ln ljmut l jlh `xp`rb`do`. @xtr`g`cy cmqulobmus> orb`s lct`rdlt` wbtk clufkt`r> ammcbsk j`klvbmr ldh r`spmds`s. _lrolstbo, 6;


j`fs, squ`lns, ours`s, tlcns tm —ldf`cs”, sbccy f`stur`s. Z`cbfbmus. A`lr ma h`ltk, hlrn, h`ltk, hlrn, j`bdf lcmd`> kmchs md tm mtk`rs tm a``c gmr` sòur`. Xk` pupbcs hbclt` wk`d somch`h mr pudbsk`h> r`h, kmt alo`, wbtk omch `xtr`gbtb`s> r`h ok``ns wbtk wbtk glrn`h jmudhlrb`s. Arbfkt`dbdf ldh omdausbdf klccuobdltbmds5 gbo`, sdln`s ldh mtk`r ldbglcs, ldbglcs, h`vbcs> dbfkt t`rrmrs. Xrb`s tm `solp`. F`d`rlcs5 Okbccy Gmhlcbtb`s5 3hlrn ldh j`bdf lcmd`, cmmnbdf lt jrbfkt mr skbdbdf mjeòts, lat`r sc``p, md swlccmwbdf. 4 jrbfkt cbfkt, cbfkt, omgpldy, wlrgtk ?:.:: Q`rltrug Lcjug

Hbsmrh`rs5 MHH ldh OH Lxbs5 Lpprmlokbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + Dmd h`struotbv` h `struotbv` Yrmuh ldh wldts tm j` tk` j`st ldh omdsbh`r`h rbok (mr j` tk` d`xt tm a``c prmtòt`h). Acltt`rs ldh skmws laaòtbmd tm mtk`rs. Old cb` ldh ok`lt> pr`t`dhs tm j` bcc tm f`t sygpltky. Vbcc r`suct tm udsorupucmus g`lds tm f`t mjeòt ma h`sbr`> lffrlvlt`h jy cmss ma mjeòt. Z`stc`ssd`ss pkysbolccy mr g`dtlccy. Pdtlgljc`, aucc ma tkmufkts ldh lcwlys md tk` gmv`. G`dtlccy ourbmus wbtk fmmh udh`rstldhbdf ma tkbdfs. Xk`y wldt tm j` omdstldtcy bd gmtbmd ldh prmd` tm hlglfbdf tkbdfs. Glcbobmus, klrh, stujjmrd, orbtbolc, ruh`, e`lcmus ldh mppmsbtbmdlc> tk`y a``c tk`y h`s`rv` gmr`. Xk`y ours` ldh wldt tm j`cbttc` mtk`rs. Vk`d kurt, tk`y n``p qub`t mr tk`y jòmg` vbmc`dt ldh strbn`. Klv` tk` urf` tm hm jlh. Bd r`cbfbmus h`cbrbug, tk`y lr` dmt vbmc`dt. Bd rlf`, tk`y klv` tk` h`sbr` tm nbcc, t`lr, out tkbdfs. Old klv` r`p`tbtbv` j`klvbmr. Kyp`rs`xulc wbtk s`xulc gldbl> skmw tk`br f`dbtlcs ldh clon hbsor`tbmd. Bd psyokmsbs, tkbdn tk`y lr` Okrbst mr Dlpmc`md. Vk`d somch`h mr pudbsk`h, old j` bdhbaa`r`dt ldh klrh. F`d`rlcs5 Okbccy> tkbrsty> Qmgbt> h`sbr` amr bo`, slct ldh smur tkbdfs. @dur`sbs, `domrpr`sbs, frbdhs t``tk hurbdf sc``p ldh jbt`s dlbcs. D`rvmus tbos. Gmhlcbtb`s5 3 `v`dbdf, dbfkt> w`t, omch w`ltk`r. 4 wlcnbdf ldh wlrgtk

Ldbglc Nbdfhmg ?:.:? Olcolr`l Olrjmdbol

Hbsmrh`rs5 LHH, OH> cldfulf` ldh gltk`gltbos hbsmrh`r Lxbs5 Vbtkhrlwbdf + Kypmlotbv` + Alt _trmdf d``h amr sòurbty ldh stljbcbty, ldh k`do` kmch md tm p`mpc` mr mjeòts tklt lr` algbcblr tm kbg (a``c prmtòt`h ldh suppmrt`h). _tujjmrd ldh lffr`ssbv` tm plr`dts lt kmg`, jut a`lrauc mutsbh`. _`dsbtbv` tm somchbdf, ruh`d`ss ldh r`prmlok. Okldf` bs tkr`lt`dbdf ldh bs lvmbh`h jy dmt j`bdf bd d`w `dvbrmdg`dt. _cmw ldh lv`rs` tm pkysbolc gmv`g`dts. _ltbsab`h ba jlsbo d``hs 62


lr` g`t, hm`s dmt pursu` lhv`dtur` ldh plssbmd. Z`stc`ss. A`lr ma `v`rytkbdf5 ma suaa`rbdf, kudf`r, bccd`ss, slh mr t`rrbjc` stmrb`s. Dbfktglr`s5 sor`lg lat`r gbhdbfkt ldh dmt `lsbcy smmtk`h. Orb`s omdstldtcy. Vk`d h`stljbcbz`h, jòmg`s hbsturj`h, brrbtlt`h, ldfry ldh `gmtbmdlc5 jbt`s, spbt`s, ljc` tm nbcc. _cmw psyokmgmtmr h`v`cmpg`dt l dh t``tkbdf. F`d`rlcs5 Okbccy, tkbrsty, k`lh sw`lt, orlv`s `ffs, dlbc jbtbdf wbtk a``cbdf ma ljldhmdg`dt. Gmhlcbtb`s5 3 `x`rtbmd, g`dtlc mr pkysbolc, lso`dhbdf, omch, wlt`r, wlskbdf, gmbst lbr, w`t w`ltk`r, aucc gmmd, stldhbdf> 4 hry w`ltk`r ldh ocbglt`, cybdf md plbdauc sbh`

?:.:8 Oldtklrbs Hbsmrh`rs5 OH

Z`stc`ssd`ss wbtk omdstldt gmtbmd. _uhh`d cmss ma omdsobmusd`ss mr stupmr wbtk r`h alo`. A`lrauc ldh omdaus`h gbdh wbtk strldf` tkmufkts mv`rwk`cgbdf kbg. Acmmh`h wbtk `dhc`ss tkmufkts tklt gln`s kbg a``c ls ba kbs gbdh wls pmss`ss`h jy ld `xt`rdlc `dtbty. Guok `xobt`g`dt, vbmc`do` ldh rlf` wbtk kyp`rs`xulcbty (sbgbclr tm Kyms. ldh Ykms.). _bdfs ldh tlcn omdtbdumuscy ldh wbchcy ljmut clsobvbmus tmpbos, urbd` ldh alò`s. Qbmc`dt, s`xulc `xobt`g`dt ldh clsobvbmus tkmufkts loomgpldy bdaclggltbmd ma f`dbtlcs. Hbs`ls`h plrts c`lh tm `xobt`g`dt ma tk` plrt. Bdsmc`dt ldh ruh`. _kbdy mr jrbfkt tkbdfs, hrbdn wlt`r mr tmuok ma clrydx lffrlvlt` omdhbtbmd. F`d`rlcs5 Jurdbdf Gmhlcbtb`s5 3tmuok, lpprmlok, urbdltbdf, omch wlt`r mr omaa``> 4rujjbdf

?:.:0 Clok`sbs Gutl

Hbsmrh`rs5 MHH ldh OH Lxbs5 Lpprmlokbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` + @globlt`h> _p`òk, cldfulf`, wrbtbdf hbsmrh`rs Yròmobmus ldh cbv`cy. Lwlr`d`ss wbtk ljbcbty tm v`rjlccy strbn` ‟ e`stbdf, o`dsmrbmus, sklrp. Olddmt j`lr lutkmrbty ldh r`strbotbmds. @demys trbonbdf mtk`rs. Fr`lt cmqulobty, eugps armg md` sujeòt tm ldmtk`r. E`lcmus ldh `dvbmus ‟ wbtkmut wbtkmut r`lsmd> tmwlrhs sbjcbdf. Ymss`ssbv`. @fmtbsg ‟ @fmtbsg ‟ wldts tm j` tk` o`dt`r ma ltt`dtbmd. _uspbobmus ldh r`s`dtauc, vbdhbotbv` cblr ldh gldbpucltmr. _`xulc - stlrt glsturjltbmd `lrcy. Xk`y lr` r`v`dfàuc, jbtt`r ldh old kurt mtk`rs. Hbaabouct omdo`dtrltbmd - hucc ldh bdhmc`dt. Z`stc`ss sc``p ldh hr`lg wbtk frmldbdf ldh gmldbdf. Ldxbmus ls ba omggbtt`h l wrmdf. Gbsokb`vmus ‟ Gbsokb`vmus ‟ orlwcs orlwcs md acmmr ldh spbts mat`d. Z`cbfbmus bdsldbty. Cmv` amr ldbglcs `.f. olts. Mv`rlotbv` gbdh wbtk `xo`ssbv` r`lotbmds ‟ r`lotbmds ‟ qubon qubon tm r`spmdh> jbt`s> bdeur`s mtk`rs. Hrbdns lcomkmc. H`sbr` hlrn jcu` omcmr. Bdhmc`dt, ok``rc`ss ‟ a``cs ljldhmd`h> plr`dts t`dh tm j` ljusbv` ldh bdsuctbdf. Lwnwlrh wbtk kldhs ldh c`fs

;9


F`d`rlcs5 Kmt ldh tkbrsty> Càt sbh`h sygptmgs> jcu` ldh purpc` lpp`lrldo`> s`dsbtbv` tm tmuok `spòblccy tkrmlt, ljhmg`d> hm`s dmt cbn` tbfkt ocmtk`s> tr`gjcbdf tmdfu`> sc``p md rbfkt sbh` Gmhlcbtb`s5 3 hurbdf ldh lat`r sc``p, càt sbh`, sprbdf, wlrg jltk, pr`ssur` mr omdstrbotbmd, kmt hrbdns, ocmsbdf `y`s> 4 hbsoklrf`s, wlrg lppcboltbmds

?:.:1 Cyssbd (Kyhrmpkmjbdug)

Hbsmrh`rs5 MHH Lxbs5 Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` Hbaabouct omdo`dtrltbmd. _tujjmrd. Fr`lt a`lr ma wlt`r `spòblccy ruddbdf wlt`r> hbscbn`s jltks, okmn`s wk`d hrbdnbdf wlt`r, a`lr swbggbdf. A`lr ma jòmgbdf glh. Vln`s up wbtk ldf`r. Olddmt amrf`t plst `v`dts `spòblccy wk`d rbhbouc`h, wbcc md` hly strbn` jlon lt p`mpc` wkm maa`dh. Ljdmrglc s`xulc h`sbr`. @gmtbmdlc mr t`rrbjc` d`ws gln`s kbg wmrs`. _pbts, frmwcs, <:9 <:< sorltok, jlrn, orlwc, lffr`ssbv` . Zlf` amccmw`h jy swbat r`p`dtldo`. Kbh` bd tbfkt pclo`s. F`d`rlcs5 Lv`rsbmd tm wlt`r, cbn`s omch wlt`r> `xo`ssbv` slcbvl tklt bs stbony, wbcc spbt bt mut Gmhlcbtb`s5 sbfkt mr smudh ma wlt`r> jrbfkt, hlzzcbdf cbfkt> v`kboc` rbhbdf> d mbs`

?:.:6 Xlr`dtucl Kbspldbol

Hbsmrh`rs5 Omdhuot hbsmrh`r, kyp`rlotbvbty wbtkmut LHH Lxbs5 Lpprmlokbdf + Kyp`rlotbv` + H`struotbv` + @globlt`h Z`stc`ssd`ss md lcc c`v`cs. Kurrb`h, hm`s dmt n``p qub`t. Zud j`tt`r tkld wlcn (gln`s sygptmgs wmrs`) ldh cmv` tm hldo`. Omdstldt dmd-rkytkgbo ldh ljrupt gmtbmd ma lrgs ldh c`fs wbtk bdolplobty amr wmrtkwkbc` pursubts> gusoc`s omdtrlots. Klst` old j` prmhuotbv`. _cy ldh glcbobmus, s`cabsk, hbskmd`st, gbsokb`vmus. Qbmc`dt `gmtbmds ldh r`lotbmds ‟ lffr`ssbv`, h`struotbv`, vbmc`dt rlf` (hm`s dmt wldt tm j` tmuok`h). X`lrs ocmtk`s, jr`lns ldh tkrmws tkbdfs. Zmccs md acmmr, strbn`s ldh sor`lgs. Kyst`rbl tklt c`lhs tm gldbl ‟ gldbl ‟ scbfkt`st scbfkt`st `xobt`g`dt brrbtlt`s kbg ldh olus`s smrrmw. _`dsbtbv` tm gusbo ‟ hldo`s ldh sbdfs wbtk `xo`ssbv` emy. Ldxbmus ‟ bdt`ds` d`rvmusd`ss pkysbolccy ldh g`dtlccy> Mv`rs`x`h ‟ `xtr`g` s`xulc `xobt`g`dt wbtk amdhcbdf ma f`dbtlcs ldh glsturjltbmd. Clsobvbmus, puccs mut ocmtk`s tm `xkbjbt jmhy. Hbsmj`hb`dt ‟ hm`s hm`s dmt mj`y mj` y ruc`s, ràus`s tm `lt. Lrfug`dtltbv`. @dur`sbs F`d`rlcbtb`s5 Xkbrsty/Xkbrstc`ss> Xkbrsty/Xkbrstc`ss> suhh`d ldh vbmc`dt mds`t> orlv`s rlw ammh> lv`rsbmd tm omcmrs r`h, fr``d, y`ccmw, jclon Gmhlcbtb`s5 4 mp`d lbr, gusbo, jrbfkt omcmrs, rujjbdf laaòt`h lr`ls> 3 gmtbmd, omdtlot, dmbs`, s``bdf mtk`rs klvbdf prmjc`g ;<


??.Kmg`mpltkbo ??. Kmg`mpltkbo àaboloy Bd tk` plst, tk`r` w`r` dmt gldy stuhb`s h`tlbcbdf tk` àaboloy ma kmg`mpltky bd tr`ltg`dt ma okbchr`d wbtk j`klvbmrlc ldh gmmh prmjc`gs. Kmw`v`r, gldy rò`dt stuhb`s ldh kmg`mpltkbo hmotmrs h`lcbdf wbtk p`hrbltrbos klv` prmv`d tklt kmg`mpltky hm`s bgprmv` tk` j`klvbmr ldh gmmh ma ymudf pltb`dts. Hrs. Euhytk Z`bok`dj`rf-Pccgld ldh Zmj`rt Pccgld, klv` tr`lt`h mv`r ?,999 okbchr`d wbtk c`lrdbdf ldh j`klvbmrlc prmjc`gs, gmstcy wbtk fr`lt suoo`ss. Xk`y klv` `v`d lutkmr`h s`v`rlc jmmns cbn` Zlf`-Ar`` Nbhs, Zbtlcbd-ar`` Nbhs ldh Yrmzlo Ar``, obtbdf gldy ols` `xlgpc`s ma tk`br suoo`ss. Bd <228, Omrtbdl pr`s`dt`h l s`rb`s ma :9 ols`s ma okbchr`d wbtk `dur`sbs ldh j`klvbmrlc prmjc`gs, tr`lt`h wbtk Bc`x, l pcldt h`rbv`h r`g`hy. Xk`y r`pmrt`h l 09% bgprmv`g`dt bd tk` `dur`sbs ldh <:: j`klvbmrlc sygptmgs . Kmw`v`r, tk` stuhy wls slbh tm clon omdtrmc. Bd :990, tk` @urmp`ld Emurdlc ma Y`hbltrbos pujcbsk`h l ocbdbolccy omdtrmcc`h trblc stuhy bdvmcvbdf 1: LHKH okbchr`d. @lok okbch bs fbv`d ld bdhbvbhulcbz`h omdstbtutbmdlc kmg`mpltkbo r`g`hy. Xk` g`hbobd`s us`h bdocuh`h Olcolr`l Olrjmdboug (<0), _ucpkur (;), Oklgmgbccl (0), Cyompmhbug (0), _bcbo`l (0), K`plr _ucpk (8), Dux Qmgbol (8), Okbdl (?), Bfdltbl (?) ldh G`rourbus (?), Olpsboug (<), Olustboug (<), Kymsoylgus (<), Ykmspkmrus (<), Ykmspkmrbo Lobh (<), _`pbl (<) ldh _tlpkyslfrbl (<)> wbtk pmt`doy ma \? tm CG pmt`doy. Dm mtk`r tr`ltg`dts w`r` lccmw`h hurbdf tk` stuhy, wbtk prmfr`ss g`lsur`h lt 8 w``n bdt`rvlcs. Mdcy okbchr`d wbtk lt c`lst l 09% bgprmv`g`dt md ld LHKH rltbdf solc` gmv`h md tm tk` sòmdh pkls` ma tk` stuhy, wkbok wls l trblc wbtk l pclo`jm frmup. Xk` okbchr`d wbcc tk`d `btk`r rò`bv` tk`br kmg`mpltkbo r`g`hy mr j` fbv`d l pclo`jm bd tk` jcbdh`h trblc. Hurbdf tk` sòmdh p`rbmh ma tk` ormssmv`r pkls`, tk` frmups w`r` `xokldf`h, wbtk tk` okbchr`d rò`bvbdf tk`br kmg`mpltkbo r`g`hy. Xk` r`sucts skmw`h tklt tk` kmg`mpltkbo g`hbobd` hm`s omdtbdu` tm bgprmv` tk` okbchr`d”s <:? j`klvbmrs, wkbc` tk` pclo`jm hbh dmt klv` ldy àaòt . Bd tk` Jrbtbsk Kmg`mpltkbo Emurdlc ma <226, bt stlt`h tklt tk` gmst àaòtbv` tr`ltg`dts amr <:8 LHKH w`r` tk` r`g`hb`s obdl, strlgmdbug ldh k ymoylgus dbf`r .

;:


?8. Ols` _tuhb`s ?8.<

_bdflpmr` Aloucty ma Kmg`mpltky Ar`` Ocbdbo Ols`s

Lcc tk` j`cmw 0 ols`s klv` j``d fltk`r`h armg tk` _bdflpmr` Aloucty ma Kmg`mpltky vmcudt``r ocbdbo”s ocbdbo”s hltljls` ldh lr` ols`s omdhuot`h jy tk` mtk`r hmotmrs, wkbc` tk` d`xt 0 ols`s lr` tln`d armg jmmn ldh bdt`rd`t smuro`s. Xk` wrbt`-up wrbt`-up r`pr`s`dts tk` lutkmr”s j`st bdt`rpr`tltbmd ma tk` ols`s ldh hm`s dmt fulrldt`` bts loourloy. Xk` lutkmr bs lcsm udljc` tm lsn aurtk`r qu`stbmds dmr lss`ss tk` s`v`rbty ma `lok sygptmg bd tk` ols`s. Xk` dlg`s ma tk` pltb`dts klv` j``d okldf`h amr omdabh`dtblcbty r`lsmds. L r`pmrtmrblc ldlcysbs ma tk` n`y dmt` sygptmgs wls omdhuot`h jy tk` lutkmr ldh —vlcu` ldh omudt” bd tk` r`pmrtmrblc r`suct ma r`g`hb`s h`dmt` tk` tmtlc somr` ma lcc tk` sygptmgs ldh tk` dugj`r ma gltokbdf sygptmgs r`spòtbv`cy. Ar`` Ocbdbo Ols` <5 Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r

Md <
;?


sor`lg lt kbs ymudf`r sbst`r wkm vmcudtlrbcy oc`lr kbs oup armg tljc` ldh mp`d kbs wbdhmws bd kbs rmmg. K` wls pc`ls`h tklt k` hbh dmt klv` tm hm bt kbgs`ca. Ldlcysbs ‟ rujrbos rujrbos ma n`ydmt` sygptmgs

G`dtlcs5 <. :. ?. 8. Ylrtbouclrs5 <. :. ?. 8.

Hàbldt Oursbdf Ldf`r, brlsobjbcbty Qbmc`dt

Gmutk, hbsomcmrltbmd, tmdfu`, wkbt` Oltlrrk, `xt`dhs tm armdtlc sbdus`s Dms`, sduaac`s _nbd, `ruptbmds, urtbolrbl

Ykysbolc F`d`rlcs5 <. Xkbrstc`ss :. Vlrg, lg`cbmrlt`s Gmr` bdamrgltbmd d``hs tm j` ndmwd ljmut kbs p`rsmdlcbty> lcsm tk` urtbolrbl ldh sbdus, tk` p`rbmhbobty, tk` trbff`rbdf alotmrs ldh gmhlcbtb`s.

< : ? 8 0 1

Z`p`rtmrblc Z`suct Cyompmhbug Dux Qmgbol Lrs`dbo Lcjug Jrymdbl J`cclhmddl Yucsltbccl

Qlcu` :8 <2 <2 <0
Omudt <9 2 ; 6 6 6

Bd tkbs ols`, Cyompmhbug g`t tk` orbt`rbl amr lcc tk` rujrbos ldh kls tk` kbfk`st vlcu`. Xk`r` bs l d``h tm j`tt`r udh`rstldh tk` `xt`dt ma kbs ocugsbd`ss ldh tk` udh`rcybdf olus` ma kbs hàbldo`, wk`tk`r bt bs gmr` bddlt` mr hu` tm `xt`rdlc obrougstldo`s. Lpbs (Qlcu`, Omudt5 <<, 0) bs l fmmh r`g`hy amr kbv`s ldh ocugsbd`ss. Gblsg

K` kls l gmr` psmrl-syomsbs gblsg. Xk` psmrl `xpcldltbmd bs kbs urtbolrbl, wbtk t`dh`doy ma snbd bdaclggltbmd ldh omdf`stbmd ma kbs sbdus. Xk` syomsbs omgpmd`dt omg`s armg kbs ldf`r, brlsobjbcbty ldh hàbldo`. Xkus Cyompmhbug ls l r`g`hy bs subtljc` ls bt bs l c`lhbdf ldtb-psmrbo r`g`hy, wkbok lcsm rldns kbfkcy amr ldtb-syomtbo ld h ldtb-tuj`rouclr.

;8


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Ar`` Ocbdbo Ols` : F`dh`r5 Glc`, lf` 2 y`lrs mch :1/<
K` wls fbv`d Frmup Z`g`hy < ldh Oklgmgbccl < hrlkg ? pbccs ? tbg`s l hly. Bd lhhbtbmd, r`sou` r`g`hy, Kmrd J`lg ldh Clrok ? pbccs ? tbg`s l hly. ::/?/:99; @dur`sbs ldh w`ln g`gmry p`rsbst. _tr`ss kls bdor`ls`h hu` tm Yrbglry _okmmc C`lvbdf @xlgbdltbmd (Y_C@). K` bs dmt fmmh bd kbs stuhy ldh bs v`ry sky ldh kmt t`gp`r`h. K` us`s ljusbv` cldfulf`, puccs hmwd oklbrs ldh tkrmws tkbdfs bd ldf`r. Kbs gmtk`r bs brrbtlt`h jy kbs kyp`rlotbvbty. Kbs gmtk`r slbh tklt k` bs scmw bd kbs h`v`cmpg`dt `spòblccy tlcnbdf clt` ls l okbch.

Yr`sorbptbmd5 Xuj`roucbdug
Yr`sorbptbmd5 < hms` ma _tlpkyslfrbl :99o bgg`hblt`cy, ldh amccmw`h up jy Jlok acmw`r r`g`hb`s _tlr ma J`tkc`k`g ldh Kmccy. Dm aurtk`r uphlt` bs prmvbh`h ljmut kbs omdhbtbmd.

Omdstbtutbmdlc Ldlcysbs - N`ydmt` sygptmgs wbtk rujrbos

G`dtlcs5 <. :. ?. 8. 0. 1.

Gbdh, Ldf`r, brlsobjbcbty Gbdh, G`gmry, w`lnd`ss ma Gbdh, nbons Gbdh, tkrmwbdf Gbdh, Xbgbhbty (sky) Gbdh, Oursbdf

Ykysbolc F`d`rlcs5 6. Prbdltbmd, bdvmcudtlry, dbfkt ;1


;. _tmglok, h`sbr`s, sw``ts 2. _tmglok, h`sbr`s, omch ammh <9. _tmglok, lpp`tbt`, hbgbdbsk`h

Z`p`rtmrblc Z`suct < Cyompmhbug : Lrs`dbo Lcjug ? Dltrug Gur 8 _ucpkur 0 Ykmspkmrus

Qlcu` :< <1 <8 <0 <8

Omudt 2 ; ; 1 1

Xk` r`g`hy wbtk tk` gmst gltokbdf sygptmgs bs Cyompmhbug. Cyompmhbug bs l tbgbh, ldxbmus ldh kmt pltb`dt wkm g``ts lcc tk` ljmv` rujrbos `xo`pt amr Gbdh, tkrmwbdf. Xbgbhbty skmuch j` spòblccy omdsbh`r`h bd tkbs ols`, ls dmt lcc pltb`dts wkm lr` `lsbcy ldf`r`h lr` sky. Xk` hbspcly ma ldf`r gly j` tm kbh` tk` `gmtbmdlc bdsòurbty ma tk` pltb`dt. Ldmtk`r sbfd ma kbs clon ma omurlf` bs kbs udwbccbdfd`ss tm ltt`dh sokmmc jòlus` ma prmjc`gs bd oclss. Bd, lhhbtbmd, l Cyompmhbug bs lcsm r`stc`ss ldh hbspclys tk` sygptmg ma kldh sklnbdf, wkbok bs amudh bd tk` pltb`dt. Kbs w`ln g`gmry gly j` tk` olus` ma kbs clon ma omdabh`do`, k`do ` tbgbhbty ldh ldxb`ty bd lolh`gbo p`ramrgldo`, wkbok `v`dtulccy gldba`st`h bdtm brlsobjc` ldf`r wbtk sw`lrbdf, `dur`sbs ldh pkysbolc f`stur`s cbn` nbonbdf, tkrmwbdf ldh k ldh sklnbdf. Gblsgltbo Ldlcysbs K` hbspclys l gmr` psmrl-syomtbo gblsg hu` tm kbs a`lrauc, d`rvmus t`gp`rlg`dt, omupc`h wbtk kbs kmt t`gp`r ldh brlsobjbcbty. L kbfk`r w`bfktlf` wbcc j` pclo`h md psmrl gblsg hu` tm kbs w`ln g`gmry ldh tbgbhbty, wkbok bs cbn`cy tk` olus` ma kbs prmjc`gs. Xkus Cyompmhbug ls l r`g`hy bs subtljc` ls bt bs l c`lhbdf ldtb-psmrbo r`g`hy, wkbok lcsm rldns kbfkcy amr ldtb-syomtbo.

;6


Z`p`rtmry _k``t

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Z`p`rtmrblc Z`suct < Dux Qmgbol

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Omudt <9

;2


: ? 8 0 1

Olcolr`l Dltrug Gur Ykmspkmrus Jrymdbl Clok`sbs

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Dux Qmgbol old j` abrst pr`sorbj`h ls bt omv`rs lcc ma tk` ljmv` rujrbos, lctkmufk k` hm`s dmt s``g tm j` omgp`tbtbv` bd kbs stuhb`s, k` wmrns klrh bd tk` stmr`. Xk`r` bs l d``h tm abdh mut wk`tk`r k` bs omgp`tbtbv` bd kbs spmrts. Kbs clon ma oc`ldcbd`ss ldh cmv` amr hldobdf lcsm d``hs tm j` aurtk`r `xpcmr`h. G`ro (vlcu`, omudt5 <1,6) bs ldmtk`r r`g`h y tklt cbn`s tm hldo` ldh abfkt, jut bt hbh dmt hbspcly tk` g`dtlc sygptmgs ma tk` ljmv` rujrbos. Pdh`r rujrbo —@xtr`gbtb`s, hbsomcmrltbmd, dlbcs, wkbt` spmts” lr` lcug, lrs., dbt-lo., dbt-lo., s`p., sbc., sucpk., jut mdcy lrs., dbt-lo., ldh lcug. hbspcly kbs mtk`r plrtbouclrs. Dbt-lo. ldh lcug. hbh dmt hbspcly tk` g`dtlc sygptmgs, wkbc` k`lhlok` ma lrs. (vlcu` omudt5 om udt5 <6,1) bs dmt j`tt`r jy pr`ssur`. Gblsg K` kls l gmr` sypkbcbs-syomsbs gblsg ls k` kls pkysbolc gldba`stltbmd ma uco`rs, wkbok bs l t`dh`doy tm h`struotbmd ldh sypkbcbtbo gblsg, y`t lt tk` slg` tbg` k` kls `gmtbmds cbn` ldf`r, e`lcmusy wbtk l t`dh`doy tmwlrhs sw`lrbdf, wkbok bs r`pr`s`dt`h jy syomsbs gblsg. Dux Qmgbol bs l fmmh r`g`hy amr syomsbs, jut l c`ss`r ldtb-sypkbcbtbo r`g`hy> Dux Qmgbol wls okms`d ls tk` pr`s`dtbdf sygptmgs skmw`h l gmr` syomtbo t`dh`dob`s lt pr`s`dt.

29


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Ar`` Ocbdbo Ols` 8

:0/1/:990 @ bs l 2 y`lr mch jmy wls lhmpt`h lt <9 hlys mch jy kbs gmtk`r”s jrmtk`r ls kbs altk`r wls h`la h`la ldh gut`. K` stlrt`h tlcnbdf clt` lt 8 y`lrs mch ldh kls l w`ln g`gmry. K` bs kyp`rlotbv` ldh lffr`ssbv`. K` kls udomdtrmccljc` ldf`r ldh wmuch j`lt kbs gmtk`r ldh mtk`r okbchr`d, pbdok ldh abfkt p`mpc`, ldh tkrmws tkbdfs. K` j`lts `spòblccy wk`d k` bs hbsobpcbd`h ldh wldts tm hm `xlotcy ls k` wbsk`s. K` kls dm a`lr. K` `demys wltokbdf t`c`vbsbmd prmfrlgg`s ldh hm`s dmt cbn` tm fm tm tk` pclyfrmudh. K` kls k`lvy p`rspbrltbmd, glbdcy md tk` k`lh, wkbok bs dmt mhmrmus ldh wmrs` lt dbfkt. K` kls gbcn bdtmc`rldo`, cbn`s tm hrbdn `spòblccy smat hrbdns, omch hrbdns, `lts bo`-or`lgs, or`lg jbsoubts, arubts ldh hm`s dmt cbn` ammh. K` tlcns bd sc``p smg`tbg`s, ljmut tk` hly”s `v`dts. Kbs t``tk lr` hòly`h hu` tm okmomclt` bdtln`. K` cbn`s rlbdy ldh omch w`ltk`r, ldh hm`s dmt omv`r jmhy hurbdf sc``p. Kbs c`fs lr` plbdauc, `spòblccy tk` nd`` ldh armdt ldnc` lr`l, ldh bs wmrs` lt dbfkt jut j`tt`r jy j y pr`ssur`. Ldlcysbs - n`ydmt` sygptmgs wbtk rujrbos

G`dtlcs5 <. Gbdh, mjstbdlt` :. Gbdh, Ldf`r, Qbmc`dt ?. Gbdh, strbnbdf Ylrtbouclrs <. X``tk, olrb`s, kmccmw :. Ylbd, nd`` ?. Ylbd, ldnc` Ykysbolc F`d`rlcs <. _tmglok, h`sbr`s, omch hrbdns :. F`d`rlcbtb`s, gbcn, lffrlvlt`s ?. Yr`ssur`, lg`cbmrlt`s 8. K`lh, p`rspbrltbmd, amr`k`lh

Z`p`rtmrblc Z`suct < Ykmspkmrus : Olcolr`l Olrjmdbol ? Dux-Qmgbol 8 Oklgmgbccl 0 Lrs`dbo Lcjug

Qlcu` :9 <; <6 <6 <1

Omudt <9 ; 2 ; 2

Ykmspkmrus bs tk` r`g`hy wbtk tk` kbfk`st vlcu`. Lcc tk` r`g`hb`s klv` f`d`rlcbtb`s tklt lr` wmrs` lt dbfkt ldh klv` g`gmry w`lnd`ss. Mtk`r r`g`hb`s tm omdsbh`r bdocuh` Olcolr`l Olrj. (Qlcu`, Omudt5 <;,;) ls Olcolr`l Olrj okbchr`d prà`r tm stly stly bd armdt ma tk` t`c`vbsbmd t`c`vbsbmd tkld fm tm tk` pclyfrmudh. Ykmspkmrus ldh Olcolr`l Olrj. jmtk `demy `ltbdf bo`-or`lg. 2:


Gblsg _ypkbcbs gblsg bs bdvmcv`h ls kbs a`lrs lr` dmt gldba`st`h ldh k` kls ld lffr`ssbmd l ffr`ssbmd wbtk tk` ljbcbty tm kurt p`mpc`. Lt tk` slg` tbg`, kbs sygptmgs lr` lcsm wmrs` lt dbfkt, wkbok bs l _ypkbcbs trlbt. Ykmspkmrus bs subtljc` subtljc` ls bt bs l fmmh ldtb-sypkbcbtbo r`g`hy.

2?


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3-------------- _ygptmgs / Zujrbos -----------------------4

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?8.: Mtk`r ols`s Ols` 15 Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r

<:0

Jmy lf` <95 albr cmmnbdf ,ltkc`tbo jubct, omggldhbdf vmbo` @lsbcy arustrlt`h wk`d gmtk`r tlcns tm kbg mr lsn l qu`stbmd, k` bs bgpmcbt` tm kbs gmtk`r, `v`d bd armdt ma mtk`r plr`dts. Kbs sbst`r omgpclbd`h tklt k` eugps mut ldh solr`s k`r bd l jlh wly ldh sk` hm`s dmt trust kbg. Glbd sygptmgs ma lffr`ssbmd, brrbtljbcbty ldh `xpcmsbv` rlf` stlrt`h wk`d k` wls l tmhhc`r. K` wls `xtr`g`cy orldny ldh lotbv` armg jljykmmh. Bdbtblccy, gmtk`r tkmufkt tklt bt wls k`r pmmr plr`dtbdf snbccs. Kmw`v`r, lt ? y`lrs mch, wk`d kbs gug pbon`h kbg up armg sokmmc, k` wmuch omdtbdu` tm rldt, rlf`, sor`lg ldh ory. Kbs gmtk`r klh dm okmbo` jut tm tb` kbg tm l strmcc`r. Vk`d k` wls 8 ldh kbs sbst`r wls l d`w jmrd, kbs pr`sokmmc omdtlot`h kbs gmtk`r ldh tmch k`r tklt k`r smd s``g`h kyp`rlotbv` ldh lffr`ssbv`. L h`v`cmpg`dtlc p`hbltrbobld hblfdms`h kbg wbtk Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r ldh pr`sorbj`h Umcmat, ld ldtbh`pr`ssldt. Xk` gmtk`r, kmw`v`r, hbh dmt wldt tm c`t l 8 ldh l klca y`lrs mch tln` tk` ldtbh`pr`ssldt ldh k`do` klh tm kbr` l k`cp`r tm j` wbtk kbg aucc tbg` bd sokmmc. Xk` algbcy bs laacu`dt. F us`h tm wln` up `v`ry gmrdbdf wbtk vbmc`dt ldf`r. Kbs gmtk`r klh tm wln` up lt 8.?9lg, jàmr` F hm`s lt 0lg sm tklt sk` old k`lt up kbs gbcn ldh c`t bt ommc tm tk` rbfkt t`gp`rltur`. Mtk`rwbs`, F wmuch kurc bt lormss tk` rmmg ldh rlf` sm cmuh tklt bt olus`h kbs sbst`r ldh plr`dts tm fm f m bdtm t`lrs. F wls jrmufkt tm l psyokmpklrglomcmfbst, wkm pr`sorbj`h Zbsp`rhlc, l d`w f`d`rltbmd ldtbpsyokmtbo hruf ldh wls fbv`d tk` hruf lt dbfkt. K` wls lcrbfkt bd tk` gmrdbdf ldh jòlg` ldfry, gbs`rljc`, arbfkt`dbdf ldh g`ld lflbd lat`r Zbsp`rhlc wmr` maa bd tk` lat`rdmmd. dh

@v`d wbtk Zbsp`rhlc ldh l k`cp`r, F struffc`h bd kbs : y`lr bd pr`-sokmmc. K` wls r`stc`ss ldh omdstldtcy okldf`s lotbvbtb`s ldh c`lv`s tk`g udomgpc`t`h. K` wls tk`d hblfdms`h wbtk LHKH. Zbtlcbd wls pr`sorbj`h ldh bt wmrs`d`h kbs j`klvbmr, k`do` k` wls tln`d maa bt. Bd kbs abrst frlh`, k` wls skbat`h tm l sokmmc amr okbchr`d wbtk spòblc c`lrdbdf d``hs ldh k` wmuch ory lcc tk` tbg`. Kbs gmtk`r, tk`d r`lcbz`h k` klh h`pr`ssbmd. K` wmuch pusk, trbp, pudok ldh nbon kbs sbst`r `spòblccy wk`d k` wls mv`rstbguclt`h. K` wmuch rlf` tm skmw kbs hbscbn` mv`r kmw kbs sbst`r ok`w`h k`r ammh ldh pusk k`r pclt` mut ma tk` tljc`. Ls l r`suct, tk` algbcy klh d`v`r j``d md l trbp mr klh ldy algbcy g`lcs tmf`tk`r `v`r. Bt wls omggmd tklt okbchr`d md psyokmtrmpbo hrufs mat`d f`t h`s`dsbtbz`h tm tk`g, ldh k`do`, F r`qubr`h l dugj`r ma okldf`s bd kbs psyokmtrmpbo hruf us`5 tm H`plnmt`, Clgbotlc ldh Ljbcbay r`spòtbv`cy. rh

Bd ? frlh`, k` h`gldh`h Glry juy kbg l cmtt`ry tbon`t, wk`d sk` ràus`h, k` tkr`lt`d`h subobh` jy alobdf ld mdomgbdf olr. Lt tk` psyokbltrbst maabo` d`xt hly, k` spmn` v`ry alst ldh wls tk kyp`rs`xulc. Bd 0 frlh`, bt wls mjs`rv`h tklt F olddmt sbt bd kbs s`lt ldh omdstldtcy bdt`rrupt`h tk` oclss ldh omuch dmt stmp prmvmnbdf kbs oclssglt`s. F bs udh`rw`bfkt ldh hbh dmt h`sbr` ammh. K` wls tk`d fbv`d cbtkbug. Ldmtk`r d`w stbgucldt wls pr`sorbj`h wkbok olus`h gldbl, sc``pc`ssd`ss, bdo`ssldt tlcnbdf, ldh jldfbdf md rlhbltmrs ldh k` wls lsn`h jy kbs sokmmc tm stmp tk` d`w stbgucldt. Kbs sygptmgs lffrlvlt` bd Gly `v`r y y`lr.

2;


K` tkr`lt`d`h tm kbt kbs gmtk`r wbtk l stbon. K` `v`d tkr`lt`d`h tm nbcc kbs gmtk`r wbtk l ndba` ldh scbo` k`r mp`d. Jut, k` lpmcmfbz`h hbstrlufktcy clt`r. Kbs altk`r tkmufkt tklt bt wls ls ba F klh l h`gmd —jclstbdf bts wly mut ma kbg”. Gln` ldbglc y`ccs wk`d k` bs ldfry. Kbs gmtk`r kmp`s k` wbcc frmw up tm j` l dmrglc audotbmdbdf p`rsmd wkm old omdtrbjut` tm kbs smob`ty. Ldlcysbs - n`ydmt` sygptmgs wbtk rujrbos

G`dtlcs5 <. Gbdh, Nbcc, h`sbr` tm :. Gbdh, Cmqulobty ?. Gbdh, Gldbl 8. Gbdh, slhd`ss, g`dtlc h`pr`ssbmd 0. Gbdh, rlf`, aury 1. Gbdh, sp`òk, klsty 6. Gbdh, vbmc`dt, v`k`g`dt `to. Ylrtbouclrs5 <. @xtr`gbtb`s, r`stc`ssd`ss Ykysbolc F`d`rlcs5 <. _tmglok, lpp`tbt`, hbgbdbsk`h Ls tkbs ols` bs l r`lc cba` stmry h`pbotbdf tk` hlbcy cba` ma l Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r pltb`dt udh`r lccmpltkbo g`hboltbmds, tk` lutkmr bs udljc` tm mjtlbd bdamrgltbmd r`flrhbdf mtk`r sygptmgs pòucblr tm F, ldy ld y plrtbouclrs, kbs cbn`s ldh hbscbn`s, tk` gmhlcbtb`s, kbs tk`rglc ldh mtk`r h`tlbcs r`qubr`h amr l kmg`mpltkbo ols`. Xk`r` bs l d``h tm ndmw ba tk`r` w`r` okldf`s bd kbs sygptmgs mv`r tk` p`rbmh ldh wk`d k` wls tln`d maa o`rtlbd g`hboltbmds, wk`tk`r tk` sygptmgs w`r` sbh` àaòts ma tk` g`hboltbmds, mr wk`tk`r tk` sygptmgs w`r` r`p`tbtbv` ldh wmrs`dbdf. Bt wmuch j` k`cpauc tm lcsm abdh mut tk` typ` ma ldbglc y`cc k` wls glnbdf.

< : ? 8 0

Z`p`rtmrblc Z`suct Kymsoylgus _trlgmdbug Clok`sbs Dux-Qmgbol Q`rltrug Lcjug

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Lcc tk` ljmv` lr` fmmh r`g`hb`s amr Jbpmclr Hbsmrh`r. Kymsoylgus ldh _trlgmdbug lr` tk` r`g`hb`s wbtk tk` fr`lt`st vlcu` ldh omudt bd tkbs ols`. Lcc tk` r`g`hb`s omv`r sc``pc`ssd`ss. Ba tk` rujrbo —sp`òk, klsty” bs us`h, bs us`h, lrs. J`cc. lrs. J`cc.,, Kyms., Clok., strlg. wmuch strlg. wmuch `g`rf` r`spòtbv`cy. 22


Gblsg Xuj`rouclr gblsg bs bdhbolt`h bd tkbs ols` wbtk l fr`lt`r sypkbcbtbo trlbt tkld psmrl. Xuj`rouclr okbchr`d lr` omdstldtcy r`stc`ss ldh okldfbdf lotbvbtb`s. Xk`y lr` lcsm clsobvbmus. Xk` sypkbcbtbo lspòt bs omv`r`h jy tk`br ljbcbtb`s tm klrg mtk`rs ldh tk`gs`cv`s. Kymsoylgus bs l j`tt`r ldtb-tuj`rouclr r`g`hy tkld _ trlgmdbug.

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Ols` 65 0 y`lr mch jmy wbtk LHKH ldh Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r K kls LHKH sygptmgs sbdo` tk` lf` ma :. Bd h`sp`rltbmd, kbs gmtk`r lfr``h wbtk l psyokbltrbst bd puttbdf K md G`tlhlt` _Z ldh H`plnmt` ba bt k`cp`h kbg audotbmd bd sokmmc. Bt hbh dmt. Lat`r 0 tbg`s ma kbg j`bdf `xp`cc`h, sk` ltt`gpt`h tm kmg`sokmmc kbg, wkbc` olrbdf amr k`r : ymudf`r okbchr`d. Kbs gmtk`r lcsm stlrt`h r`huobdf hms`s ma tk` ljmv` g`hboltbmds ls K wls cmsbdf w`bfkt armg hòr`ls`h lpp`tbt`, lcmdf wbtk suaa`rbdf armg tk` glemr sbh` àaòts ma H`plnmt`.

_ygptmgs5 <. K` hm`s dmt sc``p cmdf. K` bs lwln` jy 1lg. Vbtkmut G`cltmdbd, k` wmuch mdcy j` ljc` tm sc``p lt <

`xo`pt amr kypmsplhbl, wkbok wls omrròt`h om rròt`h qubt` suoo`ssauccy. *K` orlv`s ldytkbdf okmomclt`. K` kls d`v`r klh suflry hrbdns, sbdo` Kbs gmtk`r d`v`r stlrt`h tklt kljbt. Jut k` stbcc lsns amr tk`g, lcc tk` tbg`. K` bs `spòblccy s`dsbtbv` tm cmuh gusbo, orbtbobsg, omch, tk` hlrn, spbh`rs, stmrgs ldh k`bfkts. K` bs mjs`ss`h wbtk `còtrmdbo flg`s ldh old abfur` tk`g mut quboncy. * K` kls rlr` gmg`dts wk`r` k` bs v`ry nbdh, laaòtbmdlt`, f`dtc` ldh wldts tm j` l jbf k`cp`r k `cp`r tm kbs gmtk`r ldh mtk`rs. K` cmv`s ldbglcs. Ldlcysbs - n`ydmt` sygptmgs wbtk rujrbos

G`dtlc5 <. :. ?. 8. 0. 1.

Gbdh, h`struotbv`d`ss Gbdh, nc`ptmgldbl Gbdh, s`dsbtbv`, dmbs`, tm Gbdh, ldf`r, vbmc`dt Gbdh, a`lr, hlrn Gbdh, qulrr`csmg`

Ylrtbouclrs5 6. Prbd`, bdvmcudtlry Ykysbolc f`d`rlcs5 ;. _tmglok, lpp`tbt`, rlv`dmus, oldbd`, `xo`ssbv` 2. _tmglok, tkbrst, `xtr`g` <9. F`d`rlcbtb`s, hurbdf stmrg

Z`p`rtmrblc Z`suct < Ykmspkmrus : Dux Qmgbol ? Cyompmhbug 8 Jrymdbl 0 Lrs`dbo Lcjug

Qlcu` <2 <; <6 <1 <1

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Lcc r`g`hb`s lr` lffrlvlt`h jy omch, h`sbr`s sw``ts ldh clon omdo`dtrltbmd. Ykmspkmrus bs tk` r`g`hy wbtk tk` kbfk`st vlcu` ldh omudt. Ykmspkmrus bs usulccy smobljc` ldh arb`dhcy p`mpc`, jut wk`d tk` vbtlc amro` bs hbsturj`h, tk`y old jòmg` lffr`ssbv` ldh vbmc`dt. Gblsg Xuj`rouclr gblsg bs glrn`h ls k` bs lffrlvlt`h jy stmrgs ldh vlobccltbdf gbdh. K` bs gmr` sypkbcbtbo tkld psmrbo hu` tm kbs h`struotbv`d`ss, brrbtljbcbty ldh ljbcbty tm klrg mtk`rs. Ls pkmspkmrus bs l c`lhbdf ldtb-tuj`rouclr r`g`hy ldh l fmmh ldtb-sypkbcbtbo md`, bt wmuch j` l fmmh gltok amr tk` pr`s`dtbdf sygptmgs.

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OL_@ ; 5 Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r

B, l ldh tklt tk`r` wls l omdstldt struffc` j`tw``d tk` —hlrn ldh tk` cbfkt”. _mg`tbg`s k` bs cbn` l slbdt loomrhbdf tm kbs gmtk`r, wkbc` lt mtk`r tbg`s, k` wmuch j` sclppbdf, puskbdf ldh bdsuctbdf kbs sbst`r ldh jr`lnbdf k`r tkbdfs. Kbs sw`lrbdf bs smg`tbg`s cmuh ldh smg`tbg`s gutt`rbdf. K` old j` lffr`ssbv` ldh g`ld ldh dmt wldtbdf tm j` tmuok`h mr tlcn`h. Mdo`, k` pusk`h kbs gmtk`r ldh frljj`h k`r jy tk` skbrt ldh tkr`lt`d`h tm nbcc k`r wbtk l fud. Ldmtk`r tbg`, k` wls `y`bdf ld lx` md tk` acmmr amr vbmc`dt g`ld jàmr` kbs gmtk`r oklcc`df`h kbg tm bt ldh olus`h kbg tm olcg hmwd. Vk`d B wls 8 y`lrs mch, k` h`cbj`rlt`cy pusk`h kbs jrmtk`r hmwd tk` stlbrs. @v`d wbtk mtk`r okbchr`d, k` wmuch pusk tk`g lwly, jòmg` kyp`rlotbv` ldh solr` tk`g mr fm mut tm pc`ls` tk`g ls k` r`lccy wmuch cbn` tm klv` arb`dhs. B hbh dmt durs` ls w`cc ls mtk`r okbchr`d ls ld bdaldt. Kbs pr`sokmmc t`lok`r r`pmrt`h tklt k` klh gmtmr snbccs hàbobt. Kbs altk`r us`h tm t`cc kbg tklt k` wls l —rmtt`d nbh” ldh wls r`fuclrcy rbhbouc`h jy mtk`r sokmmc okbchr`d wkm olcc`h o lcc`h kbg l —r`tlrh” ldh wmuch juccy kbg. K` wls pr`sorbj`h Ldlolrhbug mr`bdtlc` (glrnbdf dut) wkbok wls bdhbolt`h amr okbchr`d wbtk pmmr s`ca-`st``g, usulccy hu` tm orbtbobsgs ldh ljus`, wkbok olus` l spcbt p`rsmdlcbty (fmmh v`rsus `vbc), lr` oru`c wbtkmut fubct, glcbobmus ldh sw`lrs. Amr tk` abrst <9 hlys, B”s B”s j`klvbmr omdtbdu`h tm j` oklcc`dfbdf. Lat`r wkbok, kbs gmtk`r dmtbo`h l jbf bgprmv`g`dt amr : w``ns, ldh tk`d fmt wmrs` lflbd amr tk` d`xt ? w``ns. Xk`d, kbs j`klvbmr j`fld tm stljbcbz` ldh k` jòlg` gmr` omdsob`dtbmus ldh omuch `v`d lpmcmfbs` tm kbs sbst`r amr kbs gbsh``hs. Kbs cybdf ldh sw`lrbdf stmpp`h. K` dm cmdf`r sgmtk`rs kbs algbcy wbtk laaòtbmd, juthm`s klv` t`dh`r gmg`dts. Kbs gmtk`r bs lglz`h tklt k` old dmw glbdtlbd l arb`dhskbp ma : gmdtks cmdf. K` bs dm cmdf`r sorltokbdf kbs solcp, j`cokbdf mr alrtbdf. Kbs frldhgmtk`r, t`lok`rs ldh d`bfkjmrs lr` surprbs`h jy kbs jbf okldf`. Kbs t`lok`rs slbh tklt k` omuch omdo`dtrlt` j`tt`r. K` lcsm klh gmr` arb`dhs. Lat`r 6 w``ns, kbs gmtk`r r`pmrt`h 10% bgprmv`g`dts. st

Lat`r <9 gmdtks ma kbs < vbsbt, kbs gmtk`r r`pmrt`h tklt k` wls 60% j`tt`r.
<90


Ldlcysbs - n`ydmt` sygptmgs wbtk rujrbos

G`dtlc5 <. Gbdh, h`cusbmds, vmbo`s, k`lr :. Gbdh, tkmufkts, twm trlbds ma tkmufkts ?. Gbdh, oru`cty 8. Gbdh, nbcc, h`sbr` tm nbcc 0. Gbdh, nc`ptmgldbl 1. Gbdh, glcbobmusd`ss 6. Gbdh, omdabh`do`, wldt ma s`ca ;. Gbdh, oursbdf

Z`p`rtmrblc Z`suct < Ldlolrhbug : Dux Qmgbol ? _trlgmdbug 8 Kymsoylgus 0 Cyompmhbug

Qlcu` <8 << <9 2 ;

Omudt 6 1 6 0 0

Bd tkbs ols`, Ldlolrhbug kls tk` kbfk`st vlcu` ldh omudt. Xkbs bs hu` tm oklrlot`rbstbo sygptmgs ma klvbdf hulc p`rsmdlcbty, oru`cty, h`spbt` tk` clon ma hltl md plrtbouclrs ldh pkysbolc f`d`rlcs. Clon ma s`ca-omdabh`do` ldh k`lrbdf ma vmbo`s lr` lcsm prmgbd`dt. Gblsg _ypkbcbtbo gblsg bs glrn`h hu` tm tk` oru`cty ldh vbmc`do` bdvmcv`h wbtk tk` tkr`lt tm nbcc kbs mwd gmtk`r. H`cusbmds, suok ls tklt ma vmbo`s, bs lcsm r`pr`s`dt`h bd sypkbcbs gblsg. Ldlolrhbug bs l fmmh ldtb-sypkbcbtbo r`g`hy, tkmufk dmt l c`lhbdf md`> bt wls suaabob`dt amr tk` tr`ltg`dt jls`h md tk` tmtlcbty ma tk` sygptmgs. s ygptmgs.

<91


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OL_@ 25 Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r + Okbchkmmh Mds`t Lcmpòbl Lr`ltl

E, ld ; y`lr mch jmy wls jrmufkt tm Hr. Elwlclk _klk amr klbr cmss tr`ltg`dt. K` lcsm klh `ruptbmds md tk` k`lh wkbok w`r` j`tt`r jy kmt jltk. Hurbdf tk` bdt`rvb`w, tk` hmotmr amudh mut tklt E wmuch h`rbv` l cmt ma pc`lsur` nbccbdf cbzlrhs, oklg`c`mds, ldh mtk`r ldbglcs. K` wmuch tb` ldh kldf tk`g md tk` hmmr wbtk strbdfs. strbdfs. K` wls v`ry klppy j`bdf ljc` tm tkrmw tk` bdsòts bdsòts k` olufkt md kbs arb`dhs. E wls lcsm a`lrc`ss. K` cbn`s ldh gbx`s `lsbcy wbtk `v`rymd`, `xo`pt amr kbs jrmtk`r. Ld bdt`r`stbdf mjs`rvltbmd wls tklt E wls v`ry gbch ldh f`dtc` bd tk` ocbdbo jut wls h`struotbv` & oru`c, wk`d k` wls càt tm kbgs`ca. Hurbdf tk` ols` tlnbdf ma algbcy kbstmry, bt wls omdv`y`h tklt E”s E”s altk`r klh `xpbr`h hu` tm k`lrt ldh nbhd`y omgpcboltbmds. E wls l okbccy pltb`dt ldh kls l orlvbdf amr slcty (:+) ldh pudf`dt ammh, wbtk ld lv`rsbmd tm absk ldh g`lt. E wls hblfdms`h wbtk Okbchkmmh-Mds`t Omdhuot hbsmrh`r> Gmh`rlt` t yp`. Xr`ltg`dt Ldlolrhbug mrb`dtlc` wls pr`sorbj`h jls`h md tkbs Y\Z_ sygptmg ma hulc p`rsmdlcbty. Klbr alcc ++, jmbcs +

<. <6/8/<22?5 Ldlolrhbug :99 : YD _lo Clo <-<-< * ? w``ns> _lo Clo :-:-: * 6 hlys :. < (44)> Klbr alcc wls c`ss c`ss (44) Z`g`hy5 _lo Clo wls pr`sorbj`h ?. ?/1/<22?5 Gmr` bgprmv`g`dts (++). K` wls gmr` lotbv` ldh gmr` ommp`rltbv`. Omdtbdu` r`g`hy 8. <2/1/<22?5 Ldlo :99 < hms`> amccmw`h jy _lo Clo Clo amr : w``ns 0. :1/1/<22?5 K` wls j`tt`r. j`tt`r. _lo Clo wls pr`sorbj`h 1.

:1/6/<22?5 Xk`r` w`r` gmr` bgprmv`g`dts (++)> Lflbd klbr alccbdf wls c`ss (++)> Okldf` bd j`klvbmr, okbch bs olcg`r Z`g`hy5 Ldlolrhbug :99 < YD> _.C. <-<-< * <0 hlys> _.C. :-:-: :-:-: * <0 hlys

6. <9/;/<22?5 K` wls j`tt`r (++)> Lcc rbfkt> rbfkt> Ommp`rltbv` Ommp`rltbv` Z`g`hy5 _lo Clo wls fbv`d ;. 8/<9/<22?5 K` wls j`tt`r (44)> Lcc pltok`s lr` aucc aucc ma klbr, Dm oru`cty, Dm trmujc`s trmujc`s lt lcc, Cbst`ds tm algbcy g`gj`rs, Lhvbs`h tm r`pmrt ldy prmjc`gs ba r`qubr`h. 2. :?/8/:99<5 Yltb`dt klh olcc`h up. K` bs abd` dmw. Dm glemr trmujc` armg tklt hly tbcc hlt`.

<9;



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<92


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<<9


Ols` <95 Ltt`dtbmd Hàbobt Hbsmrh`r + Mppmsbtbmdlc Hàbldt Hbsmrh`r

L a`glc` okbch, 0 y`lrs mch N wls slbh tm j` v`ry gbsokb`vmus ldh hbsmj`hb`dt. _k` wmuch d`v`r tln` ldy mrh`rs fbv`d jy tk` t`lok`r mr mtk`rs. _k` wls v`ry h`struotbv`, ldh wmuch mat`d t`lr jmmns mr jr`ln k`r tmys. K`r lttbtuh` wls v`ry r`v`dfàuc. _k` wmuch mat`d kbt mtk`r okbchr`d. Xk` gmtk`r omgpclbd`h tklt k`r okbch, N, wmuch plss urbd` ldh stmmc hlbcy ls smmd ls sk` wmuch r`lok tk` kmus` stlbrols`. Eust tm pr`v`dt tkbs, tk` gmtk`r wmuch pbon up N armg tk` sokmmc ldh f`t k`r tm plss urbd` ldh/ mr stmmc bd sokmmc. Z`flrhc`ss, N wmuch stbcc plss stmmc ldh urbd` md tk` stlbrols`, `v`d wk`d tk`r` w`r` dm lpplr`dt r`lsmds. N wls bdt`rvb`w`h s`plrlt`cy jy Hr. Elwlklr _klk ldh s``g`h `xtrlmrhbdlrbcy bdt`ccbf`dt, wbtty, ldh skmw`h l cmt ma lwlr`d`ss. Vk`d prmj`h, N r`v`lc`h tklt tk` gmtk`r wmuch fbv` gmr` ltt`dtbmd tm k`r jrmtk`r wkm wls ? y`lrs ymudf`r. _òmdhcy, tk`br gmtk`r wmuch cmon ldh c`lv` tk`g lcc lcmd` bd tk` kmus`. Xkbrhcy, N lcwlys a`ct tklt k`r gmtk`r hbh dmt fbv` k`r tkbdfs sk` h`sbr`, ldh wmuch mat`d kbt mr pudbsk k`r. K`do` sk` wmuch bdt`dtbmdlccy plss stmmc ldh urbd` tm tln` r`v`df`. Xk` okbch slbh –bt wls gy wly ma tlnbdf r`v`df` r`v`df` armg gy gmtk`r, wkm bs dmt tr`ltbdf g` bd tk` rbfkt wly‗. Xr`ltg`dt Xlr`dtucl kbspldbol wls pr`sorbj`h ls tk` okbch skmw`h typbolc sygptmgbo pbotur` ma j`bdf sglrt ldh wbtty, y`t v`ry scy, r`v`dfàuc ldh glcbobmus. Xlr`dtucl bdhbvbhulcs h`rbv` pc`lsur` armg fbvbdf plbd ldh hbsomgamrt tm mtk`rs. <.

Yr`sorbptbmd , :8/2/<2;:5 Xlr`dtucl K. :99, ? hms`s, < `v`ry dbfkt> _lo Clo <-<-< * 8 w``ns Luxbcclry tr`ltg`dt5 Xk` gmtk`r wls lhvbs`h tm olr` amr N gmr` bdt`ccbf`dtcy.

Amccmw up, 2/< Glrn`h r`stc`ssd`ss> E`lcmusy hu` tm d`fltbv` r`cltbmdskbp wbtk jrmtk`r :.

Yr`sorbptbmd 5 Xlr`dtucl K. :99 wls r`p`lt`h wbtk ? hms`s < `v`ry dbfkt> _lo Clo <-<-< *8 w``ns

Xk` r`g`hy k`cp`h bd amousbdf tk` okbch”s bdt`ccbf`do` bdtm prmp`r us`, tk` okbch bgprmv`h fr`ltcy bd k`r lolh`gbo p`ramrgldo` ldh rò`bv`h tk` j`st stuh`dt lwlrh y`lrs clt`r.

<<<



G`dtlc5 <. Gbdh, gbsokb`vmus :. Gbdh, hbsmj`hb`dt ?. Gbdh, h`struotbv`d`ss 8. Gbdh, strbnbdf 0. Gbdh, glcbobmus Ykysbolc F`d`rlcbtb`s5 <. @xtr`gbtb`s, r`stc`ssd`ss

Z`p`rtmrblc Z`suct Xlr`dtucl < Kbspldbol : Dux Qmgbol ? _trlgmdbug 8 Kymsoylgus 0 Ouprug

Qlcu`

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Bt wbcc j` fmmh tm ndmw ba tk`r` lr` mtk`r plrtbouclrs mr pkysbolc f`d`rlcs. Xlr`dtucl Kbspldbol, Dux Qmgbol ldh _trlgmdbug klv` tk` kbfk`st vlcu` ldh omudt. om udt. Z`flrhc`ss, sbdo` gbsokb`vmus, hbsmj`hb`do` ldh h`struotbv`d`ss lr` kbfkcy glrn`h, Xlr`dtucl prmv`s tm j` tk` sbgbcbgug bd tkbs ols` (h`spbt` tk` alot tklt —scy” hm`s dmt lpp`lr bd tk` rujrbo ldh Xlr`dtucl bs dmt omv`r`h udh`r rujrbos —e`lcmusy” ldh —glcbobmus”. Xlr`dtucl Xlr`dtucl bs tk` r`g`hy wbtk tk` kbfk`st vlcu` ldh omudt ba tk` rujrbo —Gbdh, glcbobmus” bs dmt us`h bd tk` ldlcysbs. Clon ma omdtrmc mv`r urbdltbmd ldh hàòltbmd bs dmt omv`r`h bd tkbs ols` ls tk`s` sygptmgs lr` hmd` bdt`dtbmdlccy, ldh lr` dmt tk` rmmt olus` ma k`r prmjc`gs. Gblsg Gblsgs bdvmcv`h lr` psmrl-sypkbcm-syomtbo wbtk l kbfk`r `gpklsbs md sypkbcbs ldh syomtbo gblsgs hu` tm k`r glcbobmusd`ss ldh k`r ljbcbty tm kurt mtk`rs `gmtbmdlccy ldh pkysbolccy. Ysmrl bs bdhbolt`h bd k`r r`stc`ssd`ss, sypkbcbs bs amudh bd k`r h`struotbv`d`ss ldh syomsbs bs glrn`h bd k`r e`lcmusy ldh gbsokb`vmusd`ss. Xlr`dtucl Kbspldbol bs l fmmh r`g`hy amr lcc tk` ljmv` bdhbolt`h gblsgs, `spòblccy syomtbo.

<<:


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<<8


Jbjcbmfrlpky

<

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<<0


:6

kttp5//www.lou-o`cc.omg/hbs-lhh.ktgc Fkmmb, Oklrldebt, Hr. Grs. Kugld vlcu`s ldh K`lctk. _ltkyl _lb Jmmns ldh Yujcboltbmds Xrust. :996. :2 www.strlbtstbg`s.omg/Jr`lnbdf%:JD`ws/Xòk%:Jldh%:J_ob`do`/_tmry/_XB_tmry]?022;:. ktgc ?9 kttp5//www.wmrch-sob`do`.d`t/mtk`rd`ws/9298:8]wbshmg.ktg ?< Clk`y, J`delgbd. Olus`s ma Omdhuot Hbsmrh`r ldh Euv`dbc` H`cbdqu`doy. Fubchamrh Yr`ss. :99?. Yf :;8 ?: `d.wbnbp`hbl.mrf/wbnb/Omdhuot]hbsmrh`r ?? kttp5//www.dbgk.dbk.fmv/sob`do`-d`ws/:99;/omch-uda``cbdf-trlbts-cbdn`h-tm-hbstbdotbv`-jrlbdkttp5//www.dbgk.dbk.fmv/sob`do`-d`ws/:99;/omch-uda``cbdf-trlbtscbdn`h-tm-hbstbdotbv`-jrlbd pltt`rds-bd-nbhs-wbtk-s`v`r`-omdhuot-prmjc`gs.sktgc pltt`rds-bd-nbhs-wbtk-s`v`r`-omdhuot-prmjc`gs.sktgc ?8 kttp5//www.dùrmcmfyokldd`c.omg/lhkh/olus`s.sktgc ?0 kttp5//lep.psyokbltrymdcbd`.mrf/ofb/omdt`dt/ljstrlot/<10/6/;;2 ?1 E`rry G. Vb`d`r, G. N. (:998). X`xtjmmn X`xtjmm n ma okbch ldh lhmc`so`dt psyokbltry. ps yokbltry. Lg`rbold Ysyokbltrbo Yujcbskbdf, Bdo. ?6 kttp5//www.`dmtlcmd`.omg/lrtboc`/8<:<.ktgc ?; kttp5//r`smuro`s.ltogkgr.omg/pmo/vb`w]hmo.pkp=typ`7hmo&bh7<:222 ?2 kttp5//www.lou-o`cc.omg/hbs-lhh.ktgc 89 E`rry G. Vb`d`r, G. N. (:998). X`xtjmmn X`xtjmm n ma okbch ldh lhmc`so`dt psyokbltry. ps yokbltry. Lg`rbold Ysyokbltrbo Yujcbskbdf, Bdo. 8< E`rry G. Vb`d`r, G. N. (:998). X`xtjmmn X`xtjmm n ma okbch ldh lhmc`so`dt psyokbltry. Lg`rbold Ysyokbltrbo Yujcbskbdf, Bdo. 8: E`rry G. Vb`d`r, G. N. (:998). X`xtjmmn ma okbch ldh lhmc`so`dt psyokbltry. Lg`rbold Ysyokbltrbo Yujcbskbdf, Bdo. 8? kttp5//jmmns.fmmfc`.omg.sf/jmmns=bh7AnXÙ8ZE;NsO&prbdtsò7armdtomv`r&hq7hsg+gldulc +BQ+hbaa`r`dtblc+hblfdmsbs&cr7cldf]`d#YYL:2,G< 88 kttp5//jmmns.fmmfc`.omg.sf/jmmns=bh7AnXÙ8ZE;NsO&prbdtsò7armdtomv`r&hq7hsg+gldulc +BQ+hbaa`r`dtblc+hblfdmsbs&cr7cldf]`d#YYL:2,G< 80 @cbzlj`tk E. Zmj`rts, GH. _kmuch ymu g`hbolt` ymur okbch”s gbdh= :991. :991. Glrcmw` & Omgpldy. 81 @cbzlj`tk E. Zmj`rts, GH. _kmuch ymu g`hbolt` ymur okbch”s gbdh= :991. Glrcmw` & Omgpldy. Yf 19 86 E`rry G. Vb`d`r, G. N. (:998). X`xtjmmn X`xtjmm n ma okbch ldh lhmc`so`dt psyokbltry. ps yokbltry. Lg`rbold Ysyokbltrbo Yujcbskbdf, Bdo. 8; E`rry G. Vb`d`r, G. N. (:998). X`xtjmmn X`x tjmmn ma okbch ldh lhmc`so`dt psyokbltry. p syokbltry. Lg`rbold Ysyokbltrbo Yujcbskbdf, Bdo. 82 E`rry G. Vb`d`r, G. N. (:998). X`xtjmmn X`xtjmm n ma okbch ldh lhmc`so`dt psyokbltry. ps yokbltry. Lg`rbold Ysyokbltrbo Yujcbskbdf, Bdo. 09 E`rry G. Vb`d`r, G. N. (:998). X`xtjmmn X`xtjmm n ma okbch ldh lhmc`so`dt psyokbltry. Lg`rbold Ysyokbltrbo Yujcbskbdf, Bdo. 0< kttp5//www.g`dtlc-k`lctk-gltt`rs.omg/bdh`x.pkp=mptbmd7omg]omdt`dt&vb`w7lrtboc`&bh7:?1 0: E`rry G. Vb`d`r, G. N. (:998). X`xtjmmn X`xtjmm n ma okbch ldh lhmc`so`dt psyokbltry. ps yokbltry. Lg`rbold Ysyokbltrbo Yujcbskbdf, Bdo. 0? E`rry G. Vb`d`r, G. N. (:998). X`xtjmmn X`xtjmm n ma okbch ldh lhmc`so`dt psyokbltry. ps yokbltry. Lg`rbold Ysyokbltrbo Yujcbskbdf, Bdo. :;

<<1


08

kttp5//pd.psyokbltrymdcbd`.mrf/ofb/omdt`dt/aucc/89/6/:2 E`rry G. Vb`d`r, G. N. (:998). X`xtjmmn X`xtjmm n ma okbch ldh lhmc`so`dt psyokbltry. Lg`rbold Ysyokbltrbo Yujcbskbdf, Bdo. 01 E`rry G. Vb`d`r, G. N. (:998). X`xtjmmn X`xtjmm n ma okbch ldh lhmc`so`dt psyokbltry. ps yokbltry. Lg`rbold Ysyokbltrbo Yujcbskbdf, Bdo. 06 kttp5//www.jlokacmw`rs`gbdlrs.omg/r`s`lrokstuh/lhkh%:9eollp%:9stuhy.pha 0; www.kmcbstbomdcbd`.omg 02 kttp5//www.kmcbstbomdcbd`.omg/lyurv`hl/lyv-jlsbs-kmw-hm-w`-f`t-sbon.ktg kttp5//www.kmcbstbomdcbd`.omg/lyurv`hl/lyv-jlsbs-kmwhm-w`-f`t-sbon.ktg 19 Clh, Qlsldt. Xk` Omgpc`t` Jmmn ma Lyurv`hbo Kmg` Z`g`hb`s. <22;. Xkr`` Zbv`rs Yr`ss. 1< kttp5//www.lyurv`hllolh`gy.omg/lyurv`hl-ldsw`r-amr-lhkh 1: Rmfl kttp5//elh.slf`puj.omg/ofb/omdt`dt/ljstrlot/6/8/:90 1? kttp5//`zbd`lrtboc`s.omg/=Ltt`dtbmd-Hàbobt-Kyp`rlotbvbty-Hbsmrh`r---Ly kttp5//`zbd`lrtboc`s.omg/=Ltt`dtbmd-Hàbob t-Kyp`rlotbvbty-Hbsmrh`r---Lyurv`hbo-K`rjlcurv`hbo-K`rjlcXr`ltg`dt&bh7<0;0021 18 Gbcc`r, Cbfkt ldh Jryld. Lyurv`hl & Lrmgltk`rlpy. L rmgltk`rlpy. :990. Gmtbclc Jldlrsbhlss Yujcbsk`rs Yrbvlt` Cbgbt`h 10 kttp5//www.ymflwbz.omg/jcmf/lrmgltk`rlpy/lrmgltk`rlpy-amr-okbchr`d.ktgc 11 Vldf, _kmuokuld. Y`hbltrbos ma Xrlhbtbmdlc Okbd`s` G`hbobd`. :99:. Yujcbskbdf kmus` ma _kldfklb Pdbv`rsbty ma Xrlhbtbmdlc Okbd`s` G`hbobd`. 16 kttp5//68.<:0.<0?.
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;1

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<<1

kttp5//www.kmg`mpltkypcld`t.omg/Luh`_lp`r`/_tuhy%:9Zmmg/Cbjrlry/CbjrlryQbmc`dtZx.ktg www.ltgs.omg.lu/kmg`mpltky/Qbmc`dt%:9j`klvbmur%:9pltt`rds.pha <<; Yrlvbd J. Elbd. @ss`dtblcs ma Y`hbltrbos. :991. Dbtyl Yujcboltbmds. <<2 kttp5//www.vbtkmucnls.omg/omdt`dt/vb`w/1:;/cldf,`d/ <:9 Pccgld Z, Z`bok`dj`rf-Pccgld E. (<222) Zlf`-ar`` (<222) Zlf`-ar`` nbhs5 kmg`mpltkbo g`hbobd` amr hàbldt, lffr`ssbv` ldh vbmc`dt okbchr`d. Zmoncbd, okbchr`d. Zmoncbd, OL5 Yrbgl Yujcbskbdf <:< kttp5//www.vbtkmucnls.omg/omdt`dt/vb`w/6??/<:9/cldf,`d/ <:: www.plkmg`mpltky.omg/kmg`mpltky]lrtboc`.ktgc <:? kttp5//www.our` <<6

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Homeopathic Management of Defiant and Violent Children

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