IB Geography Standard Level

Ufpudhtifg jlhgka Zhtu Zh turc rchy hy,, Hpr Hprid id 8:, 8:, =58 =58: :

1?8< 1? 8< UN

Igcax

Ca`.

Nahgigk

DACJ axhnpda

Jruca Mirtl ]hta (JM])

Gf. f` diva mirtl /8555 paf. ig pfp./yahr

Likl JM]/S@]? Uhragts whgt jlidcrag? - @fr dhmfrs ↝ Jfgtrimuta tf `hnidy igjfna - Sf dffb h`tar tlan ig fdc hkas - Sf jfgtigua `hnidy ghna - Likl IN] ↝ ]apdhja cahc jlidcrag

Mftswhgh @rhgja? @rhgja? 33.5; (89<5) ↝ =3.58 (=588) 83 (89<5) ↝ 8=.; (=588)

Sfthd @artidity ]hta (S@])

Hvk. Hvk. gf. f` jlidcrag tlht Dfw JM]/S@]? wfudc ma mfrg tf h - Jlidcrag hra jfstdy wfnhg curigk lar - Kffc pumdij pagsifg sjlana & lahdtl sarvijas ↝ di`atina Gf gaac f` jlidcrag tf dffb h`tar - [fnag hra `raa tf kat acujhtifg & wfrb ↝ Cadhy nhrrihka, jlidcmahrigk - Dfw IN] ↝ Gf gaac f` jlidc rapdhjanagt - [icasprahc usa f` `hnidy pdhggigk

Jruca Cahtl ]hta (JC])

Gf. f` cahtls /8555 paf. paf. Likl JC] (rurhd hrahs, slhgty tfwgs, …)? ig pfp./yahr - Gf jdahg, radihmda whtar suppdy & `ffc - Uffr shgithtifg ↝ Jfgthkifus cisahsas (cihrrlah, vfnitigk) - Uffr nacijhd jhra (gf vhjjightifg) ↝ Ig`ajtifus cisahsas (nhdhrih) - Qglahdtly di`astyda - Ghturhd cishstars

Mftswhgh? Mftswhgh? 0.0= (89<5) ↝ =.;8 (=588) Mftswhgh kfv. strfgkdy igvastac ig pumdij lahdtl sys.

NACJ axhnpda

@rhgja? @rhgja? 8.<1 (89<5) ↝ =.5: (=588) - Urf-ghthdist pfdijy (nhtargity krhgts, thx maga`its) - Jlidc-friagthtac pfdijias (jrìjlas)

Mftswhgh? Mftswhgh? @rhgja? @rhgja? <.9< (89<5) ↝ ;.5; (8995) ↝ 85.= (89<5) ↝ <.< (=55=) ↝ 9.8 8;.:0 (=585) (=55:) ↝ <.1 (=588) 8995? HICZ phgcanij

Jfgs? JC] Hkaigk Hkaigk pfp. 7 JC] Yfutl`ud Yfutl`ud pfp. ↝ Jhg't ra`dajt davad f` cavadfpnagt Gf. f` cahtls f` Ig`hgt Nfrthdit  jlidcrag 4 8 yahr /8555 diva mirtl/yahr  y ]hta (IN])

Di`a Axpajthg jy ht Mirtl (A 5 )

Likl IN]? Mftswhgh? Mftswhgh? @rhgja? @rhgja? - Dhjb f` trhigac lahdtl wfrbars & lahdtl `hjiditias ↝ 13.3 (89<5) ↝ :;.< (8995) ↝ 85.= (89<5) ↝ :.3 (=588) Kiva mirtl ht lfna 13.0 (=555) ↝ 3=.9 (=588) - Uffr shgithtifg (gf jdahg whtar, cirty sattdanagt) ↝ Nfcarg nacijhd `hjiditias Ig`ajtifus cisahsas - Dhjb f` gutritifg

Hvk. Hvk. gf. f` yahrs f` yahrs tlht h Likl A5? parsfg jhg ma axpajtac - Ahrdy cihkgfsis ↝ Zurviva jlrfgij iddgassas (jhgjars) tf diva `rfn mirtl, mirtl, i` - Zlfrtar wfrbigk waabs canfkrhplij `hjtfrs ranhig ugjlhgkac

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8

Mftswhgh? Mftswhgh? Ohphg? Ohphg? 05.;8 (89<5) ↝ 0:.: (89<9) ;0.59 (89<5) ↝ <=.19 (=588) ↝ 30.=1 (=550) ↝ 30.0; (=588) - Lahdtly di`astyda (`islas, kraag tah) - 8995? HICZ phgcanij - Kffc pumdij lahdtljhra systan - =55:? Nacijhd jhnphikg tf stfp sprahc f` LIP virus

Ufpudhtifg Uyrhnics

Zthka 8? Axphgsiva

Zthka =? Axphgsiva

- [ica mhsa ↝ Likl M]

- [ica mhsa ↝ Likl M]

Zthka :? Zthtifghry

Zthka :? Jfgtrhjtiva

- Jfgjhva sicas ↝ Likl C] ↝ ]hpic `hdd ig ahjl upwhrc hka krfup - Zlfrt A5

- Ztrhiklt sicas ↝ @hddigk C] ↝ Nfra - Jfgvax sicas ↝ Dfw C] ↝ ↘ Urfpfrtifg - Jfgvax sicas ↝ Dfw C] paf. divigk igtf niccda hka f` pfpudhtifg hkac 01+ - Liklar capagcagjy rhtif - Zdikltdy dfgkar A5 - Dfgk A5 - Dfgk A5

- Zdikltdy ghrrfw mhsa ↝ Cajdigigk M]

- Ghrrfw mhsa ↝ Pary dfw M]

Ajfgfnij cavadfpnagt igjrahsas 7777

Ca`ijits ig tla sdfpa? * GFSA? Mudkas ig tla sdfpa? - Ig-nikrhtifg - Fut-nikrhtifg - Mhmy mffn ht spaji`ij yahr - Hka-spaji`ij, Zax-spaji`ij cahtl (apicanijs, whr)

Ufpudhtifg nfnagtun

Ufpudhtifg prfoajtifg

`hdd ig M]/@]  - Sagcagjy `fr pfp. tf krfw caspita `hdd

Uracijtifgs hmfut `utura pfpudhtifg mhsac fg tragcs ig `artidity, nfrthdity hgc nikrhtifg.

- ]ahsfg? ◂ ]adhtivady likl jfgjagtrhtifg f` paf. ig pra-jlidcmahrigk & jlidcmahrigk yahr ◂ Slasa yfugk paf. nfva tlrfukl raprfcujtiva hka ↝ Gf. f` mirtls 7 Gf. f` cahtls ig fdcar pfp. ↝ Ufp. widd jfgtigua tf krfw Capagcagjy rhtif

- Inpdijhtifgs? ◂ Ufp. f` cavadfpigk jfugtrias widd jfgtigua tf krfw caspita dhrka & rhpic ↚ @]  ◂ Ufp. f` cavadfpac jfugtrias (Aurfpa) widd cajdiga avag i` @] is mrfuklt up tf rapdhjanagt ◂ ]apdhjanagt davad `artidity is h dfgk-tarn jfgjapt rhtlar tlhg igcijhtifg f` jurragt pfp. krfwtl rhtas

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                             

Pary jruca? Uaf. • Zthy fg ht sjlffd h`tar 81 • [frb h`tar 05

]aspfgsas tf Likl & Dfw @artidity N fg fg ch chy , H pr pr idid 81 81 , = 58 58 :

Ca`.

= ?1 ?1 8 U N

Yfutl`ud pfpudhtifg

Hkigk pfpudhtifg

f` yfugk paf. ig pfp. Igjrahsig Igjrahsigk k rhtif f` yfugk

Igjrahsi Igjrahsigk gk rhtif rhtif f` paf. hkac 01+ ig pfp.

 Hcvhg - Dhrka pftagtihd wfrb`frja ? thkas • Uftagtihd ajfgfnij krfwtl • Httrhjtiva tf gaw

- Srhigac sbidds & Axpariagjas?

igvastnagt

- Dfwar nacijhd jfsts

QZ parsfghd lahdtljhra axpagsa? Adcardy? $88555/yahr2 [frbigkhka? $:355/yahr  - Yfugk paf. hra mik jfgsunar ↝ Dhrka pftagtihd nhrbat Mavarhkas, jfg`ajtifgary, adajtrfgijs, … Cishcv  - Dhrka jfsts f` suppfrtigk acujhtifg & lahdtl sarvijas raquirac my hgthka jlidcrag & yfutl s - Likl uganpdfynagt uganpdfynagt rhtas ↝ Ajfgfnij sthkghtifg

Akypt? 95% uganpdfynagt hkac 4 :5 (=/: pfp. hkac. 4 :5) - Likl pfp. krfwtl rhta ↝ Urassura fg prfvicigk su``ijiagt lfusigk, `ffc & whtar - Likl jrina rhtas ↝ Zfjihd igsthmidity Lfgcurhs? 15% hkac 4 89, yfutl khgks (cruk trh``ijbigk)

Ca`.

- ↚ Dhmfr `frjas ↝ Uftagtihd ajfgfnij sthkghtifg - Dhrka jfsts f` `ugcigk f`  `ugcigk pagsifgs & lahdtljhra

 Ohphg?  Hkac 01+? 81% (=55=) ↝ =3.< (=58=) ↝ =1% axpajtac (=5=1) Axpagcitura fg wad`hra? =5% (=55=) ↝ ==% (=58=) ↝ =;% axpajtac (=5=1) - ↘ Murcag fg wfrbigk pfp. pfp.

 Hgti-ghthdist pfpudhtifg pfdijy  pfdijy 

Urf-ghthdist pfpudhtifg pfdijy 

'Fga Jlidc Ufdijy', Jligh, 89;9

Zwacag

Ufdijy tlht httanpts tf ↚ pfp. krfwtl my httanptigk tf  ↘ M] 

Ufdijy tlht httanpts tf  ↘ pfp. krfwtl my httanptigk tf ↚ M] 

Listfry  - 8939? • Nhf

majhna jfugtry's dahcar • Jligasa wara agjfurhkac tf lhva hs nhgy jlidcrag hs pfssimda `fr phtriftij rahsfgs - 85 yahrs? Ufp. ↘ 115 nid ↝ 011 nid ↝ Urassura fg `ffc, lfusigk, acujhtifg, anpdfynagt Natlfc  - 89;9? • Ufdijy? 8

jlidc tf urmhg jfupdas, jfupdas , = jlidc tf rurhd jfupdas • Zat nhrrihkahmda hka? hka ? nag ==, wfnag =5 - 89<8? Axtagc 8 jlidc pfdijy tf rurhd hrahs - Igjagtivas? @raa acu., prifrity lfusigk, pagsifg & `hnidy maga`its - Uaghdtias? • =gc prakghgt? ◂ Dfsa kfv. maga`its, `iga 81% `hnidy's igjfna ◂ @frjac hmfrtifg • Uarsistagt f``agcars ↝ Ztaridizhtifg Zujjass

Srhigigk jfst • Phduhmda ig wfrbpdhja (ladp `igc nfra prhjtijhd, pdhusimda sfdutifgs) - Ura`arhmda anpdfyaas Zuparnhrbats, `urgitura stfras - Dffb h`tar jlidcrag ↝ Hddfw mftl phragts tf wfrb  - Kray ajfgfny ↝ Ajfgfnij fppfrtugitias Lfdichy jfnphgias, lahdtljhra prfvicars •↚

- M]? :8.9 (8905) ↝ =;.=9 (89;9) ↝ ==.8: (899<) - @]? 1.;0 (8905) ↝ =.<8 (89;9) ↝ 8.11 (899<) - Dhta 8995s? Ufp. siza ↘ 4 =:5 nid (astinhtifg i` gf pfdijy)

Urfmdan - Jfupdas ig jfhsthd hrahs lhva majfna wahdtliar ↝ Gf `ahr paghdtias

- @]? =.3 (8903, pahb ) ↝ 8.0 (89;<) - [frrias hmfut hkigk pfpudhtifg

- Igjagtivas? • Divigk hddfwhgja phic `fr ahjl jlidc ugtid 80 •3

nfgtls `uddy-phic dahva ma`fra jlidcmirtl, 8= nfgtls <5% phic dahva h`tarwhrcs - Agjfurhka wfnag tf jfgtigua ofm h`tar jlidcmirtl? jlidcmirtl? • @daximda dhmfr pfdijias ↝ Ladp wfnag gft `ahr f` dfsigk jhraar majhusa f` jlidcmahrigk • [fnag jhg wfrb phrt-tina curigk nhtargity dahva • Likl-quhdity dfw-jfst pumdij hdd-chy jlidcjhra • 85 maga`it chys `fr `htlars ↝ Zlhra raspfgsimidity witl wivas ⇝ Kagcar aquhdity - @]? 8.0 (89;<) ↝ =.8: (8995) - M]? 88.= (89;<) ↝ 83.1 (8995) - 8995s? Ajfgfnij sthkghgt ↝ Kfv. suppfrt ↚ ↝ Ci``ijudt tf phragts tf lhva nhgy jlidcrag ↝ @]  ↚  ↚ 8.1 (8999)

- @frjac hmfrtifgs witl avicagja f` `anhda ig`hgtijica (phragts - Zigja =555? Ajfgfnij krfwtl ↝ @] ↘ whgt 8 mfy jlidc) ↝ Zax inmhdhgja f` ajfgfnij situhtifgs) situhtifgs) Zujjass`ud pfdijias (axjducigk a``ajt f` ajfgfnij Mfy ? Kird > 88;?855 - Dfw M] ↝ Jhg't nhigthig pfpudhtifg ↝ Hkigk pfpudhtifg (rasudt `rfn mhmy mffn ig Nhf's tina) ↝ Urassura fg sfjihd axpagcitura

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Nikrhtifg Nfgc Nf gchy hy,, Hpr Hprid id 81 81,, =58 =58: :

PFDQGSH]Y nikrhtifg (Nikrhgts nfva `rfn jlfija, jlfija, majhusa tlay whgt tf) tf)

=?18 =? 18 UN

- Anpdfynagt (ofm saabigk, liklar shdhry, …) Naxijhgs ↝ Gfrtl Hnarijh - Srhcigk fppfrtugitias

NIK]HSIFG 

Aurfpahgs ↝ Hustrhdih - Mattar jdinhta, jdinhta, aspajihddy fg ratiranagt

- Nfvanagt f` paf., igvfdvigk jlhgka f` rasicagja - Jhg ma igtarghd/axtarghd (igtd.), vfdugthry/`frja

- Zfjihd hnagitias (lfspithds, sjlffds, agtarthignagt) - @riagcs/@hnidy digbs

- Gft igjduca tanpfrhry jirjudhtifgs (jfnnutigk, tfurisn) @F]JAC nikrhtifg (Nikrhgts lhva gf jlfija & aitlar lhva tf /hra nhca tf nfva) nfva) - ]a`ukaa? ]a`ukaa? Uarsfg wlf `daas `fr sh`aty, sh`aty, aspajihddy tf h `fraikg jfugtry, jfugtry , hs ig tina f` whr, pfditijhd uplahvhd, ajfgfnij lhrcslips

- ]adikifus/Ufditijhd parsajutifg - [hr 0 nid H`klhgs ↝ Uhbisthg & Irhg - @frjac dhmfr (sdhvas) - Ghturhd cishstar Crfuklts? 8.1 nid Atlifpihgs, Zuchgasa & Zfnhdis da`t lfna tf saab `ffc & whtar  - Fvarpfpudhtifg? Ufp. 7 ]asfurja hvhidhmidity

- Hsydun saabar? saabar? Uaf. wlf jdhin tf ma ra`ukaas & saab hsydun ig hgftlar jfugtry.

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IGSA]GHSIFGHD IGSA]GHSIFGHD PFDQGSH]Y nikrhtifg

(Naxijf ↝ QZ)

Uusl/Uudd `hjtfrs

Ufsitiva inphjts

Frikig (Naxijf)

Castightifg (QZ)

- Dfwar whkas `fr shna ofms - Dfwar sthgchrcs f` divigk

f` liklar phic ofms + Mattar wfrbigk agvirfgnagt - Urfspajt f` liklar Mutjlar? [hkaQZ /chy  /chy > [hkaNaxijf /nfgtl

KCU/jhpith? $81055 - Uffr wad`hra sarvijas (lahdtljhra, acujhtifg) Lahdtl axpagcitura? 0.3% KCU - Qgsh`aty Nurcarar rhta? 8:/855555 paf.

Qgivarsity stucagts? Nfra igtargslip, rasahrjl fppfrtugitias - Liklar sthgchrc f` divigk KCU/jhpith? $1=055 - Mattar wad`hra sarvijas (lahdtljhra, acujhtifg) Lahdtl axpagcitura? 8;.9% KCU - Zh`aty Nurcarar rhta? 8:/855555 paf.

- ↚ Qganpdfynagt rhta

- Jlahp dhmfr suppdy `fr dfw-phic ofms tlht QZ jitizags cfg't whgt @ruit pijbars, stfra jdahgar, mutjlar, …

- ↚ Urassura fg ig`rhstrujtura (adajtrijity, lfusigk, lfspithds) - Likldy-acujhtac paf. ↝ Ajfgfnij krfwtl

- ]anitthgjas sagt lfna

$80 mid, sthmda curigk =559 ajfgfnij jrisis Divigk sthgchrc `fr paf. ht lfna? ◂ Mattar acujhtifghd fppfrtugitias `fr jlidcrag ◂ ↘ Jfgsunptifg ↝ Jfn`frthmda di`astyda

•↘

•↘

Gakhtiva inphjts

↝ ↘

Cavadfpnagt f` sjiagja & tajlgfdfky

- Judturhd agrijlnagt

]asthurhgts, `astivhds (Jlhrrf Chys @iasth) f` Naxijhg jfnnugity 

SPs, jdftlas, dhrkar & nfra jfgvagiagt lfusa Kfv.'s spagcigk fg muidcigk sjlffds, nacijhd jagtars

- Mrhig crhig? Dhjb f` (quhdi`iac) wfrb`frja ↝ Ci``ijudt tf httrhjt gaw igcustrias & igvastnagt

- Capagc fg nikrhtfry dfw-sbiddac dhmfrs

Mifdfkists innikrhtac tf QZ ↝ ↚ ]asahrjl quhdity ig Naxijf - ↘ Urassura fg sfjihd sarvijas (sjlffds, lfspithds) + ↘ Zlhgty ↝ ↚ Cavadfpnagt f` plhrnhjautijhd igcustry  sattdanagt f` iddakhd innikrhgts Aspajihddy ig mfrcar hrahs? Zhg Ciakf, Ad Uhsf - Nikrhtfry wfrbars? • Ahsy tf dfsa ofms ig ajfgfnij lhrcslip - ↘ Jrina rhta =559? Jfgstrujtifg prfoajts Cruk trh``ijbigk, snukkdigk • @dujtuhtifg ig axjlhgka rhta ↝ ]anitthgjas gft ↘  Zarvijas f` nhbigk `hbac ICs `fr iddakhd innikrhgts jfgsistagt - Luka kfv. spagcigk fg rastrijtigk iddakhd innikrhtifg $8.= mid phic `fr mfrcar sajurity  - Uhragts dahva jlidcrag `fr radhtivas ht lfna ↝ Jlidcrag gft rhisac prfpardy ↝ Cavihtac parsfghdity cavadfpnagt

Nfst QZ's `fraikg prisfgars `rfn Naxijf ↝ Cistrust f` Naxijf anpdfyaas

- Sryigk tf jfna hjrfss mfrcar ↝ Cahtls

1555 nikrhgt cahtls (=559)

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- Cisjrinightifg

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IGSA]GHSIFGHD IGSA]GHSIFGHD @F]JAC nikrhtifg

(Zyrih ↝ …) Zyrihg jivid whr? - @frjas dfyhd tf tla Mh'htl Uhrty kfv. vs. Slfsa saabigk tf fust it =58= . - Jfg`dijt makhg? 81/5:/=588 ↝ Ghtifgwica uprisigk? =58=.

Frikig (Zyrih)

Castightifg (Gaiklmfrigk jfugtrias)

Uusl/Uudd `hjtfrs

Jivid whr? - Ig`rhstrujturas rhvhkac lahvidy - Chgkars & tlrahts avarywlara - Dhjb f` `ffc, whtar & sladtars =0,555 biddac, 8.1 nid igtarghddy cispdhjac. =555 sjlffds chnhka.

- Zh`aty, `ffc & whtar

Gakhtiva inphjts

- Mrfbag `hnidy? • @htlar sthys maligc ig lfpa f` prftajtigk prfparty

- Luka prassura fg ig`rhstrujtura & lahdtl sarvijas cisahsa

 Ofrchg? _hthhri ra`ukaa jhnp? =0555 paf (Oudy, =58=). Surbay? ;<359 paf. f` dhgkuhka, judtura. - Jdfsa tf Zyrih & Zinidhrity f` dhgkuhka, judtura .

↝

Zprahc f`

 35% _hthhri jhnp (Ofrchg) lhs adajtrijity. Zhgc hgc cust stfrns ↝ ]aspirhtfry prfmdans. Jlidcrag? trhunhtizac, igourac ↝ Gaac nacijhd ladp

• Nftlar & jlidcrag dahva.

- Mrahbcfwg f` sfjiaty

855,555 Zyrihgs da`t jfugtry  Jlidcrag jhg't kf tf sjlffd.

- Jfg`dijts matwaag Zyrihg ra`ukaas & paf., kfv. f` castightifg jfugtrias? jfugtrias?

Urftast f` ra`ukaas hkhigst tiklt sajurity f` Ofrchgihg hrny igsica & futsica jhnps

- Mrahbcfwg f` ig`rhstrujtura - Kraht chnhka fg Zyrihg ajfgfny

Srhca witl AQ, QZ, Ohphg is rastrijtac  Ufsitiva inphjts

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wfrb`frja, wfrb`frja, aspajihddy ig ofms tlht fgdy gaac tanpfrhry wfrbars

IGSA]GHD nikrhtifg Jligh? ]urhd ↝ Qrmhg Frikig (]urhd hrahs)

Castightifg (Qrmhg hrahs)

Uusl/  - Dfw-phic hkrijudturhd ofms Uudd ]urhd `hnidias lhs tff dittda dhgc tf ahrg cajagt igjfna `hjtfrs - Dass fppfrtugitias `fr anpdfynagt ig gfg-hkrijudturhd sajtfrs Qghmda tf suppfrt `hnidias (jlidcrag, adcars)

- Urfspajt f` liklar phic ofms - Nfra anpdfynagt fppfrtugitias

Ufsitiv  - ↚ Qganpdfynagt Qganpdfynagt rhta a inphjt  - ↚ Urassura fg ig`rhstrujtura (adajtrijity, lfusigk, lfspithds) s - ↚ Jrina rhta

- Jlahp & Udagty dhmfr suppdy ↝ Httrhjt gaw igcustrias & igvastnagts ↝ Ajfgfnij krfwtl - Judturhd civarsity

Divigk sthgchrc `fr paf. ht lfna? • Mattar acujhtifghd fppfrtugitias `fr jlidcrag

- ]anitthgjas sagt lfna

↝ ↘

Jfgsunptifg ↝ Jfn`frthmda di`astyda SPs, jdftlas, dhrkar & nfra jfgvagiagt lfusa • Lhva nfgay tf shva •↘

Gakhti - Dhjb f` (quhdi`iac) wfrb`frja ↝ Ci``ijudt tf httrhjt gaw igcustrias & igvastnagt va inphjt  - Nikrhtfry wfrbars hra lhrc tf `igc ofms? s • Ig ajfgfnij lhrcslip

- Capagc fg nikrhtfry dhmfrs - ↘ Canhgc ig kffcs & sarvijas ↝ ↘ Urija davads ↝ ↚ Divigk sthgchrc f` dfw-igjfna paf. - Fvarjrfwcigk ↝ Luka prassura fg ig`rhstrujtura?

=559? Jfgstrujtifg prfoajts • Zurpdus dhmfr suppdy ↝ Jfnpatitiva - Uhragts dahva jlidcrag `fr radhtivas ht lfna ↝ Jlidcrag gft rhisac prfpardy ↝ Cavihtac parsfghdity cavadfpnagt cavadfpnagt

Zlhgkqiu, Laghg? Qrmhg pfp? 8;8555 (89<5) ↝ 8.01 nid (=551) • ↚ Xuhdity f` sarvijas (lfspithds, sjlffds) • ↘ Srh``ij jfgkastifg • Dhjb f` sawhka trahtnagt, shgithtifg ↝ ↘ Ufddutifg - ↘ Jrina rhta

- Nikrhgts hcfpt gaw di`astyda ↝ Caprivhtifg f` dfjhd judtura cisjrinightifg? - ]akifghd cisjrinightifg?

pravagt nikrhgts `rfn rajaivigk f``ijihd wad`hra sarvijas futsica tlair mirtlpdhjas ↝ Zfjihd tagsifgs • Cisjrinightifg hkhigst sfna rakifghd krfups Khgks ig Maioigk hra f`tag `rfn Laghg ↝ Laghg wfrbars hra cistrustac  • Lfusalfdc rakistrhtifg systan (lubfu)

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;

Kagcar hgc jlhgka Nfgc Nf gchy hy,, Nh Nhy y 8: 8:,, =5 =58: 8:

9?=8 9? =8 UN

Acujhtifg

- Igcijhtifg? ◂ Ditarhjy rhtas? Nhda 7 @anhda (ig cavadfpigk jfugtrias)

Anpfwarnagt 

(Kiva sfnafga jfgtrfd fvar tlair fwg di`a/situhtifg) di`a/situhtifg)

Nhda Nhda D] D] @anh @anhda da D] D] - Zdfw, stahcy inprfvanagt ig prasagthtifg f` wfnag ig ghtifghd phrdihnagts wfrdcwica? 85% (8991) ↝ 8;% (=559) ◂ Crhnhtij igjrahsa? H`rijh, Zfutlarg Hsih, Dhtig  Hnarijh ◂ Znhdd igjrahsa? [astarg & Ahstarg Hsih - Zwacag? ◂ [fnag? 35% ig phrdihnagts, phrdihnagts, ;9% ig phic anpdfynagt ◂

Zwacisl sfjihd wad`hra systan nhbas wfnag ahsiar tf jfnmiga `hnidy & prf`assifghd di`a

- Yanag? ◂ 5.:% wfnag ig phrdihnagts ◂ ◂

◂

Ahrdy nhrrihka? Gf dakhd nig. hka `fr nhrrihka Nhgy phragts saa igvastnagt ig kirds' acujhtifg hs whsta`ud ]urhd hrahs? Ighcaquhta prfvisifg f` acujhtifghd `hjiditias `fr kirds

◂

- 8% wfnag hrfugc tla wfrdc lhva dhgc fwgarslip

- ]ahsfgs? ◂ [fnag plysijhddy wahb ↝ Lhrcar tf prftajt dhgc

]adikifus dhws (aspajihddy Zhrihl dhw) & sfjiathd gfrns ↝ Cagy wfnag riklt tf hjquira & iglarit prfparty

- Hddfw wfnag tf iglarit dhgc ↝ Urfvica sajura sfurja f` igjfna & `ffc `rfn hkrijudtura

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iti

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81.8%

Igcih

;:.3%

3;.<%

Zjlffd di`a axpajthgjy? axpajthgjy? Nhda 7 @anhda (ig cavadfpigk jfugtrias)

Gikar

3=.9%

81.8%

Igcih

;:.3%

3;.<%

- ]ahsfg? ◂ Ufvarty? Kirds hra tla `irst tf ma cagiac sjlffdigk wlag tla `hnidy is ughmda tf suppfrt jlidcrag's acujhtifg ◂ Judturhd & Zfjihd trhits? Cisjfurhka `anhdas tf stucy

◂

Nhba kird jlidcrag tf par`frn lfusalfdc & hkrijudtura jlfras Ahrdy nhrrihka & @hnidy dhw? Uravagt `anhdas `rfn hjjassigk acujhtifg sarvijas & nfva tf liklar acujhtifg

- Mattar acujhtifg `fr wfnag? wfnag? ◂ Kat ofms witl sthmda igjfna ↝ Di`t `hnidias fut f` pfvarty

Uhrtijiphta ig dhmfur `frja ↝ ↘ Urfcujtivity ↝ Ajfgfnij krfwtl

Dakhd ]iklts

- Igcijhtifg? Igcijhtifg? ◂ Nhrrihka & Civfrja? Zlhrih Dhw?

- H`rijhg jfugtrias? ◂ @aw lhva dakisdhtifg ig pdhja tf hssura wfnag's hjjass tf dhgc ◂ Avag wlag wfnag shva up agfukl nfgay tf purjlhsa dhgc, dhgc is sikgac ig tlair lusmhgc's ghna Nfzhnmiqua, Gikar, … Bagyh? wfnag lhva dinitac hjjass tf dhgc 

◂

3=.9%

Nhda Nhda D] D] @anh @anhda da D] D]

◂

Dhgc tagura ([hy ig wlijl dhgc riklts, rastrijtifgs & raspfgsimiditias tlht paf. lhva witl raspajt tf dhgc hra ladc)

Gikar

<





◂

Nusdig wfnag jhg fgdy kat nhrriac witl Nusdin nhg I` h wfnhg spdits up witl h nhg, sla dfsas hdd lar prfpartias tf lar nhg

Justfcy ]iklt? Mhlrhig? ouckas lhva jfnpdata pfwar tf cagy wfnag justfcy f` tlair jlidcrag `fr tla nfst hrmitrhry rahsfgs

◂

]iklts tf trhvad? 



Lusmhgcs ig Akypt, Mhlrhig, Zyrih jhg `frmic tlair wivas `frn dahvigk tla jfugtrias [fnag ig Irhq, Dimyh, Ofrchg gaac lusmhgc's parnissifg tf trhvad hmrfhc.

- Nfst igaquhditias thba pdhja ig Niccda Ahst & Gfrtl H`rijh wlara Isdhn is cfnighgts.

Mirtl rhtif

Di`a axpajthgjy & Lahdtl

(]htif f` Nhda? @anhda ht mirtl) mirtl) ◂ Jligh? 8==? 855 ( Fga Fga jlidc pfdijy  ↝ Ura`ar mfy, hmfrt kird mhmy) ◂ Igcih? 85
- Ig nfst jfugtrias? @anhda A5 7 Nhda A 5? ◂ [fnag hra kagatijhddy strfgkar tlhg nag ◂ ◂

Nag hra 0;% nfra prfga tf snfba/crigb tlhg snfba/crigb tlhg wfnag H``ajtifg f` whr

- Dfgkar A5 f` wfnag cfasg't nahg tlay lhva mattar lahdtl. @hjtfrs tlht h``ajt wfnag's lahdtl? ◂ Kirds rajaiva dass gutritifus `ffc & nacijhd jhra

◂

Ztrfgkar plysijhddy

◂

Zuppfrt phragts wlag tlay kat fdc

◂

[fnag riklts Uhbisthg? [fnag jhg't visit cfjtfr witlfut suparvisifg f` kuhrcihgs (nag ig `hnidy)

◂

Zax trh``ijbigk & LIP/HICZ  _inmhmwa? wfnag wfnag hra nujl nfra nfra dibady tf ma ig`ajtac witl LIP tlhg nag (rasudt `rfn rhpa, sax trh``ijbigk)

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iti

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9

Igcijhtfrs f` Cavadfpnagt Zhtu Zh turch rchy, y, Gf Gfva vanm nmar ar 8;, =5 =58= 8=

Igcax

88?= 88 ?=3 3 UN UN

Ca`.

Lunhg - Di`a axpajthgjy Cavadfpn - Nahg yahrs f` agt Igcax sjlffdigk + (LCI) Axpajtac yahrs f` sjlffdigk

- KGI/jhpith (Uurjlhsigk Ufwar Uhrity)  Hcudt Ditarhjy ]hta (D])

% pfp. pfp. 4 81 yahrs yahrs fdc wlf jhg rahc & writa

Urfs

Jfgs

Inpdijhtifgs & Sragcs

- Jfnpfsita igcijhtfr ↝ ]a`dajt davad f` lunhg cavadfpnagt masica ajfgfnij cavadfpnagt LCIPiatghn 7 LCIUhbisthg (shna igjfna) - Likldiklt sujjassas f` sfna jfugtrias fvar tina? LCI@igdhgc  4 LCIZwitzardhgc  (89;1), gfw shna

- Ikgfra? Ikgfra? • Agvirfgnagthd jfst

- Nfst rakifgs? Ztahcy inprfvanagts ig LCI phst 81 yahrs. QZ 5.985 2 Jligh 5.0<; 2 Gikar 5.=91 Axjaptifg? Zum-Zhlhrhg H`rijh (LIP/HICZ + Jfg`dijts) - Axjaptifg?

Ahsy `fr igtd. jfnphrisfgs

Gft igcijhta davad f` acujhtifg

Acujhtifg % KCU spagcigk fg Axpagcitur  acujhtifg a

• Kagcar igaquhdity

- Qgradihmda, ughvhidhmda chth - Hvarhka ↝ Gft slfw igtarghd cisphritias

Dfw D] ↝ Inpaca ajfgfnij cavadfpnagt ig tla rhpicdy jlhgkigk, tajlgfdfky crivag wfrdc

Gft ra`dajt quhdity & Ztrfgk igvastnagt ig acujhtifg ↝ ↚ Cisphritias, ↘ Igjfna a``ajtivagass f` igvastnagt davads ig acujhtifg G_? D] > 99% 2 0.8% KCU `fr acu. Gikar? D] > =<.;% 2 3.8% KCU `fr acu.

Ig`hgt Gf. f` cahtls 4 8 Nfrthdity  yahr fdc /8555 diva ]hta (IN]) mirtls

Jhdfria igthba

• Lunhg riklts

Igcijhtfr f` davad f` lahdtl-jhra f` lahdtl-jhra systan

Hvk. Hvk. gf. f` jhdfrias jfgsunac my ci``aragt hka krfups

Igcijhtfr f` wadd wadd-m -mai aigk gk & ciat iat

- Likl IN] hra IN] hra `fugc ig pffrast jfugtrias - Nfst jhusas f` cahtl ig hrahs witl likl IN] hra f`tag pravagthmda - Dfw IN] > IN] > whtar suppdy, shgithtifg, lfusigk, gutritifg, mhsij lahdtl-jhra G_ 3.;= 2 Ohphg? =.=8 2 _inmhmwa =<.=:

Ikg Ikgfra fra gutr gutria iagt gt jfgsunptifg

- <81 nid lugkry paf. ig cavadfpigk jfugtrias? • 85 nid cia/yahr • :/3 ig rurhd hrahs, 8/3

ig slhgty tfwgs

- Jlidcrag? • 8/1 lugkry paf. hra jlidcrag  1 yahrs fdc • Jlrfgij lugkar ↝

Cadhy/Ztfp plysijhd & nagthd krfwtl - [fnag? • Urinhry `ffc prfcujars • Nujl nfra h``ajtac my lugkar & pfvarty tlhg nag (Judturhd trhcitifgs) ;/85 wfrdc's lugkry hra wfnag & kirds KCU/jhpit  KCU/Ufpudhtifg h

Igcijhtfr f` sthgchrc f` divigk

Nhrkighdizhtifg

Zfjihd prfjass f` maigk nhca nhrkighd (radakhtac/jfg`igac tf dfwar sfjihd sthgcigk/futar acka f` sfjihd f` sfjihd)) ax. jrinighd witl rajfrc, khy/dasmihg, nigfrity rhjas, frplhgs, idditarhtifgs, ra`ukaas,

Ci

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85

G_? $9: mid 2 $=;:59.91/jhpith - Jhg't `uddy slfw cisphritias f` wahdtl2 wahdtl2 Gikar? $85 mid2 $0<;.=/jhpith - Jhg't slfw kfv. axpagcitura `fr acujhtifg, lahdtl-jhra.

Frikig f` Cisphritias Zhtu Zh turc rchy hy,, Gf Gfva vanm nmar ar 8; 8;,, =58 =58= =

85?8 85 ?8; ; UN UN

Atlgijity 

@frnhd dhmfrs? - Liklar shdhrias - Igsurac `uddy - Mattar wfrbigk jfgcitifgs

Ig`frnhd dhmfr straat-trhcars, iddakhd innikrhgts, …

Atlgij nigfritias? - Divigk ig ranfta hrahs, idditarhjy - Ci``ijudtias ig saabigk acujhtifg & ofm fppfrtugity. - Dfwar divigk sthgchrc

I` phragts hra gft acujhtac, acujhtac, tlair jlidcrag widd ma dass dibady tf ma acujhta.

Anpdfynagt  (`frnhd+ig`frnhd)

Dhrka nhofrity f` wfrbigk pffr hra ig`frnhd gfghkrijudturhd wfrbars. wfrbars .

Uhragthd Acujhtifg

Frikig f` Cisphritias Zduns? - @irst stfppigk pfigt `fr innikrhgts - Likl jfgjagtrhtifg f` sfjihd & ajfgfnij caprivhtifg, caprivhtifg, cisahsacisahsasu``arigk, ...

Kfv's spagcigk fg acujhtifg ↝ ↚ Cisphritias + ↘ Igjfna davad ↘

Khps f` acujhtifghd yahr matwaag rijlast & pffrast lfusalfdc ig? - Ulidippigas? 3 yahrs - Igcih? ; yahrs

]asicagja

:=% wfrdc pfp. hra sdun cwaddars ;<.=% urmhg pfp. ig DACJs hra sdun sdun cwaddars (=558)

Dhgc tagura

Uaf. wlf fwg dhrka hrahs f` dhgc & hra agsurac tla sajurity `fr tlfsa hrahs hra usuhddy lhva nfra sthmda di`a

Cisphritias cua tf? - Ci``aragjas ig fwgac dhgc hrah - Zajurity davad f` dhgc Igjfna khp cua tf? - Acujhtifg davads + Zbidds - ]urhd & Qrmhg hrahs

Jhnmfcih? Nhgy pffr jfnnugitias - Diva ig likl-vhdua hrahs - Kfv.'s hjquisitifg f` dhgc `fr jfgstrujtifg  prfoajts ↝ @hja dhgc tagura igsajurity 

Igjfnas

Jligh? sumsistagja `hrnigk? `hrnar oust krfw agfukl `fr tlair di`a

Ci

ii

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88

Cisphritias hgc jlhgka Zugc Zu gchy hy,, Gfv Gfvan anma marr 8<, 8<, =58 =58= =

Sragc ig Di`a Axpajthgjy

=?3; =? 3; UN

Kdfmhd tragc? Igjrahsigk  Hkac <5+ hra tla `hstast krfwigk saknagt f` nhgy ghtifgs' pfp.

Sragc ig Acujhtifg

]ahsfg `fr tragc? lfusigk? ↝ Zh`aty & [hrntl - Mattar lfusigk? - Mattar `ffc suppdy  Inprfvanagts ig mifdfkijhd tajlgfdfky

Acujhtifg Igcax (AI)> D] + Jfnmigac agrfdnagt (prinhry, sajfgchry, tartihry) Likl AI (5.9::)? Jumh, Hustrhdih (gft gajasshridy rijl jfugtrias)

- Kraht inprfvanagt f` nacijhd tajlgfdfky (frkhg trhgspdhgt, mattar nacijhd `hjiditias, …) - Mattar shgithtifg Nfst wfrdc's jlidcrag  hra innugizac hkhigst 0 nhofr cisahsas f` jlidclffc 

AI Kdfmhd tragc? Igjrahsigk Zigja 8999? Gunmar f` jlidcrag gft httagcigk sjlffd  :: nid Ig cavadfpigk jfugtrias & [astarg Hsih, Hsih , jlidcrag fut f` sjlffd  15%

- Zthmda Kfv. ↝ Dass jfg`dijts, nfra sthmda di`a ↝ Cahtl rhta  - Igtd. hics? QG, @HF, [LF ↝ Uffr jfugtrias jhg hjjass tf rasfurjas quijbdy hgc ahsidy.

]hpic igjrahsa ig AI ?

-  H`klhgisthg? 5.89< (89<5) ↝ 5.:9< (=588) Hmfditifg f` Shdimhg - Mftswhgh? 5.330 (89<5) ↝ 5.0:: (=588) @raa acujhtifg + Igcapagcagt `rfn QB (8900)

Hgfnhdy? H`rijh - Crfuklt ↝ Dhjb f` whtar suppdy - Casarti`ijhtifg (fvarkrhzigk, fvarpfpudhtifg) ↝ Dhjb f` `ffc suppdy - Cisahsa? LIP/HICZ - Jivid whrs

Cajrahsa ig AI?

- Dasftlf? 5.3;5 (8995) ↝ 5.315 (=588) 5.3=1 (8995) ↝ 5.:3; (=551)? Igjrahsac -  _inmhmwa? 5.3=1 sjlffd `aa + Crfuklts + Jfgsajutiva ajfgfnij jrisis

tfthd pfp. pfp. :55 nid- axpariagjac 89;1-8991? 80 jfugtrias 89;1-8991? jfugtrias - tfthd cajrahsa ig di`a axpajthgjy . Nfst f` tlan wara H`rijhg.

Sragc ig igjfnas

Kdfmhd tragc? KCU, KCU/jhpith ↘ [icagigk khp matwaag rijlar hgc pffrar lfusalfdcs sigja 8995? - Inphjt f` `ighgjihd kdfmhdizhtifg - [ahbar hmidity f` cfnastij pfdijias tf aglhgja igjfna pfsitifg f` niccda-jdhss hgc dfw-igjfna krfup. krfup. 8995-=551? =/: jfugtrias axpariagjac hg igjrahsa ig igjfna igaquhdity .

Ci

ii

i [ dl

cC

d

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8=

Niddaggiun Cavadfpnagt Kfhd Nfg fgch chy, y, Nh Nhrj rjl l 8;, 8;, =5 =583 83

8=?8 8= ?81 1 HN HN

NCK

Shrkats

Fvarhdd sthtistijs

8. Arhcijhta Axtrana Ufvarty 

- 8H? ↚ 15% paf. divigk Fgdy 8H is nat - Piatghn's igvastnagt ig hkrijudturhd rasahrjl & cavadfpnagt fg 4 $8/chy - Urfkrass ig nhgy jfugtrias hra m aigk susthigac ↚ 15% Uravhdagja f` lugkar? =<% (8998) ↝ 8:% (=553) - 8M? Hjliava `udd, prfcujtiva anpdfynagt & cajagt wfrb `fr wfrb `fr hdd, igjducigk wfnag

[frb lhva maag cfga

rhta, cavadfpigk cavadfpigk rakifgs, rakifgs, 8995 - =551? - Ufvarty rhta, 30% ↝ =;% ◂ Ahst Hsih? 05% ↝ =5% ◂

Zum-Zhlhrhg H`rijh? 1<% ↝ 18% (sdikltdy)

- % lugkar paf.? <81 nid (8995) ↝ 85=: nid (=559) ↝ 9=1 nid (=585) (↚ ht ugshtis`hjtfry `hja) `hja)

- 8J? ↚ 15% paf. su``arigk `rfn lugkar

- % ugcarwaiklt jlidcrag 4 1 , 8995 - =55<, =55<, ? :8% ↝ =0% (phrtijudhr sujjass ig Ahstarg Hsih, gfthmdy Jligh) =. Hjliava Qgivarshd Urinhry Acujhtifg

=H? Hdd jlidcrag, mfys Qgdibady tf ma nat? nat? hgc kirds hdiba, widd ma agrfddnagt , cavadfpigk - Urinhry sjlffd agrfddnagt, hmda tf jfnpdata h `udd rakifgs? <:% (=555) ↝ <9% (=55<) jfursa f` prinhry sjlffdigk - Urinhry sjlffd crfp-fut ig sum-Zhlhrhg H`rijh? H`rijh? :5% (likl)

↝

- Gikarih’s Ghtifghd Zpajihd Urfkrhn `fr @ffc Zajurity ↝ ↘ 15% hkrijudturhd yiadcs & `hrnar’s igjfnas.

Nhdi? - Srhigigk prfkrhn `fr wfnag ig Nhdi? • QGCU wfrbigk witl wfnag’s nhgkf jffparhtiva ↝ Kiva wfnag `hrnars riklt sbidds tf krfw prfcujts `fr axpfrt axpfrts x0, hvk. prija prija ↘ $;5/tfg • =551 - =55
- Zjlffd `aa hmfditifg ig Atlifpih, Bagyh ↝ Zikgi`ijhgt ↘ sjlffd agrfdnagt? • Shgzhgih? 99.0% (=55<) • Atlifpih?

;9% (=55<, 91%

↘

sigja =555

- Urfnftigk kird acujhtifg ig Akypt, Atlifpih? Atlifpih ? • Akypt’s @ffc -`fr-Acujhtifg (@@A) prfkrhn? Jfgstrujt kird `riagcdy, dfw-`aa sjlffds ↝ Agjfurhka kirds tf httagc prfkrhn ? • Atlifpih's "Marlhga Lawhg" prfkrhn?

Kirds rajaiva `anhda slaap upfg jfnpdatigk acujhtifg davad ◂ Hcvfjhta agcigk jlidc nhrrihka ◂

⇝ Baap

1. Inprfva Nhtarghd Lahdtl

1H? ↚ ;1% nhtarghd nhtarghd Urfkrass is stidd vary sdfw nfrthdity rhtif. - % wfnag saaigk h sbiddac lahdtl wfrbar ht 1M? Hjliava ugivarshd dahst fgja curigk prakghgjy? hjjass tf ◂ Gfrtl H`rijh? ;5% raprfcujtiva lahdtl. ◂ Zfutlarg & [astarg Hsih? 15%. - 7<5% nhtarghd cahtls hra pravagthmda wlag tlara is hjjass tf hcaquhta lahdtl sarvijas.

pdhggigk, =555 - =55
kirds ig sjlffd

=55:, QG Ufpudhtifg Ufpudhtifg @ugc (QG@UH) dhugjlac tla Jhnphikg tf - =55:, Agc @istudh (jlidcmirtl igoury tlht dahvas wfnag igjfgtigagt & hslhnac) hslhnac) • 7 =< jfugtrias igtakrhtac tlis issua igtf ghtifghd pfdijias •7

80555 wfnag rajaivac `istudh trahtnagts

- =551, Uhbisthg? QG@UH-suppfrtac nfmida jdigijs sat up ↝ Urfvica sbiddac mirtl httagchgja tf 3:% f` prakghgt wfnag ig ranfta hrahs (8=% liklar tlhg tla ghtifghd hvk) - Urfkrhn dac my QG@UH & Igtd. Jfg`acarhtifg `fr Nicwivas is hjtiva ig H`rijh ↝ ↘ Gf. & jhphmidity f` nicwivas? • Qkhgch? Udhg tf p rfnfta quhdi`iac nicwi`a trhigigk • Klhgh?

Hssassnagt f` hdd tla nicwi`ary sjlffds trhigigk.

Ci

iti

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8:

↝

Ztragktlag

]acujigk cisphritias Zugc Zu gchy, hy, Gf Gfvan vanma marr 8<, 8<, =5 =58= 8=

:?:8 :?: 8 UN UN

Natlfc Ca`.

Urfs

Jfgs

Srhca - @raa trhca? Axjlhgka f` kffcs & sarvijas - Hjjass tf wahdtly nhrbat ↝ ↘ Musigass & Cfnastij ofms ig hnfgk jfugtrias witlfut hgy mhrriars NACJ's axpfrt sajtfrs? sajtfrs ? & Nhrbat (thri``s/qufths) • ↘ Shx ravagua ↝ ↘ Zpagcigk fg sfjihd wad`hra hjjass • ↘ Zthgchrc f` divigk ↝ ↘ Jfn`frthmda di`astyda - Srhcigk mdfjs? Hrrhgkanagt hnfgk 95% jht`isl ig QZ inpfrtac `rfn Piatghn ↝ Nhgy krfup f` ghtifgs tf hddfw `raa trhca `hrnars ig Nabfgk Cadth majfna rijl matwaag nanmar jfugtrias mut inpfsa • @hir trhca ↝ ↘ ]avagua f` snhdd-sjhda `hrnars thri``s fg ftlar jfugtrias wlf nhy wisl Nhdi, =551 - =55
- Dinitac gunmars f` trhcigk phrtgars/Lahvy capagcagja fg 8 phrtgar ↝ Pudgarhmda `fr ajfgfnij cavadfpnagt - DACJs? nhjligary, nhtarihds • Axpfrt dfw-vhdua jfnnfcitias & Inpfrt likl-vhdua nhjligary, ↝ Srhca ca`ijit • Shba fvar hkrijudturhd, dfw-sbiddac nhgu`hjturigk ofms `rfn NACJs

Qganpdfynagt ig NACJs Urftajtifgisn nahsuras ↝ Lhrcar `fr DACJs tf trhca & cavadfp AQ’s jfjfh thri``? 9.;% (phrtihddy prfjassac), :5.0% (`uddy prfjassac) ↝ Cisjfurhka DACJs' `hrnars tf nfva tf liklar vhduhmda ofms

↝  ↘ ↝

- Nudtightifghd jfrpfrhtifgs (NGJs)? • Qsa dfw sbiddac dhmfrs witl dass trhigigk?

• Sajlgfdfky trhgs`ar

DACJs jhg't hjquira gaw tajlgfdfky Dinitac nudtipdiar a``ajt (nfst ravagua ahrgac my `fraikgar-fwgac nhghkarihd rfdas) rfdas) dhws ? • Shba hcvhgthka f` wahb dhmfr & agvirfgnagthd dhws? ◂ Agvirfgnagthd cakrhchtifg ◂ [frbars axpdfitac ↝ Divigk sthgchrc gft inprfvac ◂

⇝ Uftagtihd `fr dfgk-tarn krfwtl

◂

prfcujts, sfnatinas ht - Inpfrt ↝ Hjjass tf krahtar vhriaty f` prfcujts, dfwar prija davad

• Jfgjagtrhta ig jfhsthd, cadth hrahs ↝ ↘

 Hic 

- Igtd. hic? Pfdugthry trhgs`ar f` rasfurjas `rfn 8 jfugtry tf hgftlar - Lunhgithrihg hic? Hddavihta slfrt-tarn su``arigk jhusac my ghturhd cishstars, whrs

Cisphritias matwaag rakifgs

- Lunhgithrihg hic

- Siac hic ↝ Gf axtrh anpdfynagt/futput

- Cavadfp ig`rhstrujturas? • Zjlffds, lfspithds, whtarigk systan ↝ ↘ [ad`hra

kfv.? - Kivag tf jfugtrias witl jfrrupt/iga``ajtiva kfv.? ◂ @hidac dhrka ig`rhstrujtura prfoajts

• ]fhcs, mrickas ↝ ↘

Cavadfpnagt ig ranfta hrahs

- Cavadfpnagt hic? Hddavihta pfvarty ig - Hic witl mfttfn-up hpprfhjl? dfgk rug & Inprfva wad`hra f` igcivicuhds • Ghrrfwdy thrkatac tf spaji`ij fmoajtivas • Igvfdvas dfjhds ig tla cajisifg-nhbigk prfjass - F``ijihd Cavadfpnagt Hssisthgja (FCH)? • Srhig dfjhds sbidds tf wfrb `fr prfoajt Cavadfpnagt hic prfvicac my kfv. fg ↝ Cavadfp nujl caapar ugcarsthgcigk f` tla issuas ↝ jfgjassifghd tarn Htthjb pfvarty cirajtdy + Zusthighmda cavadfpnagt - Siac hic? Kivag ugcar jfgcitifg tlht `ugcs hra usac tf muy kffcs & sarvijas `rfn cfgfr jfugtry

Ziarrh Dafga? Munmugh lycrfadajtrij pfwar whs muidt witlfut upkrhcigk ghtifghd wirigk systan ↝ [hsta`ud ◂ Urivhta mhgb hjjfugts f` jfrrupt pfditijihgs Karnhgy suspagcac phynagt f` ₤ =55 =55 nid tf Kdfmhd @ugc hkhigst HICZ & nhdhrih, `fddfwigk jfrruptifg jdhins ig Nhdi, Nhurithgih, _hnmih - @fjus fg nfcarg sajtfr, igcustrihdizhtifg ↝ ↘ Igjfna igaquhdity matwaag igcustrihd sajtfr & trhcitifghd hkrijudturhd sajtfrs Gikar? Jligh igvastnagt ig fid axtrhjtifg - ↚ Zad`-radihgja ↝ ↚ Dfgk-tarn krfwtl - Axart pfditijhd & ajfgfnij prassura ↝ Hic gft usac a``ajtivady ↝ Jfrruptifg

Camt radia` 

- Uhrtihd/tfthd ranissifg f` camts fwac my - ↚ Zpagcigk fg camt-sarvijigk ↝ ↘  Zpagcigk fg lahdtl & cavadfpigk jfugtrias tf axtarghd jracitfrs. acujhtifg (hvk x1 Camt sarvijigk) • Shgzhgih? Adinighta sjlffd `aas & muidc nfra sjlffds ↝ Urinhry sjlffd agrfddnagts 9<% - 8990? Lahvidy Igcamtac Uffr Jfugtrias (LIUJ) Igitihtiva? • Murbigh @hsf? Crhstijhddy ↚ jfst f` di`a-shvigk cruks • Hin? ↚ Camt murcags ig pffr jfugtrias madfw ugnhghkahmda davad :5 jfugtrias ig H`rijh • Jfgcitifgs `fr camt radia`? ◂ Ufvarty ]acujtifg Ztrhtaky ◂

Kffc par`frnhgja ig pfvarty racujtifg fvar tina

Kdfmhd ranitthgjas? $8;5 mid (=55=) ↝ $:8< mid (=55;) (x= @fraikg hic)

Nftivhta jfugtrias tf jfgtigua mfrrfw lahvidy [M, IN@? 78/= jfugtrias ig LIUJ & NC]I ht risb f` raturgigk tf ugsusthighmda camt davad ↝ Gft pravagt rajurragja f` prfmdan ↝

radiavac? - Gft hdd sfurjas f` camt hra radiavac? • LIUJ fgdy radiavac camt tf [M IN@, H`rijhg Cavadfpnagt Mhgb • Hsihg ↝ Hsihg Cavadfpnagt Mhgb • Dhtig Hnarijhg ↝

- =551? Nudtidhtarhd Camt ]adia` Igitihtiva (NC]I)? Zuppdanagt LIUJ Igitihtiva ]anitt  Srhgs`ar f` nfgay/kffcs my `fraikg wfrbars tf lfna jfugtrias hgjas

- Gft hccrass jfra issua? • ↘ Kfv. & Ajfgfnij a``ijiagjy • ↘ Jfst f` assagtihd inpfrts (nhjligary, `uad, `artidisars)

Igtar-Hnarijhg Cavadfpnagt Mhgb

- Urivhta sajtfrs (lfusalfdcs, musigass) ↘ mfrrfw nfra tlhg pumdij sajtfrs ↝ @rhknagthtifg f` camt jracitfrs ↝ Ci``ijudt tf nhghka camt

]anitthgjas sagt cirajtdy tf `hnidy - ↘ Divigk sthgchrc `fr paf. ht lfna? ◂ Mattar acujhtifghd fppfrtugitias `fr jlidcrag

- Mrhig crhig? Dhjb f` (quhdi`iac) wfrb`frja ↝ Ci``ijudt tf httrhjt gaw igvastnagt ig frikig jfugtrias Mifdfkists innikrhtac tf QZ ↝ ↚ ]asahrjl quhdity ig Naxijf ↝ ↚ Cavadfpnagt f` plhrnhjautijhd igcustry  ◂ ↘ Jfn`frthmda di`astyda (SPs, jdftlas, dhrkar & nfra jfgvagiagt lfusa) Qp tf 35% f` ranitthgjas tf H`rijh hra castigac - @fraikg wfrbars? • Ahsy tf dfsa ofms ig ajfgfnij lhrcslip `fr rurhd hrahs

- ↘ Kfv.'s spagcigk fg muidcigk sjlffds, nacijhd jagtars ]anitthgjas tf Naxijf? 5.=% KCU, $80 mid, sthmda curigk =559 ajfgfnij jrisis

Cisphritias ig [ahdtl hgc Cavadfpnagt Uhka 83

Naxijhg ig QZ, =559? Jfgstrujtifg prfoajts axjlhgka rhta ↝ ]anitthgjas gft jfgsistagt

• @dujtuhtifg ig

- Uhragts dahva jlidcrag `fr radhtivas ht lfna ↝ Jlidcrag gft rhisac prfpardy ↝ Cavihtac parsfghdity cavadfpnagt

Htnfsplara hgc jlhgka Zugc Zu gchy hy,, Hp Hpri ridd 83 83,, =5 =58: 8:

9?:8 9? :8 UN

Axtarghd `frjigk

- Jlhgkas ig sfdhr rhcihtifg? ◂ 88 yahr jyjda f` igtagsity f` sfdhr agarky radahsac

 Htnfsplarij systan systan

◂

Agarky mhdhgja? Zfdhr Zfdhr - Dfgk whva rhcihtifg

- Jlhgkas ig hdmacf f` htnfsplara? ◂ Hdmacf (H)? Cakraa f` ra`dajtivity f` h sur`hja

- Igjfnigk sfdhr rhcihtifg? ◂ ◂

◂

:1% ra`dajtac mhjb tf sphja 89% hmsfrmac my htnfsplarij 30% hmsfrmac my ahrtl's sur`hja mhjb

◂

◂

◂ ◂

Ca`frasthtifg, casarti`ijhtifg? ↘ ]hcihtifg hmsfrmac (HPakathtifg jfvar 7 HZfid) ↚ Ulftfsygtlasis ↝ ↘ JF= ↝ ↘ Agarky trhppac my htnfsplara Nadtigk ija jhps? ↚ HAhrtl crhstijhddy (H[lita sgfw > 91%, liklast) ↝ ↘ ]hcihtifg hmsfrmac 

↝



;% ra`dajtac ◂

- Agarky rajaivac my ahrtl is rarhcihtac ht dfgk whvadagktl? ◂

Znhdd vhrihtifgs ig ahrtl's frmit ↝ H``ajt sahsfghd & dhtitucighd cistrimutifg f` sfdhr rhcihtifg

- Jlhgkas ig dfgkwhva rhcihtifg raturgac tf sphja? prfjass) ? ◂ Kraaglfusa khs (ghturhd prfjass)?

<% dfst tf sphja ==% dfst my avhpfrhtifg & jfgcagshtifg Jdfucs hmsfrm & rarhcihta sfna mhjb tf ahrtl Znhdd hnfugt f` jfgcujtifg fjjurs

Hddfw igjfnigk rhcihtifg Ztfp sfna futkfigk rhcihtifg radahsac & ]a`dajt mhjb ↝ ↘ ]hcihtifg hmsfrmac Jdfuc jfvar? 



◂

- Laht khigac my htnfsplara `rfn tla krfugc > :9%

]a`dajt, sjhttar & hmsfrm nfra igsfdhtifg Baap sfna futkfigk rhcihtifg ↝ ↘ ]hcihtifg hmsfrmac 



Kdfmhd jdinhta jlhgka

- Jlhgkas ig kdfmhd phttargs f`  ]hig`hdd & tanp. ◂

Jfgsaquagjas

Zah davad ◂ Lhmithts Igjicagja f` crfuklts, `dffcs & stfrns ◂ - ]asudtigk `rfn jlhgkas ig ahrtl's htnfsplara - Madiavac tf ma nhigdy jhusac my aglhgjac kraaglfusa a``ajt

Jfgs - ]isigk sah davads? ↘ Kdfmhd tanp. ↝ Ijas ig pfdas widd nadt nfra ↝ ↘ [htar ig fjahg ↝ Dfss f` dhgc Nabfgk Cadth, Mhgkdhcasl (cagsady pfpudhtac)

◂

- Dfss f` mifcivarsity? ↘ Sanp. + ↘ Zah davads ↝ Zfna pdhgts & hginhds widd dfsa lhmithts `fravar ↝ Axtigjt Ufdhr mahr, jfrhd raa`s - Crfuklts & @hniga? ↘ Sanp. ↝ ↘ Hric (ig sfna hrahs) ↝ ↘ [htar slfrthkas + Jrfp `hidura ↘  Ufp.) Zfutl f` Zhlhrh Casart ( ↘ 

Jhusas? Aglhgjac kraaglfusa a``ajt (jhusac my lunhg)

Kraaglfusa Zituhtifg khs

Zfurjas | A``ajts

JF=

Jfgjagtrhtifg? Jfgjagtrhtifg? :81 ppn (8915) ↝ :11 ppn (=585)

Lunhg hjtivitias (`fssid `uads murgigk, ca`frasthtifg)

JL3

↘

8%/hgun

Jhttda rhisigk

J@Js

↘

0%/hgun

dfgkwhva - Hmsfrm rarhcihtac df - 85555x nfra a``ijiagt ht trhppigk laht tlhg JF =

Urfs - Hrjtij ghvikhtifg? ↚ Hrjtij ija ↝ Ghvikhtifg hjrfss Gfrtl Ufda widd ma sh`ar & quijbar ↝ Srhca matwaag Zjhgcighvih, ]ussih, Jhghch widd ma ahsiar -

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↘ Hkrijudturhd dhgc? Uarnh`rfst nadts ↝ ↘ Dhgc ↝ ↘ Jrfp

↘

]asfurja hjjassimidity (fid, khs, nathds) Kraagdhgc, Hdhsbh, Zimarih

Zfid hgc jlhgka Zhtu Zh turc rchy hy,, Hpr Hprid id 8: 8:,, =58 =58: :

1?8; 1? 8; UN

Zfid cakrhchtifg

Kagarhd bgfwdacka

Ca`igitifg

Sla cajdiga ig quhgtity hgc quhdity f` sfid, sfid, igjducigk? - [igc arfsifg (wlag sfid strujturas hra mrfbag up) - [htar arfsifg? ◂ Zlaat arfsifg (ranfvhd f` sur`hja sfid tf avag captl fvar wica hrah) ◂

Jhsa stucy? Dfass Udhtahu, Jligh

Kuddy arfsifg? arfsifg? (wlag rug-f`` majfnas su``ijiagtdy jfgjagtrhtac)

- Mifdfkijhd cakrhchtifg (dfss f` lunus, pdhgt, hginhd) - Jlanijhd cakrhchtifg (hjici`ijhtifg, shdigizhtifg & jlanijhd tfxijity) Jhusas

Lunhg jhusas? Lunhg jhna tf tla rakifg witlfut ugcarsthgcigk f` tla inphjt fg jfnpdax ajfdfkijhd mhdhgja & jhusac ajf-systan jfddhpsa? - Fvarkrhzigk? Nhba krfugc susjaptimda tf wigc & whtar arfsifg = • Sraas wara `addac, nhgy `frast cishppahrs ≡8= nid bn wfrdcwica • Jrfps wara pdhgtac fg staap sdfpas - Fvar-judtivhtifg? Igtagsiva `hrnigk + Gf `hddfw parifcs ↝ Hdd gutriagts widd kat usac. • Pakathtifg whs axtagsivady krhzac my divastfjb - Ca`frasthtifg?  Zfid gutriagts + Dhgc sthmidity (rfft systan is ranfvac) - @artidizar hgc pastijica usa? Jhg ↘ jrfp yiadcs, mut jlanijhd pfddutifg ig dfgk- ⇝ Casarti`ijhtifg rug - Qgsusthighmda usa f` hqui`ars/rivars ? [htar is usac usac up ↝ ↘ Hric - Igcustrihd pfddutifg? Jlanijhd pfdduthgts dahbac `rfn igcustrihd prfjassas ↝ Jlanijhd cakrhchtifg, chgkarfus `fr `hrnigk Ulysijhd jhusas? - ↘ Kdfmhd tanp.?  Pakathtifg jfvar + ↘ ]isb f` arfsifg - @dhsl `dffcs ↝ Sfp sfid arfsifg - Sfpfkrhply? H``ajt cakraa f` vudgarhmidity ◂ @dht dhgc? [igc 7 [htar arfsifg ◂

Lidd dhgc? [htar 7 [igc arfsifg

Agvirfgnagthd - Sfpsfid arfsifg? jfgsaquagjas • ↘ Zur`hja rugf`` + Ztrahn cisjlhrka

[htar ig`idtrhtifg & krfugcwhtar rajlhrka • Cavadfpnagt f` arfsifghd kuddias & shgc cugas - Casarti`ijhtifg?  Casarti`ijhtifg?  Zfid ↘ cakrhcac ↝  Gutriagts ↝ Jhg't suppfrt vakathtifg - Cust stfrns? Zfid  sthmda ↝ Dhjb f` vakathtifg ↝ Nfra vudgarhmda tf wigc arfsifg ↝ Dhrka sjhda cust stfrns. •

- Gf vakathtifg jfvar ↝ 91% rhigwhtar rugs f`` ↝ Ztrippigk tfp sfid - Uarifcs f` igtagsiva rhig & crfuklt ↘ `raquagt. - Gf sfid prftajtifg `rfn wigc? wigc? • Zfid

phrtijdas hra trhgspfrtac tlfushgcs f` nidas ↝ Inphjt lunhg lahdtl • Cust stfrns ig gfrtl Ahst Hsih

Zfjifajfgfnij jfgsaquagjas

- Dhjb f` `hrn prfcujtivity ↝ Lugkar & Nhdgutritifg - ]urhd uganpdfynagt - Nikrhtifg

- Ufvarty trhp? Uaf. su``arac sujjassiva `dffcs, crfuklts & `hniga - ]urhd pfp. f` tla rakifg jfgtiguac tf diva witl fgdy h snhdd hnfugt & `ffc hgc nfgay ig hg igjrahsigkdy nhrkighdizac dhgc.

Nhghkanagt strhtakias usac tf jfgtrfd

NAJLHGIJHD NASLFCZ? Uravagt/Zdfw nfvanagt f` rhigwhtar cfwgsdfpa - Sarrhjigk? • Zdfpa is mrfbag up igtf h sarias f` `dht staps, witl mugcs ht tla acka ⇝ Uravagt fr sdfw tla cfwgwhrc hjjratifg f` sfid & whtar. • Hddfw hrahs tf ma judtivhtac tlht wfudc gft ftlarwisa ma suithmda

ZS]HSAKIAZ? - 8993? [frdc Mhgb, Jligasa kfv. & ftlar cfgfr hkagjias? hkagjias? ◂ Hsb rurhd jfnnugitias tf kiva up trhcitifghd, ugsusthighmda hkrijudturhd prhjtijas ◂ Jhrry fut?

- Zladtar madts f` traas/lackarfws ? [igc Mhrriar ↝ Uravagt wigc arfsifg





J]FUUIGK SAJLGIXQAZ? - Nhigthig jrfp jfvar hs dfgk hs pfssimda - Baap ig pdhja stummda & rfft strujtura f` jrfp h`tar lhrvastigk - Udhgt krhss jrfp (krhss rffts migc tla sfid, niginiza arfsifg cua tf wigc & rhig)

NHGHKIGK ZHDS/JLANIJHD H@@AJSAC ZFIDZ? - @dusl sfid & Dahjl shdt hwhy - Qsa jlanijhds, jlanijhds, (jhdjiun sudplhta) ↝ ]apdhja sfciun ifgs fg jdhy & jfddfics witl jhdjiun fgas

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Srhigigk, tajlgfdfky trhgs`ar ]asahrjl prfkrhn tf thjbda sfid & whtar jfgsarvhtifg. jfgsarvhtifg.

- Jrahta? ◂ =;5,555lh f` traas & krhssas fg cakrhcac dhgcs ↝ Zthmidiza sfid ◂

;=,:30 lh tarrhjas

- Muidc? ◂

Zacinagt jfgtrfd chns ↝ ↘ Zfid quhdity ↝ Phduhmda `hrndhgc

◂

Znhdd chns ↝ Lhrvast rhigwhtar

]AZQDSZ? - Urfnfta gaw ofms? ]hisa slaap & kfhts witl jut-&-jhrry `fccar - Urf`ithmda tinmar whs prfcujac - Krhig yiadcs fg tarrhjas x= ig hvk. yahr - [itlig 85 yahrs? Dfjhd paf.'s igjfna x3 + ↘ @ffc sajurity

[htar ushka hgc jlhgka Zugc Zu gchy hy,, Hpr Hprid id 83 83,, =58 =58: :

9?:; 9? :; UN

[HSA] QZA   HJJAZZ SF C]IGBIGK [HSA] [HSA]

- Zh`a crigbigk whtar? Mhjtarihd + Jlanijhd + Ulysijhd jlhrhjtaristijs tlht naat [LF kuicadigas/Ghtifghd sthgchrc `fr crigbigk whtar quhdity. - Hjjass tf sh`a crigbigk whtar? ◂ Zfurja f` whtar 4 8bn hwhy `rfn tla pdhja wlara it'dd ma usac ◂ Ufssimda tf fmthig ≡ =5d/lfusalfdc nanmar/chy fg h radihmda mhsis.

Jurragt

@utura (=5=1)

- [frdc's pfp. x:2 [htar usa x0? • 8/= wfrdc's watdhgcs lhva cishppahrac • [htar thmdas ig nhgy rakifg hra maigk capdatac

- Sfthd? 3;;= bn : (==% ↘) - Cfnastij, igcustrias & divastfjb usa? 0=% ↘ Divastfjb rhisigk? ;8% ↘ ( ↘ Naht jfgsunptifg) - Irrikhtifg? 3% ↘ (sdfw krfwtl)? Hrah f` dhgc usac `fr judtivhtifg is axpajtac tf krfw vary sdfwdy • Qrmhgizhtifg • Nhgy hrhmda dhgcs hra hdrahcy maigk `hrnac

- Sfthd? :;55 bn : /yahr • Irrikhtifg? ;5% • Igcustrias? =5% • Cfnastij? 85%

Ca`.

Ulysijhd whtar sjhrjity

Ajfgfnij whtar sjhrjity  

- [lag whtar rasfurja is ht/hpprfhjligk ugsusthighmda davad - ]adhtas tf whtar canhgc & Inpdy tlht hric hrahs hra gft gajasshridy whtar sjhrja

ajfgfnij/igstitutifghd/lunhg rastrhigts dinit hjjass - H jfgcitifg wlara ajfgfnij/igstitutifghd/lunhg tf whtar - [htar is hvhidhmda dfjhddy mut gft hjjassimda tf avaryfga

Agvirfg - Hric & Zani-hric hrah? Dfw rhig`hdd, rivars sahsfghddy cry up nagthd - Qgavag cistrimutifg f` wfrdc's hvhidhmda `rasl whtar suppdy? suppdy? `hjtfrs Jhghch? 5.1% wfrdc's pfp., =5% wfrdc's `rasl whtar suppdy  h``ajtac  Jligh? =8% wfrdc's pfp., ;% wfrdc's `rasl whtar suppdy 

Nhgy DACJs hra dfjhtac ig hric hrahs f` Hsih & H`rijh

Lunhg - Ufp. krfwtl ↝ ↚ @rasl whtar hvhidhmda/Uarsfg `hjtfrs h``ajtac  - ↘ Canhgc? • Cfnastij? ↘ Igjfna ↝ [ahdtliar di`astyda @dusl tfidats, whsligk nhjligas, … • Igcustrihd? Nathd prfjassigk, nigigk usa luka hnfugt f` whtar • Hkrijudturhd

- Qrmhgizhtifg ↝ Dfjhd hutlfritias ughmda tf nhigthig whtar ig`rhstrujtura ↝ ]ivars > Fpag sawars + Gf whtar shgithtifg Dhtig Hnarijh? =% sawhka rajaivas trahtnagt 

- Iga``ajtiva whtar ig`rhstrujtura? • Crip systans (axpagsiva igitihd jfst)? Qsa nujl dass tlhg sprhy systan Fgdy 8% f` wfrdc's irrikhtifg systan • Dfss f` irrikhtac whtar tlrfukl dahbhka, avhpfrhtifg 05-;1% ig DACJs - Ufddutifg? • Hkrijudtura? @artidizar, pastijica • Igcustrihdizhtifg? Lahvy nathds, parsistagt frkhgij pfdduthgts

- Krfugcwhtar capdatifg? Shba fut 7 ]ajlhrka ↝ Hqui`ars su``ar `rfn shdigizhtifg ↝ Sff shdty `fr lunhg usa Zikgi`ijhgt prfmdan ig nhgy Hsihg jfugtrias? 15% cfnastij whtar suppdias jfna `rfn krfugcwhtar 

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- Qgcarcavadfpac whtar ig`rhstrujtura? • Uipac systan cfg't naat quhdity jritarih ↝ Uaf. rady fg (axpagsiva) mfttdac whtar Nhofr jitias ig Igcih, Naxijf, Slhidhgc  • Uffr lfusalfdcs hra usuhddy gft jfggajtac tf (dfw-prijac) pumdij whtar systan Ufrt-hu-Urigja, Lhiti? Qgjfggajtac (`frjac tf purjlhsa `rfn nfmida vagcfrs)? $88/n: 7 Jfggajtac? $8/n : - Nisnhghkanagt? purpfsas, avag ig pdhjas witl • Qsa f` whtar `fr gfg-assagtihd purpfsas, whtar sjhrjity? Frghnagthd whtar (Qzmabisthg's jhpithd jhpithd - casart hrah) • Lycrfadajtrij chns? Muidcigk chns, stfrigk whtar ighcaquhtady ↝ [htar sjhrjity ig cfwgstrahn hrahs Lycrfadajtrij pfwar pdhgts ig Mh ]ivars, Piatghn

Ufdijias & Jhnphikgs tf jfgsarva whtar suppdy  JHZA ZSQCY? [htar suppdy ig Zigkhpfra Urfmdans? Ulysijhd whtar sjhrjity - Dhgc lhs maag jdahrac `fr lfusigk igcustrias

- Krfwtl f` pfp. & igcustry - Likl-tajl nhgu`hjturigk igcustrias raquiras dhrka hnfugt f` whtar `fr tlair igcustrihd prfjassas. - Igjrahsigk wahdtl + Jlhgka ig di`astyda ↝ Qsa whtar ht igjrahsigk rhta

- Inpfsa whtar jfgsarvhtifg thx ↝ Cisjfurhka axjassiva axjassiva usa f` whtar - 'Zhva [htar' jhnphikgs , whtar jfgsarvhtifg thdbs ↝ ]hisa hwhragass f` whtar jfgsarvhtifg

Zfdutifg? '@fur ghtifghd Shps Ztrhtaky' my Uumdij Qtiditias Mfhrc (UQM)

Shp 8? [htar `rfn dfjhd jhtjlnagt hrahs

Shp =? Inpfrtac whtar  - = whtar hkraanagts witl Nhdhysih, Nhdhysih, axpira ig =588 & =508

- 83 whtar rasarvfirs - =559, Nhrigh Mhrrhka ↝ Dfjhd whtar jhtjlnagt hrahs? 8/= ↝ =/: isdhgc hrah. - Ztfrnwhtar jfddajtifg pfgcs ig sfna lfusigk asthtas? ◂ Jfddajt rhigwhtar

suppdy, mut cajrahsigk - 35% whtar suppdy, - Gft tla mast sfdutifg tf igjrahsigk whtar suppdy? ◂ Hkraanagts jhg axpira & nhgy gft ma ragawac ◂ ]isigk prija f` inpfrtac inpfrtac whtar whtar

Jlhggad tlan tf rasarvfirs - Lfwavar, dhgc is hdsf gaacac `fr rfhcs, lfusas & igcustrias ◂

U tt

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i

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t d

dit - Z t i

Nhdhysih jhg tlrahtag tla suppdy suppdy tf put prassura fg pfditijhd issuas. issuas.

midit U

8<

Shp :? GA[htar  - ]ajyjda whtar - : GA[htar pdhgts

Shp 3? Cashdightac whtar  - Qsa ravarsa fsnfsis natlfc tf traht sah whtar

- 85% whtar suppdy - Likl jfst f` muidcigk & fparhtigk, mut axpajtac tf ↚ hs tajlgfdfky inprfvas

Mifcivarsity hgc jlhgka Z ug ug ch ch y, y, Hp Hp ri ri d 8 3, 3, =5 =58 :

INUF]SHGJA F@ S]FUIJZ 

9 ?: ?: < U N

- ]ijl hrah `fr mifcivarsity 15% wfrdc's spajias ig oust ;% wfrdc's dhgc  ]hig`frasts? Phst stfra f` whtar ◂

MIFCIPA]ZISY IG SLA M]H_IDDIHG HNH_FG ]HIG@F]AZS 

jfddajtifg f` h phrtijudhr - Mifna? [frdc's tfthd jfddajtifg typa f` vakathtifg jfnnugity tfkatlar witl tla `hugh hssfjihtac witl it

◂

]hig`frast, casart, krhssdhgc, tugcrh ◂

- Mifcivarsity? H nahsura f` lfw nujl vhriaty tlara is ig tla di`a `frns `fugc ig mifna

JHQZA @F] DFZZ F@ MIFCIPA]ZISY 

Hir-jfgcitifgars? ]adahsigk vhst hnfugts f` whtar igtf htnfsplara  Hnhzfg? =5 mid tfgs f` whtar/chy  Nacijhd ranacias? Lfrnfga jfgtrhjaptiva pidd, hgti-nhdhrih cruk

JFGZAXQAGJAZ 

Ca`f Ca`fra rast stht htif ifg g

Axhn Axhnpd pda a

Jdahrigk `fr jhttda phstura

- 8900-89;1? :<% ca`frasthtifg tf dhrka-sjhda jhttda rhgjligk - 8995-=558? Zpaac ↘ (Mrhzidihg naht axpfrt ↘)

Zumsistagja hkrijudtura

- Uffr `hrnars? • Agjfurhkac tf sattda fg `frast dhgcs my kfv. dhgc pfdijias • Qsa `ira `fr jdahrigk dhgc

- Dass whtar ra-avhpfrhtas `rfn vakathtifg ↝ ]ajyjdigk f` whtar cinigislas ↝ ↚ Hgguhd rhig`hdd + ↘ Zahsfghdity f` rhig`hdd Srhgs-Hnhzfgihg liklwhy? ugsthmda & sumoajt tf igugchtifg curigk lahvy rhigs - Cisrupt jdfsac systan f` gutriagt jyjdigk witlig trfpijhd rhig`frast

- Avary chy? tags f` tlfushgcs f` `iras murgigk Ig`rhstrujtura - Urfvica hjjass tf dfkkigk, nigigk sita, axpdfrhtifg f` pffr inprfvanagts dhgcdass `hrnars

- Mrhzid's Srhgs-Hnhzfgihg Liklwhy (misajt `frast, `fr ajf. cavadfpnagt)? Hjjadarhta ca`frasthtifg Jfnnarjihd hkrijudtura

- Mrhzid? Dhrkast sfymahg axpfrtar - Ca`frasthtifg hdfgk M]-80: rfhc (phvac liklwhy) `fr sfymahg prfcujtifg

Dfkkigk

- @fr `uadwffc, muidcigk nhtarihd & tanpfrhry hkrijudturhd dhgc - [icasprahc iddakhd dfkkigk Zapt =55:? 8; hrrastac `fr juttigk 8555 lh tinmar 

- Zfid arfsifg? [hsl hwhy `igar phrtijdas f` jdhy & lunus, ◂

Dahva maligc tla jfhrsar dhgc

◂

 Hnhzfg? Lhrvast yiadcs ig jdahrac rhig`frasts hra cisnhd sigja `frast sfids hra quijbdy axlhustac, hgc gaw `frast lhc tf ma jdahrac hgguhddy  - ]ivars? Liklar `dffc pahb , slfrtar tina dhk ◂ ◂

Cry sahsfg? Dfwar rivar davads, krahtar turmicity

ZFDQSIFG SF ZHPA HNH_FG  Zfdutifg

Cathid

]alhmidithtifg

prassura a) - ]apdhgt `frast (fgdy pfssimda wlag phrts f` frikighd `frast stidd ranhig & `aw pfp. prassur - Httrhjt sfna spajias tf raturg - Gaw `frast jhg ma usac `fr? Zusthighmda lhrvast f` `frast prfcujts, Dfw igtagsity dfkkigk & Ajftfurisn

Igjrahsa  prfcujtivity f` `frnardy `frastac dhgcs

↘

Sajlgfdfky ↝ Likl yiadc jrfps?

Axphgsifg f`  prftajtifg hrahs

- Urifritiza hrahs `fr prftajtifg - Agsura su``ijiagt ag`frjanagt hkagjias & `ugcigk - Agjfurhka igvfdvanagt f` dfjhds? • Slay ugcarsthgc nfra hmfut `frast • Dfjhds nust ma nhca mftl phrtgars & maga`ijihrias ig jfgsarvhtifg

• Gfg-pdfwigk `hrnigk • Agrijl tla rhig`frast • "Sarrh prath" sfid?

sfid witl natlfc f` hgjiagt Hnhzfgihgs (hginhd mfgas)

Hmsfrm JF=.

Ufdijy ra`frn & Dhw - Adinighta thx igjagtivas & dhgc pfdijias wlijl agjfurhkas jfgvarsifg f` `frast tf phstura. ag`frjanagt  - ↘ @ugcigk & Ztrijtgass `fr Mrhzid Agvirfgnagthd Urftajtifg Hkagjy

Mrhzid Agvirfgnagthd Urftajtifg Hkagjy fgdy jfddajts 0.1% f` `igas it inpfsas

U

i A

i

d

di

-Z

i

midi

U

89

Agvirfgnagthd Zusthighmidity Suas Su asch chy, y, Ou Oudy dy 5= 5=,, =58 =58: :

9?58 9? 58 HN

AGPI]FGNAGSHD ZQZSHIGHMIDISY 

- Naatigk gaacs f` prasagt witlfut jfnprfnisigk hmidity f` `utura kagarhtifgs tf naat tlair gaacs - Agjfnphss? Baapigk pfp. cagsitias madfw rakifg's jhrryigk jhphjity ◂ ◂ ◂

◂

@hjidithtigk ragawhd f` ragawhmda rasfurjas Jfgsarvigk & asthmdisligk prifritias `fr usa f` gfg-ragawhmda rasfurjas Baapigk agvirfgnagthd inphjt madfw davad raquirac tf hddfw h``ajtac systans tf rajfvar & jfgtigua tf avfdva

GHNIMIH's JFNNQGHD JFGZA]PHGJY U]FK]HN 

Zujjass`ud jfnnugity-mhsac ghturhd rasfurja nhghkanagt? nhghkanagt ? ↘ [idcdi`a gunmars & ↚ Ufvarty 83% jfugtry hrah (88.9 nid lh), =:5555 rurhd cwaddars (=55;)

Ztrhtakias

]asudts

- Asthmdisl jfnnughd jfgsarvhgjias? Dakhd jfnnfg prfparty rasfurja nhghkanagt ◂ frkhgizhtifg Muidt hrfugc rurhd jfnnugitias' widdigkgass tf wfrb ◂ jfddajtivady @raa tf jlffsa civarsa strhtakias `fr widcdi`a ◂ nhghkanagt & cistrimutigk maga`its Qsa riklts? lugt, jhptura, judd, sadd 'lugthmda khna' ◂ ⇝

- Zikgi`ijhgt ↘ ig gunmars f` widcdi`a h`tar cajhcas f` ↚? Gfrtl-wast jfgsarvhgjias, 89<= - =555? Adaplhgt x=, nfugthig zamrh x85 - Civarsi`ijhtifg f` ajfgfnij hjtivitias (masicas sumsistagja-davad `hrnigk prhjtijas)? Nhghkigk jhnpsitas ◂ ◂

Igjagtivas tf prftajt vhduhmda rasfurjas

⇝ ↘

- Kfv. rfdas? Catarniga fvarhdd juddigk rhta & qufths `fr trfply lugtigk

i A

i

d

di

-Z

i

midi

U

Anpdfynagt & Igjfna

nhghkanagt? - ]hpic axphgsifg f` tfthd dhgc hrah ugcar nhghkanagt? = = =5555bn (899<) ↝ 855555bn (=551)

- Jffparhtifg matwaag ci``aragt igstitutifgs? Ghnimihg Jfnnugity-mhsac Sfurisn Hssfjihtifg? ◂ Ladp jfnnugitias gakftihta igjfna-slhrigk hkraanagts witl tfurisn jfnphgias Nudti-cisjipdighry ]asahrjl Jagtra? Urfvicas trhigigk & ◂ nhtarihds ⇝ ↘ Jfnnugitias' dhgc nhghkanagt sbidd & igjfna

U

Zaddigk widcdi`a & jrh`ts

=5

Uhttargs f` ]asfurja Jfgsunptifg N fg fg ch ch y, y, Hp Hp ri ri d 8 1, 1, =5 =5 8: 8:

= ?1 ?1 3 U N

AJFDFKIJHD @FFSU]IGS 

Slafratijhd nahsuranagt f` hnfugt f` dhgc & whtar h pfp. raquiras tf prfcuja rasfurjas it jfgsunas & tf hmsfrm its whsta, whsta, ugcar pravhidigk tajlgfdfky

Ikgfrac `hjtfrs - Ajfgfnij/Ufditijhd/Judturhd `hjtfrs (wad`hra) - ;<% ahrtl sur`hja caanac tf dhjb mifjhphjity

QHA (81.99), QZ (8=.==), Cagnhrb (9.<<) Mhgkdhcasl (5.0), Ghnimih (5.00)

-

Jfgsicarac `hjtfrs

-

- Hrhmda dhgc - Uhstura dhgc - @frasts (`uads, `urgitura, muidcigks, ajfsystan sarvijas (jdinhta sthmidity, arfsifg pravagtifg)) - Fjahgs (nhriga prfcujts? `isl, …)

Caap fjahgs, casarts, likl nfugthigs Capdatifg f` gfg-ragawhmda rasfurjas Qgsusthighmda nhghkanagt f` mifsplara ]hig`frast jdahr-juttigk Srua usa & axjlhgka vhdua f` ci``aragt dhgc typas @frastry's plhrnhjautijhd pftagtihd Ftlar whsta typas masicas JF=? Ftlar kraaglfusa khsas (JL3, J@J, …) ◂ [hsta ig dhgc, whtar ◂

- Chth hjjurhjy? hjjurhjy? Arrfr nhrkig =5~:5%

- Ig`rhstrujtura (trhgspfrthtifg, `hjtfrias, lfusigk) - Agarky jfsts (hmsfrmigk JF=)

]ADHSIFGZLIU? ]ADHSIFGZLIU? UFUQDHSIFG ZI_A vs. ]AZFQ]JA JFGZQNUSIFG  Gaf-Nhdtlusihg viaw

Hgti-Nhdtlusihg viaw  

Piawpfi - Ufp. krfwtl surphssas rasfurja hvhidhmidity, dinitigk ajfgfnij cavadfpnagt gt  - Ufp. jaidigk? Zhturhtifg Zhturhtifg davad wlara pfp. > dfjhd agvirfgnagt's jhrryigk jhphjity

- Ufp. krfwtl ghturhddy dahcs tf cavadfpnagt - Jhrryigk jhphjity widd ↘ hs pfp. ↘

]aprasa Dinits tf Krfwtl nfcad (89;5) gthtiva - Ufp. & hkri. prfcujtifg krfw axpfgagtihddy, axpfgagtihddy, ugtid cinigisligk rasfurja mhsa `frjas igcustrihd prfcujtifg tf sdfwcfwg

Astlar Mfsarup's nfcad (8901) - Ufp. krfwtl stinudhtac jlhgka ig hkrijudturhd tajlgiquas ↝ Nfra `ffc jfudc ma prfcujac. hritlnatijhddy. Axhnigigk ci``aragt dhgc-usa systans & tlair - ]hta f` tajlgfdfkijhd iggfvhtifg fgdy krfws hritlnatijhddy.  prfcujtifg igtagsity igtagsity ↝ [lag liklar yiadcs wara - I` prasagt tragcs jfgtigua, dinits tf krfwtl (plysijhd (`ffc, `uads) + gaacac `fr ↘  pfp.,  pfp., `hddfw racujtifg & igjrahsac sfjihd (sthmidity, acujhtifg) gajassitias) widd ma rahjlac ig tla gaxt jrfppigk `raquagjy fjjur  855 yahrs - ]asfurja sumstitutifg widd fvarjfna rasfurja ⇝ Zuccag & ugjfgtrfddhmda ↚ ig pfp. & igcustrihd capdatifg jhphmiditias - Jlajbs hra ghturhd why f` jfgtrfddigk axjassiva pfp. krfwtl? ◂

Uravagtiva jlajbs? ↚ Lunhg `artidity

 Hmstigagja/Cadhyigk nhrrihka ◂ Ufsitiva jlajbs? ↘ Nfrthdity @hniga, whr, cisahsa Dinithti - Curigk igcustrihd ravfdutifg, hkrijudturhd prfcujtifg kraw ht rhpic rhta fgs (7 hritlnatij rhta), axjaacigk rhta f` pfp. krfwtl krfwtl - Cisjfvary f` gaw rasfurjas/gaw usars f` rasfurjas - Zphtihd cistrimutifg f`? • Ufp. & ]asfurjas (Uafpda & ]asfurjas cfg't hdwhys jfigjica) • Hkrijudturhd & Igcustrihd hjtivitias • Ufddutifg

i

i

=8

- Mhsac fg jdfsac jfnnugity (gf nikrhtifg) - Nikrhtifg fjjurs ig fvar-pfpudhtac hrahs tf ↚ prassura - Fvarpfpudhtifg jhg dahc tf ugsuithmda `hrnigk natlfcs, natlfcs, cakrhcigk dhgc ↝ Gf tajlgfdfkijhd iggfvhtifg & cavadfpnagt

Fid Nfgc Nf gchy, hy, Ca Caja janm nmar ar :5 :5,, =58 =58: :

88?1 88 ?1= = UN UN

INUF]SHGJA F@ FID

FID U]FCQJSIFG 

- Jritijhd `fr? Ajfgfnij cavadfpnagt ◂

- <9 nid mhrrads/chy (=58=) - Mikkast prfcujars? Niccda Ahst (35% slhra f` fid nhrbat, ↘) ◂ ◂

Aurfpa & Aurhsih (8;%, sthmda)

◂

Gfrtl Hnarijh (83%, sdiklt ↘)

◂

Znfftl `ugjtifgigk f` hdnfst avary hspajt f` sfjiaty

@uad, trhgspfrthtifg, lahtigk, rhw nhtarihds ig pdhstij & `artidizar igcustry. - ↘ Fid prija ↝ ↘ Urfcujtifg jfst ↝ Nhba rajfvary f` kdfmhd ajfgfny sdfw & `rhkida

- Igtd. Agarky Hkagjy (IAH)'s hssassnagt f` 7<55 fid `iadcs ig tla wfrdc, :/3 kdfmhd fid rasarvas (=559)? Nfst f` mikkast `iadcs lhva hdrahcy pahbac ◂ ◂

Cajdigigk rhta 0.;%, gahrdy x= tla phja jhdjudhtac ig =55;

- Uahb fid? Sina wlag nhx. fid axtrhjtifg is rahjlac & h`tar tlht fid axtrhjtifg widd ↚ Phriac astinhtifgs? ◂

IAH? =58: - =5:;  QZ Kafdfkijhd Zurvay? =519 ]ahsfgs? Fid `iadcs' siza is ghtifghd sajurity issua ↝ Gf hjjurhta ig`frnhtifg prfvicac 



◂

- Jurragt prfoajts? ◂ Gaw igvastnagt & cisjfvary?

◂

ZAHD-88 axpdfrhtifg mdfjbs (Mrhzid, =58:)? : mid mhrrads  H`rijh? @ragjl SFSHD? Axpdfrhtifg criddigk ig Zfutl H`rijh Jligasa `irns? $85 mid, Gikarih Qgjfgvagtifghd fid axtrhjtifg?

Khs-tf-diquics, Shr shgcs (Jhghch) Jdhins f` sfvaraikgty ig pftagtihddy rasfurja-rijl dfjhtifgs ◂ ]ussih mffst nidithry prasagja ig Hrjtij ig raspfgsa tf Jhghcihg jdhin ig Gfrtl Ufda ↚ Niccda Ahst ⇝ ]adihgja fg Niccda

FID JFGZQNUSIFG 

- <; nid mhrrads/chy (=58=) - Mikkast jfgsunars? Hsih-Uhji`ij (crhnhtij ↘) ◂ ◂

Jligh? 9.:: nid mhrrads/chy  Gfrtl Hnarijh (sdiklt ↘)

◂

QZ? 89.8< nid mhrrads/chy  Aurfpa & Aurhsih (sdiklt ↘  )

- IAH's hssassnagt f` wfrdc's nhofr fid `iadcs (=559)? Fid jfgsunptifg is "phtagtdy ugsusthighmda", ugsusthighmda", witl axpajtac ◂ canhgc `hr futstrippigk suppdy ◂

Avag i` canhgc stahcy, tla wfrdc lhva tf `igc tla aquivhdagt f`? 3 Zhuci Hrhmihs tf nhigthig prfcujtifg 0 Zhuci Hrhmihs tf baap up witl axpajtac ↘ canhgc ugtid =5:5 



FID U]IJA & KAFUFDISIJHD SAGZIFGZ 

- Frkhgizhtifg f` Uatrfdaun Axpfrtigk Jfugtrias (FUAJ)? 8= nanmars, 35% kdfmhd fid suppdy ◂ ◂

Ztrfgkdy ig`duagjas jruca fid prija

fid/chy trhgspfrtac trhgspfrtac hrfugc tla wfrdc - Hvk. 855 nid tfgs f` fid/chy - Igavithmdy, sfna f` tlis fid dahbs/spidds igtf tla sah ↝ Ufddutifg Caapwhtar Lfrizfg fid spidd (=585)? Axpdfsifg rippac tlrfukl fid rik

- Agarky igsajurity lhs hrisag cua tf? ◂ ↘ canhgc, aspajihddy my GIJs ◂ ◂

◂

⇝

↚



rasarvas

Kafpfditijhd cavadfpnagt? Jfugtrias sujl hs Pagazuadh, Irhg, ]ussih usa fid rasfurja tf ↘ tlair ajfgfnij pfwar Sarrfrist hjtivitias

jruca fid prija lhs ↘ up tf $8:9/mhrrad `rfn fgdy `aw - 89;5 - =55








= chys dhtar? ]ik shgb, fid pfurac fut igtf tla sah ht rhta f` 0=555 mhrrads/chy  Jfgsaquagjas? ▨ 805bn jfhstdigas wara h``ajtac, igjducigk fystar macs & slrinp `hrns ▨ Nhgy hginhds wara biddac? 81: cfdpligs, ==55 mircs Murgigk f` `fssid `uads ↝ Aglhgjac kraaglfusa a``ajt ↝ Kdfmhd whrnigk 

Kafpfditijhd tagsifg ⇝ Pudgarhmda fid prija & suppdy

◂

AGPI]FGNAGSHD IZZQAZ?

Isrhad htthjbac Damhgfg ↝ ↘  Sagsifg ig Niccda Ahst  Fid prija ($/mhrrad)? 05 ↝ ;<

U tt

i ]

ti

U

==



Ftlar agarky rasfurjas Suas Su asch chy, y, Caj Cajan anma marr :8, :8, =58 =58: :

85?1 85 ?1= = UN UN

Agarky sfurja

Uhttargs & Sragcs

Hcvhgthkas

Cishcvhgthkas

Mif`uad

- ↘ hnfugts f` jrfpdhgc lhva maag usac tf prfcuja mif`uad

- Jhg ma mdagcac witl patrfd & ciasad Mifciasad jhg ma usac ig hgy ciasad agkiga wlag nixac (up tf 81%) witl nigarhd ciasad ⇝ Muy tina `fr nfra ragawhmda agarky tf ma cavadfpac - Jlahp - Jhg ma krfwg dfjhddy

- Ztidd radahsa kraaglfusa - QZH khsas. • Nhiza turgac igtf atlhgfd? 81 nid tfgs (=558) ↝ <1 nid tfgs (=55;) - Ca`frasthtifg ↝ Krfw jrfps `fr agarky kagarhtifg • Shrkat? ↘ Qsa f` mif`uads tf :1 mid khds - Jrfps hra usac `fr agarky • Fmoajtiva? ]apdhja 81% inpfrtac fid witl prfcujtifg ↝  ↘ @ffc prijas cfnastijhddy prfcujac atlhgfd

(Mifdfkijhd nhttar ↝ Agarky) Agarky)

- Atlhgfd? • 95% tfthd mif`uad prfcujac (nfst jfnnfg), jfnnfg), phrtijudhrdy ig Mrhzid & QZH (<;.9% wfrdc tfthd) • Urfcujtifg ig AQ & Jligh is krfwigk sikgi`ijhgtdy. - Jurragt tragcs? • ↘ Igvastnagt `fr =gc kagarhtifg mifciasad (hdkha, jaddudfsij ciasad) • Dhrkar pdhgts & prfcujars.

Axhnpda

Mifciasad is tla nfst jfnnfg mif`uad prfcujac - AQ? Mifciasad (0:% kdfmhd prfcujtifg).

- Gaw tajlgfdfky? `hst-mraacar rahjtfr? - Sajlgfdfky hdrahcy - Ufwar pdhgt hjjicagts ↝ - QZH? igtf axists ]hcihtifg hir, dhgc, sah (Axftlarnij • Pary a``ijiagt ht nhgu`hjturigk • 85: fparhtigk rahjtfrs, =5% adajtrijity pdutfgiun `uad `rfn frikighd gujdahr prfjass - Udagti`ud suppdy f` - Srhgspfrtigk gujdahr • H`tar 89;9 Slraa Nida Isdhgc cishstar, gf gaw urhgiun `uad dfhc urhgiun (agfukl tf dhst nhtarihd & whsta is risby & ↝ Qsa`ud laht & gujdahr pdhgts lhva maag frcarac. lugcracs f` yahrs) adajtrijity) axpagsiva (gujdahr nhtarihd - Ohphg? • Jfudc ma cishstrfus i` pdutfgiun jhg ma stfdag my tarrfrists) (bay igkraciagt `fr gujdahr - ]adahsa vary dfw • 03 rahjtfrs, :5% adajtrijity wahpfgs) ig wrfgk lhgcs hnfugt f` kraaglfusa - Gujdahr pfwar sthtifgs? • H`tar =588 Chiijli gujdahr cishstar, nfst khsas • Dinitac di`a parifc gujdahr pfwar pdhgts wara jdfsac. • Axpagsiva - @rhgja? ;<% adajtrijity cajfnnissifg jfst - Igcih? - Lahdtl issua? Divigk gahr • 81 fparhtigk rahjtfrs gujdahr pfwar sthtifgs ↘ risb • < nfra ugcar jfgstrujtifg f` jhgjars Gujdahr pfwar 

- Kdfmhd wigc agarky jhphjity is hpprfhjligk 855555N[? ([igc ↝ Nfva Karnhgy? =:.0% (liklast) wigc turmiga ↝ Criva kagarhtfr - Nfra jfugtrias is axphgcigk igtf tlis ↝ Jrahta sajtfr hs jfst f` wigc agarky inprfvas Adajtrijity) `urtlar hkhigst jfgvagtifghd agarky Sfchy jfsts hra fgdy 85% f` =5  yahrs hkf [igc pfwar 

Lycrfadajtrij  pfwar 

(Muidc chn ↝ Qsa `hddigk whtar ↝ Criva kagarhtfr ↝ Adajtrijity)

Jfugtrias witl dhrkast slhra f` wfrdc tfthd lycrfadajtrijity? • Jligh (8<.1%) • Jhghch (88.;%)

Jdahg & `igita agarky

- Jdahg & `igita agarky (i` rivars hra nhghkac prfpardy) - Chn pravagts `dffcigk - ]asarvfir jhg stfra whtar ↝ Qsa`ud ig cry parifcs

- Pisuhd pfddutifg - Gfisa pfddutifg (Surmigas' cisturmigk lun) - [igc is ugradihmda - Lhrc tf stfra surpdus agarky Surmigas jhg bidd mirc -

Slhgat F``slfra [igc @hrn, QB?

- Dinitac gunmar f` suithmda rivars - ]asarvfirs nhy `frja rasattdanagt - Dhrka dhgc hrahs nhy ma `dffcac tf `frn rasarvfir

Slraa Kfrka Chn, Yhgktsa ]ivar, Jligh?

- Chnhka agvirfgnagt? • Hquhtij di`a • [htar

quhdity

• Zumnarkigk dhrka

`frasts witlfut prifr jdahrhgja jhg radahsa sikgi`ijhgt hnfugt f` JL3

U tt

i ]

ti

U

=:

• 855 turmigas • Nhx. futput

f` :55N[

• Zu``ijiagt tf suppdy =35555 lfnas • Nfst turmigas widd ma

hjtiva ;5-<1% f` tla tina

=0 turmigas, 8<555N[ hgguhddy Urfs?

- ↚ Jligh's capagcagja fg fid & jfhd - Urftajt 85 nid rasicagts cfwgstrahn `rfn risb f` `dffcigk - ↘ Ghvikhtifg? Dhrka mfht jhg kf upstrahn `urtlar ↝ Urfnfta ajfgfnij cavadfpnagt - Jfgstrujtifg, fparhtifg & nhigtaghgja ↝ Slfushgcs f` ofms jrahtac Jfgs?

- 8.: nid pafpda lhc tf ma rasattdac tf dast `artida hrahs. - Zaisnijhddy hjtiva hrah ↝ ]isb f` chn `hidura - Zidtigk ↝ Xuijbdy ↚ Urfoajt's a``ijiagjy - Chnhka hquhtij di`a? Yhgktza kihgt sturkafg jhg't rahjl its mraacigk krfugcs.

Jfgsarvhtifg strhtakias Nfgc Nf gchy hy,, Caja Cajanm nmar ar :5, :5, =58 =58: :

Hjtivity

Ca`.

Jfgsarvh - Qsigk dass f` tifg h rasfurja

- Qsigk h prfcujt nudtipda tinas

88?1 88 ?1: : UN

Lfw

Urfs

* ]ausa f` itans? Udhstij mfttdas ↝ @dfwar pfts Gydfg mhks Jfgthigar ↝ Nfmida lfusigk [hsta - ]acuja racujtif hnfugt f` g whsta prfcujac

- Qsigk dass f` h rasfurja

qufths ↝ Iga``ajtiva * ]ausa f` itans? Nfra agarky a``ijiagt tlhg rajyjdigk

* Igtd. sjhda? Byftf hkraanagt (899;) Dakhd migcigk thrkats? hdd NACJs jut JF = anissifgs tf 8995 davad my =55<-8= AQ? 0%, Ohphg? ;%

* Igtd. sjhda? Byftf hkraanagt =55;? Hustrhdihg sikgac hkraanagt h`tar 85 yahrs

* ]ausa f` itans? Nfcarg tajlgfdfkias raquirac tf prfcuja raushmda itans * Igtd. sjhda? Byftf hkraanagt - Axpira ig =58= - =559 Jfpaglhkag jdinhta jlhgka thdbs ◂ Gf gaw dakhddy migcigk hkraanagt. ◂

* Dfjhd sjhda? Hkagch =8 (QG Hjtifg pdhg radhtac * Dfjhd sjhda? Hkagch =8? tf susthighmda cavadfpnagt) - Pary ahsy tf cf - "Sligb kdfmhddy, hjt dfjhddy" - Jlhgka pafpda's jfgsunptifg lhmit ig dfgk-tarn - Mduaprigt f` hjtifgs `fr hdd jitizags tlht wfudc maga`it kdfmhddy? ◂ Surg f`` uggaacac diklts & SP ◂ Cfg't dahva jfnputar fg parnhgagtdy ◂ Jyjda/[hdb igstahc f` crivigk

Urfjassigk f` Dijl`iadc, QB? [hsta rajyjdigk whsta ↝ - Hdd lfusalfdcs wara kiva 3 migs? Nhtarihds jhg ◂ = kraag (phpar, pdhstij, kdhss, nathds), ma rausac jfddajtac avary waab ↝ Kat jruslac, nadtac ↝ ]ausac ◂ 8 mrfwg (frkhgij whsta), jfddajtac hdtarghta waabs ↝ Qsac `fr jfnpfst ◂ 8 mdhjb  (ftlar whsta) - Hdd suparnhrbats wara sat up witl rajyjdigk jagtars (phpar, kdhss, pdhstijs, nathds) - Jagtrhd rajyjdigk jagtars (chgkarfus rajyjdhmda whsta? fid, rummda) - Uupids wara acujhtac tla inpfrthgja f` rajyjdigk Zumstitut  Qsigk fga rasfurja ifg rhtlar tlhg hgftlar

Jfgs

* AQ @isligk Xufths? * AQ @isligk Xufths? * AQ @isligk Xufths? - Dinit hnfugt f` `isl ci``aragt jfugtrias hra - Ladp prftajt agchgkarac spajias - ↚ @isl suppdy & jfgsunptifg? hddfwac tf jhtjl ↝ Agsura jfgtiguac mifcivarsity ◂ @islarnag, slip tajlgijihgs dfsa ofm (mut f` fjahg - Jhdjudhtac ahjl Caj my AQ Jfugjid f` AQ phic jfnpagshtifg tf uganpdfyac Gfrtl Zah jfc? 3 nid tfg @islarias, @islarias, mhsac fg listfrijhd cajdigigk `isligk `islarnag) (8915s) ↝ ;35555 tfg (89<5s) jhtjlas ◂ Jfhsthd sattdanagts dfsa prigjipda `ugjtifg ↝ Caprivhtifg - Ahjl AQ jfugtry lhs raspfgsimidity tf agsura - @isligk pfp. is susthigac ↝ Agsura tla qufths hra maigk nat dfgk-tarn cavadfpnagt f` ◂ ↘ @isl prija ↝ H``ajt dfw-igjfna pafpda `isligk igcustry - @isl (cahc + hdiva) tlrfwg fvarmfhrc tf naat

Jligh's Slraa Kfrka Chn ↚

U tt

Jligh's capagcagja fg fid & jfhd

i ]

ti

U

=3

- 15% whsta rajyjdac ↝ Zhva rasfurjas Udhstijs nhca `rfn jruca fid

Gf thrkats `fr anissifgs.

- QZH, =1% wfrdc's JF = anissifg? vfdugthry thrkats - Avag i` kraaglfusa khs prfcujtifg is jut 05-<5%, tlara's stidd agfukl kraaglfusa khs tf f ↘ tanp. my 1 J

- Jfst f` rajyjdigk ↝ Likl prija f` prfcujts nhca `rfn rajyjdac nhtarihds ↝ H``ajt dfw-igjfna - ↚ Dhgc`idd (muryigk f` whsta ig mik pits)? pafpda - Agvirfgnagthddy ug`riagcdy & Agarky iga``ijiagjy? • ↚ Zfid cakrhchtifg (nujl whsta UJs hra pdhjac ig mhtls f` hjic tf strip nathds cfasg't cajfnpfsa ahsidy)

Krfugcwhtar capdatifg (tfxij jlanijhds dahb `rfn whsta)

•↚

Fvarviaw f` Ghturhd Cishstars & Lhzhrcs Nfgc Nf gchy hy,, Gf Gfva vanm nma ar =0, =0, =5 =58= 8=

9?:3 9? :3 UN

Sarn

Ca`igitifgs

Cishstar

H nhofr lhzhrc avagt tlht jhusas wicasprahc cisruptifg tf h jfnnugity/rakifg tlht tla h``ajtac jfnnugity is ughmda tf cahd witl hcaquhtady witlfut futsica ladp. ladp.

Lhzhrc

H tlraht (ghturhd fr lunhg) tlht lhs tla pftagtihd tf jhus jhusa a dfss f` di`a, igoury, prfparty chnhka, sfjif-ajfgfnij cisruptifg fr agvirfgnagthd cakrhchtifg. cakrhchtifg.

Lhzhrc avagt

Sla fjjurragja (rahdizhtifg) f` h lhzhrc, lhzhrc, tla a``ajts f` wlijl wlijl jlhgka jlhgka canfkrhplij, ajfgfnij hgc/fr agvirfgnagt jfgcitifgs. jfgcitifgs.

]isb 

Sla prfmhmidity f` h lhzhrc avagt jhusigk lhrn`ud jfgsaquagjas (axpajtac dfssas ig tarns f` cahtls, igourias, prfparty chnhkas, ajfgfny hgc agvirfgnagt)

Pudgarhmidity

Sla susjaptimidity f` h jfnnugity tf h lhzhrc fr tf tla inphjts f` h lhzhrc avagt. avagt.

Jlhrhjtaristijs f` Lhzhrcs

[lht cfa cfas it nahg6 

Nhkgituca

Ziza f` tla avagt Mahu`frt Zjhda (wigc spaac `fr lurrijhgas), ]ijltar Zjhda (ahrtlquhba)

@raquagjy

Lfw f`tag hg avagt f` h jarthig siza fjjurs Sla dhrkar tla avagt, tla dass `raquagt it fjjurs

Curhtifg

Dagktl f` tina tlht hg agvirfgnagt lhzhrc axists sajfgcs, lfurs, cajhcas, ...

Hrahd axtagt

Ziza f` tla hrah jfvarac my tla lhzhrc

Zphtihd jfgjagtrhtifg/cisparsifg

Cistrimutifg fvar sphja, sphja, wlatlar tlay hra jfgjagtrhta ig jarthig hrahs. tajtfgij pdhta mfugchrias, jfhsthd dfjhtifg, vhddays, ...

Zpaac f` fgsat

Sina ci``aragja matwaag tla sthrt hgc tla pahb f` pahb f` tla avagt. ]hpic (ahrtlquhba) ↝ Zdfw-tina tina sjh sjhda da (crfuklt)

]akudhrity

Jyjdfgas hra rakudhr hgc sahsfghd Ahrtlquhbas hra nujl nfra rhgcfn

Ghturhd lhzhrcs @ric @r ichy hy,, Hpr Hprid id =1 =1,, =58 =583 3

3?=9 3? =9 UN

Lhzhrc

Ahrtlquhba

Lurrijhga

Crfuklt

Ca`.

- Zuccag, vifdagt slhbigk f` tla ahrtl's sur`hja - @fjus? Udhja magahtl tla krfugc wlara ahrtlquhba thbas pdhja - Apijagtar? Ufigt fg krfugc sur`hja innacihtady hmfva `fjus

Igtagsa lhzhrcs tlht mrigk lahvy rhig`hdd, strfgk wigcs, likl whvas

Axtagcac parifc f` cry wahtlar dahcigk tf axtranady cry jfgcitifgs

Curhtif g

@aw sajfgcs (Ufwar`ud h`tarslfjbs jhg h``ajt `fr dfgk tina h`tar nhig ahrtlquhba)

: - 1 chy

Zavarhd nfgtls ↝ Yahr

@raquag jy 

↘

Fjt? Htdhgtij, Uhji`ij, Gfrtl f` aquhtfr - Oud - Fj aquhtfr, f`` Hustrhdih, Igcihg Igcihg - Gfv - Nhr? Zfutl f` aquhtfr,

Uarifc f` ;-85 yahrs

Nhkgituca ↝ ↘ @raquagt

Zpaac f` @aw sajfgcs fgsat 

Zphtihd axtagt 

 

8 chy

- Hssfjihtac witl pdhta mfugchrias? mfugchrias? Castrujtiva/ Jfddisifg/ Jfgstrujtiva/ Jfgsarvhtiva nhrkigs

- Htdhgtij - Ahstarg & [astarg Uhji`ij - Hustrhdihg jfhst - Igcihg Fjahg

- Jdahr diga f` ahrtlquhba ◂ Hdfgk jagtar f` Htdhgtij Fjahg matwaag H`rijhg & Hnarijhg pdhtas ◂ Hrfugc Uhji`ij Fjahg ht tla acka f` tla Uhji`ij pdhta.

- Zumtrfpijhd likl-prassura likl-prassura madt? Nhig jhusa f` hricity hrfugc =5f - :5f G - Jfgtigagthdity? Hrahs `hr `rfn sah ↝ Dinitac hnfugt f` whtar jhrriac hjrfss my wigcs. - Gahr jfdc f``slfra jurragts? Dinit hnfugt f` jfgcagshtifg igtf fvardyigk hir  Hthjhnh, Ghnim casarts

- Zfna jhusac my lunhg hjtivitias Gujdahr tastigk, muidcigk dhrka chns, criddigk `fr fid

- Fg nfugthig sica `hjigk hwhy `rfn fjahg (]hig slhcfw a``ajt)? [igc jhg't mrigk nfistura `rfn fjahg Uhthkfgihg casart  - Jhusac my lunhg hjtivitias Ca`frasthtifg ↝ Casarti`ijhtifg.

Nhkgitu - ]ijlar Zjhda? 8 ↝ 8= ca ◂ Nfst wicady usac ◂

Zh``ir-Zinpsfg Lurrijhga Zjhda (ZZLZ)? - Zh``ir-Zinpsfg ◂ 1 jhtakfrias, cistigkuislac my igtagsitias f` lurrijhga's susthigac wigc ◂ Fgdy casjrima lurrijhgas ig?

Casjrima typijhd a``ajts f` ahrtlquhbas gahr apijagtar

*GFSAZ? ◂

Krahtar nhkgituca

◂

Nfra h`tarslfjbs

◂

Zlhddfw-`fjus ahrtlquhba

◂

Jdfsar tf apijagtar

⇝ Krahtar

- Uhdnar Igcax, QZ? ◂ Qsa tanparhtura & rhig`hdd ig`frnhtifg?

• Htdhgtij Fjahg

• 5? Gfrnhd

• Gfrtlarg Uhji`ij Fjahg, Ahst f` Igtd Chta

•7

Diga ◂ Urfvica igcijhtifg f` pftagtihd chnhka & `dffcigk lurrijhga widd jhusa - Mahu`frt Zjhda? ◂ Zjhda `fr nahsurigk wigc spaacs

chnhka

- Gf wfrdcwica sthgchrcizac igcax

Nfst wicady usac systan tf nahsura wigc spaac ◂ Mhsac fg fmsarvhtifg rhtlar tlhg hjjurhta nahsuranagt. ◂ 8= davads, 5 `fr "gf wigc" ◂

5? ]hig`hdd (=? Nfcarhta2 :? Zavara, …) • 4 5? Crfuklt (=? Nfcarhta2 …) ◂ ◂

Jhg ma sthgchrcizac tf dfjhd jdinhta

A``ajtiva ig catarnigigk dfgk tarn crfuklt (nfgtls ↝ yahrs)

- Jrfp Nfistura Igcax (JNI), QZ? ◂ Jlhgka jfgsicarhmdy waabdy ↝ ]aspfgc nfra rhpicdy tlhg Uhdnar Igcax ◂ A``ajtiva ig jhdjudhtigk slfrt-tarn hmgfrnhd crygass fr watgass - Hrahs jdhssi`iac my rhig`hdd? ◂ Zani-hric? 4 155nn/hggun ◂

Hric? 4 =15nn/hggun

◂

Axtranady hric? 4 8=1nn/hggun

Urinhry Krfugc slhbigk a``ajts

- [igc - Nfistura ca`ijiagjy - Lahvy rhig - Cajdiga f` sfid & krfugcwhtar - Ztfrn surkas? [igc-crivag whvas + Fjahg lahvigk up ugcar dfw prassura ↝ [htar risas up ↝ @dffc dfw-dyigk jfhsthd hrahs

Zajfgch - Zfid diqua`hjtifg? Zfids witl likl whtar jfgtagt ry a``ajt  dfsa stragktl & malhva hs `duic

- @dffcigk - Dhgcsdicas

- Agvirfgnagt? Cust stfrns, widc`iras, vakathmda jfvar racujtifg

- Jfddhpsa f` muidcigks - Castrujtifg f` rfhc, jfnnugijhtifg diga, adajtrijity systan - Cavhsthta hkrijudturhd hrahs - [igcs ↝ Lurd camris hrfugc

- Ajfgfnijs? ◂ @hrnars? castrfyac jrfps, stugtac jrfps' krfwtl ↝ @ffc slfrthka + Dfsa nfgay

- Dhgcsdicas/Hvhdhgjlas - Ssughnis? ]asudt f` ugcar-sah ahrtlquhbas - Jfddhpsa f`  muidcigks - Castrujtifg f` rfhc, jfnnugijhtifg diga, adajtrijity systan

Ci

t

cL

c U

=0

◂

Lycrfadajtrij pfwar? Crfuklt crias up rasarvfir ↝ ↚ Adajtrijity prfcujtifg ↝ Ufwar slfrthka

Crfuklt jfst QZ hvk. hvk. $0-< mid avary yahr ↝ Jfstdiast ghturhd cishstar 

- @ffc slfrthkas - Cahtl, igoury, lfnadass - Cahtl, igoury, lfnadass

- Zfjihd? Lahdtl prfmdans (nagthd, plysijhd strass, …)

Uracijth - ]isb astinhtifg? midity  ◂ Zaisnij lhzhrc hssassnagt nhp? Astinhta prfmhmidity ahrtlquhba f` kivag siza widd h``ajt kivag dfjhtifg fvar sfna yahrs ◂

- Fgdy `frajhstac phtl fgja `frnac? ◂ Zhtadditas? Catajt & Srhjb lurrijhga ↝ Ahrdy whrgigk ◂

[ahtlar rhchr? Dfjhta stfrn ig :=5-bn rhcius

Uhttarg tlafrias (Nanfry a``ajt)? - Uhtl phttargs? ]ajurragjas ]ajurragjas f` ahrtlquhbas nhy capagcagt f f ◂ @frns1 - :5 dhtituca ↝ Nfva wastwhrc & fg rajurragja tinas f` pravifus sdiklt tfwhrcs tla pfdas Cadhys ig ahrtlquhba fjjurragjas ig ◂ Nhgy cri`t `hr agfukl gfrtl/sfutl igtf hrahs Zhg @rhgjisjf hra ghturhd plagfnagfg cfnightac my wastardy wigcs (niccda dhtitucas) ↝ Cirajtifg ravarsac tf ahstwhrc

- Uracijtifg? Jhg't ma nhca tf spaji`ij tina @fraslfjb pracijtifg?

- Ztragktl phttargs? Zpaac? :5 - 05 bn/l ◂ Zpaac?

• 15%

nhofr ahrtlquhbas prajacac my `fraslfjbs? `fraslfjbs majfna • Fgdy 1 - 85% `fraslfjbs dhrka ahrtlquhba ↝ Nhgy `hdsa whrgigk 89;1 Lhijlagk ahrtlquhba, N;.:? ↘  `fraslfjb hjtivity + Jlhgka ig  krfugcwhtar + Ztrhgka hginhd malhvifr ↝ Zujjass`ud avhjuhtifg nid paf. - Ahrdy whrgigk? Sajlgfdfkijhd Sajlgfdfkijhd ◂ Qsa saisnfnatars ◂ ◂

Nfra radihmda tlhg ahrtlquhba pracijtifg Urfvica `aw sajfgcs whrgigk ma`fra nhofr slhbigk hrrivas

Ci

t

cL

c U

=;

◂

- Jhg't pracijt 7 8 nfgtl ig hcvhgja `fr nfst phrts f` wfrdc - Crfuklts cfg't lhva jdahr makiggigk/agcigk ↝ Ci``ijudt tf pracijt

Hvk. lurrijhga? 015 bn/chy, 3<55 bn ma`fra cyigk (dahva trfpijs, nfva fvar dhgc)

- Uhttargs? ◂ Ztrfgk jfggajtifg matwaag Ad-Gigf Zfutlarg Fsjiddhtifg & igtagsa crfuklt ig Hustrhdih, Igcih, Mrhzid, wastarg Uhji`ij mhsig isdhgcs ◂

Dhrka-sjhda hgfnhdias ig htnfsplarij jirjudhtifg phttargs parsist `fr 7 8 nfgtl ↝ Urfdfgkac crfuklts QZ, Jhghch 89<<

[ly pafpda diva ig lhzhrcfus hrah6 @ric @r ichy hy,, Caj Cajan anma marr =<, =<, =5 =58= 8=

:?13 :? 13 UN

ZS]QJSQ]HDIZS ZJLFFD F@ SLFQKLS 

- Ztrassas jfgstrhigts pdhjac fg paf. my pravhidigk sfjihd & pfditijhd systan digb matwaag agvirfgnagthd lhzhrcs - Urfvicas digb matwaag & ugcarcavadfpac, capagcagt ajfgfny f` nhgy cavadfpigk jfugtrias

MALHPIF]HD ZJLFFD F@ SLFQKLS 

- Agvirfgnagthd lhzhrcs tla rasudt f` ghturhd avagts. - Uaf. put tlansadvas ht risb 

IKGF]HGJA  JLFFZA SF DIPA SLA]A 

GF JLFIJA 

- Sla `raquagjy f` axtrana lhzhrc is vary dfw ↝ Fvarjfg`icagt

- Udhjas tlht lhva pdagti`ud rasfurjas? rasfurjas?

- Qg`hnidihr witl lhzhrcs Nfvigk tf slhgty sattdanagts

vfdjhgij agvirfgnagts, rivar `dffcpdhigs, … ↝ @hrnigk, fppfrtugitias `fr trhgspfrt & rajrahtifg

- Zuparstitifg Dikltgigk gavar stribas ig shna pdhja twija

- Jfhsthd jitias ⇝ Zuithmda `fr trhcigk & musigass hjtivitias

- Cishmda paf. ⇝ Qghmda tf dahva tla hrah - Uffr, nhrkighdizac paf. pravagtac `rfn divigk ig sh`ar hrah (igcamt, cisjrinightifg, …) Inphjt f` lurrijhga Bhtrigh wara krahtar fg tla pffr, mdhjb  pfp.  pfp. f` tla h``ajtac rakifg tlhg fg ftlar sajtifgs f` sfjiaty 

Dhjb f`  ofms,  ofms, sbidds raquirac tf nfva adsawlara - Dhjb f` 

- @hnidy tias

cagihd ? - Usyjlfdfkijhd cagihd? Maga`its (ofm, acujhtifg, tfurisn, …) 7 ]isbs FSLA]

Kfv.? jfrruptifg, jfrruptifg, cislfgasty, iga``ajtivagass Dat pafpda diva ig ht-risb-hrah sujl hs slhgty sattdanagts.

Ci

cL

c U

=<

- Jlhgkigk phttargs? Zfurja f` pfddutifg succagdy jfna tf ◂ rasicagtihd hrahs ↝ Uafpda jhg't nfva / hchpt hchpt innacihtady Ig nakhjitias tla vfduna f` valijdas fg rfhcs hdnfst igavithmdy jhusas hir quhdity tf cajdiga Jdinhta jlhgka ⇝ Uuttigk pafpda ht risb ◂

Zfutlarg Zphig & Ufrtukhd? ↘  cry  yahrs ↝ Casarti`ijhtifg ↝ ↚ Krfugcwhtar  davads vakathtifg  ,

Pudgarhmidity [acg [a cgas asch chy, y, Ca Caja janm nmar ar =0 =0,, =58 =58= =

UFDISIJHD ZYZSAN [ISL JFG@DIJSZ & GHSQ]A F@ ZFJIASY 

88?5: 88? 5: UN

UFUQDHSIFG CAGZISY 

Dhrka gunmar f` rhpicdy krfwigk jitias fjjur ig lhzhrcfus hrah Gaw Frdahgs

Ghrkis Jyjdfga, Murnh =55
UFPA]SY 

Dhjb f` igsurhgja jfvar h``ajts tla pffr hs tlay kagarhddy lhva gf jfvar Lhiti whs wfrsa lit  my  lurrijhgas tlhg QZH avag tlfukl gft hs savara stfrn , cua tf pfvarty 

@hniga, @hniga, Atlifpih 89<3? Mdhnac fg crfuklt . Lfwavar, = jivid whrs thbigk pdhja?

- @frjac nhgy pafpda f`` tlair trhcitifghd dhgcs.

NH]KIGHDI_AC UAFUDA 

- Judturhd `hjtfrs tlht ig`duagja pumdij raspfgsa tf whrgigk

- Nhca nfvanagt f` `ffc suppdias chgkarfus.

- Uffrar pafpda hra f`tag nhrkighdizac judturhddy, pfditijhddy & kafkrhplijhddy

ACQJHSIFG  JLIDC]AG 

Dass bgfwdacka/hwhragass f` lhzhrcs ↝ Nfra vudgarhmda. Ssughni, Zfutl Hsih =553 ? nhgy pafpda wara ughwhra f` wlht whs lhppagigk

PQDGA]HMIDISY  Kafkrhplij jfgcitifgs tlht igjrahsa tla susjaptimidity f` h jfnnugity tf h lhzhrc fr tf tla inphjts f` h lhzhrc avagt

- Axpariagja dfgk-tarn psyjlfdfkijhd prfmdans majhusa tlay jhg't `uddy ugcarsthgc wlht is lhppagigk - Zfnatinas vudgarhmda tf trh``ijbigk hgc hmusa h`tar h cishstar, aspajihddy i` tlay lhva maag frplhgac hgc hra lugkry - Hdsf, `rfn cisahsa & ig`ajtifg h`tar cahtl. cahtl.

ZLHGSY ZASSDANAGSZ  JFGZS]QJSIFG ZSYDAZ & MQIDCIGK JFCAZ 

- Dass dibady tf rajaiva ahrdy whrgigk - ]ajagt nikrhgts nhy gft ma hwhra f` sfna f` tla ghturhd lhzhrcs pfsac my tla hrah

ADCA]DY 

- Jhg't nfva quijbdy - Hra f`tag gakdajtac ig tla h`tarnhtl f` h cishstar

Ahrtlquhba, Zijluhg, Jligh =55
- @ahr f` cispfssassifg dahcs tlan tf sthy avag i` whrgac i` whrgac f` hpprfhjligk lhzhrc.

Ahrtlquhba, Bfma, Ohphg? 8/= cahtls wara adcardy 

- Muidt ig likl risb dfjhtifgs [FNAG 

- Qgsh`a jfgcitifgs (ugsh`a muidcigk strujtura …)

A@@AJSIPA DIGAZ F@ JFNNQGIJHSIFG 

- Sagc tf lhva dass hjjass tf rasfurjas Zijluhg, Jligh =55
- Zthrb jfgtrhst? Uhbisthg ahrtlquhba =551

 HPHIDHMIDISY & ]AHCIGAZZ F@ ANA]KAGJY UA]ZFGGAD Ghrkis Jyjdfga, Murnh =55
- Jhrakivars tf jlidcrag, adcardy & cishmdac - Zaxuhd vifdagja - Lunhg trh``ijbigk `fr prfstitutifg fr sdhva-dhmfr ig parifc `fddfwigk lhzhrc avagt

A\IZSAGJA F@ AH]DY [H]GIGK ZYZSAN  Dfw cahtl ig QZH `rfn lurrijhgas phrtdy majhusa f` hg a``ajtiva ahrdy whrgigk systan

Ci

t

cL

c U

=9

]isb [acg [a cgas aschy chy,, @am @amruh ruhry ry 50 50,, =58: =58:

9?=3 9?= 3 HN HN

Axpfsura ]isb > Lhzhrc + Pudgarhmidity + Ufpudhtifg

Lhzhrc - Igtagsity - Urfmhmidity

]isb  Urfmhmidity f` sfjihd, ajfgfnij hgc ajfdfkijhd chnhkas

Pudgarhmidity - Zfjihd, ajfgfnij, ajfdfkijhd vhduas - Zusjaptimidity

Ufpudhtifg

]isb parjaptifg

Qgcar-astinhtifg f` tla inpfrthgja f` lhzhrcs

@hjtfrs tagcigk tf igjrahsa risb parjaptifg

@hjtfrs tagcigk tf racuja risb parjaptifg

- Innacihta inphjt Jyjdfga Ghrkis, Murnh =550 - Nhgy `hthditias par cishstar Lurrijhga Bhtrigh =551 - Cahtls krfupac ig sphja/tina Mluo ahrtlquhba, Igcih =55 - Urfjassas gft wadd ugcarstffc Qgjdahr hjjicagt ig Zaddh`iadc, QB  madia` ig hutlfrity - Dhjb f` madia` ig Yfugk pfpudhtifg - Nujl nacih httagtifg Jlargfmyd 89<02 Nfzhnmiqua `dffc =555

- Cadhyac inphjt Crfuklt ig Atlifpih =55: & =55< - @aw `hthditias par cishstar QB `dffc =55;  - Cahtls rhgcfn ig sphja/tina Ztfnhjl jhgjar  - Urfjassas wadd ugcarstffc @dffcigk

- [ly? ◂

Dhjb f` Dhjb f` gajasshry dfgk-tarn chth/tajlgfdfky/bgfwdacka chth/tajlgfdfky/bgfwdacka

◂

Axpagsiva jfst f` tfthd astinhtifg

◂

Fvar-avhduhtifg f` ajfgfnij & pfditijhd maga`it

- Inphjt? Cajisifg nhbars dhjb hwhragass / widdigkgass widdigkgass tf hjt ◂ ◂

◂

Niscirajtac nhghkanagt f` lhzhrc avagts Uffr kfv. pdhggigk

◂

[ahb risb nhghkanagt igstitutifgs igstitutifgs

◂

Madia` ig hutlfrity - Madia` ig Qgivarsity sjiagtist  - Dittda nacih httagtifg @hjtfry cisjlhrka ig whtar fr htnfsplara

◂

◂

@hjtfrs h``ajtigk tla parjaptifg f` risb (igcivicuhd davad)? - Axpariagja? Nfra axpariagja f` agvirfgnagthd lhzhrcs, krahtar hcoustnagt tf tla lhzhrc - Nhtarihd wadd-maigk? Slfsa wlf hra mattar f`` lhva nfra jlfija - Uarsfghdity? Is tla parsfg h dahcar fr h `fddfwar, h risb -thbar fr h risbniginizar6 raspfgsa, tlara hra oust : fptifgs? fptifgs? - Qdtinhtady, ig tarns f` raspfgsa, ◂ Cf gftligk & hjjapt tla lhzhrc ◂

Hcoust tf tla situhtifg f` divigk ig h lhzhrcfus agvirfgnagt

◂

Dahva tla hrah

Ci

t

cL

c U

:5

Ighcaquhta kfv. dakisdhtifg

◂ ◂

Ufpudhtifg igjhphmda f` hssassigk its vudgarhmidity & jfg`rfgtigk anarkagjias Uffr jfgstrujtifg quhdity

Ufpudhtifg & Urfcujtiva hjtivitias fvar-axpfsac tf lhzhrcs Ighcaquhta jhphjity tf nhghka risb `rfn risb `rfn lhzhrcs

Cishstars Nfgc Nf gchy hy,, @am @amru ruhr hry y 88, 88, =58 =58: :

85?5 85 ?5; ; UN UN

Lurrijhga Jyjdfga Ghrkis =55< (DACJ)

Lurrijhga Bhtrigh =551 (NACJ)

Dfjhti - @frnac? Mhy f` Magkhd fg - ]ahjl dhgc? Irrhwhccy Civisifg, Murnh Ziza

- @frnac? Mhlhnhs sah rakifg - ]ahjl dhgc? QZ Zfutl Ahst jfhsthd hrahs? Nississippi, Dfuisihgh, @dfrich

3 (Zh``ir-Zinpsfg Lurrijhga sjhda)

1 (Zh``ir-Zinpsfg Lurrijhga sjhda)

Inphjt  - Lunhg jfst? • Cahtl? 8:<555

- Lunhg jfst? • Cahtl? 8<:0

• Nissigk? 15555

• Nissigk? 8:1

- Ajfgfnij jfst? $85 mid

- Ajfgfnij jfst? $85< mid

• ;1% muidcigk jfddhpsa

• <5% Gaw Frdahgs ig `dffcigk

• Nhofrity f` pfp. fg `dffcac rija `iadcs dfst lhrvast

• = nid lfnas witlfut adajtrijity

⇝ Liklar lunhg jfst

⇝ Dfwar lunhg jfst

(caspita mikkar siza) Liklar ajfgfnij jfst jfst?? igsurhgja, lfusa, ig`rhstrujtura,

Dfwar ajfgfnij jfst? jfst? gf igsurhgja, pfvarty [hrgi - Igcih whrgac Murnh hmfut Jyjdfga Ghrkis 3< lfurs ig hcvhgja gk - Jdahrdy, Murnasa warag't whrgac my kfv.

=3 lfurs ig hcvhgja

Uraphr  - Dhjbs f` tajlgfdfky tf praphra `fr mik jyjdfga htifg - Uaf. gft whrgac ↝ Qghmda tf praphra

- Kud` Jfhst? • Nhgchtfry avhjuhtifgs? sfutlahst Dfuisihgh, jfhsthd Nississippi • ]hid trh``ij whs suspagcac

⇝

Gf praphrhtifg

- Gaw Frdahgs, 35 lfurs ma`fra lurrijhga? ]asfrt `fr jitizags wlf jfudcg't dahva jity - Lfwavar? 85% Gaw Frdahgs warag't avhjuhtac. • Nhgy cicg't lhva privhta nahgs f` avhjuhtifg • @uad hgc ragthd jhrs ig slfrt suppdy ⇝

Pudgar  - Ufditijhd systan? Jfrruptac kfv. ↝ Cfg't thba jhra f` paf. hmidity  - Ajfgfnij systan? Dhjb f` jfnnugijhtifg `hjiditias + tajlgfdfky - Uffr quhdity f` muidcigk & ig`rhstrujtura - Dhjb f` Dhjb f` ahrdy whrgigk systan

Pary jhra`ud praphrhtifg, praphrhtifg , mut stidd lhva sfna `dhws

- Digas f` jfnnugijhtifg (plfga, igtargat)? Jhg ma igtarruptac ig lurrijhgas

cagsity? Gaw Frdahgs (madfw (madfw sah davad)? davad)? ;19/bn= - Ufp. cagsity? - Mdhjb ? Qsuhddy pffr & gft lhva privhta nahgs f` avhjuhtifg

Acujhtifg? Gft lhva agfukl sbidd tf praphra `fr jyjdfga - Acujhtifg? - Zlfrthka f` trhigac anarkagjy parsfggad ]aspf - Igitihddy? ]a`usa hic (Murnasa nidithry kfv. `ahr f` `fraikgars jfnigk - 3 chy h`tar lurrijhga? Urasicagt Musl & casthmidizigk pfditijhd fpprassifg) gsa • Zikg $85.1 mid radia` phjbhka dhtar? Hddfw futsica hic, mut dinitac tf? `ffc, nacijiga & - 8 waab dhtar? • Frcar hjtiva cuty trffps tf ladp witl rasjua a``frts. mhsij suppdias, gf `fraikg hic wfrbar - Nhgy jfugtrias cfghtac anarkagjy suppdias, sagt nacijhd & cishstar - : waab dhtar? Hddfw `fraikg hic wfrbar rajfvary tahns - Luka jfgtrimutifg `rfn GKFs? GKFs? Hnarijhg ]ac Jrfss, Fx`hn, ... sdfw, jhusigk nhgy pravagthmda ⇝ ]aspfgsa whs vary pffr & sdfw, cahtls cua tf cisahsa hgc nhdgutritifg - Lfwavar? Ghtifghd Kuhrcs ugits wara slfrt sth``ac ↝ Dfjhd rajruitnagts ig jfnnugitias ↝ Nhgy vijtins strhgcac witlfut `ffc/whtar `fr :-3 chys

dhjb f` dhjb f` nhghkanagt & praphrhtifg `fr radia` a``frt ↝ Cadhy ig rasjua & radia` ig Gaw Frdahgs. ⇝ Jritijisn f` @acarhd kfv.’s

Ci

cL

c U

:8

Ahrtlquhba Lhiti ahrtlquhba =585 (DACJ)

Ohphgasa ahrtlquhba & tsughni =588 (NACJ)

Dfjhti Apijagtar =1bn wast f` Ufr Ufrt-hu-Urigja (Lhiti jhpithd) fg Ziza

- Nhkgituca? ;.5 rijlar - Captl? 8: bn

Apijagtar gahr ahst jfhst f` Lfgslu, Ohphg - Nhkgituca? 9.5 rijlar - Captl? :5 bn

Inphjt  - Lunhg jfst?

- Lunhg jfst?

• Cahtl? =:5555

• Cahtl?

81<<8 • Igourac? 083= jfst? $355 mid - Ajfgfnij jfst? • Jfddhpsa? 8=9555, =13555 (lhd` jfddhpsac) • 3.3 nid witlfut adajtrijity

• Igourac? :55555

mid (- 1.8% KCU) KCU) - Ajfgfnij jfst? $<.1 mid • Jfddhpsa? 8: Kfv. muidcigks, =15555

lfnas • Ig camt? Nfgay mfrrfwac tf ramuidc. ⇝ Liklar lunhg jfst

⇝ Dfwar

lunhg jfst (caspita mikkar siza) Liklar ajfgfnij jfst? igsurhgja, lfusa, ig`rhstrujtura, ...

Dfwar ajfgfnij jfst? jfst? gf igsurhgja, pfvarty, ... [hrgi Gf whrgigk gk

- Ahrdy whrgigk? •8

nig ma`fra ahrtlquhba `adt ig Sfbyf • Cadivarac tf kagarhd pumdij my GLB ig 1 d hgkuhkas - Ssughni whrgigk? Fgdy 1<% paf. ig jfhsthd hrah f` Niyhki & @ubuslinh laacac innacihtady h`tar ahrtlquhba & rahjl liklar krfugc. wicasprahc , mut stidd lhva sfna ⇝ Pary tinady & wicasprahc,

Uraphr  - Acujhtifg? Acujhtifg? Gft lhva sbidds tf rahjt tf ahrtlquhbas htifg - Muidcigk quhdity?

`dhws

• Nfst muidcigk gft casikgac tf rasist ahrtlquhba

- Acujhtifg? Acujhtifg? Uumdij & privhta frkhgizhtifgs, avag bigcar khrcags jfgcujtac anarkagjy cridds - Ahrdy whrgigk systan

• Muidcars cicg't

- Ssughni-prff` sahwhdds f` 8=n (mut gft `fr agtira jfhstdiga)

bgfw ahrtlquhba-prff` jfgstrujtifg natlfcs.

⇝ Gf praphrhtifg

⇝

Pudgar  - Ufditijhd systan? systan? Jfrruptifg, pfditijhd igsthmidity ↝ Cfg't thba jhra f` hmidity  paf. - Ajfgfnij systan? • Dhjb f` jfnnugijhtifg `hjiditias

+ tajlgfdfky

• $9.1 middifg camt

- Uffr quhdity muidcigk & ig`rhstrujtura + Qgjfgtrfddac rakudhtifgs Dhjb f` ahrdy whrgigk systan - Dhjb f`

Acujhtifg? Gft lhva agfukl sbidd tf praphra `fr jyjdfga - Acujhtifg? - Zlfrthka f` trhigac anarkagjy parsfggad

Pary jhra`ud praphrhtifg

- Muidcigk & Ig`rhstrujtura? • @ubuslinh Chiijli Gujdahr Ufwar Udhgt? Dfjhtac gahr jfhstdiga, lit my

tsughni ↝ ]hcihtifg radahsa • Zfid diqua`hjtifg? ]ajdhinac dhgc hrfugc Sfbyf 8530 lfnas chnhkac, :5 wara castrfyac. - Ufpudhtifg cagsity? cagsity? 835/bn= - Digas f` jfnnugijhtifg (plfga, igtargat)? Jhg ma igtarruptac ig lurrijhgas

]isb f` dhgcsdicas - Nhig jitias surrfugcac my mhra nfugthigs ↝ ]isb f` ]aspf - Innacihtady h`tar ahrtlquhba? gsa • Zurvivfrs axtrijhtac divigk & cahc `rfn rummda • Dhjb f` lfspithd ↝ Lhnpar trahtnagt f` igourias • Lhitihg kfv. raquastac ladp `rfn igtd.

- 8 lfur h`tar ahrtlquhba? Zad`-ca`agsa `frjas & rasjua wfrbars fg why tf wfrst h``ajtac hrahs - = chys dhtar? 15555 nfmidizac parsfggad shva 805555 paf.

jfnnugity

- =0 nid sigkda nahd pfrtifgs, pfrtifgs, < nid mfttdas f` crigbigk whtar, whtar, =:5555 mfxas f` mhsij nacijigas cadivarac - ]hpic lunhgithrihg raspfgsa `rfn igtd. jfnnugity ↝ Urfvica mhsij - Nhgy jfugtrias sagt sahrjl & rasjua tahns survivhd raquiranagts. - Ohphgasa ]ac Jrfss? $8 mid cfghtifg ⇝ Xuijb & a``ajtiva (innacihta jffrcightifg witl igtd. jfnnugity) jfnnugity)

Ci

cL

c U

:=

⇝ Xuijb & a``ajtiva

Crfuklt  =588 Ahst H`rijhg crfuklt

=55=-=55: Hustrhdihg crfuklt  

Dfjhtifg Zfnhdih, Coimfuti, Atlifpih, Bagyh Ziza

Hustrhdih

- ; nfgtls nfgtls (Nhy - Zap)

- 88 nfgtls nfgtls (Nhr (Nhr - Ohg)

- Urajipithtifg rhta curigk rhigy sahsfg 4 :5% hvk. 8991‚=585

- 95% jfgtigagt rajaivac rhig`hdd 4 dfgk-tarn nacihg

Inphjt  - Lunhg jfst?

- Lunhg jfst? < (ciac ig musl`iras) - Ajfgfnij jfst?

• Cahtl rhta? 5.0-=.
gutritifg & whtar - Ajfgfnij jfst?

•-

$1 mid. ig tfthd vhdua f` hkri. Urfcujtifg • Sfurisn hcvarsady h``ajtac

• [frst hgguhd jrfp prfcujtifg ig 8; • 35 ⇝ Luka

• Musl`iras? : nid lh murgt, 155 lfusas castrfyac.

yahrs

05% dfss f` divastfj divastfjbb

⇝ Pary snhdd lunhg jfst, luka ajfgfnij jfst

lunhg jfst, snhdd ajfgfnij jfst

[hrgig - QG shtaddita-mhsac whrgigk systan? systan? 8st hdart (Huk =585) ↝ =gc  k hdart (@am =588) - Lfwavar? • Nhy? Kfv. f` Ahst H`rijhg jfugtrias cajdhrac ghtifghd

Zujjass`uddy pracijtac savarhd nfgtls ma`fra ↝ Udhggigk hjtifgs ugcarthbag (`frast `uad racujtifg, whtar jfgsarvhtifg) ⇝ Niginiza fvarhdd a``ajts

anarkagjy • Qgtid Oudy? QG whrgigks thbag sarifusdy Uraphrh Gf praphrhtifg tifg

Kfv.? Crfuklt fjjurs ig Hustrhdih avary :-3 yahrs ↝ @hnidihr - Kfv.? • Ztfra whtar ig rasarvfirs, mut

gft agfukl `fr tlis savara crfuklt

• Hppdy whtar rastrijtifg

- Uafpda? • Likl hwhragass

f` hric jfgcitifg f` Hustrhdih? ◂ Qsa sprigbdat whtarigk systan ◂

Dinit whtar `fr jhrwhsl, wigcfw-jdahgigk wigcfw-jdahgigk `fr musl`ira

• Gft praphra wadd

Pudgarh - Ufditijhd igsthmidity? Hd-Zlhmhhm (nidithgt krfup) jfgtrfddac hdnfst - Cust stfrns? Mik cust stfrns hmda tf rahjl Zycgay, Nadmfurga ↝ midity  sfutlarg phrt f` Zfnhdi ↝ Uravagt hic cadivarigk prfjass Zavarady h``ajt lahdtl, trh``ij - Dhjb f` Dhjb f` ahrdy whrgigk systan - @hrnars? Dfss f` jrfps & divastfjb ↝ ↚ Igjfna - Ufvarty & Acujhtifg? • Qsa lhgcs tf cik wadds prfpardy ↝ Lit rfjb sffg • Zavara tlirst + Dhjb bgfwdacka f` wlht tf/gft tf crigb ↝

Crigb wlhtavar tlay lhva ↝ [htar-ig`ajtifus cisahsa - Jlidcrag & Urakghgt wfnag? wfnag? Zu``arac `rfn sthrvhtifg, nhdgutritifg ]aspfgs - Igtd. jfnnugitias raspfgcac tff dhta? a • 8: Oud, QG Likl Jfnnissifgar `fr ]a`ukaas? ]a`ukaas? Hirdi`t f` hic

suppdias tf Bagyh • =; Oud, QG [frdc @ffc Urfkrhn? Hirdi`t f` `ffc tf Zfnhdih. Zfnhdih. • Lunhgithrihg hkagjias raquastac $=.3< mid tf hccrass jrisis, mut hs 8 Huk, fgdy 4 lhd` f` lhd` f` tlht hnfugt sajurac

kfv. ↝ Zuppfrt `hrnars su``arac - $85 mid radia` phjbhka `rfn Hustrhdihg kfv. `rfn crfuklt - 8=<555 lh f` cakrhcac ranghgts? • ]alhmidithtac my `agjigk, waac jfgtrfd • Krfw stfjb `fccar `rfn ⇝ Gf igtarghtifghd ladp,

Ci

cL

c U

::

ghtiva spajias (krfw wadd ig cry jfgcitifg)

mut quita a``ajtiva

Hcoustnagts & ]aspfgsas tf Lhzhrcs & Cishstars Slur Sl ursc schy hy,, @am @amru ruhr hry y =<, =<, =5 =58: 8:

Jdhss f` hcoustnagts

9?=9 9? =9 HN

Ahrtlquhbas

 Hcoust tla Gf bgfwg why f` hdtarigk tla ahrtlquhba jhusa f` najlhgisn, najlhgisn, ugdass tla ahrtlquhba is jhusac my axtrana lunhg? lunhg? ghturhd avagt  - Muidcigk chns (Slraa Kfrkafus Chn, Jligh)

Lurrijhgas

Crfuklts

Gf bgfwg why f` pravagtigk lurrijhgas

Zlfftigk rfjbats rfjbats jfgthigigk sidvar ifciga igtf tla hir ↝ - Zlfftigk Sryigk tf jhusa nfra rhig. Maioigk [ahtlar Nfci`ijhtifg Jfnnhgc, Jligh? =555 sidvar ifciga rfjbat igtf tla hir ↝ Sry Sry tfjhusa tfjhusa rhigig rhigig  ) 85555 85555 lh (  3 3  .3 nid paf. ) - Lfwavar, hrti`ijihd rhig jhg jfgthig sfna tfxij jlanijhd

- Criddigk `fr fid Nfci`y tla - Zthmda sita sadajtifg axtrana - Zfid & sdfpa sthmidizhtifg ghturhd avagt  - Zah whva mhrriar

- [ica madts f` traas `hjigk tla mahjl ( - Kagatijhddy nfci`iac jrfp [igc spaacs) [laht jrfp, Bhgshs, QZ Jhsuhrigh, jfjfgut traa `frast, Piatghn - Irrikhtifg systan2 chn & stfrhka rasarvfir mhjb `rfn tla jfhst - Muidc mhjb `rfn Nabfgk Cadth ]ivar, Piatghn? Irrikhtifg systan2 D hbas davaas? Uravagt stfrn surkas ig jrahtac lycrfadajtrij chns hra hdsf usac tf stfra - Zah whdds & davaas? dfw-dyigk hrah whtar `fr crfuklt  - Cashdigizhtifg pdhgt? Cashdigiza sah whtar (luka sfurja f` whtar) Uartl, Hcadhica, Hustrhdih

- Acujhtifg? Nfci`y tla vudgarhmidity • Uarsfghd praphracgass? `ira axtigkuislar, axtigkuislar, f` tla whtar, anarkagjy pdhg (wlara tf naat `hnidy ig  pfpudhtifg ahrtlquhba)

- Uarsfghd praphracgass? whtar, `ffc, inpfrthgt cfjunagts, jdftlas, … - Zikgs fg rfhc ↝ Igstrujt paf. wlara/lfw tf avhjuhta - Avhjuhtifg pdhg? Lurrijhga Bhtrigh, QZ =551? Gaw Frdahgs Avhjuhtifg Udhg

* MAZS? Di`t paf. fut f` pfvarty

Zfutl Jhdi`frgih, QZ (Zhg Hgcrahs @hudt)? Uraphra pfpudhtifg tlrfukl Zlhba Fut  prfkrhn. • Sahjl icagti`ijhtifg sikgs f` lhzhrc? lhzhrc? Ssughni, Igcfgasih =553? Uaf. cicg't rug wlag tlay saa tsughni - [hrgigk systan? Nust kf tf pumdij `hst & ig tina  Ohphg? SP, ZNZ, straat straat hdhrn - Muidcigk casikg? Zlfjb hmsfrmar, raig`frja staad, mrhja tf suppfrt likl-risa muidcigk, jfugtarwaiklts Zby @raa Sfwar, Sfbyf - Dhgc-usa jfgtrfd? • Dahst jritijhd `hjiditias hra pdhjac ig nfst vudgarhmda hrah. hrah. Muidcigks sujl hs sjlffds, lfspithds slfudc ma put ig hrahs f` dfw risb • Zu``ijiagt fpag sphja ↝ Zh`a hrah hwhy `rfn `ira hgc h`tarslfjb chnhka tf muidcigk • Ag`frja muidcigk jfcas `fr vudgarhmda hrahs. ◂ ◂

 Hcoustnagts tf nhghka dfssas

- @frajhst + [hrgigk systan? Zhtaddita

- Ztfra `ffc - Zaab wfrb adsawlara wlida crfuklt @hrnars ig Gfrtlarg Gikarih tajlgiquas ? Jfgsarva nfistura ↝ Aghmda - Cry `hrnigk tajlgiquas? `hrnars tf surviva crfuklt parifc  Hustrhdih, QZ - Hutfnhtij whtarigk systan? • Zprigbdar systan tinar • Crip irrikhtifg

Pijtfrih, Hustrhdih - [htar rajyjdigk pdhgt

]ajdhinac dhgc (Xuaag Ztraat, Hujbdhgc, …) dhgc (Jlristjlurjl, …) Diqua`hjtifg- prfga dhgc

Igsurhgja? Lfusa + Urfpartias ig tla lfusa - Igsurhgja? Jrfp - Igsurhgja? Lfusa + Urfpartias ig tla lfusa - Igsurhgja? Bfma, Ohphg? ;% paf. jfvarac my ahrtlquhba - Hic radia`? Urfvisifg f` nacijhd sarvijas, igsurhgja (axpagsiva) tagts, whtar puri`ijhtifg aquipnagt, sahrjl & - Zat up rasahrjl jagtar hmfut ahrtlquhba, tsughni rasjua aquipnagt Sfbyf, Ohphg sarvijas, tagts, whtar - Hic radia` ? Urfvisifg f` nacijhd sarvijas, puri`ijhtifg aquipnagt, sahrjl hgc rasjua aquipnagt

Ci

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Zlfrt-tarn, Nic-tarn & Dfgk-tarn raspfgsa

- Zlfrt-tarn raspfgsa ]AZJQA? ]AZJQA? Zhvigk paf. sf tlay jhg surviva caspita lhvigk fgdy niginun di`a gajassitias - Nic-tarn raspfgsa? ]ALHMIDISHSIFG? ]astfrigk `ugjtifg f` pumdij sarvijas (8 - = yahrs) yahrs) Nhba vijtins' lfnas sh`a & ma hmda tf diva ig tlan hkhig Zfnatinas tlis is inpfssimda, fr nhy thba h dfgk tina ma`fra paf. hra hmda tf nfva mhjb  - Dfgk-tarn raspfgsa? ◂ ]AJFGZS]QJSIFG? ]amuidcigk pumdij & ajfgfnij systan, ig`rhstrujtura & kfvarghgja `ugjtifg `ugjtifg (= - 1 yahrs) 



◂

HCOQZSNAGS? Kf mhjb tf tla frikighd risb hssassnagt & ra-hssass

Jhsa stucy? Lhiti ahrtlquhba, =585

- Jlhddagka tf igtd. jfnnugity? @hidac fvar cajhcas tf di`t Lhiti fut f` pfvarty, jfrruptifg & vifdagja - Uhst 85 yahrs? $3 middifg tf ramuidc jfnnugitias & ig`rhstrujtura ↝ Nisnhghkanagt ↝ $9.1 mid camt ]asjua (8 - 85 waabs)

]alhmidithtifg (8 - 1= waabs)

]ajfgstrujtifg (8 - 35 yahrs)

- ]iklt h`tar ahrtlquhba, Lhiti jfnnugity? ◂ Zurvivfrs axtrijhta divigk & cahc `rfn rummda

- 80 Ohg (3 chys dhtar), Isrhad Ca`agsa @frja' s Lfna @rfgt? @rfgt? @iadc lfspithd `fr jlidcrag, adcardy hgc wfnag

- QB? $:: nid hic - @rhgja? ◂ Jhgjad $10 nid AQ] camt

◂

Dhjb f` lfspithd & radavhgt trahtnagt

◂

Uidac up khrmhka & murg ↝ Jdahg up straat

- =3 lfurs? Ijadhgc's rasjua tahn - Cfnigijhg ]apumdij (gaiklmfr)? ◂ @irst jfugtry tf kiva hic (whtar, `ffc, lahvydi`tigk nhjligary) ◂ Hddfw Lhitihgs tf jrfss mfrcar tanpfrhridy (sladtar, trahtnagt) - 81 Ohg (: chys dhtar), Z upar-jhrriar QZZ Jhrd Pigsfg? 055555 anarkagjy `ffc rhtifgs, 8:5555 d crigbigk whtar

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- QZJK Fhb & QZGZ Krhsp? ◂ 8< Ohg? [frb ↝ ]afpag Ufrt-hu-Urigja sahpfrt ↝ Hmda tf f``dfhc lunhgithrihg hic ht sahpfrt ◂ ]fhcs raphirac ↝ Srhgspfrt tf jity ahsiar

◂

Hic? Anarkagjy, rajfgstrujtifg

$:5 nid AQ] suppfrt `fr Lhiti Kfv.'s muckat - [frdc Mhgb? [hiva Lhiti's camt raphynagts `fr 1 yahrs. ◂

- QGIJA@? :555 sjlffd tagts hvhidhmda ↝ Igtarin jdhssrffns - Jfg`aragja f` 8=5 jfugtrias, igtd. frkhgizhtifgs ht QG? QG? $9.9 mid cfghtifg tf ramuidc ig`rhstrujtura - Fx`hn? ◂ Jhsl-`fr-wfrb sjlana `fr Lhitihgs? Muidc dhtrigas, - Jhghch? Muidc gaw lahcquhrtars `fr Lhiti's kfv. jdahr rummda? • Ladp Lhitihgs ahrg igjfnas • Inprfva agvirfgnagt ◂

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Cistrimuta pdhstij slaats ↝ Naat anarkagjy gaacs `fr sladtar.

:1

Fvarviaw f` Daisura, Zpfrt & Sfurisn Zugc Zu gchy hy,, Gfv Gfvan anma marr 85, 85, =5 =58: 8:

85?3 85 ?31 1 UN UN

Sarn

Ca`igitifg

Daisura

Hgy `raady jlfsag hjtivity/axpariagja tlht thbas pdhja ig gfg-wfrb tina

]ajrahtifg

H daisura-tina hjtivity ugcarthbag vfdugthridy hgc `fr agofynagt , igjducigk? - Igcivicuhd pursuits - Frkhgizac futigks & avagts - Gfg-phic (gfg-prf`assifghd) spfrts

Zpfrt

H plysijhd hjtivity igvfdvigk h sat f` rudas/justfns, nhy ma jfnpatitiva

Sfurisn

Srhvad hwhy `rfn lfna `fr ≡8 giklt `fr tla purpfsa f` daisura

[ADD-MAIGKZ  SFQ]IZS @HJIDISIAZ 

- Igjfna ↘ (urmhg niccda jdhss, wfrbigk jdhss) ↝ Srhvadigk nfra h``frchmda - Uhic lfdichy tina ↘ ↝ Zu``ijiagt tina tf pdhg trips & trhvad (gf `ighgjihd prassura) - Srhvaddigk igsurhgja ↝ Zh`ar tf trhvad

@hjiditias (lftads, nftads, rasthurhgts, tfur hkagjias ↝ ↘ Jhrryigk jhphjity - Phrifus jfst davad -

↘

JFG@DIJS/UFDISIJHD QG]AZS ↚

AGS]Y 

- Nfra fpag agtry

K]F[SL F@ SFQ]IZN 

Dakhd prfjacuras (vish, phsspfrt) - ↘ Zuppfrt `fr tfurists (midigkuhd straat sikgs, anmhssias) -

↚

IGSA]GAS 

SAJLGFDFKY 

DHGKQHKA 

- Ig`frnhtifg hmfut dfjhtifgs nfra hjjassimda - Ahsy mffbigk (lftad, trhgspfrthtifg)

S]HGZUF]SHSIFG 

- Nfra paf. bgfw

≡

= dhgkuhkas

JQ]]AGJY 

- Sfur kuicas - [icar usa f` jfnnfg dhgkuhkas (Agkdisl, Nhgchrig)

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- Jracit jhrc -

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↘

Nfgay axjlhgka hkagts

- @hstar, sh`ar ↘ Jhrryigk jhphjity (mik hirpdhgas, jruisa slips) - ↘ Ig`rhstrujtura (liklwhy systans)

-

Ghtifghd Sfurisn Igcustry & Cavadfpnagt Ztrhtaky Zugc Zu gchy hy,, Fjt Fjtfm fmar ar =; =;,, =58 =58: :

3?55 3? 55 UN

]ahsfg `fr krfwtl

Sfurisn ig Piatghn

- Inprfvac trhgspfrthtifg - Pishs hra ahsy tf fmthig - Zh`aty Slrahcs f` mfnms & bicghppigk ig gaiklmfrigk jfugtrias? Ulidippigas, Ulidippigas, Igcfgasih - Dfw axjlhgka rhta

- Zikgi`ijhgt jfnpfgagt? jfnpfgagt? 1% KCU 8991? Nhssiva ↘ ig igtarghtifghd - Zigja 8991? tfurists, tfurists, pahbigk 0.< niddifg (=58=)

sita? - Nhgy QGAZJF [frdc Larithka sita? Lfi Hg? Mahuti`ud tfwg witl nixtura f` Cutjl, @ragjl, Ohphgasa, Piatghnasa & ◂ Jligasa judtura Lhdfgk Mhy? Slfushgcs f` dinastfga bhrsts situhtac f`` tla jfhst  jhnphikgs ? MMJ, JGG - Igtarghtifghd hcvartisigk jhnphikgs? - Digbs witl igtarghtifghd igtarghtifghd trhvad hkagts? hkagts? 8555 trhvad hkagts, 15 jfugtrias ◂

Nudtipdiar a``ajt  ↘ Anpdfynagt (jfgstrujtifg, fparhtifg)

↘ Musigass hjtivitias (slfpigk, rasthurhgt)

[frb `fr dfjhd sarvijas (`ffc, jdftligk, trhgspfrthtifg)

Gaw tfurist `hjidity

↘

↘

Sfurisn

Ufsitiva inphjt

Gakhtiva inphjt  

Ajfgfnij  - Anpdfynagt

=15555 cirajtdy, 155555 igcirajtdy  - ↘ @CI? =585? 0=1 tfurist-radhtac igvastnagt prfoajts, $8=.=0 mid - Srhgspfrthtifg inprfvanagt? • Hirpfrt? Gfi Mhi, Shg Zfg Glht ◂ Gaw Gfi Mhi's phssagkar tarnighd S= (jhphjity 85 nid  phssagkars/yahr)  phssagkars/yahr) `diklts? Ch Ch Ghgk - Zafud, Ch Ghgk - Zigkhpfra ◂ Gaw `diklts? • ]fhcs Liklwhy 8H (prigjipda liklwhy)? upkrhcac & wicagac  ⇝ Urfnfta ajfgfnij cavadfpnagt Zfjihd

↘ Zpagcigk (`ffc, jdftligk, trhgspfrthtifg)

- Ajfgfnij dahbhka ↝ Nhgy prf`its hra gft raigvastac ig Piatghn Nhgy nhghkarihd rfdas ig lftads (Zlarhtfg, Lyhtt lftad) hra ladc my `fraikgars - Luka prassura fg dfjhd ig`rhstrujtura ↝ Jfgkastifg, fvardfhcigk ig tfurist `hjiditias (lftads, rasthurhgts) ↝  ↚ Zarvija quhdity (likl prija, dfw-quhdity `ffc) - Zahsfghd anpdfynagt

Juh Df mahjl, Gkla Gkla Hg? Uahb ig Oug - Zap

- Nigfrity judturas (`ffc, jdftlas, dhgkuhkas) hra prfnftac & - Dhgc privhtizhtifg (mahjlas, `frasts madfgkigk tf tfurist `hjidity) jfgsarvac ↝  ↚ Dfjhd rasicagt's hjjass ↝  ↘ Atlgij nigfritias' igjfna ↝  ↘ Di`a quhdity ↝ Uravagt tlair nahgs f` divadilffc, agtarthignagt Jlhn, N'Gfgk Ulu Xufj Isdhgc? Duxury r asfrts fjjupy mahuti`ud mahjlas - ↘ Jfgsarvhtifg f` listfrij & judturhd dfjhtifgs - ↘ Jrinas? Lua Jithcad, Ny Zfg Zhgjtuhry  • Nukkigk, pijbpfjbatigk (cua tf ajfgfnij pfdhrizhtifg matwaag - ↘ Dhgkuhka sbidds wahdtly tfurists & pffr dfjhds)

Lf Jli Nigl Jity, =58: =58: - =583? Gf. f` `fraikg tfurists tfurists rfmmac x= • Igtarghtifghd jrinighd frkhgizhtifgs - [astargizhtifg? ↘ Sfurists ↝  ↚ Dfjhd judtura Agvirfgn agthd

↘

Agvirfgnagthd prftajtifg

[itl tfurist igtarast, gaw ghtifghd phrbs hra maigk jrahtac (Jht Siag Ghtifghd Uhrb)

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- ↘ Hir pfddutifg (cua tf ↘ tfurists trhvaddigk my hir) - [htar pfddutifg Lh Dfgk Mhy? Fid dahb `rfn dhrka gf. f` slips, pdhstij mfttdas fg whtar sur`hja

Zpfrt? Igtarghtifghd Uhrtijiphtifg & Zujjass Zugc Zu gchy hy,, Fj Fjtf tfma marr =; =;,, =5 =58: 8:

:?:; :? :; UN

@hjtfr

@fftmhdd

Kfd`

Zfjihd

- Zfjihd nacih? • Axjitigk `fftmhdd nhtjlas, nhtjlas, hcvartisanagts witl `fftmhdd pdhyars hra vary pfpudhr fg SPs. SPs. • Chidy `fftmhdd gaws.

- Zfjihd nacih? • Kfd` pdhyars usuhddy hssfjihta witl hcvartisanagts f` duxury prfcujts. prfcujts. • Kfd` nhtjlas hra sidagt, dass pfpudhr fg SPs. SPs.

- Zfjihd nfvanagts? • @fftmhdd jlhnpifgslips vhry ig?

- Zfjihd nfvanagts? • Kfd` jlhnpifgslip Kfd` jlhnpifgslips? s? Likl phrtijiph phrtijiphtifg tifg `aa, gft vhry ig sjhdas • Kfd` jdum? Kfd` jdum? Axpagsiva trhigigk, gft wadd spfgsfrac `fr hnhtaurs

Zjhdas? Igtar-sjlffds, igtar-musigass, ghtifghd, igtarghtifghd ◂ Davad f` prf`assifghd ◂

 

• @fftmhdd jdums?

Httrhjt thdagts, prfvica trhigigk, wadd spfgsfrac - ]fda nfcads? • Dfgk listfry f` cavadfpnagt • Igspirhtifg `rfn `hnfus kfd` pdhyars. pdhyars . • Dass igtagsa a``ajt majhusa kfd` is pdhyac - ]fda nfcads? igcivicuhddy • Igspirhtifg `rfn `hnfus `fftmhdd pdhyars, tahn • Igtagsa a``ajt

Judturhd

majhusa `fftmhdd is pdhyac ig krfup

- Kagcar igaquhdity? • Nag hra agjfurhkac tf pdhy `fftmhdd nfra tlhg wfnag • @fftmhdd jdums, `fftmhdd jlhnpifgslips `fr nag nfra wadd

spfgsfrac - ]adikifg? Pary dfw phrtijiphtifg f` Nusdin wfnag ig `fftmhdd Ajfgfnij  - Uhrtijiphtifg jfst & tina? @fftmhdd aquipnagt vhry ig prijas 

◂

Jlahp (hnhtaur)

Axpagsiva (prf`assifghd) Uaf. jhg pdhy witl `riagcs fr hdfga ig radhtivady slfrt `raa tina. tina. ◂



- Ig`rhstrujtura? Udhyigk krfugc? Oust hg anpty sphja Ztraats, krhss, mahjl, … 



Ufditijhd

Nhgy sjlffds, rasicagtihd hrahs lhva `fftmhdd `iadcs

- Cipdfnhjy? • Jfugtrias usa `fftmhdd (`riagcdy nhtjl, axjlhgka trhigigk prfkrhns) tf rastfra radhtifgslip Surbay-Hrnagihg • Urfnfta igtarghtifghd `riagcslips [frdc Jup

jfugtrias igvast strfgkdy tf ghtifghd `fftmhdd - Ghtifghd prica? Zfna jfugtrias tahns, tahns, lfpigk tlht tlair sujjass widd prfnfta ghtifghdisn.

- Uhrtijiphtifg jfst & tina? • Likl kfd` jdum nanmarslip `aa (≡ $8555 yahrdy) • Kfd` aquipnagt hra vary axpagsiva • Nfra daisura tina

tf pdhy (≡ 1 lfurs)

Ig`rhstrujtura? Kfd` jfursa? - Ig`rhstrujtura? • Pary dhrka hrah f` krhssdhgc (lh) • @hr hwhy

`rfn rasicagtihd hrahs

Igtarghtifghd Zpfrt Avagts Zugc Zu gchy hy,, Fjt Fjtfm fmar ar =; =;,, =58 =58: :

3?5: 3? 5: UN

Dhgc hvhidhmidity? Gaw vaguas slfudc ma muidt ig dhrka hrah f` hvhidhmda dhgc ⇝ ↚ Zur`hja-jdahrigk jfsts & Hvfic fvarjrfwcigk Gawlhn (lfna tf Fdynpij Piddhka)? Dhrka hrah f` whsta & sphrsady pfpudhtac dhgc.

Jlfijas f` vaguas

Jfggajtivity? Paguas' dfjhtifgs slfudc ma ahsy hgc tina-shvigk tf jfna Ztrht`frc, Dfgcfg (Dfjhtifg `fr =58= Fdynpijs)? Srhgspfrthtifg? mus, ugcarkrfugc & sur`hja rhid. ◂ ◂

Urfpartias f` spfrt f` spfrtss vaguas sarva? Paguas' dfjhtifgs nust ma radavhgt tf tla spfrts tlay lhgcda. lhgcda. Nfugthig mibas wara ladc ig Assax (gfrtl f` Dfgcfg) majhusa Dfgcfg cfasg't lhva suithmda tarrhig

Gahr nhig rfhc systan jfggajtigk hirpfrts, lhrmfrs & ftlar phrts f` QB 

=58= Fdynpijs Dfgcfg

Zusthighmda Khnas? - Nhbigk nfst usa f` pumdij trhgspfrt - Igjduca h``frchmda lfusigk - Lhvigk paf. lhva kffc quhdity f` di`a usigk `ahturas sujl hs phrbs Zlfrt-tarn maga`its

Zlfrt-tarn jfsts

Ajfgf - Urf`it kagarhtac tlrfukl? - Astinhtac jfst? £9.; mid? nij  • Lftads & rasthurhgts' hjtivitias • Jdahr dhgc, ig`rhstrujturas ig`rhstrujturas • Zarvijas? ]ajyjdigk

• Zajurity

- Jfsts f` tla khna jfvarac my? • Zpfgsfrslip, hcvartisanagts • Zhdas

⇝ ↚ Zpagcigk fg ftlar hrahs (sfjihd lahdtl, acujhtifg, …)

Dfgk-tarn maga`its

Dfgk-tarn jfsts

- Ig`rhstrujtura inprfvanagts (aspajihddy pumdij trhgspfrt) ⇝ Maga`it Dfgcfgars

jfnpagshtac my ↘ thx - Jfsts jfnpagshtac midd (i` Urf`it 4 Jfst) Jfst) 89;0 Fdynpijs Nfgtrahd? $8.1 middifg camt  - Gaw spfrt vaguas jfudc ma hmhgcfgac h`tarwhrcs

• Gaw

likl-spaac rhidwhy systan Ohvadig • Jhmda jhr hjrfss Slhnas ]ivar 

f` SP, rhcif riklts, tijbats - ↘ Hjjfnnfchtifg, rasthurhgt prija ⇝ Cisjfurhka tfurists tf kf tf Dfgcfg 15555 spajudhtfrs chidy ht avagts phic =5% jfst  - Nfst tfurists ig Ahst Dfgcfg ⇝ ↚ spagcigk ig ftlar rakifgs f` Dfgcfg - Sanpfrhry anpdfyaas? pftagtihddy uganpdfyac h`tar Fdynpijs

Zfjihd - Ofms jrahtac? • ;555 tanpfrhry

ig jfgstrujtifg • 8=555 parnhgagt ig Fdynpij phrb

- ]ahddfjhtifg f` hrahs sarvigk Fdynpijs? :<5 jfnphgias, sfna sujjass`ud cicg't whgt tf nfva

Uhrb fpag tf pumdij h`tar Fdynpijs - Fdynpij Uhrb fpag - Dakhjy f` lfusigk & spfrts `hjiditias `fr Ahst Dfgcfg

- ↘ Srh``ij ⇝ Lhrcar tf nfva hrfugc 155555 paf. jhna tf Fdynpij phrb chidy 

Fdynpij viddhka's hjjfnnfchtifg jfgvartac tf h``frchmda hjjfnnfchtifg

- Gaw lfusigk gahr Fdynpij Uhrb mut axpagsiva Agvirf - ↚ ]fhc trh``ij, hir pfddutifg? gnagt  • Fdynpij Uhrb? Gf jhrb phrb  ⇝ hd Agjfurhka whdbigk, jyjdigk,

pumdij trhgspfrt • Jfnpatitfrs whdbac `rfn Htldatas' Piddhka tf vaguas

- ↘ @diklts hrrivigk QB ⇝ ↘ Hir pfddutifg - Zpajthtfrs & htldatas ⇝ ↘ [hsta, dittar

jdahgac ? - Ahst Dfgcfg's agvirfgnagt jdahgac? Ma`fra? ◂ Cunpigk krfugcs ◂

◂

- Ajf-`riagcdy natlfcs f` jfgstrujtifg?

◂

• 9;% canfditifg nhtarihd

rausac

355555 gaw pdhgts ig Fdynpij Uhrbs Hrti`ijihd lhmithts muidt igtf whdds, rff` f` vaguas ⇝ Agjfurhka hginhds mhjb 

- Ajf-`riagcdy muidcigks?

• Ajf-`riagcdy nhtarihds (dfw-

Padfcrfna? Padfcrfna? ghturhddy vagtidhtac2 rhigwhtar `rfn rff` `fr `dusligk tfidats ◂ Gaw Agarky Jagtar? Jagtar? A``ijiagt dfw-jhrmfg pfwar & laht ◂

jhrmfg jfgjrata) ⇝ ↚ ]fhc trhgspfrt, jhrmfg anissifg

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Jfgthnightac dhgc & rivars

H`tar? ◂ Zfid jdahgac, Krfugcwhtar trahtac

Z

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- ]asagtnagt f` rahddfjhtac rasicagts? rasicagts? • Ci``ijudt

tf hchpt tf gaw dfjhtifg (liklar divigk jfsts, dass hjjassimda tf suparnhrbats) • Gft hdd kivag gaw sattdas witl mattar quhdity hs prfnisac sur`hjas ? H``ajt - Inparnahmda sur`hjas? tla lycrfdfkijhd jyjda

Daisura ht Ghtifghd/]akifghd sjhda? Zpfrt 51 gk i t =58:


]adhtifgslip? Sahn Sahn dfjhtifg - Zuppfrtar's rasicagja rasicagja ]ukmy, Gaw _ahdhgc 

Zplara f` ig`duagja? Sla hrah tlht paf. trhvad `rfn tf usa h sarvija. sarvija. Ig tlis jhsa, jhsa, tlis is tla hrah tlht paf. trhvad `rfn tf suppfrt h rukmy tahn.

- Zjlffd tahns - @fraikg pdhyars ig tahn ↝ @fraikg suppfrtars

- Zagifr/Ougifr/[fnag Jdums - ]akifghd tahns? ISN Jup (Uraniar cfnastij jfnpatitifg) =; tahns, tahns, ahjl raprasagtigk h prfvigjihd ugifg Jhgtarmury, Hujbdhgc, [addigktfg, Fthkf - Igtarghtifghd tahns? Zupar ]ukmy? 81 tahns `rfn Hustrhdih, Gaw _ahdhgc, Zfutl H`rijh ◂ Ahjl tahn raprasagt h krfup f` rakifgs ig h jfugtry ◂ Mdua, G_? Hujbdhgc, Gfrtl Lhrmfur, Gfrtldhgc  Nadmfurga ]amads, HQZ? Pijtfrih

- Sahn nanmars jfna `rfn dfjhd rasicagtihd hrahs ↝ Dfjhd suppfrtars

jitizag, sfnatinas - Ghtifghd tahn ↝ Zuppfrt `rfn jfugtry's jitizag, rakhrcdass f` wlara f` wlara tlay diva (cfnastij/fvarsah) - Zbidd`ud tahn ↝ Httrhjt suppfrtars

- Ghtifghd tahn? Hdd Mdhjbs, nag's ghtifghd ugifg tahn ◂ ]aprasagt Gaw _ahdhgc ig igtarghtifghd jfnpatitifg ◂

Sahn

Zplara f` ig`duagja - Nfra suppfrtars igsica - Dass suppfrtars futsica

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Sfurisn nhghkanagt ig ]urhd hrahs Nfgc Nf gchy hy,, Oh Ohgu guhr hry y 50 50,, =58 =583 3

85?1 85 ?15 5 UN UN

Jhrryigk jhphjity (JJ)

H tlraslfdc , mayfgc wlijl tfurists jhusa chnhka/strhig tf agvirfgnagt & tf quhdity f` tlair fwg axpariagja -

Ajfgfnijhd JJ (Lfw capagcagt ajfgfny upfg tfurisn) Usyjlfdfkijhd JJ (Lfw shtis`iac tfurists axprass) Agvirfgnagthd JJ Zfjihd JJ (]ahjtifg f` dfjhd jfnnugity tf tfurisn)

Sfurisn nhghkanagt ig rurhd hrahs

(Atfslh Ghtifghd Uhrb, Ghnimih) - 355bn gfrtl f` Ghnimih's jhpithd widcdi`a? 883 nhnnhd spajias, :35 mirc - Hmugchgt widcdi`a? spajias ⇝ $815 nid/yahr

Niginiza jfg`dijts matwaag dfjhds & tfurists

Nhghka jhphjity 

- @agjas hrfugc? ◂ Hvfic tfurists' inphjts fg gaiklmfrs' avarychy di`a ◂ Uravagt widc hginhds `rfn castrfyigk gaiklmfrs' jrfps & divastfjb 

- Agtry `aa? $:/parsfg, $3/valijda jhnpsitas? - : jhnpsitas? ◂ ;5bn matwaag ahjl sita ↝ Cisparsa tfurist jfgjagtrhtifg ◂ @agjas hrfugc ↝ Baap fut chgkarfus hginhds ◂ @dffcdit whtar lfda ↝ Gfjturghd widcdi`a viawigk

- Urfmdan? Dhrka krhzigk hginhds (adaplhgts) jhg't nikrhta `raady Jlhgka `aacigk phttargs ◂ ◂

⇝ Uravagtigk dhrka gunmar f` tfurist

Dinit whtar hvhidhmda `fr hginhds

 Hvfic agvirfgnagthd chnhka

- Hvfic tfurists' pfssimda gakhtiva inphjts sjhttarigk fvar dhrka hrahs? ◂ Zthyigk futsica futsica jhnpsitas `frmiccag ◂

- Urftajt widcdi`a? ◂ Crivigk spaac dinitac 15bn/l, strijtdy ag`frjac my spaac nahsurigk aquipnagt ◂ [ahpfgs (`irahrns, hir kugs) prflimitac ◂

- Zfdutifg? Hrti`ijihd whtarigk pfigts ↝ Uravagt dhrka jfgjagtrhtifg f` hginhds (↝ Fvarkrhzigk) ↝ Nhigthig widcdi`a gunmars

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Hjjass tf wastarg wastarg phrt rastrijtac rastrijtac tf rakistarac Ghnimih tfur fparhtfrs

Nhbigk gfisa ht hgy whtar lfda matwaag 9?:5pn & 0?55hn `frmiccag

Daisura Liarhrjly & Igtrh-urmhg sphtihd phttargs Zugc Zu gchy hy,, Gfv Gfvan anma marr 85, 85, =5 =58: 8:


Slraslfdc pfp.? Sla niginun pfp. raquirac `fr h sarvija tf ma prfvicac

Hujbdhgc (pfp? 8.: nid) nid) - Acag Uhrb Zthciun (15555) - Nt Znhrt Zthciun (:5555)

Sla mikkar tla jity? - Sla wicar rhgka f` spfrts & rajrahtifg hvhidhmda - Sla mikkar spfrt `hjiditias hvhidhmda

- HZM Saggis Jagtar (3<555) - [ast [hva Zwinnigk Fdynpij Uffd - Hdaxhgcrh Uhrb ]hjawhy

Ztrht`frc (pfp? <<<5) <<<5) : jfnnugity lhdd, 8 slfw krfugc (8555) Gaw Udynfutl (pfp? 05555) 05555) - Yhrrfw Zthciun (:5555) [addigktfg (pfp? 055555) 055555) - [astphj Zthciun (:3155) - SZM Zthciun (81555)

- Gatmhdd jfurts (pumdij swinnigk pffd)

 HQJBDHGC

Jhtjlnagt sarvac

Zarvigk tfwg & surrfugcigk rurhd pfpudhtifg

Jagtrhd musigass cistrijt (JMC)

Zarvigk dhrkady sumurmhg gaiklmfrlffc pfpudhtifg

Srhgsitifg zfga

Zarvigk tfwg & surrfugcigk pfpudhtifg (phrtijudhrdy `fr waabagc rajrahtifg) rajrahtifg )

Zumurms

- Hrt Khddary - INH\ Jiganh

- Jiganhs - Gaw Nhrbat pffds

- ]asthurhgts - Sapic Mhtl (pffd listfrijhd muidcigk) - Zby Sfwar (jhsigf)

- Kyns - Hujbdhgc Cfnhigs Uhrb - ]asthurhgts

Qrmhg-]urhd `rigka

- Nissifg Mhy mahjl - Hquhriun

- Nuriwhi mahjl - Uulabfla rhjawhy

- Zlfppigk jagtar - ]higmfw Agcs Slana Uhrb

- [ffclidd Nfugthig Miba Uhrb - Zgfw Udhgat (sgfw igcffr rasfrt)

- NFSHS nusaun - Kfd` jfursas

- Pijtfrihg nhrbat

- Hftahrh Zquhra - Pajtfr Hragh Zthciun (*)

- Zthciun? Acag Uhrb, [astarg Zprigk (*)

@hjtfrs tlht h``ajt cistrimutifg & dfjhtifg f` rajrahtifg & spfrt `hjiditias

(*) Hgfnhdy

- Hjjassimidity? Likl `raq. f` paf. jfnigk ↝ Gahrar tf JMC, ahsidy ahsidy hjjassimda dfjhtifg (liklwhy, pumdij trhgspfrt digb) - Dhgc vhdua? Dhrkar hrah raquirac ↝ Liklar dhgc-muyigk jfst `fr jfgstrujtifg ↝ @urtlar `rfn JMC (hvfic likl dhgc jfst)

- Znhddar tla hrah f` `hjidity ↝ @urtlar `rfn jagtrhd hrah - Nfra paf. & nfra `raquagtdy `hjidity jhg khtlar tlfsa paf. ↝ Jdfsar `rfn jagtrhd hrah

- Ulysijhd jlhrhjtaristij?

Zfjjar sthciun? `dht hrah Mibigk, musl-whdbigk? lidd, ghturhd mahuty  - Zfjif-ajfgfnij jlhrhjtaristij? Axpagsiva gaiklmfrlffc hrah

i

Igvarsa radhtifgslip

↝ Liklar

i

sfjif-ajfgfnij

Qrmhg ]akagarhtifg ]akagarhtifg Zugc Zu gchy hy,, Gf Gfva vanm nmar ar 85 85,, =58 =58: :

=?=5 =? =5 UN

Qrmhg rakagarhtifg

]amuidc f` hg rugcfwg urmhg hrah my? - Inprfvigk/muidcigk ig`rhstrujtura, lfusigk, spfrt `hjiditias - ]ahrrhgkigk rasicagtihd hrah ↝ Nhba it cavadfp hkhig. hkhig. ↘ Musigass hjtivitias (slfpigk, rasthurhgt)

Nudtipdiar a``ajt 

Igitihd igvastnagt (`rfn kfvargnagt) kfvargnagt)

Gaw/Inprfvac? - Lfusigk - ]ajrahtifghd `hjiditias (phrbs, spfrt jagtar) - Ig`rhstrujtura (rfhc, adajtrijity) - Agvirfgnagt

Anpdfynagt (jfgstrujtifg, nhigtaghgja) ↘

↘

Zpagcigk (`ffc, jdftligk, lfusigk sarvijas) ↘

Sfurisn

Gaw igvastnagt

Zpfrt & ]ajrahtifg ig ]akagarhtifg strhtakias f` urmhg hrahs

Zpfrt & ]ajrahtifg? - Kraht pftagtihd `fr tfurisn & ajfgfnij cavadfpnagt - Qsac hs h trikkarigk `hjtfr ig rakagarhtifg strhtakias  Hcvhgthkas

Cishcvhgthkas

- Ig praphrhtifg `fr mik spfrt avagt, mik igvastnagts widd ma mrfuklt tf inprfva lfusigk, nhofr ig`rhstrujturas (rfhc, adajtrijity) ⇝ Nudtipdiar a``ajt (↘ anpdfynagt, tfurisn, musigass hjtivitias)

Gaw igvastnagt nhy gft `uddy maga`it dfjhds? dfjhds?

Fdynpij Mhrjadfgh 899=? • 89;5s, 89<5s? Igcustrihd cajdiga • Mik igvastnagt? Ufrt agdhrkigk, gaw rugwhy, tadajfnnugijhtifg • Ig`rhstrujtura

+ 1 dfjhd ugivarsitias ↝ ↘  Likl-tajl igcustrias (Zfgy, LU,

Zhnsugk) • Sfurisn? ↘  Sfurist,

jruisa slips (witl phssagkars spagcigk 8-= giklts ig

tfwg) - Fppfrtugity? Fppfrtugity? • Aglhgja dfjhd agvirfgnagt • Jrahta Jrahta gaw rajrahtifghd `hjiditias (phrb, spfrt jagtar) ⇝ Divigk quhdity (lahdtliar, spfrtiar) f` dfjhds Fdynpij Dfgcfg =58= • Ahst Dfgcfg's agvirfgnagt jdahgac? ◂ Cunpigk krfugc, ]ivar Dah ◂ 35555 gaw pdhgts ig Fdynpij Uhrbs • Fdynpij Uhrbs (witl swinnigk jagtar, MN\ Srhjb) fpag tf pumd ij h`tarwhrcs.

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Fdynpij Dfgcfg =58=? • ]ahddfjhtifg f` rasicagtihd hrahs? ◂ Ci``ijudt tf hchpt tf gaw dfjhti fg (liklar divigk jfsts, dass hjjassimda tf suparnhrbats) ◂

Gft hdd kivag gaw sattdas witl mattar quhdity hs prfnisac 

⇝ ]asagtnagt  • Sanpfrhry anpdfynagt? ;555 (`fr jfgstrujtifg) ⇝ Maga`its gft susthighmda