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IFRS Reference Manual
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Cfqwba|`qcbf qb Cfqlwfkqcbfke Ocfkf`cke Wlzbwqcfd Pqkfakwap Pqkfakw ap -COWP# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; Cfqlwfkqcbfke Ocfkf`cke Ocfkf`cke Wlzbwqcfd Pqkfakwap & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; K``b|fqcfd kfa Ocfkf`cke Wlzbwqcfd Wlzbwqcfd @bvlfkfqp cf Cfvlpqnlfq Kdwllnlfqp Kdwllnlfqp&& & & & & & 3 Cpp|lp cf Ocfkf`cke Wlzbwqcfd & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 3 @eclfq Slkw.Lfa Ocfkf`cke Wlzbwqcfd & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ;: Kff|ke Ocfkf`cke Wlzbwqcfd & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ;7 Acp`ebp|wl Wl{|cwlnlfqp & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ;0 Cfqlwcn Ocfkf`cke Wlzbwqp & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ;1 P|nnkws bo @|wwlfq @|wwlfq CKP"COWP & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ;<
7
Kfkespcp bo Cfqlwfkqcbf Cfqlwfkqcbfke ke Ocfkf`cke Wlzbwqcfd Pqkfakw Pqkfakwap ap -COWP# & ;3 K``b|fqcfd Zbec`clp -CKP =# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ;3 Ocfkf`cke Cfpqw|nlfqp & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 7: Cfvlfqbws -CKP 7# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 70 Zwbzlwqs% Zekfq% kfa L{|cznlfq -CKP ;?# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 71 Cfvlpqnlfqp cf cf Kp Kppb`ckqlp -C -CKP 7= 7=# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 74 Cfqlwlpqp cf Hbcfq _lfq|wlp -CKP 0;# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 73 Cfvlpqnlfq Zwbzlwqs -CKP 1:# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 0: Zwbvcpcbfp% @bfqcfdlfq Eckgcecqclp kfa @bfqcfdlfq @bfqcfdlfq Kpplqp -CKP 04# & & & & & & & & 07 Lnzebsll Glflqp -CKP ;3# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 00 @bfpqw|`qcbf @bfqwk`qp -CKP ;;# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 01 Cfqkfdcgel Kpplqp -CKP 0=# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 0? Gbwwbtcfd @bpqp -CKP 70# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 04 Cnzkcwnlfq -CKP 0?# 0?# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 03 Wlvlf|l -CKP ;=# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 1; Cf`bnl Qk}lp -CKP ;7# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 10 Elkplp -CKP ;4# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 11 Lkwfcfdp zlw Pmkwl -LZP# -CKP 00# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 1= Lool`qp bo @mkfdlp cf Obwlcdf L}`mkfdl Wkqlp -CKP 7;# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & <: Mszlwcfkqcbfkws L`bfbnclp -CKP 73# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & <7 Cfp|wkf`l @bfqwk`qp -CKP 1#& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & <0
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0
Cee|pqwkqcvl Plq bo Ocfkf`cke Pqkqlnlfqp & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ?3 ?3 Zkwq C& Dlflwke Nkf|ok`q|wcfd & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ?3 Zkwq CC& Gkficfd Cfa|pqws& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 31 Zkwq CCC& Pnkee kfa Nlac|n.pcxla Lfqcqclp -PNLp#& -PNLp#& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ;;7
1
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<
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@bnzbpcqcbf @bnzbp cqcbf bo qml CKPG & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 7
7&; 7&7
7&1 7&< 7&? 7&4 7&= 7&3
Olkq|wlp Olkq|w lp bo bo Hbcfq Hbcfq _lf _lfq|wl q|wlpp & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 73 Lpqcnk Lpq cnkqcf qcfdd qml B|q`b B|q`bnl nl bo k @bfpq @bfpqw|`q w|`qcbf cbf @bfq @bfqwk` wk`q‑@ q‑@bnz bnzkfs kfs K -@bfqwk`qbw# Kdwllp qb @bfpqw|`q kf K|qbnbgcel Nkf|ok`q|wcfd Zekfq obw @bnzkfs G -@eclfq# & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 0< Keeb`kq Keeb `kqcbf cbf bo k Ebkf Ebkf Zksn Zksnlfq lfq‑@b ‑@bnzk nzkfs fs K Zkca Zkca Cqp Ebkf Ebkf Zksn Zksnlfq lfq obw qml Nbfqm cf qml Knb|fq bo !<%:::& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 03 K Wlvlf Wlvlf|l. |l.Lkw Lkwfcf fcfdd Zwb`l Zwb`lpp pp & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 1; Kf Bzlw Bzlwkqc kqcfd fd Elkp Elkpll & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 1< 1< K Ocfkf Ocfkf`l `l Elkp Elkpll & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 1? @|wwlf` @|ww lf`ss @bfvl @bfvlwpcb wpcbf f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & <; <; @bfpbec @bf pbecakq akqcfd cfd P|gp P|gpcack cackwcl wclpp & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & K Wlekqla Wlekqla Zkwqs& Zkwqs& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ??
1&; 1&7
Pqw|`q|wll bo kf K|acq Pqw|`q|w K|acq Wlz Wlzbwq bwq & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ;77 ;77 Qszlp Qsz lp bo bo K|acq K|acq Bzcf Bzcfcbfp cbfp & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ;70 ;70
7&0
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CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@L WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
Qkgel 7&? 7&? Lool Lool`qp `qp bo @kzcqke @kzcqkecxkqc cxkqcbf bf _lwp|p _lwp|p L}zlfpl% L}zlfpl% Cfcqcke Zlwcba bo Z|w`mkpl Ocfkf`cke
@kzcqkecxkqcbf
L}zlfpl
Flq cf`bnl
Mcdmlw& Qml alzwl`ckqcbf l}zlfpl cp ebtlw9 qmlwlobwl flq cf`bnl cp mcdmlw& Qml alzwl`ckqcbf l}zlfpl cp keeb`kqla bvlw qcnl% pzwlka k`wbpp qml kpplq–p |plo|e ecol&
Ebtlw& Qml lfqcwl l}zlfacq|wl bf qml kpplq cp ala|`qla cf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq9 qmlwlobwl% flq cf`bnl cp ebtlw& Qml l}zlfacq|wl cp bfes ala|`qla kq qml qcnl bo z|w`mkpl&
Gkekf`l pmllq
Mcdmlw& Qml `bpq bo qml cqln cp cfcqckees wl`bwala kp kf kpplq&
Ebtlw& Qml `bpq bo qml cqln cp fbq wll`qla bf qml gkekf`l pmllq9 wkqmlw% cq kzzlkwp cf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq kp kf l}zlfpl&
L{|cqs
Mcdmlw& Tcqm k mcdmlw flq cf`bnl% qmcp knb|fq tcee bt cfqb qml l{|cqs pl`qcbf&
Ebtlw& Tcqm k ebtlw flq cf`bnl% qmcp knb|fq tcee bt cfqb qml l{|cqs pl`qcbf&
Qbqke kpplq q|wfbvlw
Ebtlw& Qml z|w`mkpla cqln cf`wlkplp qml qbqke kpplq k``b|fq&
Mcdmlw& Qml z|w`mkpla cqln mkp fb lool`q bf qml kpplq k``b|fq gl`k|pl cq cp l}zlfpla cf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq&
Zwbq nkwdcf
Mcdmlw& Qml alzwl`ckqcbf l}zlfpl cp ebtlw9 qmlwlobwl% flq cf`bnl cp mcdmlw% tmc`m wlp|eqp cf k mcdmlw zwbq nkwdcf&
Ebtlw& Qml lfqcwl l}zlfacq|wl bf qml kpplq cp ala|`qla cf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq9 qmlwlobwl% flq cf`bnl cp ebtlw% tmc`m wlp|eqp cf k ebtlw zwbq nkwdcf&
Wlq|wf bf kpplq -WBK#
Mcdmlw& Gl`k|pl qml zlw`lfqkdl cf`wlkpl cf flq cf`bnl cp mcdmlw qmkf qml zlw`lfqkdl cf`wlkpl cf qml kpplq% WBK cp mcdmlw&
Ebtlw& Gl`k|pl qml zlw`lfqkdl cf`wlkpl cf flq cf`bnl cp ebtlw qmkf qml zlw`lfqkdl cf`wlkpl cf qml kpplq% WBK cp ebtlw&
Wlq|wf bf `bnnbf l{|cqs -WBL#
Mcdmlw& Gl`k|pl qml zlw`lfqkdl cf`wlkpl cf flq cf`bnl cp mcdmlw qmkf qml zlw`lfqkdl cf`wlkpl cf l{|cqs% WBL cp mcdmlw&
Ebtlw& Gl`k|pl qml zlw`lfqkdl cf`wlkpl cf flq cf`bnl cp ebtlw qmkf qml zlw`lfqkdl cf`wlkpl cf l{|cqs% WBL cp ebtlw&
l}zlfpl tmlf cfcqckees wl`bdfcxcfd kf l}zlfacq|wl obw k qkfdcgel cqln9 qml pqkfakwa ablp fbq pzl`cos tmkq `bfpqcq|qlp kf cqln bo zwbzlwqs% zekfq% kfa l{|cznlfq& Kp k wlp|eq% pbnl `b|f. qwclp nks mkvl qml l}cgcecqs qb l}zlfpl qml z|w`mkpla cqln cfpqlka bo wl`bwacfd cq kp kf kpplq&
ILS [\LPQCBFP
Mbt vke|kgel kwl qml zmspc`ke kpplqp bo qml wn2 wn2 Mbt zwbqkgel kwl qml kpplqp cf dlflwkqcfd o|q|wl `kpm btp2 Kwl qmls nkcfqkcfkgel2
KFKESPCP BO CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@CKE WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
Tcee qml l}zl`qla wlq|wf gl dwlkqlw qmkf qml `bpq bo `kzcqke2 Mbt n|`m wcpi cp g|wcla cf qmlpl kpplqp2 Ablp qml nlqmba |pla zwbvcal k pqwbfd p|ddlpqcbf qmkq nkfkdlnlfq cp nkfcz|ekqcfd lkwfcfdp2 K }la kpplq–p vke|l cp cf|lf`la pqwbfdes gs qml nlqmba bo alzwl`ckqcbf& Mbt n|`m flt ZZ/L cp fllala qb p|zzbwq qml obwl`kpqla pkelp2 Co l}`lpp `kzk`cqs l}cpqp% mbt tcee qmkq kool`q qml kaacqcbfke o|fap fllala obw l}zkfpcbf2
Kfkespq–p Wbel Qml kfkespq pmb|ea8
Kfkesxl qml obbqfbqlp bo qml kff|ke wlzbwq& Qmls cfac`kql qml qszlp bo zmspc`ke kpplqp qmkq dlflwkql wlvlf|l obw qml bwdkfcxkqcbf& Nkil p|wl qmkq kf cfalzlfalfq lfqcqs mkp wlvke|la qml kpplqp co k wlvke|kqcbf nbale cp |pla koqlw qml kpplqp kwl cfcqckees wl`bwala& wl` bwala& Qmcp nlkp|wl pmb|ea gl wll`qla cf qml obbqfbqlp& Fbql qmkq cf`wlkplp cf wlvke|kqcbf kwl `wlacqla acwl`qes qb l{|cqs& Wlvke|. kqcbf al`wlkplp kwl booplq wpq kdkcfpq qml p|wze|plp cf qml l{|cqs9 qmlwlkoqlw% kfs l}`lpplp kwl `mkwdla kdkcfpq zwbq kfa ebpp& @bfpcalw tmkq ZZ/L nlkf obw nkfkdlnlfq–p o|q|wl l}zkfpcbf& ZZ/L cp bfl bo qml vcqke obw`lp bo l`bfbnc` dwbtqm& O|fap% qmwb|dm `kzcqke bw wlcfvlpqnlfq bo lkwfcfdp% kwl fllala qb cnzelnlfq qml zwbhl`qp qmkq kool`q qml vke|lw–p `ke`|e kqcbf bo owll `kpm oebt& \falwpqkfa qml cnzbwqkfq wbel qmkq alzwl`ckqcbf zeksp cf `ke`|ekqcfd cf`bnl qk}& K ekwdlw alzwl`ckqcbf l}zlfpl `bfqwcg|qlp qb pnkeelw qk}kgel cf`bnl9 qm|p% k ebtlw qk} gcee zwba|`lp mcdmlw `kpm bt qb qml bzlwkqcbf& Qkil cfqb k``b|fq qml wknc`kqcbfp bo nkfkdlnlfq–p `mbc`l qb `kzcqkecxl bw l}zlfpl kf kpplq& Qmcp `mbc`l mkp k pcdfc`kfq lool`q loo l`q bf k fkf`cke pqkqlnlfq& Obw l}knzel% cf qml \fcqla Pqkqlp% Tbwea@bn `kzcqkecxla `mkwdlp zkca qb eb`ke qlelzmbfl flqtbwip qb `bnzelql `keep knb|fqcfd qb kzzwb}cnkqles !0&; gceecbf9 qml `bnzkfs zekffla qb knbwqcxl qmlpl `bpqp bvlw k zlwcba bo qcnl& Gl`k|pl qml lfqcwl `bpq tkp fbq gbbila cf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq% Tbwea@bn–p Tbwea@bn–p flq cf`bnl cf 7::; tkp `ke`|ekqla qb gl k zbpc. qcvl !;&0= gceecbf& Mbtlvlw% \&P& DKKZ `bfpcalwla qml !0&; gceecbf kf bzlwkqcfd l}zlfpl% tmc`m tb|ea mkvl gllf k ala|`qcbf cf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq& @bfpl{|lfqes% @bfpl{|lfqes% Tbwea@bn–p flq cf`bnl obw 7::; pmb|ea mkvl gllf k ―ebpp&„ Koqlw qmcp acp`bvlws% Tbwea@bn ela obw gkfiw|zq`s&
Cfvlpqnlfqp cf Kppb`ckqlp -CKP 7=# Cf qbaks–p asfknc` `kzcqke nkwilqp% `kzcqke cfvlpqnlfqp kwl nbgcecxla k`wbpp qml debgl cf plkw`m bo e|`wkqcvl cfvlpqnlfqp kfa dwbtqm zwbpzl`qp& Qmlpl cfvlpqnlfqp cf kppb`ckqlp kwl `wbpp.qwkfpk`qcbfke lvlfqp qmkq n|pq gl wlzbwqla cf fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp& Kf kppb`ckql cp kf lfqcqs cf tmc`m kf cfvlpqbw mkp pcdfc`kfq cf|lf`l bvlw qml lfqcqs–p fkf`cke kfa bzlwkqcfd zbec`s al`cpcbfp& Mbtlvlw% qml cfvlpqbw–p cf|lf`l `kffbq knb|fq
74
7=
CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@L WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
qb `bfqwbe bw hbcfq `bfqwbe bvlw qml lfqcqs–p fkf`cke kfa bzlwkqcfd zbec`s al`cpcbfp& Kf cfvlpqbw qmkq acwl`qes bw cfacwl`qes mbeap 7: zlw`lfq bw nbwl% g|q elpp qmkf <: zlw`lfq% bo kf lfqcqs–p vbqcfd pmkwlp cp zwlp|nla qb mkvl pcdfc`kfq cf|lf`l& K pmkwlmbeacfd bo elpp qmkf 7: zlw`lfq ablp fbq wlzwlplfq pcdfc`kfq cf|lf`l% cf|lf`l% |felpp qml cf|lf`l `kf gl alnbfpqwkqla& Kf cfvlpqbw ncdmq l}lwq pcdfc`kfq cf|lf`l qmwb|dm kfs bo qml obeebtcfd `mkfflep8
Wlzwlplfqkqcbf bf qml lfqcqs–p dbvlwfcfd gbas Zkwqc`czkqcbf cf zbec`s.nkicfd zwb`lpplp p|`m kp pqwkqldc` al`cpcbfp Nkqlwcke qwkfpk`qcbfp glqtllf qml cfvlpqbw kfa qml lfqcqs Cfqlw`mkfdl bo nkfkdlwcke zlwpbffle Zwbvcpcbf bo lpplfqcke ql`mfc`ke cfobwnkqcbf&
L{|cqs nlqmba Qml l{|cqs k``b|fqcfd nlqmba -pll qkgel 7&4# cp |pla qb wl`bdfcxl wl` bdfcxl qml cfcqcke `bpq bo cfvlpqnlfq cf kppb`ckqlp kfa kfs kah|pqnlfqp a|l qb p|gpl{|lfq qwkfpk`qcbfp wlekqcfd qb qml cfvlpqbw–p pmkwl bo qml kppb`ckql–p -cfvlpqll–p# flq zwbq bw ebpp&
Lool`q bo cfvlpqll–p zwbq bw ebpplp Kq qml lfa bo kf bzlwkqcfd zlwcba% kf cfvlpqbw n|pq kfkesxl cqp zlw`lfqkdl pmkwl bo qml cfvlpqll–p zwbq bw ebpplp& Qmcp keeb`kqla pmkwl cp kah|pqla qb qml cfvlpqnlfq k``b|fq bo qml cfvlpqbw–p gkekf`l pmllq& Obw l}knzel% co qmlwl tkp k ebpp% qmcp knb|fq tb|ea gl ala|`qla -`wlacqla# qb
Qkgel 7&4 L}kn L}knzel zel bo L{|cq L{|cqs s Nlqmb Nlqmba a Akql
K`qcbf
Lool`q bf fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp -`bnzkfs K–p zlwpzl`qcvl#
Hkf|kws ;% 7::1
@bnzkfs K z|w`mkpla !<: nceecbf bo @bnzkfs ]–p `bnnbf pqb`i% tmc`m wlzwlplfqp 0<, bo vbqcfd pmkwlp&
Qml cfvlpqnlfq k``b|fq -kpplq# bf qml gkekf`l pmllq cp cf`wlkpla gs !<: nceecbf& Qml zksnlfq bo qml z|w`mkpl bo `bnnbf pqb`ip al`wlkplp qml `kpm k``b|fq -kpplq# bf qml gkekf`l pmllq&
Al`lnglw 0;% 7::1
@bnzkfs ] mka k flq cf`bnl bo !;: nceecbf&
Qml cfvlpqnlfq k``b|fq -kpplq# bf qml gkekf`l pmllq cp cf`wlkpla gs !0&< nceecbf -!;: nceecbf Ô 0<,# tcqm k `bwwlpzbfacfd cf`wlkpl bf ―cfvlpqll cf`bnl„ qmkq cp wll`qla cf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq&
Al`lnglw 0;% 7::1
@bnzkfs ] zkca cqp pmkwlmbealwp k acvcalfa qbqkecfd !1 nceecbf
@bnzkfs K tb|ea wl`lcvl !;&1 nce. ecbf -!1 nceecbf Ô 0<,# cf `kpm& Kp k wlp|eq% `kpm cp cf`wlkpla gs !;&1 nce. ecbf% tcqm k `bwwlpzbfacfd al`wlkpl cf qml cfvlpqnlfq k``b|fq&
KFKESPCP BO CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@CKE WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
qml cfvlpqnlfq k``b|fq -kpplq#& Co qmlwl tkp k zwbq% qmcp knb|fq tb|ea gl qwlkqla kp kf cf`wlkpl -algcq# cf qml cfvlpqnlfq k``b|fq&
ILS [\LPQCBFP
Kwl qml kppb`ckql–p k``b|fqcfd zbec`clp qml pknl kp qmbpl bo qml cfvlpqbw2 Qmls n|pq gl qml pknl& Cp qml l{|cqs nlqmba |pla2 Co pb% mbt kwl qml wlp|eqp kool`qcfd qml fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp2 Mkp qml vke|lw kzzecla wlkpbfkgel kpp|nzqcbfp qmkq tcee nkil cq zbppcgel qb nlkp|wl qml vke|kqcbf bo qml `bnzkfs wleckges2 Ecncqla nkwilq.gkpla akqk kwl kvkcekgel obw vke|cfd |fecpqla `bnzkfclp& Cp qmlwl kf kzzwbzwckql l}cq pqwkqlds obw qml cfvlpqnlfq2
Kfkespq–p Wbel Qml kfkespq pmb|ea8
Lfp|wl qmkq qml cfvlpqll–p flq cf`bnl bw ebpp cp cf`e|ala cf qml cfvlpqbw–p fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp& Nkil p|wl qmkq kf kzzwbzwckql l}cq pqwkqlds% p|`m kp k Z|q Bzqcbf% cp cf qml `bfqwk`. q|ke kdwllnlfq&
Cfqlwlpqp cf Hbcfq _lfq|wlp -CKP 0;# @bnzkfclp `kf hbcf obw`lp qmwb|dm nlwdlwp bw `bwzbwkql keeckf`lp& K hbcfq vlfq|wl‑bfl obwn bo `bwzbwkql keeckf`l‑cp k tks qb `wlkql kf lfqcqs owbn zcl`lnlke gszwba| `qp bo l}cpq. cfd g|pcflpp bzlwkqcbfp& L}knzelp cf`e|al k nkwilqcfd obw`l hbcfq vlfq|wl bw alvlebznlfq hbcfq vlfq|wl& Bf`l k hbcfq vlfq|wl wlk`mlp cqp bghl`qcvl% cq `kf g l acppbevla -pll d|wl 7&;#& Ocd|wll 7&; Olkq Ocd|w Olkq|wlp |wlp bo bo Hbcfq Hbcfq _lfq|wlp _lfq|wlp P|ghl`q qb hbcfq `bfqwbe ▪
▪
▪
Fb zkwqs qb qml kdwllnlfq cp kgel qb k `q |fcekqlwkees qb `bfqwbe qml k`qcvcqs bo qml lfqcqs& Qml zkwqclp qb qml kdwllnlfq n|pq k `q qbdlqmlw qb `bfqwbe qml lfqcqs‑cf bqmlw tbwap% n|pq l}lw `cpl hbcfq `bfqwbe& Fbfl bo qml lfqcqclp `kf btf nbwl qmkf <: zlw `lfq bo qml vbqcfd wcdmqp&
@bfqwk`q|ke kwwkfdlnlfq
Lfqlwla gs qtb bw nbwl zkwqclp qb |falwqkil kf l`bfbnc` k`qcvcqs
73
0:
CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@L WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
L{|cqs nlqmba Qml k``b|fqcfd nlqmba |pla obw qmlpl qwkfpk`qcbfp cp qml l{|cqs nlqmba% qml pknl nlqmba |pla obw ―Cfvlpqnlfqp cf Kppb`ckqlp&„
ILS [\LPQCBFP
Tmkq cp qml bghl`qcvl bo qml hbcfq vlfq|wl2 Kwl qml kpplqp% eckgcecqclp% cf`bnl% kfa l}zlfplp kzzwbzwckqles `kzq|wla cf qml vlfq|wlw–p plzkwkql kfa `bfpbecakqla fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp2
Kfkespq–p Wbel Hbcfq vlfq|wlp nks qkil vkwcb|p obwnp% p|`m kp hbcfqes `bfqwbee la bzlwkqcbfp kfa hbcfqes `bf. qwbeela kpplqp& Qml qwkfpk`qcbfp bo qml hbcfq vlfq|wl `kf gl zlw`lcvla kp k a|nzcfd a| nzcfd bo qwkfp. k`qcbfp ktks owbn qml vlfq|wlw& Obw l}knzel% co qml hbcfq vlfq|wl k`{|cwlp algq qb fkf`l qml g|ceacfd bo k tkwlmb|pl% qmcp qwkfpolwp qml algq zbwqcbf b|q bo qml vlfq|wlw–p fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp& Kp k wlp|eq% qml vlfq|wlw–p algq wkqcb tb|ea gl ebtlw% algq.qb.l{|cqs tb|ea gl ebtlw% kfa qcnlp.cfqlwlpq.lkwfla -QCL# tb|ea gl mcdmlw& \eqcnkqles% qml vlfq|wlw–p plq bo fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp tb|ea kzzlkw qb gl bzlwkqcfd lo`clfqes lo`c lfqes cf qlwnp bo algq nkfkdlnlfq& Qml kfkespq pmb|ea8
Nkil p|wl qml fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp bo lk`m zkwqs qb qml vlfq|wl pzl`cos qml kpplq qmkq qml zkwqs `bfqwbep% cqp cf`|wwla eckgcecqclp% cqp lkwfla cf`bnl kp k wlp|eq bo qml hbcfq vlfq|wl% kfa cqp cf`|wwla l}zlfplp& Obw mbeacfd `bnzkfclp% nkil p|wl qb cf`e|al qml flq algq cf qml kfkespcp co cq cp fbq `kzq|wla lepltmlwl&
Cfvlpqnlfq Zwbzlwqs -CKP 1:# Cfvlpqnlfq zwbzlwqclp kwl qkfdcgel kpplqp qmkq kwl mlea obw qml z|wzbpl bo lkwfcfd wlfqke cf`bnl bw qkicfd kavkfqkdl bo zwc`l kzzwl`ckqcbf& L}knzelp cf`e|al8
Ekfa mlea obw qml z|wzbpl bo pleecfd pleec fd cq tmlf qml zwc`l cp mcdm Elkpla g|ceacfdp qmkq kwl |falw bzlwkqcfd elkpl _k`kfq g|ceacfdp mlea qb gl elkpla |falw bzlwkqcfd elkpl Ekfa mlea obw |fal`cala o|q|wl |pl&
K``b|fqcfd nlqmbap Qtb nlqmbap kwl |pla qb k``b|fq obw p|gpl{|lfq `mkfdlp cf kf cfvlpqnlfq zwbzlwqs& K `bn. zkfs nks `mbbpl lcqmlw bfl& Cf qml `bpq nbale% qml kpplq cp `kwwcla kq `bpq elpp k``|n|ekqla alzwl`ckqcbf kfa cnzkcwnlfq& Cf qml wlvke|kqcbf nbale% qml kpplq cp `kwwcla kq k wlvke|la knb|fq‑cqp okcw vke|l kq qml akql bo wlvke|kqcbf elpp p|gpl{|lfq alzwl`ckqcbf‑zwbvcala alzwl`ckqcbf‑zwbvcala qmkq
KFKESPCP BO CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@CKE WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
okcw vke|l `kf gl nlkp|wla wleckges& Fbql qmkq lk`m nlqmba kool`qp fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp aco. olwlfqes -pll qkgel 7&=#&
ILS [\LPQCBFP
Cp qml vke|kqcbf bo qml `bnzkfs qcla qb qml cfvlpqnlfq zwbzlwqclp2 Tmc`m nbale cp |pla qb vke|l qml cfvlpqnlfq c fvlpqnlfq zwbzlwqs cf qml gkekf`l pmllq2 Tmkq cp qml cnzk`q bo qml nbale `mbplf2
Qkgel 7&= 7&= Lool Lool`qp `qp bo Wlvke|k Wlvke|kqcbf qcbf Nbale Nbale vlwp|p vlwp|p @bpq @bpq Nbale Nbale Akql ;⁁;"Slkw ;
Qwkfpk`qcbf @bnzkfs K z|w`mkpla k ok`cecqs qb gl |pla obw bzlwkqcfd elkpl cf qml knb|fq bo !; nceecbf obw ekfa kfa !7 nceecbf obw qml g|ceacfd&
◂
◂
Lool`q bf wlvke|kqcbf nbale
Lool`q bf gkekf`l pmllq `bpq nbale
Qml ―Cfvlpqnlfq Zwbz. lwqs„ kpplq k``b|fq bf qml gkekf`l pmllq tb|ea cf`wlkpl gs !0 nceecbf -!; nceecbf ) !7 nceecbf#& Qml qbqke kpplq k``b|fq bf qml gkekf`l pmllq cp cf`wlkpla&
◂
◂
◂
;7"0;"Slkw ;
Kf cfalzlfalfq vke|lw alqlwncfla qmkq qml vke|l bo qml ok`cecqs cp fbt !0&< nceecbf&
◂
◂
;7"0;"Slkw 7
Kf cfalzlfalfq vke|lw alqlwncfla qmkq qml vke|l bo qml ok`cecqs cp fbt !0&; nceecbf&
◂
◂
Qml ―Cfvlpqnlfq Zwbz. lwqs„ cp cf`wlkpla gs !:&< nceecbf& Qml gke. kf`l pmllq cp cf`wlkpla gs !:&< nceecbf kfa k dkcf cp wl`bwala bf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq& Lkwfcfdp cf`wlkpl gs !:&< nceecbf&
◂
Qml ―Cfvlpqnlfq Zwbz. lwqs„ cp al`wlkpla gs !:&1 nceecbf kfa k ebpp cp wl`bwala bf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq& Lkwfcfdp al`wlkpl gs !:&1 nceecbf&
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◂
◂
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◂
Qml ―Cfvlpqnlfq Zwbz. lwqs„ kpplq k``b|fq bf qml gkekf`l pmllq tb|ea cf`wlkpl gs !0 nceecbf -!; nceecbf ) !7 nceecbf#& Qml qbqke kpplq k``b|fq bf qml gkekf`l pmllq cp cf`wlkpla& Alzwl`ckqcbf lelnlfqp8 |plo|e ecol bo g|ceacfd -7: slkwp#9 alzwl`ckqcbf nlqmba -pqwkcdmq.ecfl#9 kff|ke alzwl`ckqcbf bo g|ceacfd -!;::%:::#& Qml !:&< nceecbf dkcf ablp fbq kool`q qml `bpq nlqmba& Alzwl`ckqcbf l}zlfpl bo !;::%::: cp wl`bwala bf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfqp& Lkwfcfdp al`wlkpl gs !;::%:::& Qml !:&1 nceecbf ebpp ablp fbq kool`q qml `bpq nlqmba& Alzwl`ckqcbf l}zlfpl bo !;::%::: cp wl`bwala bf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfqp& Lkwfcfdp al`wlkpl gs !;::%:::&
0;
07
CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@L WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
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Zwbvcpcbfp% @bfqcfdlfq Eckgcecqclp% kfa @bfqcfdlfq Kpplqp -CKP 04# Zwbvcpcbfp Zwbvcpcbfp cfac`kql eckgcecqclp kwcpcfd owbn |f`lwqkcf qcncfd bw knb|fq& Qml obeebtcfd `bf. acqcbfp n|pq gl zwlplfq qb wl`bwa k zwbvcpcbf8 L}knzel8 K eldke `kpl cp nb|fqla tmlf bfl bo Qmlwl cp k zwlplfq bgecdkqcbf kwcpcfd owbn qml `bnzkfs–p zwba|`q ecflp nkeo|f`qcbfp& zkpq lvlfqp& zlw` lfq Zksnlfq cp zwbgkgel -―nbwl eciles qmkf fbq„#& L}knzel8 Ektslwp gleclvl qmlwl cp k 3: zlw`lfq zwbgkgcecqs qmkq qml `kpl tcee gl plqqela cf qml alolfakfq–p okvbw& L}knzel8 Qml zwbgkgel ebpp tcee gl cf qml Qml knb|fq `kf gl lpqcnkqla wleckges& wkfdl bo !< nceecbf qb != nceecbf& Gl`k|pl qml qmwll `bfacqcbfp kwl zwlplfq cf qml l}knzel% k zwbvcpcbf pmb|ea gl nkal obw k `mkwdl qb eckgcecqs kfa k `bwwlpzbfacfd `mkwdl qb cf`bnl bf qml gkekf`l pmllq& Mbtlvlw% nkfkdlnlfq n|pq alqlwncfl qml glpq lpqcnkql bo ebpp& Zwbvcpcbfp n|pq gl wl`bdfcxla cf k fkf`cke wlzbwq% kpp|ncfd qmkq qml qwkfpk`qcbfp nllq qml qmwll `bfacqcbfp& Qml |f`lwqkcfqclp qmls `bvlw kwcpl owbn pb|w`lp p |`m kp
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KFKESPCP BO CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@CKE WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
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ILS [\LPQCBFP
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ILS [\LPQCBFP
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00
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Qszlp bo Zlfpcbf Zekfp
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KFKESPCP BO CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@CKE WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
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ILS [\LPQCBF
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Bzlwkqcfd `kpm wl`lczq cp wl`bwala qml pknl |falw lcqmlw nlqmba&
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ILS [\LPQCBFP
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CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@L WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
Gb} 7&7
Nlqmb Nl qmbap ap \pla \pla qb K``b K``b|fq |fq obw Gbw Gbwwbt wbtcfd cfd @bp @bpqq
Glf`mnkwi Qwlkqnlfq Kee gbwwbtcfd `bpqp kwl l}zlfpla cf qml zlwcba qmls kwl cf`|wwla& Keebtla Keqlwfkqcvl Qwlkqnlfq Gbwwbtcfd `bpqp kwl `kzcqkecxla& Qml alpcdfkqla cfqlwlpq `bpq cp kaala qb qml `kwwscfd knb|fq bo qml kpplq& Qmcp nlqmba cf`wlkplp qml qbqke kpplqp& @kzcqkecxkqcbf bo qml gbwwbtcfd `bpqp pqkwqp tmlf8 ◂ [|kecoscfd kpplqp kwl z|w`mkpla& ◂ Cfqlwlpq `bpqp kwl cf`|wwla& ◂ K`qcbfp fl`lppkws qb gwcfd qml kpplq obw cqp cfqlfala z|wzbplp kwl cf zwbdwlpp& @kzcqkecxkqcbf bo qml gbwwbtcfd `bpqp lfap tmlf ◂ Qml {|kecoscfd kpplq cp wlkas qb gl |pla obw cqp cfqlfala z|wzbpl& ◂ K`qcvl alvlebznlfq cp p|pzlfala obw kf l}qlfala zlwcba& ◂ @bfpqw|`qcbf cp `bnzelqla cf zkwq kfa qml `bnzelqla zkwq `kf gl |pla gs qml lfqcqs&
Qkgel 7&;; 7&;; Lool Lool`qp `qp bo Cfqlwlpq8 Cfqlwlpq8 L}zlfpl L}zlfpl vlwp|p vlwp|p @kzcqkecxkq @kzcqkecxkqcbf cbf Ocfkf`cke pqkqlnlfq
L}zlfpl
@kzcqkecxkqcbf
Flq cf`bnl
Ebtlw& Qml lfqcwl cfqlwlpq zksnlfq tcee `k|pl k mcdmlw wla|`qcbf bo cf`bnl9 qmlwlobwl% flq cf`bnl tcee gl ebtlw&
Mcdmlw& K zbwqcbf% co fbq kee% bo qml cfqlwlpq zkca cp `kzcqkecxla9 qmlwlobwl% qml knb|fq knb|fq cp kaala kaala qb qml `kwwscfd knb|fq bo qml kpplq& Qml wlnkcfalw bo qml cfqlw. lpq zksnlfq qmkq cp ―fbq„ `kzcqke. cxla tcee gl l}zlfpla9 qm|p% flq cf`bnl tcee gl mcdmlw&
Gkekf`l pmllq
Ebtlw& Qml lfqcwl cfqlwlpq zks. nlfq oebtp acwl`qes qb qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq&
Mcdmlw& Qml cfqlwlpq zksnlfq qmkq cp `kzcqkecxla cp kaala qb qml `kwws. cfd knb|fq bo qml kpplq& Qmlwlobwl% qmcp tcee cf`wlkpl qbqke kpplq&
Qbqke kpplq q|wfbvlw
Mcdmlw& Qmlwl cp fb lool`q bf pkelp bw qbqke kpplqp gl`k|pl qml lfqcwl cfqlwlpq zksnlfq btp acwl`qes qb qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq -l}zlfpl#&
Ebtlw& Qml `kzcqkecxla cfqlwlpq cf`wlkplp qml qbqke kpplqp&
Algq wkqcb
Mcdmlw& Qbqke kpplqp kwl fbq kool`qla gs qml zkca cfqlwlpq&
Ebtlw& Qml `kzcqkecxla cfqlwlpq cf`wlkplp qml qbqke kpplqp&
Qcnlp.cfqlwlpq.lkwfla -QCL#
Ebtlw& Qml cfqlwlpq `mkwdl cp dwlkqlw&
Mcdmlw& Qml cfqlwlpq `mkwdl cp ebtlw&
Zwbq nkwdcf
Ebtlw& Cfqlwlpq ala|`qcbf cp mcdmlw9 kp k wlp|eq% flq cf`bnl cp ebtlw&
Mcdmlw& Flq cf`bnl cp mcdmlw gl`k|pl cfqlwlpq zkca cp `kzcqkecxla&
KFKESPCP BO CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@CKE WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
Ocd|wl 7&0 Keeb Ocd|wl Keeb`kqc `kqcbf bf bo k Ebkf Zksnlfq‑ Zksnlfq‑@bnz @bnzkfs kfs K Zkca Cqp Ebkf Zksnlfq obw qml Nbfqm cf qml Knb|fq bo !<%::: !;%::: Zwcf`czke Qml !<%::: cp keeb`kqla kp obeebtp8
!0%::: @kzcqkecxla -gkekf`l pmllq#
!1%::: Cfqlwlpq !;%::: L}zlfpla -cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq#
ILS [\LPQCBF
Kwl qml gbwwbtcfd `bpqp qmkq kwl `kzcqkecxla acwl`qes wlekqla qb k {|kecla kpplq2 Bqmlwtcpl% qml `bpqp pmb|ea gl l}zlfpla&
Kfkespq–p Wbel Qml kfkespq pmb|ea8
Gl ktkwl bo qml wknc`kqcbfp bo qml qwlkqnlfq bo cfqlwlpq `kzcqkecxkqcbf vlwp|p l}zlfpl& Lk`m `bnzbflfq mkp k acoolwlfq lool`q cf qml kfkespcp&
Cnzkcwnlfq -CKP 0?# Cnzkcwnlfq b``|wp tmlf qml `kwwscfd knb|fq bo kf kpplq -flq gbbi vke|l > `bpq bo cqln elpp k``|n|ekqla alzwl`ckqcbf# cp nbwl qmkf qml wl`bvlwkgel knb|fq& Qmcp wl`bvlwkgel knb|fq cp qml mcdmlw bo qml obeebtcfd8
Flq pleecfd zwc`l8 okcw vke|l elpp `bpqp qb plee qml cqln _ke|l cf |pl8 acp`b|fqla zwlplfq vke|l bo lpqcnkqla o|q|wl `kpm btp o wbn |pcfd qml kpplq |fqce cqp acpzbpke zbcfq&
Kf cnzkcwla kpplq cf`|wp kf cnzkcwnlfq ebpp& Cnzkcwnlfq `b|ea gl a|l qb k nkwilq al`ecfl% fldkqcvl `mkfdlp cf ql`mfbebds kfa bgpbelp`lf`l% bw zmspc`ke aknkdl qb qml kpplq& Tmlwl cnzkcwnlfq cp calfqcla% calfqc la% k twcql.abtf bo qml `kwwscfd vke|l qb qml wl`bvlwkgel knb|fq pmb|ea gl `mkwdla kp kf cnnlackql l}zlfpl cf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq -pll qkgel 7&;7#&
Alwl`bdfcqcbf -wlqcwlnlfq kfa acpzbpkep# Tmlf kf kpplq cp acpzbpla bo bw tcqmawktf owbn |pl% qml cqln pmb|ea gl g l wlnbvla owbn qml gkekf`l pmllq&
03
1:
CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@L WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
Qkgel Qkg el 7&;7 7&;7 Loo Lool`q l`qpp bo Cnzkcwn Cnzkcwnlfq lfq Ocfkf`cke pqkqlnlfq
Tcqm cnzkcwnlfq ebpp
Tcqmb|q cnzkcwnlfq ebpp
Gkekf`l pmllq
Ebtlw& Qml `kwwscfd knb|fq -flq gbbi vke|l# bo qml kpplq cp wla|`la kp k wlp|eq bo qml twcql.abtf bw cnzkcwnlfq ebpp&
Mcdmlw& Fb kpplq kah|pqnlfq cp nkal bf qml fkf`cke pqkqlnlfq&
L{|cqs
Ebtlw& Cnzkcwnlfq ebpp `k|plp k wla|`qcbf cf flq cf`bnl9 qmcp knb|fq btp qmwb|dm qml l{|cqs k``b|fq kp k wla|`qcbf&
Mcdmlw& Qmlwl cp fb wla|`qcbf bo flq cf`bnl&
Cf`bnl
Ebtlw& Qml cnzkcwnlfq ebpp cp kf cnnlackql l}zlfpl&
Mcdmlw& Fb cnzkcwnlfq ebpp cp wl`bwala&
Qbqke kpplqp q|wfbvlw
Mcdmlw& Qbqke kpplq cp wla|`la&
Ebtlw& Qmlwl cp fb wla|`qcbf cf kpplq&
Algq wkqcb
Mcdmlw& Gl`k|pl bo kpplq wla|`qcbf% qbqke kpplqp kwl al`wlkpla&
Ebtlw& Qmlwl cp fb wla|`qcbf cf kpplq&
Zwbq nkwdcf
Ebtlw& Qml cnzkcwnlfq ebpp tb|ea al`wlkpl qml flq cf`bnl&
Mcdmlw& Qmlwl cp fb lool`q bf qml flq cf`bnl&
Algq.qb.l{|cqs
Mcdmlw& Gl`k|pl flq cf`bnl cp wla|`la% qmcp lool`q tb|ea bt qmwb|dm qml wla|`qcbf bo l{|cqs&
Ebtlw& Qmlwl cp fb lool`q bf qml flq cf`bnl9 mlf`l% qmlwl cp fb lool`q bf l{|cqs&
ILS [\LPQCBF
Cf qml asfknc` nkwilqzek`l% qml okcw vke|l bo kf kpplq `mkfdlp bvlw qcnl gl`k|pl bo ql`mfbebdc`ke kavkf`lp% bgpbelp`lf`l% kfa olwb`cb|p `bnzlqcqcbf% kee bo tmc`m kool`q zwc`cfd& Kp k wlp|eq% kwl qml kpplqp wlkpbfkges qlpqla obw cnzkcwnlfq2
Kfkespq–p Wbel Qml kfkespq pmb|ea8
Wl`bdfcxl cnzkcwnlfq ebpp& Cnzkcwnlfq pcdfc`kfqes cf|lf`lp fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp& Co cnzkcwnlfq ebpp cp fbq wl`bdfcxla% qml vke|l bo qml `bnzkfs cp bvlwp qkqla& Nkil p|wl qmkq dbbatcee kfa bqmlw cfqkfdcgel kpplqp tcqm cfalocfcql |plo|e ecvlp kwl qlpqla obw cnzkcwnlfq kq elkpq kff|kees% lvlf qmb|dm qmls kwl fbq p|ghl`q qb knbwqcxkqcbf&
KFKESPCP BO CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@CKE WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
Gl `bdfcxkfq bo cfac`kqbwp qmkq `k|pl cnzkcwnlfq ebpp% p|`m kp k pcdfc`kfq `mkfdl cf qml |pkdl bo qml kpplq9 k pcdfc`kfq kavlwpl `mkfdl cf qml eldke lfvcwbfnlfq bw cf c f qml g|pcflpp `ecnkql qmkq kool`qp qml okcw vke|l bo qml kpplq9 kfa k zwbhl`qcbf qmkq cfac`kqlp k `bfpqkfq ebpp tcqm kf kpplq&
Wlvlf|l -CKP ;=# Wlvlf|l cp qml dwbpp cfbt bo `kpm bw k``b|fqp wl`lcvkgel qb k `bnzkfs kp k wlp|eq bo zlwobwn. cfd k plwvc`l bw pleecfd k zwba|`q& P|`m plwvc`lp ncdmq `bfpcpq bo ql`mfc`ke kppcpqkf`l qb k `eclfq cf qml Zmceczzcflp cf qml kwlk bo `bwzbwkql dbvlwfkf`l9 `bnz|qlw nkcfqlfkf`l9 bw k|acqcfd& Qml zwba|`q pbea ncdmq gl kdwc`|eq|wke l{|cznlfq pbea qb k `eclfq cf Zlw|9 `bnz|qlwp9 bw k zbtlw p|zzes |fcq&
Ils `bnzbflfqp bo qml k``b|fqcfd pqkfakwap Kzzwbk`m lvlws fkf`cke pqkqlnlfq tcqm k aldwll bo zwbolppcbfke pilzqc`cpn& Wl`bdfcxl qmkq h|pq gl`k|pl k wlvlf|l f|nglw kzzlkwp bf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq ablp fbq nlkf qmkq cq cp `bw. wl`q& K `bnzkfs `kffbq wl`bwa k wlvlf|l qwkfpk`qcbf |felpp CKP ;= `wcqlwck kwl nlq& P|zzbpl k `bfqwk`q mkp gllf awktf |z qb plee kf kcw.`bfacqcbfcfd |fcq% kp pmbtf glebt& Kf cfqldwke `bnzbflfq cp qb cfpqkee qml cqln owbn @bnzkfs K -pleelw# cf qml g|ceacfd bo @bn. zkfs ] -g|slw#& @bnzkfs ] -g|slw# wl`lcvlp qml |fcq tcqmb|q qml cfpqkeekqcbf& \fqce qml |fcq cp `bnzelqles cfpqkeela gs @bnzkfs K -pleelw#% qml qwkfpk`qcbf tcee fbq gl `bnzelql& Gl`k|pl wlvlf|l cp fbq lkwfla% cq cp fbq wll`qla cf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq bo @bnzkfs K -pll d|wl d|wl 7&1#&
Pkel bo dbbap Kee bo qml obeebtcfd lelnlfqp n|pq gl nlq qb wl`bdfcxl wlvlf|l owbn qml p kel bo dbbap8
Qml pcdfc`kfq wcpip kfa wltkwap bo btflwpmcz kwl qwkfpolwwla qb qml `| pqbnlw& Qml pleelw ablp fbq mkvl `bfqcf|cfd nkfkdlwcke cfvbevlnlfq tcqm bw `bfqwbe bvlw qml dbbap& Ocd|wl Ocd| wl 7&1 K Wlvlf|l. Wlvlf|l.Lkwf Lkwfcfd cfd Zwb`lp Zwb`lppp
Pqkwq @bnzkfs K -pleelw# alecvlwp qml kcw.`bfacqcbfcfd -K@# |fcq qb @bnzkfs ] -g|slw#
@bnzkfs ] -g|slw# wl `lcvlp qml K@ |fcq åtcqmb|q tcqmb|q „ cfpqkeekqcbf% tmc`m cp kf cfqldwke zkwq bo qml `bfqwk`q&
Wlp|eqp Pkel cp fbq `bnzelql tcqmb|q qml cfpqkeekqcbf bo K@ |fcq& Wlvlf|l cp fbq lkwfla gs @bnzkfs K& Fb wlvlf|l cp wloel `qla cf @bnzkfs K–p cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq& ▪
▪ ▪
1;
17
CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@L WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
Qml knb|fq bo qml dbbap `kf gl nlkp|wla wleckges& Cq cp zwbgkgel qmkq qml l`bfbnc` glflqp tcee bt qb qml pleelw& Qml `bpqp cf`|wwla% bw qb gl cf`|wwla% cf`|ww la% cf qml qwkfpk`qcbf `kf gl nlkp|wla wleckges&
Pkel bo plwvc`lp Wlvlf|l cp wl`bdfcxla gs wlolwlf`l qb qml pqkql bo `bnzelqcbf bo qml qwkfpk`qcbf kq qml gkekf`l pmllq akql -obw l}knzel% Al`lnglw 0; bo k dcvlf dcv lf slkw#& Qml obeebtcfd `wcqlwck n|pq gl pkqcpla8 pkqcp la8
Qml knb|fq bo wlvlf|l `kf gl nlkp|wla wleckges& Qml l`bfbnc` glflqp zwbgkges tcee bt qb qml pleelw& p leelw& Qml pqkdl bo `bnzelqcbf kq qml gkekf`l pmllq akql `kf gl nlkp|wla wleckges& Qml `bpqp cf`|wwla% bw qb gl cf`|wwla% cf`|ww la% cf qml qwkfpk`qcbf `kf gl nlkp|wla wleckges&
Cq cp lpplfqcke qb ebbi obw kfa cfvlpqcdkql kfs `e|lp qb k`q|ke wlvlf|l gl`k|pl k `bnzkfs mkp qml kgcecqs qb nkfcz|ekql qml f|nglw& Tcqm wlvlf|l cfkqla% flq zwbq tb|ea cf`wlkpl% fkf`cke wkqcbp tb|ea gl kool`qla% kfa qml `bnzkfs tb|ea kzzlkw qb mkvl dwbtqm zbqlfqcke& Bf qml bqmlw mkfa% k `bnzkfs ncdmq |falwpqkql cqp wlvlf|l tcqm qml cfqlfqcbf bo pmcoqcfd qml cf`bnl kq k ekqlw zlwcba&
ILS [\LPQCBFP
Mkvl qml plwvc`lp wll`qla cf qml `bfqwk`q gllf zlwobwnla2 Kwl kfs cfvlpqnlfq dkcfp lwwbflb|pes wl`bwala cf wlvlf|l2 Gl`k|pl bo kf k`{|cpcqcbf% kwl kfs wlvlf|lp glcfd tcqmmlea cfpqlka bo wl`bwala cf qml `|wwlfq zlwcba2 Qml `bnzkfs ncdmq gl cfqlfacfd qb wlelkpl qml wlvlf|lp kq k ekqlw zlwcba qb pmbt kf cnzwbvlnlf cnzwbvlnlfqq cf cqp bzlwkqcbfp kp k wlp|eq bo qml k`{|cpcqcbf& Kwl l`bfbnclp bo p`kel kfa l}`lpp `kzk`cqs `bfpcalwla cf qml fkf`cke obwl`kpq2 Kwl qml `bnzkfs–p wlvlf|lp kqqk`mla qb bfl ils `eclfq2 Tmkq kwl qml ils awcvlwp bw `bnzlqcqcvl kavkfqkdl kqqwcg|qla kqqwcg|qla qb okvbwkgel pkelp dwbtqm2 Cp qml pkelp dwbtqm p|pqkcfkgel% dcvlf qml `bnzlqcqcvl lfvcwbfnlfq2 Cp qml `bnzkfs kgel qb dlflwkql k wlkecpqc` `kpm bt pqwlkn% dcvlf qml p|wwb|facfd g|pcflpp `bfacqcbfp `b|zela tcqm nk`wbl`bfbn nk`wbl`bfbnc` c` vkwckgelp2 Qml acp`b|fqla `kpm bt -A@O# wleclp mlkvces bf obwl`kpqp bo o|q|wl zlwobwnkf`l% cf`e|acfd wlvlf|l pqwlkn% qb alqlwncfl qml zwlplfq vke|l bo kf cfvlpqnlfq&
Kfkespq–p Wbel Qml kfkespq pmb|ea8
Nkil o|wqmlw cfvlpqcdkqcbfp tmlf qmlpl {|lpqcbfp ab fbq mkvl lf`b|wkdcfd kfptlwp& Wlnlnglw qmkq qml wlvlf|l qwlfa cp k ils qb qml vke|kqcbf bo k wn& Qml wlp|eq bo qml vke|kqcbf nlqmba% p|`m kp A@O bw Wlekqcvl -n|eqczel.gkpla# _ke|kqcbf qmwb|dm ecpqla cfa|pqws `bnzkwkgelp pqwbfdes alzlfap bf qml kfkespq–p obwl`kpq&
KFKESPCP BO CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@CKE WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
Gl ktkwl qmkq qml mcdmlw qml `bnzkfs–p pkelp dwbtqm wkql% qml dwlkqlw qml zbpcqcvl `bw. wlekqcbf cf qml fkf`cfd wl{|cwlnlfqp& Wlnkcf d|kwala kq lk`m elvle bo qml vke|kqcbf pqkdl& Koqlw kee% nkfkdlnlfq mkp k vlpqla cfqlwlpq cf nkppkdcfd qml f|nglwp qb cnzwlpp qml z|gec` nkwilq tcqm k `bn. zkfs qmkq cp abcfd tlee& @bfpcalw p|`m wcpip kp nkfkdlnlfq ncppqkqcfd wlvlf|lp qb nllq kf lkwfcfdp. zlw.pmkwl -LZP# qkwdlq9 bw nkfkdlnlfq ncppqkqcfd pkelp bw wl`lcvkgelp qb cnzwbvl qml gkekf`l pmllq bw ec{|cacqs wkqcbp&
Cf`bnl Qk}lp -CKP ;7# A|wcfd qml bwacfkws `b|wpl bo g|pcflpp% qk}lp kwl zkca qb qk} k|qmbwcqclp p|`m kp qml olalwke dbvlwfnlfq% pqkql kdlf`clp% kfa eb`ke cfpqcq|qcbfp& cfpqcq|qcb fp& Kf kfkespq n|pq wl`bdfcxl qmkq ―cf`bnl qk} l}zlfpl„ cf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq cp acoolwlfq owbn ―cf`bnl qk} zkskgel„ bf qml qk} wlq|wf& Cf kaacqcbf% ―fkf`cke cf`bnl„ bf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq acoolwp owbn ―qk}kgel cf`bnl„ c f`bnl„ bf qml qk} wlq|wfp& Qmlpl acoolwlf`lp kwcpl nkcfes gl`k|pl qml nlqmba |pla obw wl`bwacfd w l`bwacfd `lwqkcf qwkfp. k`qcbfp -p|`m kp nlqmba bo alzwl`ckqcbf kfa qwlkqnlfq qwlkqnlfq bo zwlzkca wlfqp# alzlfap bf qml qcnl owknl `bfpcalwla% tmc`m cp ac`qkqla gs COWP obw fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp kfa gs qk} wld|ekqbwp -qmkq cp% qml olalwke bw pqkql dbvlwfnlfq# dbvlwfnlfq# obw qml qk} wlq|wfp& Gl`k|pl bo qml qcncfd acoolwlf`lp -pll qkgel 7&;0#% o|q|wl qk} eckgcecqs -alolwwla qk} eckgcecqclp## kfa o|q|wl qk} glflq eckgcecqclp glflq -alolwwla -alolwwla qk} kpplqp# kwl kwl cf`|wwla kfa n|pq gl k``b|fqla k``b|fqla obw kzzwbzwckqles cf qml fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp& Qml wl`bwacfd bo qmlpl `ke`|ekqcbfp kool`qp qml kfkespcp bo qml fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp&
ILS [\LPQCBFP
Kwl qml kzzwbzwckql qk} wkqlp |pla2 Qml ―lool`qcvl qk} wkql„ cp |pla cf qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq kfa qml ―pqkq|qbws qk} wkql„ cp |pla cf qml qk} wlq|wfp& Cq cp eb`kqla cf qml obbqfbqlp bo qml fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp& Tmlf obwl`kpqcfd% kwl qml kzzwbzwckql lool`qcvl cf`bnl qk} wkqlp |pla2 Kwl `bnzkwcpbfp nkal glqtllf ―k`q|ke cf`bnl qk} zkca„ qb qk} k|qmbwcqclp kfa qml ―cf`bnl qk} l}zlfpl„ wll`qla bf qml fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp obw qml z|wzbpl bo kpplppcfd bzlwkqcfd `kpm b|qbt2 Kwl qmlwl kfs cfac`kqcbfp bo kf kddwlppcvl |pl bo qk} pmleqlwp2
Kfkespq–p Wbel Qml kfkespq pmb|ea8
Wlnlnglw qmkq acp`b|fqcfd bo alolwwla qk} kpplqp kfa eckgcecqclp c p zwbmcgcqla& Gl ktkwl qmkq alolwwla qk}lp kwl `ekppcla kp fbf`|wwlfq qk}lp cf qml gkekf`l pmllq& Ab fbq cf`e|al qml cqln cf `ke`|ekqcfd `|wwlfq wkqcbp&
10
11
CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@L WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
Qkgel 7&;0 7&;0 L}kn L}knzelp zelp bo Qcncfd Qcncfd Acool Acoolwlf`l wlf`lpp kfa qml Lool` Lool`qq bo Alolwwla Qk} Kpplq"Eckgcecqs L}knzel
Cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq
Qk} wlq|wf
Flq lool`q
@mbc`l bo alzwl`ck. qcbf nlqmba8 l}kn. zel bo alolwwla qk} eckgcecqs
Pqwkcdmq.ecfl nlqmba% !;:: zlw nbfqm bo alzwl`ck. qcbf l}zlfpl
Ab|gel.al`ecfcfd nlqmba -k``lelwkqla nlqmba#% !;<: zlw nbfqm bo alzwl`ck. qcbf l}zlfpl
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ILS [\LPQCBFP
Tmkq cp qml o|f`qcbfke `|wwlf`s bo qml p|gpcackws2 p|gp cackws2 Tmkq cp qml zwlplfqkqcbf `|wwlf`s bo qml zkwlfq `bnzkfs2 Tmlf qwkfpekqcfd qml fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp qb qml zwlplfqkqcbf `|wwlf`s% kwl qml kzzwbzwckql l}`mkfdl wkqlp kzzecla qb kpplqp kfa eckgcecqclp kfa qb cf`bnl kfa l}zlfplp2
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ILS [\LPQCBFP
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ILS [\LPQCBFP
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ILS [\LPQCBFP
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ILS [\LPQCBFP
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ILS [\LPQCBFP
Tmkq cp qml nkwilq alnkfa obw qml kdwc`|eq|wke zwba|`q2 Co nkwilq.alqlwncfla zwc`lp kwl fbq zwlplq cf qml k`qcvl nkwilq% tmkq nlqmba bo vke|kqcbf mkp gllf |pla2 Cp cq k wleckgel nlkp|wl2 Co qml `bnzkfs wl`lcvlp kf |f`bfacqcbfke dbvlwfnlfq dwkfq wlekqla qb qml gcbebd. c`ke kpplq% mbt tcee cq kool`q qml vke|kqcbf zwb`lpp2
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ILS [\LPQCBFP
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ILS [\LPQCBFP
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K@@B\FQCFD KFA OCFKF@CKE WLZBWQCFD @B_LFKFQP
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Ocfkf`cke @bvlfkfqp
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CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@L WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
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@|ww @| wwlf lfqq kpp kppllqp
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Ocfkf`cke algq
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Ocfk Oc fkff`c `cke ke el elkp kpll
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K@@B\FQCFD KFA OCFKF@CKE WLZBWQCFD @B_LFKFQP
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Eckgcecqclp -@bfqcf|la #
Alfcqcbf
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Ebfd Eb fd.q .qlw lwn n alg algqq
Qmkq zk Qmkq zkwq wq bo Oc Ocfk fkf` f`ck ckee Alg Algqq qml qml f fke ke nk nkq| q|wc wcqs qs bo tm tmc` c`m% m% gs cq cqpp qlw qlwnp np bw qm qmll qlw qlwnp np bo kf kfss kdwllnlfq wlekqcfd qb cq% okeep a|l nbwl qmkf bfl slkw koqlw qml akql bo cqp cf`|wwlf`l
Nkql Nk qlwc wcke ke ka kavl vlwp wpll loo lool` l`qq
K nkq nkqlw lwck ckee kav kavlw lwpl pl lo lool ol`q `q bf bf88 ◂ Qml Gbwwbtlw% cqp kpplqp% bw zwbzlwqclp ◂ Qml Gbwwbtlw–p g|pcflpp zwbpzl`qp bw fkf`cke `bfacqcbf ◂ Qml cnzelnlfqkqcbf bo qml Zwbhl`q% qml Ocfkf`cke Zekf% bw qml `kwwscfd bf bo qml Gbwwbtlw–p g|pcflpp bw bzlwkqcbfp ◂ Qml kgcecqs bo qml Gbwwbtlw qb `bnzes tcqm cqp bgecdkqcbfp bgecdkqcbfp |falw qmcp Kdwllnlfq% kfs bqmlw Qwkfpk`qcbf Ab`|nlfq bw Zwbhl`q Ab`|nlfq
Flq cf cf`bnl
Obw kf kfs f fkf`cke sl slkw% qm qml l} l}`lpp -c-co kf kfs# bo bo dw dwbpp cf cf`bnl bv bvlw qb qbqke l} l}zlfplp -z -zwbvcala qmkq cf`bnl qk}lp pmkee gl qwlkqla kp zkwq bo qbqke l}zlfplp# kzzlkwcfd cf qml k|acqla fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp obw p|`m fkf`cke slkw
Fbf. Fb f.`k `kpm pm cq cqln lnpp
Obw kfs Obw kfs f fkf kf`c `cke ke sl slkw kw%% qml qml fl flqq kdd kddwl wldk dkql ql kn knb| b|fq fq -t -tmc mc`m `m nk nkss gl gl k zbp zbpcq cqcv cvll bw bw fld fldkq kqcv cvll f|nglw# bo kee fbf.`kpm l}zlfplp kfa fbf.`kpm `wlacqp qmkq mkvl gllf p|gqwk`qla bw% kp qml `kpl nks gl% kaala cf `ke`|ekqcfd Flq Cf`bnl a|wcfd qmkq fkf`cke slkw% cf`e|acfd% tcqmb|q ecncqkqcbf% alzwl`ckqcbf% knbwqcxkqcbf% alolwwla qk}lp% zwbvcpcbfp obw plvlwkf`l zks bo pqkoo kfa tbwilwp% kfa `wlacqp wlp|eqcfd owbn wlvke|kqcbf bo qml kpplqp– gbbi vke|l
Zlki algq plwvc`l `bvlwkdl wkqcb
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k& Ocfkf`cke Algq cf`e|alp Ocfkf`cke Elkplp& Elkpl zksnlfqp tcee mkvl gllf kzzbwqcbfla gs qml Gbwwbtlw kfa cqp k|acqbwp glqtllf qml fkf`l `mkwdl kfa qml wla|`qcbf bo qml b|qpqkfacfd elkpl eckgcecqs -lpplfqckees `bwwlpzbfacfd qb cfqlwlpq kfa zwcf`czke zksnlfqp#& Qml f|nlwkqbw bo qml Zlki bw Zwbpzl`qcvl AP@W pmb|ea kaa gk`i qb Flq Cf`bnl qml fkf`l `m kwdl kfa qml knbwqcxkqcbf bo qml kpplq -c&l&% alzwl`ckqcbf#& Qml alfbncfkqbw bo qml Zwbpzl`qcvl AP@W pmb|ea cf`e|a l qml lfqcwl elkpl zksnlfq a|l cf qml `|wwlfq fkf`cke slkw% kfa qml alfbncfkqbw bo qml Zlki AP@W pmb|ea cf `e|al qml lfqcwl elkpl zksnlfq a|l cf qml fkf`cke slkw tcqm qml m cdmlpq kddwldkql zwcf`czke zksnlfqp bf Ebfd.qlwn Algq -cf`e|acfd Ocfkf`cke Elkplp#& -@bfqcf|la #
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CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@L WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
QKGEL <&; Plel`qla Alfcqcbfp bo Wkqcbp Wkqcbp kfa Qlwnp owbn owbn Cfvlpqnlfq Cfvlpqnlfq Kdwllnlfqp tcqm Dlflwke Nkf|ok`q|wcfd @bnzkfclp -@bfqcf|la # Qlwn
Zlki algq plwvc`l `bvlwkdl wkqcb -@bfqcf|la #
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Alwcvkqcvlp kfa mladl cfpqw|. nlfqp kwl nlkp|wla kq okcw vke|l9 `mkfdlp cf okcw vke|l kwl wl`bd. fcxla cf cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq l}`lzq obw lool`qcvl zbwqcbf bo `kpm bt mladlp% tmlwl qml `mkfdlp kwl alolwwla cf l{|cqs |fqce lool`q bo |falwescfd qwkfpk`qcbf cp wl`bd. fcxla cf cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq& Dkcfp"ebpplp owbn mladl cfpqw|. nlfqp qmkq kwl |pla qb mladl obwl`kpq qwkfpk`qcbf nks gl cf`e|ala cf `bpq bo fbffkf`cke kpplq"eckgcecqs -gkpcp kah|pqnlfq#&
Pcncekw qb COWP% l}`lzq fb ―gkpcp kah|pqnlfq„ bf `kpm bt mladlp bo obwl`kpq qwkfpk`qcbfp&
Alwcvkqcvlp kfa bqmlw fkf`cke cfpqw|nlfqp8 flq cfvlpqnlfq mladlp
Lool`qcvl zbwqcbf bo dkcfp"ebpplp bf mladlp bo flq cfvlpqnlfqp cp wl`bdfcxla cf l{|cqs9 cflool`qcvl zbwqcbf cp wl`bwala cf cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq& Dkcfp"ebpplp mlea cf l{|cqs kwl qwkfpolwwla qb cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq bf acpzbpke bw zkwqcke acpzbpke bo cfvlpqnlfq&
Pcncekw qb COWP& Dkcfp"ebpplp kwl qwkfpolwwla qb cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq |zbf pkel bw `bnzelql bw p|gpqkfqckees `bn. zelql ec{|cakqcbf bo cfvlpqnlfq&
Co cfac`kqbwp kwl nc}la kfa o|f`. qcbfke `|wwlf`s cp fbq bgvcb|p% h|adnlfq cp |pla qb alqlwncfl o|f`qcbfke `|wwlf`s qmkq nbpq okcqmo|ees wlzwlplfqp l`bfbnc` wlp|eqp bo lfqcqs–p bzlwkqcbfp gs ob`|pcfd bf `|wwlf`s bo zwcnkws l`bfbnc` lfvcwbfnlfq cf tmc`m lfqcqs bzlwkqlp&
Pcncekw qb COWP9 mbtlvlw% fb pzl. `c` mclwkw`ms bo ok`qbwp qb `bf. pcalw& Cf zwk`qc`l% `|wwlf`s cf tmc`m `kpm btp kwl plqqela cp boqlf ils `bfpcalwkqcbf&
Bqmlw Cfobwnkqcbf O|f`qcbfke `|wwlf`s8 alqlwncfkqcbf
COWP _LWP\P \&P& DKKZ
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COWP
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Bqmlw Cfobwnkqcbf -@bfqcf|la # Zwlplfqkqcbf `|wwlf`s
Tmlf fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp kwl zwlplfqla cf qml `|wwlf`s bqmlw qmkf qml o|f`qcbfke `|wwlf`s% kpplqp kfa eckgcecqclp kwl qwkfpekqla kq l}`mkfdl wkql kq gkekf`l pmllq akql& Cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq cqlnp kwl qwkfpekqla kq l}`mkfdl wkql kq akqlp bo qwkfpk`qcbfp% bw kvlwkdl wkqlp co wkqlp ab fbq |`q|kql pcdfc`kfqes&
Pcncekw qb COWP&
Mszlwcfkqcbfkws l`bfbns8 alfcqcbf
Mszlwcfkqcbf cp cfac`kqla gs `mkwk`qlwcpqc`p bo l`bfbnc` lfvc. wbfnlfq bo `b|fqws% tmc`m cf`e|al zbz|ekqcbf–p kqqcq|al qbtkwap eb`ke `|wwlf`s kfa zwc`lp ecfila qb zwc`l cfal}9 kfa co `|n|ekqcvl cfkqcbf wkql bvlw qmwll slkwp cp kzzwbk`mcfd% bw l}`llap% ;::,&
Mszlwcfkqcbf cp dlflwkees cfac. `kqla gs `|n|ekqcvl qmwll.slkw cfkqcbf wkql bo kzzwb}cnkqles ;::, bw nbwl&
Mszlwcfkqcbfkws l`bfbns8 nlkp|wlnlfq
Lfqcqclp qmkq mkvl kp o|f`qcbfke `|wwlf`s qml `|wwlf`s bo mszlw. cfkqcbfkws l`bfbns wlpqkql fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp |pcfd k nlkp|wlnlfq |fcq `|wwlfq kq gkekf`l pmllq akql&
Dlflwkees ablp fbq zlwncq cfkqcbf.kah|pqlaa fkf`cke pqkql. cfkqcbf.kah|pql nlfqp9 cfpqlka wl{|cwlp |pl bo wlzbwqcfd `|wwlf`s -\&P& abeekw# kp o|f`qcbfke `|wwlf`s& Obwlcdf cpp|lwp qmkq |pl COWP kwl zlwncqqla qb bncq {|kfqc`kqcbf bo kfs aco. olwlf`lp qmkq tb|ea mkvl wlp|eqla owbn kzzec`kqcbf bo OKP <7&
Lkwfcfdp zlw pmkwl8 Ace|qla
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Pcncekw qb COWP&
Wlekqla.zkwqs qwkfpk`qcbfp8 alfcqcbf
Alqlwncfla gs elvle bo acwl`q bw cfacwl`q `bfqwbe% hbcfq `bfqwbe% kfa pcdfc`kfq cf|lf`l bo bfl zkwqs bvlw kfbqmlw bw `bnnbf `bfqwbe gs kfbqmlw lfqcqs&
Pcncekw qb COWP&
Pldnlfq wlzbwqcfd8 p`bzl kfa gkpcp bo obwnkqp
Z|gec` lfqcqclp8 zwcnkws kfa pl`. bfakws -g|pcflpp kfa dlbdwkzmc`# pldnlfqp kwl wlzbwqla bf gkpcp bo wcpip kfa wlq|wfp kfa cfqlwfke wlzbwqcfd pqw|`q|wl&
Z|gec` lfqcqclp -PL@ wldcpqwkfqp#8 wlzbwqla bf gkpcp bo bzlwkqcfd pldnlfqp% tmc`m kwl gkpla bf nkfflw cf tmc`m `mclo bzlwkqcfd al`cpcbfnkilw lvke|kqlp fkf`cke
CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@L WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
Alp`wczqcbf
COWP
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Bqmlw Cfobwnkqcbf -@bfqcf|la # cfobwnkqcbf obw z|wzbplp bo keeb. `kqcfd wlpb|w`lp kfa kpplppcfd zlwobwnkf`l&
Pldnlfq wlzbwqcfd8 p`bzl kfa gkpcp bo obwnkqp -@bfqcf|la #
Zbpq‐gkekf`l pmllq lvlfqp
Ocfkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp kwl kah|pqla obw p|gpl{|lfq lvlfqp% zwbvcacfd lvcalf`l bo `bfacqcbfp kq gkekf`l pmllq akql kfa nkqlwckees kool`qcfd knb|fqp cf fkf`cke pqkqlnlfqp -kah|pqcfd lvlfqp#& Fbfkah|pqcfd lvlfqp kwl acp`ebpla&
Pcncekw qb COWP&
Cfqlwcn fkf`cke wlzbwqcfd
@bfqlfqp kwl zwlp`wcgla kfa gkpcp pmb|ea gl `bfpcpqlfq tcqm o|ee.slkw pqkqlnlfqp& Owl{|lf`s bo wlzbwq. cfd -l&d&% {|kwqlwes% mkeo.slkw# cp cnzbpla gs eb`ke wld|ekqbw bw kq acp`wlqcbf bo lfqcqs&
Pcncekw qb COWP& Kaacqcbfke {|kw. qlwes wlzbwqcfd wl{|cwlnlfqp kzzes obw PL@ wldcpqwkfqp -abnlp. qc` \&P& lfqcqclp bfes# kfa mkeo. slkw wlzbwqcfd wl{|cwlnlfqp obw `lwqkcf obwlcdf zwcvkql cpp|lwp&
Cfp|wkf`l kfa wlcfp|wkf`l `bf. qwk`q8 nlkp|wl. nlfq% ebpp wl`bdfcqcbf& cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq zwlplfqkqcbf
Kf lfqcqs nks wlqkcf qml k``b|fq. cfd zbec`s |falw zwlvcb|p DKKZ -c&l&% fkqcbfke DKKZ#% p|ghl`q qb ncfcn|n wl{|cwlnlfqp& Wl{|cwlp k eckgcecqs kal{|k`s kal{|k`s qlpq& D|kwkf. qlla bzqcbfp kwl `bfpcalwla cf eck. gcecqs kal{|k`s qlpq& ―Pmkabt„ kah|pqnlfqp wlp|eqcfd owbn kpp|nla wlkecxkqcbf bo |fwlkecxla dkcfp bw ebpplp bf cfvlpqnlfqp wl`bwala cf l{|cqs kwl wll`qla cf l{|cqs% co p|`m k``b|fqcfd cp lel`qla& Bqmlwtcpl% kfs al`clf`s wlp|eqcfd owbn qml kpp|nla wlke. cxkqcbf bo |fwlkecxla dkcfp bw ebpplp cp wll`qla qmwb|dm qml cf`bnl pqkqlnlfq& Cfp|wkf`l wlv. lf|lp kfa `bpqp nks fbq gl booplq gs qml lool`qp bo wlcfp|wkf`l qwkfpk`qcbfp&
Alqkcela nlkp|wlnlfq d|cakf`l l}cpqp obw acoolwlfq qszlp bo cfp|w. kf`l kfa wlcfp|wkf`l `bfqwk`qp& Pcncekw qlpq cp wl{|cwla -wlolwwla qb kp qml ―zwlnc|n al`clf`s„ qlpq#&
Bce kfa dkp% kfa ncfcfd
Lfqcqs nks `mbbpl qb `kzcqkecxl l}zebwkqcbf kfa lvke|kqcbf k`qcvc. qclp |falw bfl bo qtb nlqmbap8 qml owknltbwi bw lfqcqs–p l}cpqcfd zbec`s co nkfkdlnlfq `bfpcalw cq wlelvkfq kfa wleckgel&
Lfqcqs nks `mbbpl qb `kzcqkecxl l}zebwkqcbf kfa lvke|kqcbf k`qcv. cqclp |falw bfl bo qtb nlqmbap8 p|``lppo|e loobwqp bw o|ee.`bpq nlqmba&
L}zec`cq d|cakf`l l}cpqp obw k``w|cfd eckgcecqclp obw d|kwkfqlla ecol cfp|wkf`l kfa kff|cqs bzqcbfp9 qmls kwl kepb `bfpcalwla cf zwlnc|n al`clf`s qlpq& ―Pmkabt„ kah|pqnlfqp -cf`e|acfd ―pmkabt„ zwlnc|n al`clf`s kah|pqnlfqp# wlp|eqcfd owbn kpp|nla wlkecxkqcbf bo |fwlkecxla dkcfp bw ebpplp bf cfvlpqnlfqp wl`bwala cf l{|cqs kwl wll`qla cf l{|cqs& Cfp|wkf`l wlvlf|lp kfa `bpqp kwl booplq gs qml lool`qp bo wlcfp|wkf`l qwkfpk`qcbfp&
COWP _LWP\P \&P& DKKZ
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COWP
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Zwbmcgcqp wlvke|kqcbfp l}`lzq obw `lwqkcf `kqldbwclp bo fkf`cke cfpqw|nlfqp% tmc`m mkvl qb gl `kwwcla kq okcw vke|l&
Bqmlw Cfobwnkqcbf -@bfqcf|la # Mcpqbwc`ke `bpq
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Ec{|cacqs Wkqcbp @|wwlfq wkqcb
@|wwlfq kpplqp @|wwlfq eckgcecqclp
Nlkp|wl pmbwq.qlwn algq.zkscfd kgcecqs
[|c`i bw k`ca.qlpq wkqcb
@kpm% nkwilqkgel Pl`|wcqclp% / wl`lcvkgel -flq# @|wwlfq eckgcecqclp
Nlkp|wlp cnnlackql pmbwq.qlwn ec{|cacqs
@|wwlfq `kpm algq `bvlwkdl wkqcb
Flq `kpm zwbvcala gs bzlwkqcfd k`qcvcqclp Kvlwkdl `|wwlfq eckgcecqclp
Nlkp|wlp k `bnzkfs–p kgcecqs qb zks boo cqp `|wwlfq ` |wwlfq eckgcecqclp cf k dcvlf slkw owbn cqp bzlwkqcbfp
Kpplq Nkfkdlnlfq Wkqcbp Wl`lcvkgelp q|wfbvlw
Cfvlfqbws q|wfbvlw
Oc}la kpplqp q|wfbvlw
Flq pkelp Kvlwkdl qwkal wl`lcvkgelp -flq#
Nlkp|wlp ec{|cacqs bo wl`lcvkgelp
@bpq bo dbbap pbea Kvlwkdl Cfvlfqbws
Nlkp|wlp ec{|cacqs bo cfvlfqbws
Oc}la kpplqp q|wf bvlw Kvlwkdl flq }la kpplqp
Nlkp|wlp mbt lo`clfqes kpplqp kwl |pla qb dlflwkql pkelp
Qbqke algq Qbqke kpplqp
Nlkp|wlp qml zlw`lfqkdl bo qbqke kpplqp zwbvcala gs `wlacqbwp
@bvlwkdl Wkqcbp Algq wkqcb
CFQLWFKQCBFKE OCFKF@L WLZBWQCFD PQKFAKWAP
Wkqcbp
Obwn|ek
Z|wzbpl bw \pl
@bvlwkdl Wkqcbp - @bfqcf|la # Qcnlp.cfqlwlpq.lkwfla -QCL# wkqcb
Cf`bnl globwl cfqlwlpq `mkwdlp kfa qk}lp -LGCQ# Cfqlwlpq `mkwdl
Nlkp|wlp kgcecqs qb nllq cfqlwlpq zksnlfqp kp qmls `bnl a|l
LGCQAK `bvlwkdl wkqcb
LGCQAK ) Elkpl zksnlfqp Cfqlwlpq ) Zwcf`czke ) Elkpl Zksnlfqp
Nlkp|wlp kgcecqs qb nllq }la fkf`cke `mkwdlp
@kpm algq `bvlwkdl wkqcb
Flq `kpm zwbvcala gs bzlwkqcfd k`qcvcqclp Kvlwkdl qbqke eckgcecqclp
Nlkp|wlp k `bnzkfs–p kgcecqs qb wlzks cqp qbqke eckgcecqclp cf k dcvlf slkw owbn cqp bzlwkqcbfp
Gbbi vke|l zlw pmkwl
@bnnbf pqb`imbealwp– l{|cqs B|qpqkfacfd pmkwlp
Nlkp|wlp qml knb|fq lk`m pmkwl tb|ea wl`lcvl co qml `bnzkfs tlwl ec{|cakqla kq qml knb|fqp wlzbwqla bf qml gkekf`l pmllq
Zwbqkgcecqs Wkqcbp Zwbq nkwdcf bf pkelp
Flq cf`bnl kvkcekgel qb `bnnbf pqb`imbealwp Flq pkelp
Wlq|wf bf Kpplq -WBK#
Flq cf`bnl kvkcekgel qb `bnnbf pqb`imbealwp Kvlwkdl qbqke kpplqp
Nlkp|wlp flq cf`bnl dlflwkqla gs lk`m abeekw bo pkelp Nlkp|wlp bvlwkee zwbqkgcecqs bo kpplqp
Wlq|wf bf @bnnbf L{|cqs -WBL#
Flq cf`bnl kvkcekgel qb `bnnbf pqb`imbealwp Kvlwkdl @bnnbf l{|cqs
Nlkp|wlp zwbqkgcecqs bo btflwp– cfvlpqnlfq
Lkwfcfdp zlw pmkwl
Flq cf`bnl kvkcekgel qb `bnnbf pqb`imbealwp Tlcdmqla pmkwlp b|qpqkfacfd
Nlkp|wlp flq cf`bnl lkwfla bf lk`m pmkwl bo `bnnbf pqb`i
Zwc`l"Lkwfcfdp -Z"L# wkqcb
Zwc`l zlw pmkwl Lkwfcfdp zlw pmkwl
Nlkp|wlp qml wkqcb bo qml nkwilq zwc`l zlw pmkwl qb lkwfcfdp zlw pmkwl
@kpm acvcalfap Flq cf`bnl
Nlkp|wlp zlw`lfqkdl bo lkwfcfdp acpqwcg|qla cf qml obwn bo `kpm acvcalfap
Zksb|q wkqcb
Wlolwlf`lp
Gwcdmkn% O& / Lmwmkwaq% N& Ocfkf`cke nkfkdl. nlfq8 Qmlbws kfa zwk`qc`l& \fcqla Pqkqlp8 Pb|qm.Tlpqlwf Qmbnpbf Elkwfcfd& Alebcqql Qb|`ml Qbmnkqp|& COWPp cf sb|w zb`ilq 7::?& Lzpqlcf% G& H& -7::?#& COWP8 Cfqlwzwlqkqcbf kfa kzzec`kqcbf bo cfqlwfkqcbfke fkf`cke wlzbwqcfd pqkfakwap& Mbgbilf% FH8 Tcels / Pbfp% Cf`& Dwl|fcfd% M&_& -7::<#& Cfqlwfkqcbfke fkf`cke wlzbwqcfd pqkfakwap8 pqkfakwap8 K zwk`qc`ke d|cal& Tkpm. cfdqbf% A&@&8 Qml Tbwea Gkfi& Iclpb% A&L&% Tkwlea% Q&A&% / Tlsdkfaq% H&H& -7::1#& Cfqlwnlackql k``b|fqcfd& Mbgbilf% FH8 Tcels / Pbfp% Cf`&
Cfqlwfkqcbfke fkf`cke wlzbwqcfd pqkfakwap8 Cee|p. qwkqcvl `bwzbwkql `bfpbecakqla fkf`cke pqkql. nlfqp 7::<& Wlqwclvla Olgw|kws Olgw |kws 74% 7::?% owbn mqqz8""zt`&`bn"d}"lfd"kgb|q"pv`p"`bwzbwkql wlzbwqcfd"C@OP7::<& Zwc`ltkqlwmb|pl@bbzlwp Tlgpcql& ttt&zt`&`bn" cowp& Pcncekwcqclp kfa acoolwlf`lp8 K `bnzkwcpbf bo COWP kfa \P DKKZ& Wlqwclvla Kzwce ;;% 7::?% owbn mqqz8""zt`&`bn"d}"lfd"kgb|q"pv`p"`bwzbwkql wlzbwqcfd"PkfaAR:<&zao&
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