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MODULE-IV ILLUMINATION
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The aim of artificial light is to supplement day light or to replace it, in homes, offices, factories or recreatio illumination increases production, reduces fatigue, increase efficiency and safety. safety. Radiant energy
Light is a form of radiant energy propagated in the form of transverse waves through an invisible med ether. ether. The velocity velocity of light light is 3x1!m"s. #ince #ince the wave length length of light is very small it is expressed expressed in $ng &1 )$%*1 m. +ave length or or red light light is ! $% and and that of violet violet is 3- $.%. $.%. The wave wave length length of other between the sensation of colour is due to the difference difference in the wave wave length and hence the difference difference of freuencies freuencies o
)f certain bodies are heated when the temperature rises, it starts radiating heat energy and if the tempera increased, it starts emitting light radiation also. /urther increase of temperature temperature increases the light energy and the radiation reduces and light from red to violet is obtained and the total light effect effect will be white. )f further heated, emitting ultra violet radiation also in addition to light and heat. /rom the point of view of light enussion, heat ra wasted. The ratio energy radiated radiated in the form of light. Total energy radiated radiated by hot body is known as the radiant radiant e o light source. 0aximum radiant efficiency efficiency will occur at a temperature temperature of about 2 and the maximum efficienc This temperature is far above the one which can be obtained in practice, practically possible efficiency will be much #olid $ngle onsider an area $ which is part of the surface of a sphere of radiusr. radiusr. #olid angle denoted 5+5 is the angle A
all the lines draw from each each point on the edges of the area $, at the centre . )ts value is + *
r
2
The unit
steradian '#r(. '#r(. )f $ * r 2 then + * 1. 6ence ) steradian can be defined defined as the solid angle subtended at the centre o part of its surface having an area eual to the suare of its radius. The solid angle subtended by the
7 r 2 2
r
7 Sr
8efinitions9 1.
Luminous /lux9
)t is defined as the total uantity of light&energy emitted per second second from a luninous body symbol in / lumen. The concept of luminous flux enables to specify the output and efficiency efficiency of a light source.
2. Luminous )ntensity )ntensity & )t is the luminous luminous flux emitted by the source per per unit solid angle. angle. #ymbol is ) and the un lumens per stradian or candle power.
3. Lumen Lumen & )t is the unit of luminous luminous flux and is defined defined as the luminous luminous flux given out from from a source source of one through one unit solid angle. Lumen * candle power power : solid angle. Total lumen given out by a source of one c lumen. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title
Master your semester with Scribd & The New York Times Useful Not useful 7. )llumination9 +hen light falls falls upon any any surface, surface, the phenomenon is called illumination. illumination. )t is defined defined on the Cancel anytime.
onstudents: the surface per$4.99/month. unit area. #ymbol is ; and is measured in lumen per suare meter meter or Lux or meter candle Specialfalling offer for Only
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Candle Power
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ie
Square of dis tan ce
LS140-Lustron msslcCCN05F_20150402 se2011_hodapp
CP d 2
;g9 & flux emitted by a lamp in all direction is 1 lumen. alculate its 0#<. 0#<. 0#< & 0ean #pecial andle
Lumes Lumes 7
1 7
2.
* -. .<. .<. ******* $ 2= 2= > lamp lamp take takess .! .!$ $ and and has has a flux flux of 3 3 lume lumen. n. alc alcul ulat atee lum lumen en per per wat wattt
'ii(
0#< per watt.
+attage * 2= x .! * 2+. Lumens"+att
*
0#<
*
0#<"+att
*
3 2 3 7 27 2
* 1= lumens"watt
* 27
* 1.2
Laws of )llumination9 There are two laws of illumination '1( Law of )nverse #uares '2( Lambert5s osine law. law. 1.
Law of inverse suares9
)f a source of light which emit light uniformly in all directions is placed at the center of a hollow sphere uniformly on the inner surface of the sphere ie the illumination at every m2 area of the surface surface will be same. same. replaced with another sphere sphere of larger radius, the same same amount of light is spread over a larger larger area proportional the radius. The amount of light falling falling per m2 area will be diminished now and will be inversely proportional to th radius, that is the distance between the source source and the surface. 6ence inverse suare suare law can be stated as 5The ill surface is inversely proportional to the suare of the distance between the surface and the light source, provided th is sufficiently large so that the source can be treated as a point source ie ;
)"d2
; * )llumination
Master your semester with Scribd ) * Luminous indensity & The New York Times d * distance Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. Lambert5s osine Law
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'a( %nder the lamps & onsider point $ )llumination at
1 *
*
'1.-( 2
os
1 '1.-(
1
2
A 2
1
'1.-(
1 2
* 2.2.- Lux Lux
)lluminatio )llumination n at * )lluminatio )llumination n due L1 A)llumination due to L2
*
*
1 1
2
Cos 2
1 1 2
os 2
1
1 2 2 1 1 1 1
* 1.2 lux ******
Bormal assumption is that the candle power or luminous intensity from a source of light is uniformly di direction. direction. ?ut due to its unsymmetrica unsymmetricall shape light emitted emitted in different different directions directions vary vary. )t is often neces distributi distribution on of light in various various direction directions. s. The luminous luminous intensit intensity y in all direction direction can be represe represented nted by polar luminous intensity in all directions in a horiContal place passing through the light source in plotted against angu curve known as horiContal horiContal oDpolar curve is obtained. )f the luminous intensity in a vertical vertical plane passing throug light is plotted vertical polar curve is obtained.
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#imilarly G6 * E/ E/. Ether points are also also marked in this manner. manner. The curve obtained by Hoining the ends of these ordinates is known as Rousseau5s urve. urve. The mean ordinate of this curve gives the 0.#..<. of the lamp. The mean ordinate of urve *
Area of Curve CDBS Length CD
The area under the curve can either be determine on a graph paper or found by #impson5s rule. Reuirements of good lighting system. $ good lighting system should be such that it may9& i(
ii( ii(
iii( iii(
iv( iv(
$void void glar glaree and and hard hard shad shadow owss as as far far as poss possib ible le..
1. )lluminatio )llumination n Level Level 9 This is the the most most important important reuire reuirement ment for for a good lightin lighting g system, system, since since sufficie sufficient nt illu means by which we are seeing seeing the obHects. /or each type of work, there is a range range of brightness which causes causes mi and gives maximum output in terms of uality uality and uantity. 8egree of illumination reuired reuired depends on the siCe o the distance of the obHect from the observer. observer. Reuirement of illumination level for different different location are as follows9 a(
;ntrance way, toilets, subarban roads, factory yard etc.
%pto = Lux
>ery low illum
b(
#taircase orridors orridors bedrooms parking parking area, warehouses, warehouses, bathroom etc.
%pto 1 Lux
Low illumination
c(
Livi Living ng roo room, m, rec recep eptio tion n room room,, Lect Lectur uree hall, hall, 6osp 6ospita itall indo indoor or,, dini dining ng roo room m
%pto %pto 1= 1= Lux Lux
0edi 0edium um ill illum umin in
d(
Fitchen, Libraries work, ?enches, machine room
%pto 2 Lux
6igh level
e(
Effice sustained reading typing, drawing office indoor game etc. tc.
%p to 3 Lux
>ery high
f(
#ewing testing lab instrument repair
%p to Lux
;xtremely 6igh
ii( %niformity of )llumination )llumination
6uman eye adHusts itself automatically to the brightness brightness within the field field of vision. )f there in lack of pupil of the eye has to adHust freuently and thus fatigue is caused to the eye. The range of brightness within the should not be more than 391. This can be achieved achieved by employing general general lighting in addition to localised lighting. alone 'eg. a table lamp( without matching general lighting creates a feeling of loneliness, gloom and unfriendliness. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title
Master your semester with Scribd & The New York Times Useful Not useful entirely depends upon the colour of the iii( olour of light 'lour rendering(. rendering(. The appearance appearance of the obHect obHect colour depends th Cancel anytime.
compos ition ofOnly the$4.99/month. light should should be such that the colour appears appears natural, natural, its appearance appearance from artifici artificial al lig SpecialThe offercomposition for students: different than under day day light. The colour rendering index of some of the lamp are as follows. follows. Luminous efficienc efficienc
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iv( #hadow #hadow9& 9& /ormat /ormation ion of long long and and hard hard shadows shadows caus causee fatigu fatigue. e. omple omplete te elimi eliminat nation ion of shad shadow ow is no condition for good lighting. ertain amount of of shadow is desirable since it gives gives shape to solid obHects. obHects. EbHects shadow less light seems flat and uninteresting. uninteresting. ?ut in drawing offices, offices, shadows will will hinder the work long and har be avoided by providing a no. of luminairs mounted at a height not less than 2.= m. and by using wide surface s using globes over filament lamps.
v( Glare8irect glare from from a source of light in more more common and is more more often a hindrance to vision. Reflected g by reflection of light from from polished surfaces. surfaces. 0etal reflectors reflectors are provided in industrial industrial lighting to avoid glare. alculation of height of mounting
/ind the height at which light having uniform spherical candle power should be placed over a floor in intensity of horiContal illumination at a given distance from its, vertical line is greatest. 5l5 is known it is reuired to find the value of h, so that illumination at point 5?5 is maximum. )llumination at ?
;? *
CP d 2
os
CP
*
*
'
l
2
h
h2 (2
2
l
h2
CP . h
'l 2
h
2
(3 " 2
To find the condition of h for which ;? is maximum. dE B dh
CP 'l
2
= h 2 ( 3 " 2 h 3 " 2 2h l 2 h 2 2
1
l * . l 2 ************** h*
Master your )llumination at anysemester point due to a lamp lampwith mountedScribd at height h & The New )n this cYork ase 5h5 is kTimes nown and it is reuired Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. to find out the illumination on the floor at point $,
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?right ?rightnes ness9 s9
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?right ?rightnes nesss of a surf surface ace is is define defined d as the the lumino luminous us inten intensit sity y per unit unit proH proHect ected ed area area of the the su CP direction. %nit of brightness is Lambert and is eual eual to 2
;g9 $ lamp lamp having a uniform .<. .<. of 2 in all direction is provided with a reflector reflector which directs directs 4 of total into a circular area of 10 diameter diameter.. The lamp is hung 0 above the area. area. alculate the illumination '1( at the c edge of the surface with and without reflector. 8etermine the average illumination with the reflector. reflector. #oluti #olution on d *
=2
0#<
2 * .!1 0
* 2
Total flux out put * 7
: 2 Lumens
'i( +ithout +ithout reflector reflector
)llumination at at ce centre
*
I
)llumination at edges edges *
d
2
2
2
* =.== lux
Cos
2 '.!1(
2
.!1
* 2.=2 lux ******* 'ii( 'ii(
+ith refl reflect ector or 4 4 of total total ligh lightt out put put refle reflecte cted d and the the illum illumina inatio tion n is unifo uniform rm and and same same at cent centre re and and e
)llumination
*
*
otal luman reching the area Area Area
. 7 2 =
2
7! 2=
* 1-.2 lux ******* ?asic
Master your semester +hen light falls on a surface surfacewith part of it Scribd is reflected reflected and part is absorbed and the balance is transmitted transmitted thr Read Free For 30 Days Sign up to vote on this title reflected light to incident light is known reflection factor. factor. These are two types of reflection reflection '1( 0irror or #pecula & The New York Times Useful Not useful '8iffuse '8iffuse reflection. )n case of specular specular reflection, a beam beam of light is reflected reflected but not scattered. %nless the eye is Cancel anytime.
reflection, the light is not seen and in the path of reflection, the source of light is seen and not the refl Specialofoffer for students: Onlysource $4.99/month. ;g9& #ilvered mirrors mirrors highly polished metal surfaces surfaces etc. +ith diffused diffused reflection light is scattered scattered in all direction
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4 to -4 for direct lighting and balance balance used to illuminate walls walls and ceiling.
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'3( #emi indirect lighting lighting
4 to -4 of light thrown upwards and balance light directed to the working plane. )t is used for decora '7( )ndirect lighting
0ore than -4 of light flux is thrown upwards using inverted inverted reflectors. )n this case the ceiling in illum like a light source and the light is more diffused and the appearance of the room will be better. '=( General lighting )n this case shades made of diffusing glase is made use of. )llumination in all directions will be the same. 8esign of lighting schemes $ good lighting scheme should be such that it may9 1.
2.
%niform light distribution
3.
7.
$void glare and hard shadows 'Repeat pages (
0ounting height
0ounting 0ounting height height is decided decided by the type of building building and the type of lightin lighting. g. )f it direct direct lighting, lighting, t mopunted nearer to the ceiling. )f the ceiling is very high it may be suspended from the ceiling, but a better soluti focusing reflectors reflectors and to mount at height. )n case of indirect and semi indirect lighting, it is desirable to susp ceiling so that, length of the suspension rod is 1"7 th to 1"3rd of the spacing spacing between rows of lamps. lamps. ?ut the mini to floor is to be 2.=0. #pacing of luminaries
orrect orrect spacing is essential essential to provide uniform uniform illumination. illumination. /or direct direct and semi direct lighting lighting ratio spacing to height of luminaires above working plane in case of florescent florescent lamps is unity and upper limit is 3"7. )n c lamps this can be .. /or indirect and semi indirect indirect luminnairs horiContal spacing can be eual to height above the spacing should be more than 1 1"2 times.
Master your semester with Scribd Read Free Foron 30this Days olour surrounding walls Sign up to vote title & The New York Times Useful Not useful The illumination in any room depends on the colour of the walls and ceiling. +hite walls and ceiling refle Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. /actory lighting
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;mergency ;mergency lighting
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;mergency lighting circuit is kept separate and normally supplied from a different transformer or portable This should provide light for evacuation of labourers during accidents, to illuminate vital points during an air raid a )ndustrial lighting fixtures should be simple in design and easy to clean. The different different types used are9& 1. #tandard reflector9& reflector9& 7+ to 1=+ lamps can be used. 1.= 1.= times spacing than mounting mounting height. 2. 8iffusing 8iffusing lighting9& +hen polished polished articles are to be dealt with with diffused diffused lighting is employed. 3. oncentrating reflectors9& reflectors9& %sed in large machine machine shops and foundaries where where ceiling height height is very high. light. 7. ;nclosed diffusing diffusing reflector reflector 9 $n opel globe is used. used.
=. $ngle reflectors9& reflectors9& %sed to give illumination in a vertical plane. Types of lamps 8ischarge 8ischarge lamps have been used in where colour rendering is not important. The fluorescent lamps are accounts of its natural natural day light. Lighting alculation
Bo. of methods are used to calculate the illumination for a lighting system or to design an appropriate given illumination level. The three important methods methods are 1.
+att pe per suare meter method.
2.
Lumen or light flux method
3.
1. +atts per suare suare meter method & )t is rule of the thumb. >ery handy for rough rough calculation. )t gives an allow watts per suare meter area according to the illumination reuired. 2. Lumen or light flux method
This method is applicable to such cases, where the source of light produces an approximate uniform illumi working plane. /rom the wattage wattage of lamps and their their light efficiency efficiency 'lumen"watt( total lumen out put can be found found this total by the coefficient of utiliCation and maintenance factor, factor, total lumens reaching reaching the floor can be found. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title Lumens received at working plane9 Bo.of lamps : wattage of each lamp :Useful Not useful anytime. efficienc efficiency y of each lamp inCancel lumens"wa lumen s"watt tt : co&eff co&efficien icientt of Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. maintenance factor. Lumens received
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8epre 8eprecia ciatio tion n facto factor9& r9& )t is the the inverse inverse of main mainten tenanc ancee factor factor and and hence hence value value shoul should d be more more than unity unity ' depreciation factor is taken same as maintenance factor and in that case value given will be less than one(.
This method is applicable where the illumination at a point due to one or more sources of light is reuired power of the source in that particular direction is known. /or this purpose, polar curve of the lamp with its plotted first. The illumination can be found found by applying inverse suare suare law. law.
;g. 19 $ shop shop measuring measuring 1=m : 3=m is illumina illuminated ted by 2 lamps of =+. =+. The luminous luminous efficie efficiency ncy of ea lumen"watt. $llowing a maintenance factor"depreciation factor"depreciation factor ., and co&efficient co&efficient of utiliCation .=, determine t on the working plane. #ol. $r $rea
* 1= x 3= * =2=m2
Total lumen out put
*******
* Bo. of lamps : wattage : light efficiency efficiency : oe. of utiliCation : 0aintenance factor
* 2x=x1=x.7x.= * =2= lumen )llumination on the working plane *
=2= =2=
*
1 lux ******
;g. 2 )t is desired desired to illuminate illuminate a drawing drawing hall with with an an average average illuminatio illumination n of 2= lux. lux. The area area is is 3m : 2 fitted at =m height. /ind the no. and siCe of incandescent incandescent lamps reuired reuired if efficiency is 12 lumen"watt. lumen"watt. 0aintena and utilisation factor .7 Lumens reuired the floor* ; : $*
2=x3x2 *
Lumen umen out out put put reui euirred
*
E A " . F !an F
*
1=, lumen
1=, .7 .
Master your semester* with Scribd 7,71,1 lumen & The New York Times otal time 7,71,1 otal wa w atta ttstudents: age reuirOnly ed $4.99/month. * SpecialToffer for
Light efficient
*
12
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Sheet Music
/or street lighting there are no walls or ceiling to reflect reflect or diffuse. #o only direct lighting is possible a shadow shadowss and light contra contrast st cannot cannot be avoide avoided. d. The illumin illuminati ation on is kept low since since area area is large large and hen consideration. olour rendering rendering is also also not very important. )t is the impression of the whole scene that is reuir obHects obHects are seen by reflected reflected light. ?ut here obHects obHects are seen in the back ground of bright light ie silhou background. Ewing to low illumination, the eyes are in a sensitive state and hence glare to be avoided. Two pri street lighting are '1( 8iffusion 8iffusion principle
'2( #pecular reflection principle
1. 8iffusion 8iffusion principle principle )n this case lamps are fitted with suitable reflectors having cut off angle between 3 o to 7=o. #o g /ilaments can be seen from underneath only, 8iffusing 8iffusing nature of road sends light in all directions. #pecular reflection
road at large angle of incidence. 0otorists reuires reuires to see the obHect at 30 away away.. )n the fig. the observer observer is at 3 of the light from L3 is not reaching him, whereas most of the light from L 1 is reaching him. him. Thus the obHect obHect will ap against the bright road surface. ?ut pedestrians, who are looking at the obHect closer can can see it clear due to light type of lighting is suitable for straight sections of road. This is more economical, but there is the problem of glar )llumination level of street & lighting
8epends upon the class of street. street. /or important important shopping centres and road Hunction & 3lux. #uburban $verage street ! to 1= lux. )llumination is excellent when the distance between two lamp posts is not more than ! t of it. )f lamps are at at !0 height, then the distance should should not be more than 70. #tandard is =0. Type of lamps9 0ercury vapour and sodium vapour lamps lamps have good advantage since its light efficiency is high. /lood lighting /lood lighting means flooding of large area with light from powerful proHectors.
Master your semester with Scribd '1( $esth $estheti eticc flood flood ligh lightin ting g & to enhanc enhancee the beauty beauty of of a build building ing,, public pubRead lic buil buildin ding, anci ancient ent monu monumen etc. Free For 30 Days Sign up to g, vote on this titlementt etc. & The New York Times Useful Not useful '2( )ndust )ndustria riall and comm commerc ercial ial floo flood d lighting lighting & /or /or illum illumina inatin ting g railwa railway y yard, yard, parkin parking g ground ground,, sports sports stad stadium ium e Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. '3( '3(
/or /or adv adver erti tisi sing ng & for for ill illum umin inat atin ing g lar large adv adver ertis tisem emen entt boar boards ds
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E A # " P
; * )llumination $ * $rea in m2 +* +aste light factor n * utiliCation factor factor p * maintenance factor
;g9& ;g9& $ build building ing front frontage age =0 =0 x 1=0 is to be illum illumina inated ted by floo flood d lightin lighting g proHect proHectors ors situ situate ated d 2=0 away away illumination is 1lux, co&efficient of utiliCation .=, depreciation factor 1.=, waste light factor 1.2, estimate the B proHectors. #ketch the proHectors recommended. recommended. #ol.
$rea $ * =x1= * =m2
Total limens reuired reuired at the surface surface * $x; * =x1 * =, limen Total limen output * Total limen x depreciation factor factor waste light factor o&efficient o&efficient of utiliCation * =, x 1.= x 1.2 .= * 2, limen &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& $ssume that 1 +att lamp having liminous intensity 1 limens"watt is used.
Bo. of lamp
*
2 1x1
$ngle of spread * 2 tan&1
7.!! 2=
* 1 Bos. ********
* 22o
6ence adopt a beam angle of 22o. 6ence two lamps will cover cover the height of 1=m and length&wise ! la
=m. your semester with Scribd Master & The New York Times
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REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
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>apou apourr $bsor bsorbt btio ion n Ref Refrige igeratio ation n #yste ystem m
1.
>apou apourr omp omprressi ession on Refr efrige igeration tion #ys #ystem tem
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This is the most commonly commonly used system. system. The working working fluid is a refrigerant. refrigerant. )t readily readily evaporates evaporates and change alternately between liuid and vapour phases phases within the refrigerating refrigerating plant. 8uring evaporation, it absorb medium to be cooled and in the condenser it liuifies and lets out the heat to the external hot body. 8uring evapora of vapourisatio vapourisation n is absorbed absorbed and during condensatio condensation n it is reHected reHected and hence this can be termed termed as latent latent heat accomplished by a compressor run by electrical electrical energy. energy. $dvantage of this system is the smaller siCe for a give lower power reuirement. reuirement. 8isadvantage is the toxity, toxity, and inflamability of the leaking leaking refrigerant refrigerant gas. ?ut nowa no inflamable refrigerant gases are available.
>apour $bsorbtion Refrigeration #ystem This system does not reuire reuire a compressor. compressor. )t has least no. of moving parts parts and hence a uiet operation. operation. in recreation vehicles and boats due to its portable nature and can be operated by a small gas cylinder.
Master your semester with Scribd Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title $ strong strong solutionTimes of $mmonia $mmonia in water '$ua $mmonia $mmonia(( is in the Useful central central chamber 'in fig.(. +hen +hen & The New York Not useful means of hot water or gas flame or electric heating coil, gas will collect above the liuid and will pass to the conden Cancel anytime.
Specialcooled offer for students: Only $4.99/month. using cooling water and the ammonia vapour condenses to liuid ammonia and flows down to the expansio it is throttled and expanded and when it reaches the evaporator, evaporates to ammonia gas taking latent heat fro
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Ton apacity & Ton is the unit of refrigeration and is eual eual to the rate of cooling obtained by 1 Ton Ton of ice at hours. J1 Ton of ice reuires 2 Fcal of heat to melt to water.
Sheet Music
;. F+ *
2 7.1! 27 3
1 cal * 7.1! Houles
* 3.7! F+ ********
1 Ton apacity * 3.7!F+D
The refrigerants used in domestic refrigerator are methylene cloride, /reon )) 'a mixture of lorine, /lorin and /reon 12 etc.
+orking
+hen switched on, thermostat switch will be in closed condition, main winding is energised and it take since motor is not rotating, auxiliary winding contacts are made due to the action of the coil and auxiliary w energised. 0otor start rotating and then current reduces and now the attraction of the coil is insufficient insufficient to hold auxi&winding and it is cut off. off. En overloading, overload overload relay acts.
)nsulation materials & glasswool, ork, <%/, etc. soft rubber seal provided all around for air tightness inside the rubber seal seal attracts the door, door, automatic closing is due to gravity. gravity. 6ot things should not be placed insid evaporation will be high. 0otor will be overloaded. overloaded. #ince it is short time rating, failure chances chances are more. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title
Master your semester with Scribd & The Times TroublNew e shoottinYork g Reasons Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. 0otor fails to start
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Thermostat switch open&fuse blown & motor faulty, e
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+ater ooler
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Two types & 1( )nstantaneous or
#tor #torag agee type type & ;va ;vapo pora rato torr tube tubess pass pass thro throug ugh h a sma small ll wat water er tank tank wit with h a flo float at..
$ir onditioning
The techniue of maintaining the condition of air inside a building such a way that, it gives comfort to ensures ensures trouble free operation operation of euipments euipments or helps in industrial industrial manufactur manufacturee is known as air conditionin conditionin temperature control, humidity control, air circulation and cleaning. Temperature ontrol
)n summer air is cooled by circulating cold water, ;vaporation #ystem using water or by vapour comp 'known as air conditioner(. )n winter air is warmed warmed by electric heaters or heat exchangers using hot water. water. 6umidity ontrol
6umidity denotes the water content in the air. ontrol of humidity is reuired not only for the comfort of h for certain manufacturing manufacturing process. The humidity control is achieved achieved by dehumidifiers or humidifiers. humidifiers. 6umidificat by spraying steam or water into air. air. 8ehumidification 8ehumidification is achieved by air washing or by using absorbants. )n air outside air is cooled below dew point, so that it losses water water by condensation. The absorbtion materials materials are acti silica gel and calcium cloride. $ir movement
$ir movement controlled by blower blower fan in the air conditioning unit. $ir filteration & )n an ordinary air co filtered using its filter provided in the air intake path. )f more filtering is reuired, filter chemicals, chemicals, ultra violet r used.
6uman reuirement & Temperature Temperature of human body inside is 3o and 2.=o outside. %nder normal normal conditions, bo Fcal per 27 hrs. hrs. 7=4 dissipated by radiation, radiation, 34 by convection and and 2=4 by evaporation. 6eat loss by radiation radiation depends on the temp. of surrounding medium medium and evaporation on humidity. humidity. /or producing comfort it is nece temp. between 22o to 2=o during summer and 1o to 2o during winter and humidity between 7 to 4. ?ette to 11o temp. difference between outside and inside. Types of $ir onditioners 1.
%nita %nitary ry type9 type9 Ene $.. $.. can can be used used for for one or two two room rooms. s. Low initia initiall cost cost,, no no duct ducting ing reuir reuired. ed.
2. ent entra rall type type & 0achi 0achine neri ries es are are situ situat ated ed in a sep separ arat atee place place.. ool ooled ed air air is sen sentt to diffe differe rent nt room room thr throu ou taken through return ducts.
Master your semester with Scribd 3. ombination Type Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New York Times Useful Not useful )n this case hot water, steam or chilled water is circulated from a central unit. /ilters, ?lowers, damper et Specialinoffer for students: the room unit. Only $4.99/month.
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Cos - *
3.
+hat are polar curvesM
7.
;xpl ;xplaain the the var vario ious us fac facto torrs to be take taken n into into ac accou count for for de design signin ing g sche schem me for for '1( '1( str street '2( '2( fl lighting.
=.
$ draw drawin ing g hal halll mea measu suri ring ng 3mx 3mx1= 1=mx mx=m =m is to be prov provid ided ed with with illu illum minat inatio ion n 1 1 lux. lux. $ssu $ssumi mi utiliCation .= and depreciation factor .! determine the no. of lamps reuired the spacing, mounting h wattage, Luminous efficiency 1. lumes"watt for 3w. $ns9 Lumen reuired reuired at floor & 3 ;x$ * 1x3x1= Lumen output reuired
Total wattage reuired
Bo. of
lamp *
E . A. "F DF
112,=
7! 3
1.
1 3 1=
* 112,= 112,= lims
.= .!
* 7! +atts
approx. 23 make it 27
;ach row 3 lamp and each line ! lamps. #pacing will be =0 and 3.=0 can be mounted at 70 height. .
+hat +hat are are the the fact factor orss to to be be con consi side dere red d for for desi design gnin ing g a lig light htin ing g sch schee eeMM '#am '#amee as as re reui uire reme ment ntss o system(
.
)ndicate ne necessity of of flood li lighting of of a stadium.
!.
+hat are the reuirements of a good lighting systemM
-.
$n are area 3 3 x 7=0 7=0 to to be illu illum mina inated ted by pr proHec oHecto torr lam lamps of of 1 1 wa watts tts eac each. h. )llum llumin inaation tion ;fficiency ;fficiency of lamp is 1! lines"watt. ?eam factor .7 maintenance maintenance factor . and waste waste light factor 1. proHectors reuired reuired & 12 marks. $ns9 Lumens reuired reuired at floor * ;x$ * !x3x7= * 1!, lumes
Master your semester with Scribd Lumen output reuired * ;$ x waster light fact 0aintenan ce fr. & The New York Times?eam factor x 0aintenance Special offer for students: $4.99/month. '?eamOnly factor is take as same as %tiliCation factor(
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