Elpuhsa y onktednd dm lavelemkta.
Vrekoepea dm oaksmrvnoeÿk dm hn onktednd dm lavelemkta
Onktednd dm Lavelemkta hekmnh dm ukn pnrtìouhn Hn onktednd dm lavelemkta sm dmcekm oala mh praduota dm hn lnsn par hn vmhaoednd dm hn pnrtìouhn.
S p
p
lS
Wgi l/s\
Temkm onrîotmr vmotarenh, y oala l ms uk msonhnr, mktakoms p S
±Oÿla onlbenr hn onktednd dm lavelemkta dm uk oumrpa1 •
Kmwtak cum mh prelmra mk dnrsm oumktn qum pnrn onlbenr hn onktednd dm lavelemkta ms kmomsnrea qum sabrm mh oumrpa notðm ukn cumrzn. Mh onlbea dm hn onktednd dm lavelemkta dmpmkdmrî tnkta dmh vnhar dm hn cumrzn oala dmh temlpa qum mstå notunkda kda msn cumrzn rzn, dm carl arln qum pad padrmlas msoreber0
p< •
C.
t
Mstn ms hn carln mk hn qum Kmwtak mxprmsÿ hn smiukdn hmy dm hn dekîleon. _e qumrmlas onhouhnr hn vnrenoeÿk dm hn onktednd dm lavelemkta qum sm praduom mk ondn ukednd dm temlpa dmbmrmlas deveder nlbas lemlbras dm hn mounoeÿk nktmrear par mh ektmrvnha dm temlpa. Msta kas hhmvn n hn mounoeÿk0 p/ t <
•
C
* Mst Mstn mxp mxprmse rmseÿk ÿk sÿha sÿha ms vîhed îhednn ounkd unkdaa hn rmsu rmsuht htnnktm ktm dm tadn tadnss hns cumr cumrzzns smn oakst akstnk nkttm mk mh teml emlpa oakse aksedm dmrn rnd da, mk lÿduha, dermo rmooeÿk y smk smkteda. Mk onsa oaktrnre rnreaa mh oîhouha mk vmz vmz dm rmnh mnheznrsm rsm oak sulntarea reas dmbm mbm rmnheznrsm oak ektm ektm
hms, hms, snhe snheåkd åkdas as dmh ke h dm mstm mstm
rs
•
Oala mstnlas supakemkda qum hn lnsn dmh sestmln ms oakstnktm padmlas msoreber0
p< l. •
v <
C.
t
Mh praduota dm ukn cumrzn par mh temlpa qum åstn notðn sm dmkalekn elpuhsa dm ukn cumrzn y smiðk hn mounoeÿk nktmrear mh elpuhsa dm hn cumrzn sm mlphmn mk ladeceonr ladeceonr hn onktednd dm lavelemkta dmh oumrpa sabrm mh qum notðn.
•
Nirupnkda tårlekas mk hn mounoeÿk nktmrear, abtmkmlas0 C < l.n
•
Smlas qum hn smiukdn hmy dm hn dekîleon sm mxprmsn dm das carlns decmrmktms . Mk uk onsa, mk cukoeÿk dm hn vnrenoeÿk dm hn onktednd dm lavelemkta y mk mh atra mk cukoeÿk dm hn nomhmrnoeÿk. Hn prelmrn mounoeÿk ms lîs imkmrnh lemktrns qum hn smiukdn sÿha sm pumdm uteheznr ounkda hn lnsn dmh sestmln ka onlben. N mcmotas prîoteoas sak luojns hns aonseakms mk hns qum hn lnsn dmh sestmln pumdm oaksedmrnrsm oakstnktm y par ha tnkta, pumdm npheonrsm hn smiukdn hmy mk cukoeÿk dm hn nomhmrnoeÿk.
•
Ms kmomsnrea tmkmr semlprm ohnra qum hn rmsuhtnktm dm tadns hns cumrzns qum notðnk sabrm uk oumrpa ms hn onusn onpnz dm praduoer hn vnrenoeÿk dm hn onktednd dm lavelemkta dmh lesla (a hn nomhmrnoeÿk).
Oaksmrvnoeÿk dm hn onktednd dm lavelemkta •
Hn 2ª hmy dm hn dekîleon kas ekdeon qum hn vnrenoeÿk dm hn onktednd dm lavelemkta dm uk sestmln (carlnda par uka a lîs oumrpas) dmpmkdm dm hn rmsuhtnktm dm tadns hns cumrzns qum notðnk sabrm msm sestmln y dmh temlpa qum mståk npheondns sabrm mh lesla.
•
]k sestmln sm deom qum mstî neshnda ounkda hn rmsuhtnktm dm tadns hns cumrzns qum notðnk sabrm åh ms kuhn0
•
C<6
Var ha tnkta, mk uk sestmln neshnda ka jny vnrenoeÿk dm hn onktednd dm lavelemkta, a ha qum ms ha lesla, hn onktednd dm lavelemkta tatnh dmh sestmln pmrlnkmom oakstnktm. Msta sm oakaom oala prekoepea dm oaksmrvnoeÿk
dm
hn
onktednd
dm
lavelemkta
(VOOL),
qum,
nhim nhimbr brne neon onlm lmkt ktmm sm pumd pumdmm mxpr mxprms msnr nr00
C<6
p<6
p < oakstnktm
•
Mh VOOL pmrletm rmsahvmr nhiukas prabhmlns dm ukn carln lîs selphm qum se tuveårnlas qum onhouhnr hns cumrzns. Nktms dm npheonr mh VOOL oakvemkm qum rmchmxeakmlas sabrm ha qum seikeceon sestmln neshnda. Mk mstas sestmlns dmoelas qum ms kuhn hn rmsuhtnktm dm hns cumrzns mxtmrearms qum notðnk sabrm åh, pmra kndn dmoelas dm hns cumrzns ektmrearms, ms dmoer, dm hns cumrzns qum decmrmktms pnrtms dmh sestml tmln pumd umdmk m`mromr mktrm sì. Hn rmsuhtnktm dm hns cumrzns mxtmrearms ms kuhn. _ek mlbnria sabrm hn msoapmtn notðn hn cumrzn debu`ndn mk nzuh qum ms hn onusnktm dmh rmtraomsa dmh nrln y hn cumrzn debu`ndn mk ra`a ms hn qum jnom nvnkznr n hn bnhn.
•
Mktrm has cmkÿlmkas qum sm pumdmk mxpheonr cîoehlmktm oak mh prekoepea dm oaksmrvnoeÿk dm hn onktednd dm lavelemkta sm mkoumktrnk has ojaqums dm bahns dm behhnr a vmjìouhas, hn prapuhseÿk dm nhiukas pmoms nh nrra`nr niun jnoen ntrîs, has oajmtms, has onþakms, hn prapuhseÿk n ojaqum npheondn n has nveakms n rmnooeÿk, mto.
Nh eiunh qum hn vmhaoednd, hn onktednd dm lavelemkta ms ukn lniketud vmotarenh par ha qum ms kmomsnrea mhmier uk sestmln dm rmcmrmkoen ndmounda n ondn setunoeÿk.
Lavelemktas n rmnooeÿk •
•
Mk hn knturnhmzn y mk mh trnkspartm. Nveakms n rmnooeÿk y jmheoÿptmras. Has Jnrremr
•
Elniekmlas ukn msoapmtn qum despnrn uk praymoteh. Nktms dmh despnra tnkta mh nrln oala mh praymoteh mstîk mk rmpasa, par ha qum p
nktms
< 6.
Ounkda sm praduom mh despnra sm imkmrnk luojas insms qum m`mromk ukn irnk cumrzn sabrm hn bnhn nulmktnkda mk uk temlpa luy oarta su onktedn ednd dm lavelemkta (p praymoteh), lemktrns qum mh onþÿk hÿieonlmktm dmbm rmtraomdmr oak ukn vmhaoednd dm rmtraomsa qum hhnlnrmlas v onþÿk. •
Oala sahnlmktm notðnk cumrzns ektmrearms nh sestmln carlnda par mh nrln y mh pra praymo ymoteh, padmlas msoreber0 er0
p
nktms
6 < l praymoteh . v
< p dmspuås praymoteh
+ l onþÿk . v onþÿk
Oaheseakms Hhnlnlas oaheseÿk n hn ektmrnooeÿk dm das (a lîs) oumrpas lmdenktm ukn cumrzn elpuhsevn. _e l> y l2 sak hns lnsns dm has oumrpas, mktakoms hn oaksmrvnoeÿk dm hn onktednd dm lavelemkta mstnbhmom qum0
l>v>e + l2v2e < l>v>c + l2v2c Dakdm v>e, v2e, v>c y v2c sak hns vmhaoedn vmhaoedndms dms ekeoenhms ekeoenhms y ceknhms ceknhms dm hns lnsns l> y l2. v> c C2>
C>2
l>
l2
nktms
v>e v2e
dmspuås
v2 c
Ohnseceonoeÿk dm hns oaheseakms Oaksedmrnrmlas oaheseakms mk ukn delmkseÿk. Hns oaheseakms sm ohnseceonk mk0 Mhîsteons0 ounkda sm oaksmrvn hn mkmriìn oekåteon tatnh, ms dmoer0 2 l v > >e 2
>
2 l v 2 2e 2
>
2 l v > > c 2
>
2 l v 2 2 c 2
>
Ekmhîsteons0 ounkda pnrtm dm hn mkmriìn oekåteon tatnh sm trnkscarln mk mkmriìn ka rmoupmrnbhm (onhar, dmcarlnoeÿk, sakeda, mto.). Vmrcmotnlmktm ekmhîsteons0 ounkda has ab`mtas pmrlnkmomk `uktas dmspuås dm hn oaheseÿk.
v>c < v2c
Vrabhmlns
•
]kn msoapmtn dm nerm oalpreleda despnrn uk tnpÿk dm oaroja dm lnsn ? i oak rnpedmz dm >= l/s7 se hn lnsn dm hn msoapmtn
ms dm = gi, ±oak quå rnpedmz rmtraomdm hn msoapmtn1 •
Mstuden mh ojaqum mktrm das bahns dm behhnr oaksedmrnkda sÿha hn ektmrnooeÿk qum sm praduom mktrm hns das bahns.
•
]k oumrpa dm = gi sm hnkzn oak ukn vmhaoednd dm >6 l/s oaktrn atra dm 26 gi ekeoenhlmktm mk rmpasa. Trns mh elpnota, mh prelmra rmbatn oak ukn vmhaoednd dm 3 l/s. Onhouhnr hn vmhaoednd ndqueredn par mh atra oumrpa.
•
]kn bnron mstî mk rmpasa, @unk dm 96 gi, snhtn dmsdm hn pran oak ukn rnpedmz dm 4 l/s y, `usta mk mh lesla ekstnktm, Bmntrez, dm =6 gi ha jnom dmsdm hn papn oak ukn rnpedmz dm ? l/s. Onhouhn hn vmhaoednd dm hn bnron eklmdentnlmktm dmspuås dm qum nlbas jnynk snhtnda, snbemkda qum hn lnsn dm hn lesln ms dm >66 gi.
•
]k pmz dm ? gi kndn n >,= l/s ounkda sm trnin uk pmz dm 2=6 i qum vmkìn kndnkda jnoen åh n 4 l/s. ±Ouîh ms hn vmhaoednd dmh pmz irnkdm eklmdentnlmktm dmspuås dm hn lmremkdn1
