1: 1st chapter
Introduction
Industrial Sociology: Indus ndustr tria iall Sociol ciolo ogy is a com combi bina nati tio on of two words ds-Industry &Sociology. To Sociology. To have a clear meaning of Industrial Sociology, two words “Industry” & “Sociology” should be understood. The word Industry come from Latin word “Industria” which means “dr “droitness” oitness” & “!uent”. “!uent”. Industry Industry may be de"n de"ned ed as the the a##l a##lic icat atio ion n of com# com#le le$ $ & so#h so#his isti tica cate ted d methods to the #roduction of economic goods& service. Sociology is com#osing of two words- “Socius” which is Latin word &%eric word “Logos”. Socius means com#anion or associates & Logos means science or study. So we can say that Sociology is the science of society. Sociology is basically the study of #eo#le & how we enteract with each other. Indu Indust stri rial al Soci Sociol olog ogy y is the the soci sociol olog ogy y of relat elatio ions nshi hi# # betw betwe een em#l em#lo oyers yers& & worers or study tudy of im#a im#ac ct of industry on social relation. ccording to 'harles ( S#aulding ) “Industrial sociology center it*s attention on social organi+ation of factory the store & the oce. This focus includes not only the inter-
2: action of #eo#le #laying roles in this organi+ation organi+ation but also the wage in which their wor roles are inter-related with other as#ects of their life.”
Scope of Industrial Sociology: There is some sco#e of Industrial Sociology. Sociology. They are given below 1. Analysis of of bureaucratized bureaucratized industry: nalysis of bureaucrati+ed industry from the #oint of view of organ gani+ati +ation onal al rule rules s & the the beha behavi vio or& attit ttitud ude e of #rofessionals.
2. Study of work work place: place: Stud Studie ies s of wor wor #l #lac aces es as com com#l #le e$ orga organi nic c or soci sociootech techni nica call sy syst stem em by whic which h in indi divi vidu dual als s achi achiev eve e some some balance between the demands of the wor situation and their own goals. 3. Studies of working groups: Studies of woring grou#s mainly formal/ & their system or relat relatio ionsh nshi#, i#, aims aims & believ believe, e, #artic #articula ularly rly where where this this contrast with those of management. management. 4. Analysis of of industrial industrial relations:
2: action of #eo#le #laying roles in this organi+ation organi+ation but also the wage in which their wor roles are inter-related with other as#ects of their life.”
Scope of Industrial Sociology: There is some sco#e of Industrial Sociology. Sociology. They are given below 1. Analysis of of bureaucratized bureaucratized industry: nalysis of bureaucrati+ed industry from the #oint of view of organ gani+ati +ation onal al rule rules s & the the beha behavi vio or& attit ttitud ude e of #rofessionals.
2. Study of work work place: place: Stud Studie ies s of wor wor #l #lac aces es as com com#l #le e$ orga organi nic c or soci sociootech techni nica call sy syst stem em by whic which h in indi divi vidu dual als s achi achiev eve e some some balance between the demands of the wor situation and their own goals. 3. Studies of working groups: Studies of woring grou#s mainly formal/ & their system or relat relatio ionsh nshi#, i#, aims aims & believ believe, e, #artic #articula ularly rly where where this this contrast with those of management. management. 4. Analysis of of industrial industrial relations:
3: nalysis of industrial relatio tion as com#le$ mainly des descri cri#tio #tion n of the the hi his stor torical ical deve develo lo# #ment ent of labo abour organi+ation bargaining #roducers & ty#es of trade-union. 5. Analysis of conseuence conseuence of industrialis!: industrialis!: nalysis of conse0uence of industrialism for the individuals including the enter-action between non-wor areas of life.
Factors to be consider in industrial sociology: The factors that should be considered considered in industrial sociology are described below 1. Indu Indust stri rial al bure bureau aucr crac acy: y: If the #olicies of the bureaucrat are in the favor of the industry then the #roduction #roduction if the industry runs well. 2. "nion !anage!ent !anage!ent relation: relation: 1or increasing the #roduction of a industry, a controllable union-management relation is necessary. 3. #a!ily #a!ily::
4: family serves to a industry in three ways- they #rovides worers, raw materials come from famity and member of the family consume the #roduct of the industry. 4. $cono!y: 2conomy is another considerable factor of a industry because a good economic #osition of a country can hel# to establish higher develo#ed industry and to #roduce 0uali"ed goods. 5. %olitics: 3olitical in4uence is also a fact in a industry. The #olicies of a trade union have a great im#act on an industry. So #olitical environment of the industry must be favorable. &. $ducation ' training: n educated and trained worer has more #roductive ca#acity. This educated and trained worer can #roduce more #roducts and #erform his wor systematically. (. Social con)ict: There are many worers of di5erent societies in a industry. They have their own social culture and they want to #ractice their social culture in the industry that may create a social con4ict among them. *. +ollecti,e be-a,ior: 'ollective behavior in an industry may create a dangerous #roblem between owners and em#loyers.
5: . /anufacturing plan: %overnment #olicies of a country also have an im#act to set u# some industries. Some #olicies of the country forbade #roducing some good.
Role/ importance of industrial sociology: There is some im#ortance of industrial sociology. They are given below 1. Sound production:Industrial sociology develo#s a good relation between owners and em#loyers that facilitate to sound #roduction. 2. 0oal ac-ie,e:Industrial sociology hel#s to #roduced more #roducts that also hel# to the industry to achieve its desired goal. 3. educe labor con)ict:Industrial sociology always analysis
the
relationshi#
between
owners
and
em#loyers and attem#ts to develo# relation among them. 4. 0ood relations-ip establis-ed between !anage!ent ' workers:%ood relationshi# between management and worers is established by industrial sociology that hel#s to mae a controllable environment in the industry and to increase #roduction of the industry.
&: 5. Satisfaction of custo!ers:Industrial sociology attem#ts to serves the 0uali"ed to the customers. If the consumers get good #roducts, they become satis"ed. &. /ass production ' cost !ini!ize:Industrial sociology hel#s in mass #roduction and determines how to reduce the cost of #roduction. (. Increase skill:Industrial sociology analysis the #roduction ca#acity of the worers and trains them to increase their sill.
*. e,elop ' utilization of -u!an resource:Industrial sociology attem#ts to develo# and utili+ation human resources that increase the #roduction of goods and also increase the national income.
(:
2nd chapter Industrial Society & Industrial Sociology
Hawthorn eperiment: The hawthorn e$#eriments were groundbreaing studies in human relation that were conducted between 6789 & 67:8 at ;estern 2lectronic 'om#any in
niversity. These e$#eriments were conducted to determine the e5ect of various elements of natural environment over #roductivity. The element includes lighting, wor-hour, humidity, amount of wages etc. These e$#eriments are nown as niversity & com#leted (. course.
*: 2lton =ayo came in >S from ustralia in 6788. S. niversity. (efore
6. 1.G. Doethlisberger 8. ;.G. Cicson :. ;hite
%eriod of $peri!ent: t the end of 6789, the research was conducted. lthough it was #lanned to end the e$#eriments within one year, but the e$#eriments continue for 68 years.
: $peri!ents:
1.Illumination Experiments/ Test: It is the "rst test of
%urposes: Cetermining the relationshi# of #roductivity with lighting, rest and tem#erature is the main #ur#ose of the tests. esearc-er and %lace of ests:
16: 3rof. %eorge 3ennoc is the researcher of this test. The #lace is 'hicago*s ;estern 'om#any-
I. II.
2$amined grou# 'ontrolled grou#
The #roduction records of the two grou#s were e#t. Fee#ing the controlled grou# in #revious situation, the amount of lighting was increased and decreased in the wor #lace for the e$amined grou#. fter the test, it was found that the #roduction of two grou#s increased more than before. esult: 1rom this test, the researcher did not get any signi"cant result. (ut they could understand that without lighting, other variables are a5ecting or in4uencing over the #roduction. So they started to "nd out the other variables that a5ect the #roduction in their second e$#eriment.
2.Relay Assembly Test Room Experiment:
11: In order to observe the im#act of these other factors, a second set of test was begun before the com#letion of the illumination studies. %eriod and researc-er of researc-: 1rom ugust 678K to 67:8. ;hite
Cid they o#erators tire outM Cid they need brief rest #eriodsM ;hat was the im#act of changes in e0ui#mentM ;hat were the e5ects of a shorter wor dayM ;hat role did worer attitudes #layM
12:
;hy out#ut declined in the afternoonM
To "nd out the answer of the above 0uestions researchers started the wor. The #ur#ose of research was e$#lained to the selected em#loyers for research and they hel#ed in it. esult: It were changed the wor-brea, sto##ed the delivery of lunch and changed woring hour. (ut with the change of these factors, no remarable change was ha##ened. It was seen that in every sector, the #roduction is increasing. They e$#lained the following subBects as the reasons of #roduction growth or increasement
Jatural environment of develo#ed wor method and wor-#lace. ;or-brea to reduce tiredness. Deducing wor-day in wee for minimi+ing the monotony. >sing the wages as the element of motivation. 'hange of su#ervision system.
;hite
13: In this stage of research, the im#ortant results were found that- the researcher had given the e$#lanation of following things about results Social relation and human relation, better mentality of em#loyers and favorable mentality to worers are hel#ful in the increasement of #roduction less than worconditions, wor-environments wages etc.
3.Mass Interviein! "ro!ram: i!e of researc-: Started in 678? to 67::.
%urpose: Cevelo#ing wor #lace, su#ervision systems.
#ro#er
environment
and
u!ber of inter,iewees: The number of total interviewees are 8668 em#loyees. i!e of inter,iew: 1rom 6 hour to one and half hour. escription: In the interview #rogram, interviews were taen to 8668 em#loyees. 1ive ins#ectors were a##ointed for the interviews. mong them : were men and the rest were
14: women. 8668 em#loyees or interviewees were divided among the "ve ins#ectors. The em#loyee who gave interview got s#eci"c amount of wages. (efore starting the #rogram, some s#ecial directions were given to the interviewers. The directions are
Informing the main #ur#ose of interview to the both #arties. Introducing interviewers formally to the em#loyees who will give interview. (ut they were suggested not to tae interview from the em#loyees with whom they were #re-nown or #re-introduced. The comments were taen from the em#loyees on three subBects- su#ervision, wor-environment and nature of wors. Interviewees were informed about how the result of interview would be used. Cirection was given to ee# the information in secret. Interviewers were directed to record the information after interview within a short-time. interviewee gives wrong information, the If interviews were #rohibited from taing reaction. In the time of interview, the interviewers would e$#ress such attitude so that the em#loyees thin their obBection would be heard. I!portance of inter,iew: In the interview, the em#loyees become very much interested. (ecause, they got the o##ortunity to e$#ress their feelings attitudes and obBections through interviews. They thought themselves im#ortant in grou#.
15:
esult: (y this study, various im#ortant information was taen about su#ervisions and wor environment. Hnly the higher amount wages and change of wor conditions are not hel#ful in increase of organi+ational #roduction. Interrelation among em#loyees, formal behavior, forming grou# etc. are the maBor elements of #roduction. So the su#ervisors must have #ro#er nowledge about grou#ing attitude, grou#ing situation etc.
#.$an% &irin! 'bservation Room: %eriod of eperi!ent: 1rom Jovember 67:6 to =ay 67:8. %urpose: Hbservation and analysis of in4uence of social grou#s s#ecially informal woring grou#s over #roduction of worers. escription of eperi!ent: To conduct this e$#eriment, total 69 male em#loyees were taen from three de#artments. mong them, 7 were of wire de#artment, : were from the de#artment of
1&: worsho# and 8 were of the ins#ection de#artment. t "rst they wored in a se#arated room and "rst : wees they did not tal with observers. fter that, they started normal behavior or wors and sim#ly behave with the observers. It was the wor of interviewers to collect information about the attitude, ideas and e$#ressions of the em#loyees. s the reasons the rationales are following The
worers had gone bac without "nishing their wor in every day. The em#loyers acnowledged that they can #roduce more than they did. There was no relation of #roduction with the #hysical and mental ability of worers. ;ithout these, #ressure was given to ee# the #roduction in limited amount. These are following
Jot to #roduced very much out#ut. Jot to #roduced very less out#utN small amount of out#ut. Jo obBection would not be held against any worer. Hrders and directions of the grou# must be maintained. Jo wor should not be done that is in favor of grou#. There were some rationales to ee# limited of the #roduction-
1(: The
worers thought that if they #roduced much, then #ressure would be given to #roduce more mush. 3roviding security for the em#loyees of slow motioned. The fear of Bob loss for #roducing less. If fewer worers #roduce very much then there was a fear of minimi+ing worers for the grou#. In other word, fear of unem#loyment. The manager as if thins that the worers cannot #roduce much than they are #roducing. esult: The result of the e$#eriment is given below
Informal grou#s arise side by side of formal grou#s. 1rom this e$#eriment, the im#ortance of socialism activities. 1rom this e$#eriment it was #ossible to determine the e5ect of worers attitudes and emotions on #roductivity. The im#ortance of communication is e$#anded in the case of develo#ment of worers attitude. The im#ortance of #artici#ation in decision maing was found from this e$#eriment.
(."ersonal )ounselin!: %eriod of eperi!ent:
1*: fter 9 years of the Delay ssembly Test Doom, this e$#eriment was started. (ecause of the late was great de#ression. 7b8ecti,es: There were two main #ur#ose of this e$#eriment
Identi"cation of relation of em#loyees by the #eo#le who are not connected with management and to hel# the ins#ector for their interview and develo#ing ins#ection system. Cevelo#ment of information system to reduce the misunderstanding among management and worers.
escription: There was lac of communications between manager and worers grou#s. s a result, misunderstanding creates among them. To sto# this, a grou# of intermediaries tried to transmit or e$change information among worers and managers. In a result, the unnecessary, misunderstanding tension were came to end. esult:
Cevelo#ment of relation between worers and ins#ectors. Cevelo#ment of relation between worers and managers. ;orers become able to ada#t di5erent situations and environment.
1: Result of Hawthorn Study:
26:
;orers- management relation. Ins#ection and direction. ttitude and con"dence of worers. =otivation and wor satisfaction. 2$change methods of information and o#tions. The e5ect of organi+ational structure and unity of grou# in case of #roduction. ;orers counseling #rogram. . Cetermining mistaes become easy, for e$am#le- if any worer can understand that his wor are being observed then he become alert about his behavior and behave according to ins#ectors e$#ectation.
!ontribution of Hawthorn "periment: 2lton =ayo and his associates conducted their studies in the hawthorn #lant of the ;estern 2lectrical 'om#any in >.S., between 678K and 67:@. ccording to them, behavioral science methods have many areas of a##lication in management. The im#ortant features of
business organi+ation is basically a social system. It is not Bust a techno-economic system. The em#loyer can be motivated by #sychological and social wants because his behavior is also in4uenced
21: by feelings, emotions and attitudes. Thus economic incentives are not the only method to motivate #eo#le. =anagement must learn to develo# co-o#erative attitudes and not rely merely on command. 3artici#ation becomes an im#ortant instrument in human relations movement. In order to achieve #artici#ation, e5ective two-way communication networ is essential. 3roductivity is lined with em#loyee satisfaction in any business organi+ation. Therefore management must tae greater interest in em#loyee satisfaction. %rou# #sychology #lays an im#ortant role in any business organi+ation. ;e must therefore rely more on informal grou# e5ort. The Jeo-'lassical theory em#hasis that man is a living machine and he is far more im#ortant than the inanimate machine.
#rd chapter $he %orer and $he Industry
Industry:
22: Industry is meant the invention and use of tools in order to achieve a material end. ccording to 3ascual%isbert- “industry may be de"ned as the a##lication of com#le$ and so#histicated methods of the #roduction of economic goods and service. This com#le$ methods which im#lied the use of machine, have been devised in order to im#rove the 0uantity and 0uality to #roduction” ccording to industrial relation ordinance 677, section 8 $iv/- “industry means any business, trade, undertaing, manufacturing calling service, em#loyment, occu#ation or vacation of worers.”
Importance of Industry: The im#ortance of industry is given below 1. Agricultural de,elop!ent: Industrial raw-material comes from agriculture. 1or this reasons industries try to develo# agriculture. Some out#uts of industry are used in the agriculture to im#rove agricultural #roduction. Such as agricultural tools, chemical, fertili+ers #esticides etc. come from industry. ;ithout industry, it is im#ossible to develo# agriculture. 2. %ro!pt econo!ic de,elop!ent: Industry is necessary for the #rom#t economic develo#ment of a country. country cannot develo#
23: economic condition based on only the agriculture. (y develo#ing industry and increasing o##ortunities, a country can bring #rom#t economic develo#ment. 3. Increase national and par9capita inco!e: ;e can #roduce more #roducts through the industry that can be e$#orted in the other countries. (y e$#orting goods, we can achieve foreign currencies that increase our national and #ar-ca#ita income. 4. Solution to une!ploy!ent proble!: Industry needs em#loyees to continue its #roduction. Therefore, if more industries are established, the more Bob o##ortunities will be created that will hel# to reduce unem#loyment. 5. %roper utilization of national resource: It is very im#ortant to develo# industries to reduce the waste of natural resources and utili+ed the natural resources #ro#erly to #roduce more #roducts. Through the #ro#er utili+ation of natural resources, it is #ossible to develo# the economic condition of a country. &. %rotection of population pressure on agriculture: The #o#ulation of our country is increasing day by day. s a result they are creating #ressure on agriculture to earn their livelihood. The industry can reduce this #ressure on agriculture by creating more Bob o##ortunities. (. Infrastructural de,elop!ent:
24: The industries also include construction activities. These industries #rovide the #roducts of construction such asconstruction of bridge, road, building and so on. *. ecreasing dependence on foreign countries: ;e are to de#end on foreign countries for some s#ecial #roducts. If we establish these industries which can be #roduce these #roducts, we will not de#end on foreign countries. . ecreasing i!port: ;e are to im#ort many #roducts from other countries. (y establishing industry, we can reduce the amount of im#ort. 16.
$arning ,aluable foreign currency:
The #roducts which are #roduced in a great amount that can be e$#orted in other countries to earn valuable foreign currencies. 11.
%roper utilization of -u!an resources:
lot of human resources are being wasted due to lac of #ro#er utili+ation. So these human resources can be utili+ed by industry.
12.
$cient labor syste!:
25: There are various silled em#loyees in industry. They are involved in those sectors of wor in which they are #erfect.
* Industry "plain:
as
a
transformation
system'(
;ith the change of age and develo#ment of science, the transformation of industry has also changed day by day. 1rom early age to modern age, which change was ha##ened, the transformative system is classi"ed with the basis of this change. There are two ty#es of transformative system. They are 1. Si!ple ransfor!ati,e Syste!: Sim#le transformative system re#resented by early hunters and agriculturists whose more widely nown instruments were the arrow and s#are and the digging stic or hoes and who used to mae "re by wood friction or stone #ercussion. 2. +o!ple ransfor!ati,e Syste!: The com#le$ transformative system im#ly a higher degree of com#le$ity in com#arison with the #revious one and are so called because the tools or instruments used are more so#histicated. 'om#le$ transformative system may be divided into two #arts
2&: I. II.
2arly Industry =odern Industry
Early Industry: In many #re-literate societies and in most of the early civili+ations, we "nd a system #revalent which can be called early industrialism. It was started from 7@@ century and ended before industrial revolution. It has mainly two characteristics a/ It was characteri+ed by the use of tools and machines wored by the hand with the hel# of animal #ower such as- handloom, water wheel, animal #lough etc. b/It was also characteri+ed by an e$cess of #roduction over immediate consum#tion by which the goods thus saved can be stored and used for e$change and trade. 2arly industry becomes divided into three #arts. They are I.
-e /anorial; #eudal Syste!:
The manorial or feudal system #revailed in 2uro#e, es#ecially in 2ngland, from about the 7th to the 68th century. That system was called manorial or feudal system. In that time, the feudal lords were all in all. ll the matters were controlled by the lords and cultivated by the tenants and gave them less wages. The
2(: characteristics of manorial or feudal system are given below a/It was land base #roduction system. b/The manor consisted of a vast e$tension of arable land ruled over by the feudal lord and cultivated by his tenants or laborers who were either serfs or free men. c/ Tenants were leading their livelihood by wages that lords given them due to cultivation of cro#s. d/The lord and cultivators were in a de"nite circle and the total economy was controlled by the feudal lords. e/There were also a few tradesmen, millers or artisans and blacsmith whose services were available. lmost everything needed for sustenance was #roduced at home and even some sur#lus ordinarily remained for trade or e$change. f/ There were military force under feudal lord and lord them self to obey and save the lord. The relation between lord and tenants were not always cordial and they were cruelled by the lords. s a result due to this causes, feudal system was decayed. ecay of /anorial or #eudal Syste!: There are some reasons behind the decay of feudal system. They are a/ The rise of the urban civili+ation in the 66 th and subse0uent centuries in 2uro#e. b/Cue to this, the tenants were run away in town and living #ermanently with searching Bob and occu#ations.
2*: c/ Hn the other hand, there were not enough man#ower for cultivation of land. d/fter coming towns, towns give them freedom in earning and leading livelihood. s a result, for the above reasons, 1eudal System was abolished and %uild System originated. 2. -e 0uild Syste!: %uild is the inds of organi+ation in which members are a##lied in same occu#ation, or %uild is the organi+ation of labors that were related with s#ecial occu#ation. %uilds of cobblers, blacsmiths, goldsmiths, tailors, baers, cloth maers etc. was found in that time. ll of them were reserved their interest. Jow this system is controlled by '( System. +-aracteristics of 0uild Syste!: Some characteristics of %uild system are given below a/The guilds themselves were a ind of combination of trade union, #rofessional organi+ation and mutual bene"t society. b/The guild regulated not only the 0uantity and 0uality of the goods to be #roduced but also their #rices and the tools that could be used. c/ The guilds were concerned not only with the economic interests of their member, but they also discharged social, #olitical and religious functions. d/The labors of the guild were not unnown to each other.
2: e/ The social relation among the members established on the basis of #roduction #rocess. f/ The machines were hand controlled. g/ 'om#aratively the laborers were less silled.
was
In that time the %uild was two ty#es I.
/erc-ant 0uild:
(asically merchant guilds were the organi+ation of combination of merchantsO it wored for the #rotection the interest of the merchants. The #eo#le who were engaged in business of goods and services called merchants this is now controlled by 'hamber of 'ommerce. II.
-e +raft 0uild:
The craft guilds were the more im#ortant of the two bringing together the men engaged in the same occu#ation. So there were guilds of cobblers, blacsmiths, goldsmiths, tailors, baers, cloth maers etc. They looed #rimarily after the interests of the crafts. ecay of t-e 0uild Syste!: The 6th century onwards begun to tae #lace until they "nally brought about the downfall of the %uild. The e$act time is not determined. The causes of the decay of the guild are discussed below a/Cue to bad relation between merchant and craft guild, urban authority com#elled to tae-over the
36: activities of the %uild. s a result, the #ower of guild reduced. b/=ono#olistic attitude in #roduction and sell created a dissatis"ed movement in others #arties. 1inally, govt. ordered the court to observe the activities of guild. c/ Cue to e$#ansion of maret of #roduced goods, guild gradually de#ends on e$#orters. 1or this reason, guild was become limited to the e$#orters but not met the demand of maret. d/In early 6th century, demand increases of new #roduct. 1or #roducing new #roducts, foreign raw materials were essential that was im#ossible to su##ly by guild. e/ The other causes behind decay of gilds system were The o#ening of the commercial way The discovery of merica. Ciscovery of new science and technology. Ciscovery of new source of raw materials. 'oal, water and electricity used in machineries. fter the declining of %uild system, domestic system was originated. :. o!estic Syste! Comestic system was originated in rural area of 2uro#e. It was "rst originated in 2ngland in 6: th century in woolen industryO it was high e$#and in 6 th to 6?th century in 2ngland. ;hen the guild system began to disintegrate, a ind of #re-ca#italism arose called the Comestic System.
31: )+aracteristics o, -omestic ystem: Some characteristics of Comestic system are given below a/ there were two class of #roduction system laborN total family of labor =erchantN 2ntre#reneur. b/In some cases, businessmen or merchant su##lied machineries. c/ =erchant were su##lied raw materials, yet su##lied machineries or not, they gained ownershi# of #roduct. Labors taen wages. d/ In this system, new technologies were a##lied. e/This system select labors other section and always ignored guild system. ecay of o!estic Syste!: The reasons for which the Comestic System was decayed are given below a/To control of wastages was im#ossible due to su##ly raw-materials to se#arate and unconscious labors. b/Investigation or ins#ection was im#ossible due to se#arate staying of labors. c/ ;astage of time due to mass level of #roduction by carrying goods. d/It was 0uite im#ossible to reduce #roduction cost or increased #roduction units and to su##ly best #roduct in reasonable #rice. 1inally entre#reneurs are com#elled to investigate new system of #roduction.
32: fter the decay of system was abolished.
Modern industry: =odern industry is originated in 6?th century. The activities of modern industry are continued till the #resent time. -e c-aracteristics of /odern Industry: The characteristics of =odern Industry are given below a/'entrali+ation of #roduction system or where sources of #ower, maret of goods and raw-materials are available, industry are established there. b/fter industrial revolution, some machineriesare invented 4ying settle, cotton machine, railway engine etc./. Cue to this innovation, the used of machineries are increased ra#idly. c/ Large scale of #roduction was im#ossible without ca#ital. So entre#reneurs came forward for establishing large industry with their saving money.
33: d/Large scale of #roduction was #ossible due to #ro#er utili+ation of ca#ital and e$tended of the maret by the entre#reneurs.
)th !hapter Industrial !ommitment
-enition
o, commitment:
'ommitment is said involves both #erformance and acce#tance of behavior a##ro#riate to an industrial way life. It im#lies the acce#tance of the values of industrial society and their e$#ression in behavior.
34: It com#rises two values- one is the value of #erformance and the other is the value of disci#line. ccording to, (ateman and Strasser- state that organi+ational organi+ational commitment has been o#erationally de"ned as-“ =ultidimensional in nature, involving an em#loyee*s loyalty to the organi+ation, willingness to e$ert e5ort on beh behalf alf of the the organ gani+ati +ation on,, degr degre ee of goal oal and valu lue e congruency with the organi+ation, and desire to maintain membershi#” t last last we can can say say that that,, in indu dust stri rial al comm commit itme ment nt is the the degree to which an em#loyee identi"es with the organi+ation and wants to continue activity #artici#ating. Indu Indust stri rial ally ly comm commit itte ted d em#l em#loy oyee ees s us usua uall lly y have have good good attend attendanc ance e record ecordOO demons demonstra trate te a willin willing g adher adherenc ence e to industry #olicies and lower turn-over rates.
Importance/necessity/ad*antages commitment:
of
'ommitment is a degree which is very much im#ortant for the organ organi+a i+atio tion n goal goal includ including ing organ organi+a i+atio tional nal behavi behavior or.. 'omm 'ommit itme ment nt is esse essent ntia iall for for some some #ur# #ur#os ose, e, whic which h are are given below 1. $asy super,isio super,ision: n: Su#ervision is essential to the organi+ational activities. If su#erior can su#ervise in a good way in the organi+ation em#loyees their commitment isvery much essential.
35: 2. $asy !oti,at !oti,ation: ion: =otivation hel#s to ins#ire of the em#loyees as a result #roduction increase. 'ommitment which does some tas to motivate the worers.
3. Increasing working working zeal ' cooperation: 'ommitment is a behavior which maes a better behavior between worers and su#erior #arties as a result woring +eal and coo#eration are increase. 4. educe industrial industrial -ostility -ostility ' con)ict: con)ict: In an organi+ation there creates many hostility and con4iction in various woring levels. 'ommitment is a degree to which industrial hostility and con4iction are decreased in i n #ossible #oss ible way. way. 5. Increasing producti,ity: In commitment su#erior and inferior mae a good relation. ;orers of the organi+ation wor s#ontaneously because they they have have good good relat elatio ion n with with the the orga organi ni+a +ati tion on thr through ough commitment. &. eduction of wastage: 'ommitment always mae on the behalf of the organi+ation to #erceive of the woring grou#. There some e5ecti e5ective ve manner manners s are are used used to incre increase ase #rod #roduct uction ion and and reduce the e$tension cost of the organi+ation and the cost which is not essentia tial of the the organi+at +ation thr through
3&: commitment wastage must reduce. (. $n-ance!ent $n-ance!ent of ability and et-ical standard: standard: 'ommitment there always describes some tas which is norm normal ally ly conc concer erne ned d with with the the mora morall or ethi ethica call su su##o ##ose se tra traini nin ng facil cilitie ities s for for the the wore rers, rs, form ormul ulat ate e var variou ious techni0ues which is hel#ful to the worers. s a result, ability and ethical may go standard level. *. Increase organizational organizational goodwill: Through Through commitment commitment more #roductivity #roductivity will #ossible or standard #roductivity will able to #roduce with the hel# of the worers on behalf of the organi+ational goal. (y the by com#any can gain more recognition and goodwill increase with commitment. commitment. . $stablis-ed discipline: 'ommitme tment is the set of some disci#l #liine which is favorable to the organi+ation on the behalf of organ gani+ati +ation onal al #ur #ur#ose #ose.. 'omm ommitm itment follo ollow ws some #ers#ective rules and regulation through which disci#line are to be maintained. 16.
educing labor turno,er:
Labor turnover always harmful to the organi+ation because for the the labor turnover #roductio tion is decreased the com#an com#any y goodwi goodwill ll decre decrease ases. s. (ut throu through gh comm commitm itment ent good good relatio elations nshi# hi# must must be maint maintain ained ed as a result esult labor labor turnover decrease. 11.
%roper !anage!ent:
3(: #ro#er management always main some e5ective issue which is hel#ful to the worers and favorable on the organi+ation. It is the set of management system where every ty#es of management level are a##ro#riate both of the #arties in the organi+ation. Through commitment it will #ossible. So we can say that, commitment is very much im#ortant for the organi+ational activities above reasons are mentionable thing of commitment a##ro#riation of the organi+ational level.
Stages of commitment:
'ommitment has basically four stages which are given below 1. -e unco!!itted workers: The uncommitted worers are normally not committed. The uncommitted worer faces various #roblems for the wage distribution time. >ncommitted worers do not get #ro#er o5er from the organi+ation. 2. -e se!i co!!itted workers: Semi committed worers are bene"ciaries from both sides. %enerally their family stand in village and they wors in urban area. ;here he gets income from both side. 3. -e generally co!!itted workers: The generally committed worers are including in full commitment. They tae o5er any ty#e worers normally
3*: well trained and they get wages in after certain time. 4. -e specially co!!itted workers: The s#ecially committed worers wor in a de"nite "rm. They very much sillful or e$#erienced. They are well trained #ersons. They are get more wages and they are also trustworthy to the owner class. bove four stages are mainly stages of commitment.
$hree component model of commitment:
=eyer and llen*s 6776/ three com#onents model of commitment are made. This can characteri+e an em#loyee*s commitment to the organi+ation 1. A
3: 3. or!ati,e co!!it!ent: The individual commits to and remains with an organi+ation because feelings of obligation. These feelings may derive from many sources. 1or e$am#le- the organi+ation may have invested resources in training an em#loyee who then feels a moral obligation to #ut forth e5ort on the Bob and stay with the organi+ation to re#ay the debt. The em#loyees stay with organi+ation because heNshe “ought to”.
Indicators lacs of commitment:
Some indicators identi"es the lacs of commitment which are given below1. =ig- rate of absence:
46: 4. educe production: (etter commitment increase #roduction of the organi+ation when the commitments are not ful"lled the #roduction will decrease. 5. Industrial =ostility ' con)ict: ow degree of producti,ity: 3roductivity is high when a strictly commitment e$ists but when it la#se the degree of #roductivity will go lower level. So we can say that above indicators are mainly thing which indicates the lacs of commitment. ;hen we see above these lacs we reali+ed the commitments are not good.
+uideline to enhance organi,ation commitment:
Some rules is hel#ful commitment which are-
to
enhance
organi+ational
41: 1. +o!!it to people ?rst ,alues:
42:
$hree pillar model of commitment:
=artin =ichael has done this model in e$#eriment over the 69 (ritish com#anies. ;hich areH#timum loyalty satisfaction
ttain To
(y The organi+ation 3erformance
Trust of management
A. 7pti!u! loyalty to t-e organization
43: iv. 3artici#ating distribution dividends. @.Attains satisfaction by perfor!ance: In t-ese ter! !ainly concerned wit-: i. To #rovide freedom of wor ii. 2nsuring better environment iii. In-internal and e$ternal are to #rovide to e$hibit the creativity of new thing. +. rust of !anage!ent:
%hat are the present conditions of commitment in -angladesh.
(angladesh is a develo#ing country.
Association between age and co!!it!ent:
To "nd the relationshi# between age and commitment, worers were #laced under two grou#s- young and old and were cross tabulated against their res#ective level of commitment. The analysis shows that there is a signi"cant relation between age and commitment.
44: worers. ii.
$ducation and co!!it!ent:
Sur#risingly there has been negative association between education and commitment. ;hile worers with little or no education @P/ are highly committed, only :@P of the worers of higher education grou# above class / show higher level of commitment. iii.
/arital status ' co!!it!ent:
Hur analysis shows that there is a no signi"cant relationshi# between marital status and commitment.
i,.
ependency load ' co!!it!ent:
;orers on an average had about four de#endents. The analysis shows that lie marital status dee# Trust of management deny load of the worers has nothing to do with commitment. ,.
ural"rban background ' co!!it!ent:
The analysis of relationshi# between rural-urban origin and commitment shows that worers with urban origin or bacground are more committed than worers with rural bacground. ,i.
ature of e!ploy!ent ' co!!it!ent:
The analysis shows that there is a close association between worers commitment and their nature of em#loyment.
45: committed than tem#orary worers. ,ii. >engt- of industrial eperience ' co!!it!ent: The analysis shows that industrial wor e$#erience and commitment are #ositively correlated.Thus, commitment increases with the increase in the #eriod of industrial e$#erience. ,iii. 7ccupational background ' co!!it!ent: The analysis of association between worers own occu#ational bacground and commitment shows that worers with industrial bacground show higher commitment than worers with non-industrial bacground. i.
#a!ily attac-!ent ' co!!it!ent:
The analysis shows that while ?P of those with living with their family members are highly committed, the corres#onding "gure of those living away from their family members is only about 8?P. Thus, worers living with their family members are more committed than living away from their family members. t last we can say that, the #resent conditions of commitment in (angladesh are lacs we reali+ed through above discussion.
4&:
th chapter Industrialism
Industrialism:
4(: Industrialism is an economic and social system based on industry. ccording to H$ford Cictionary,-“Industrialism is a social system in which large industries have an im#ortant #art.”
Industriali,ation: The >J 'ommittee for industrial develo#ment ado#ted a de"nition for industriali+ation,-“Industriali+ation is a #rocess of economic develo#ment in which a going #art of the national resources is mobili+ed to develo# a technically u# to date, diversity domestic economic structure characteri+ed by a dynamic manufacturing sector having and #roducing means of #roduction and consumer goods and ca#able of assuring a high rate of growth of economy as a whole and achieving economic and social #rogress.
!haracteristics Industriali,ation:
/
0d*antages
of
There are some characteristics of industriali+ation. They are stated below i/
Increase in %roduction of 0oods ' Ser,ices
4*: Industriali+ation is the #rocess of economic develo#ment. It increases #roduction of goods & services by various activities. ii/ Increase ange of esource $!ployee Industriali+ation increases the range #f resources em#loyee through creating many em#loyment o##ortunities to industry. iii/ "se ec-nology: Industriali+ation is a dynamic #rocess of #roduction. It uses the high technology day by day for #roducing goods & services. iv/ $cono!ic e,elop!ent: Through industriali+ation creates goods & services and em#loyment, it develo#s the economic system. v/ Increase eciency of +apital: It hel#s to minimi+e cost and ma$imi+e #roduction. So it increases eciency of ca#ital. vi/
0oods ' Ser,ices /ake A,ailable for =u!an +onsu!ption: Industriali+ation create a lot of goods & services & mae them available for human consum#tion. vii/ +onsistency in e!and ' Supply: Industriali+ation #roduces goods & service for the demand of consumer. It su##lies the goods & balance between demand & su##ly. viii/ "tilization of =u!an esources for %roduction:
4: Industriali+ation creates em#loyment and utili+es the human resources for #roduction. i$/ In)uence +ulture: Industriali+ation in4uence culture by #roducing various ty#es of goods & #erforms various activities. $/ Infrastructural e,elop!ent: Industry needs to bring raw materials to the factory and su##ly goods to the maret at a chea# rate. So it develo#s the infrastructural system of a country.
isad*antages of Industriali,ation: Though it is a blessing for us, it has some disadvantages. They areiB $n,iron!ental %ollution: Industry #ollutes the environment by its smoes, waste and other sub-#roducts. iiB Accident ' Sudden eat-: In industry many labors are in danger of sudden death. ny time there may occur accident & sudden death. iiiB ecreasing Age of >ife: Industriali+ation #olluting environment day by day by various activities. s a result age of human life is decreasing. i,B
+-ild >abor:
56: Industriali+ation increases the children to wor in the industry at small amount money. So it creates child labor. ,B Sudden "ne!ploy!ent: In certain time industry may close & then the em#loyees lose their wor. So it creates sudden unem#loyment. ,iB 0reen =ouse $
i$/ =uge Ar!s +o!petition Industriali+ation increases #eo#le to use arms in com#etition. They involve in huge arms com#etition for industriali+ation.
Steps should be taen for industriali,ation:
51: 1or industriali+ation the following ste#s should be taen. They are given below. i/ $
Increase +apital: To develo# industriali+ation every industry increase it*s ca#ital. ;ithout increasing industriali+ation is not #ossible.
should ca#ital
iii/ $cient Corker ' ec-nical Ad,ance!ent: Industriali+ation ecient wors & technical advancement is essential. 2cient wors & technical advancement hel#s to develo# Industriali+ation. iv/ e,elop!ent of %ower esources: 1or incensement in #roduction #ower resources such as electricity, gas, coal & other #ower resources must be develo#ed. v/ +reate #oreign /arket: 1or industriali+ation goods & services must be im#ort & e$#ort other countries. So foreign maret must be created for industriali+ation. vi/ e,elop!ent of Agriculture Though the raw materials are come from agriculture must be develo#ed for industriali+ation. vii/ $
52: 1or develo#ing industriali+ation e5ective #lanning is very much im#ortant. ;ithout e5ective #lan industriali+ation #rocess is im#ossible. viii/ $nsure %olitical Stability: 3olitical instability of a country causes deindustriali+ation. 3olitical stability of a country causes develo#ment in industriali+ation. i$/ Infrastructural e,elop!ent: 1or industriali+ation road, bridge, culvert & trans#ortation system must be develo#ed.
Impact of wor & worers by industriali,ation: There are some im#act on wor & worers by the industriali+ation. These are given in the ne$t #age
Impact on &or%: Industry has some im#act on wor & these are both negative & #ositive. i/ Increase %roduction: 1or industriali+ation industry & "rms are increase. s a result #roduction increases. ii/ ecreases "ne!ploy!ent: Industriali+ation creates availability of em#loyment. So industriali+ation decreases unem#loyment. iiiB
"se -ig- tec-nology:
53: s a result of industriali+ation, many higher so#histicated technology are used in the #roduction sector. i,B $n,iron!ental pollution: There is also a negative im#act on wor. Since industriali+ation increase industry and it #ollutes our environment. ,B /aintain Duality: Since industriali+ation involves new & modern industry so it maintains the 0uality of goods.
Impact on or%ers: There is a greater im#act on worers for industriali+ation. Such asiB $cono!ic sol,ency: Since industriali+ation create much industry and industry develo#s #roduction. So many #eo#le earn huge amount of money from selling the #roducts. iiB Increase eciency: Since industriali+ation uses more so#histicated technology, the em#loyees eciency increases. iiiB Increase social status: There is a great in4uence of industriali+ation on increasement of social status. It increases social status by increasing earning money. Industriali+ation increases social status through creating new #roducts. i,B
$pansion of education:
54: Industry ensures education facilities by creating school, collage in their own cam#us. s a result, the children of the em#loyee can be educated from there. ,B e,elop!ent of labor !anage!ent relation: Industrial wor involves relation with labor and management to achieve industrial goal. So industriali+ation develo#s labor management relation. ,iB Increasing li,ing standard: Industriali+ation #roduces new and modern goods for the demand for human want. So day by day, it increases living standard of #eo#le. ,iiB ecrease age of life: Industriali+ation #ollutes environment by creating smoe and many other waste. s a result, age of human life decreases.
,iiiB issolution of 8oint fa!ily and create single fa!ily: (ecause of industriali+ation, #eo#le want to live near to the industry from their family. So it breas u# Boin family and creates single family.
Social problem Industriali,ation:
that
created
by
55: 2verything has some bad side. Industriali+ation creates some #roblem on society. They are described below iB "n-ealt-y en,iron!ent: Industry #ollutes air, land, water by its waste. So industriali+ation create unhealthy environment. iiB Sudden une!ploy!ent: Industry may be suddenly sto# for any causes. Hn the other hand, industriali+ation uses new technologies. s a result, sudden unem#loyment may occur, iiiB +ultural proble!: Industriali+ation creates di5erent ty#es of new #roducts. It mi$ the culture of various countries. s a result, thus it create cultural #roblem. i,B =ousing proble!: Industriali+ation creates industry in any #lace side by side home. Industry creates housing #roblem by #erforming its activities near to the home. ,B irty li,ing: Since industry #ollutes environment by many ways, as a result, dirty living is raises. ,iB >abor !o,e!ent ; labor con)ict: Industrial em#loyee may move for getting their real wages and good woring condition. s a result, labor movement and labor con4ict arises. ,iiB issolution of 8oin fa!ily:
5&: Industriali+ation establishes industry and #eo#le want to wor in these industries. So they leave their family to live near the industry. Thus industriali+ation brea Boin family ,iiiB Increase cri!e: s industriali+ation increases, crime is increases in every sector of industry. =any worers and intermediaries commit crime to earn money. iB Increase accidents: Industriali+ation means the increase of industries and factories. These industries #erform their o#eration with machineries. These machines may cause accident at any time. B +reate elite class: The owner of the organi+ation, the intermediaries, the businessman of industrial goods earn more money. They get more facilities from others in the society. Thus industriali+ation create elite class.
Step should be taen for the de*elopment of the industrial society: There are some ste#s that should be taen to develo# industrial society. They are divided into ty#esa/Internal b/2$ternal. They are described below
a0
Internal:
5(: It includes some ste#s, this areiB 0ood working condition: To develo# industrial sociology, it is very im#ortant to develo# good woring condition in which worers can wor safely. iiB =ealt-y ser,ice: The service #rovided by the industry must be healthy. >nhealthy woring condition may decrease #roduction. So healthy service must be needed. iiiB Cas-ing ' bat-ing facilities: If there washing and bathing facilities are available, then the #roduction rate will be high. (ecause em#loyees will be motivated. i,B Industrial training: There should be industrial training available for the worers. (ecause it develo# worers eciency. ,B +anteen: nother im#ortant thing is the canteen facility. If it is available & good, then worers will be motivated to wor. vi/ ecreation club Decreation club is the association in which worers may share their feelings and many cultural activities. It is very much needed.
b0 External: These are given below
5*: iB 0eneral education: It is very im#ortant to ensure general education. It may hel#ful to develo# #roduction. iiB $ntertain!ent: ;orers are tried for doing their wors for long time. If there is any o##ortunity for entertainment, worers motivated to do wor enthusiastically. iiiB Acco!!odation facilities: ;orers want to live near the industries and if they stay near to the industry, the #roduction cost will be decrease and #roduction rate will be ultimately increase. i,B /edical ser,ice: There should be availability of medical facilities for the worers. ,B %ro,ident fund: There should be #rovident fund for every em#loyee. ,iB Social security: To do wor freely and seriously, social security of em#loyee and their family must be ensure. ,iiB ransportation facilities: If any organi+ation #rovide its em#loyee trans#ortation facility, then the em#loyee of the industry or organi+ation so much motivated. ,iiiB Insurance facilities: Insurance facility is must for every em#loyee. 2very em#loyee*s life and other things must be in insurance facility.
5: (y following the above ste#s, an organi+ation can develo# its activities and can increase their #roduction.
th !hapter $he Social Structure of Industry
e3nition of the eecuti*e role in industry: (y e$ecutive role is meant here that role or set of roles in which resides ultimate authority for the administration of day to day a5airs of an organi+ation, both internal and e$ternal of the industrial bureaucracy. The ultimate authority is that #lace where decisions cannot be referred to some other role. In industrial
&6: organi+ations, The ultimate authority may rest in the hands of an owner or family, in the directors of the organi+ation or in a chief e$ecutive. The nature of the e$ecutive role is directly sha#ed by the nature of the organi+ation in which it is embedded. s we have seen, modern industrialism is mared by a com#le$ machine, technology and by a bureaucratic ty#e of social organi+ation.
Roles or functions of eecuti*e: The function of an e$ecutive is very much essential to achieve goal for an organi+ation. The roles or functions of e$ecutive are given bellow 1. S-aped by t-e o,erall ai! of t-e organization : The roles of the e$ecutive are in the "rst #lace sha#ed by the overall aim of the organi+ation. This overall aim is the #roduction of #ro"ts. It has been shown that all other goals of the industrial organi+ation even the goal of #roduction is subordinate to the overriding demand for #ro"t. 2. Setting t-e general policy of t-e organization: The e$ecutive must formulate two maBor ty#es of #olicy. Qi+a4 Set the #ur#ose and obBectives of the #lant as a whole
&1: In general the aim of any industrial #lant is set for the e$ecutive by the culture. This aim as we have seen is the #roduction of #ro"ts through the manufacture and sale of a #roduct or services. b4
The e$ecutive must determine how the end he has chosen shall be attained, what e5orts shall be devoted to its attainments, and how the e5ort shall be a##ortioned among members of the organi+ation.
Three considerations are im#ortant herea/ The e$ecutive must consider a wide variety of factors which are related to the maret and which are usually termed “economic” in nature. b/The e$ecutive must orient his #olicy maing to the internal state of his #lant. c/ =anagement must tae into account the e$traordinarily dynamic situation in which industry e$ists when it sees to formulate #olicy. 34 -e establis-!ent of relations wit- eternal forces: second maBor function of the e$ecutive is to relate his organi+ation to the e$ternal world. In a sense that is he must formulate a foreign #olicy for his enter#rise. 2stablishing #ro#er relations between the industrial #lant and im#ortant e$ternal factors area/ Delate his "rms to other "rms. b/ Delate his "rms to government.
&2: c/ Delate his "rms to a labor union. d/ Delate his "rms to #ublic at large. 94 Setting up t-e organizational structure of t-e plant : lthough the administration may be #ositive observation of and a focal #oint of communications in a largely self o#erating and self controlled organi+ation, nevertheless it is this administration that sets the organi+ation in motion that #rovides it with its initial direction of movement. 4 0uiding or directing t-e internal organization of t-e plant: The maBor function of the e$ecutive is the administration of the initial a5airs of the #lants. It is his ca#acity as an administration that the e$ecutive is a familiar "gure to most #eo#le. The administration as#ects of the e$ecutive role are sha#ed by the nature of com#le$ organi+ation.
&.
Securing t-e power type of personnel:
1illing the industrial role with the #ro#er ty#e of #ersonnel is the function of the e$ecutive as an administrator. It is because of the e$ecutive is de#endent on #ersonnel over whom he has only indirect control. (.
Securing essential ser,ices:
The e$ecutive cannot ho#e to secure essential services if he does not have #ro#er #ersonnel. 2ven with entirely
&3: ade0uate #ersonnel the #roblem of electing services remains.
$he structurally eecuti*e5s roles:
generali,ed
goals
of
the
ll roles in society are made concrete brought to life, so to s#ea by 4esh and blood human beings. In one sense it might be said that society is made a reality by human beings #laying roles. The structurally generali+ed goals of the e$ecutive roles are described below 1. e!uneration: It is im#ortant to reali+e that to the e$ecutive remuneration on this #rincely scale does not mean the same thing as a wage to the wor man. 1or the e$ecutive, "nancial reward may be a sim#le of social #restige and social #osition. 24
Acco!plis-!ent:
3erha#s no role in society a5ords more of a sense of accom#lishment of doing vital things then the e$ecutive*s role. The #ragmatic bent of our society, its em#hasis on the creation of material values in sense of accom#lishment. :.
Status:
'losely related to accom#lishment and remuneration, attained in many areas of life but occu#ation is a
&4: im#ortant source of status. If occu#ations were arranged on a status scale, the role of e$ecutive would be at very near the to#. 9.
%ower:
3ower is the ability to control the action and even minds of other men. discussion of the e$ecutive ased why the boss wored and its answers in #art that he loved woring that he gained a sense of #ower from his wor. 4 #reedo! : nother general goal which is built into the role of e$ecutive is built into the role of e$ecutive is the relatively greater freedom or autonomy which the role o5ers. HbBectively the e$ecutive is free in that he is not tied to a machine a des or a room. Thus at teats "ve generali+ed goals which many #eo#le in our society ardently desire may be achieved within the e$ecutive role.
$he personality of the successful eecuti*e: 25ective #ersonality is very much essential for achieving the goal of an organi+ation. The #ersonality of successful e$ecutive are described below 1. %ossess strong self discipline: The e$ecutive must #ossess strong self-disci#line if the role is to be "rst attained and then successfully "lled. 2. %ossess unusual a!bition:
&5: The ty#ical successful e$ecutive must #ossess unusual ambition, a relentless drive to get ahead, to achieve to be successful in the #ursuit of his goals he must be hy#eractive, energetic, sto##ing at no obstacles. 3. %ossess intelligenceE foresig-t and insig-t: The e$ecutive must #ossess intelligence, foresight and insightness of a very order. The e$tensibility of the role strengthens the need of high general ca#acities. It is the creative, inventive, ada#tive #ersonally who succeeds at the e$ecutive role. 4. =ig-ly trained: Training enables an em#loyee to do his #resent Bob more fre0uently. If the e$ecutive are highly trained, they are more sillful. =ost recently, e-training increased awareness among the e$ecutives. 5. =ig-ly educated: The e$ecutive must be highly educated with the advancement of modern technology and management.
&&: n e$ecutive must be able to adBust to verify of #ersonalities, to understand their motives, attitudes, beliefs, values and symbols.
*. +apable accepting aut-ority : The e$ecutive must be ca#able of acce#ting authority.
Social Responsibility of industry:
&(: Society and business are inter-related to each other. ;ithout business, society cannot run and without society, business cannot run. Social res#onsibility refers to the obligations of industry/ to #eruse those #olicies, to mae those decisions or to 4ow those license of action which are desirable. Industrial social res#onsibility refers to the obligation of an industry to see action that #rotect and im#rove the welfare of society along with its own interests. So, we can say that, the time when industry could be regard as “a #enny in the slot machine” is #assing. 2ither ca#italist must acce#t a direct burden of industrial service or it must be soldered out of industry.
Social Responsibility performed by the industry towards *arious parties of the society: (usiness has some res#onsibility towards society. The social Des#onsibility towards various #arties of the society #erformed by the industry is discussed below
1. esponsibility towards e!ployee: Jo business organi+ation can run its o#eration without the coo#eration of em#loyees. So the business "rms have some res#onsibility to the em#loyees is mentioned bellow a/ 2m#loyee recreation #rogram. b/'om#ensation for accident. c/ Trans#ort facilities.
&*: d/See and maternity leave. e/Detirement bene"ts f/ Incentives bonus g/20uity in wor #lace h/Safety in wor #lace These are the res#onsible factors towards em#loyees. 2. esponsibility de,elop!ent:
towards
-u!an
resource
3. %roduct de,elop!ent: 3roduct develo#ment is the im#ortant aim of industry. n industry e$#ects more units of #roduction with less cost. It must be essential to develo# the e0uality of the #roduct. The maBor res#onsibility of #roduct develo#ment is stated bellow
&: a/ 3roduct safety by #acaging b/'onsider consumer voice c/ 3roduct choice To develo# the #roduct, an industry must consider this res#onsibility. 4. +o!!unity in,ol,e!ent: Though a business #erforms his activities within the society, so it must consider community welfare stated bellow a/Scholarshi# to meritorious but #oor students b/Su##ort to educational institution c/ 2m#loyment to the de#rived grou# d/id and hos#ital.
5. +onsu!er protection: 'onsumers are the main staeholder for a business organi+ation. The res#onsibility to business is stated bellow a/ Des#onsibility to consumer com#lains b/ 1air and advertisement c/ =aintaining good relationshi# with customer d/ The right to be heard about the o##ortunity e/The right to choose variety of #roducts
&. %-ysical en,iron!ent:
(6: Hur environment is always #olluted by waste of industrial organi+ation. So the industry has some res#onsibility to the #hysical environment which is mentioned bellowa/ 'lean water b/Jatural beauty c/ 'lear air d/ 3revention of energy e/3revention of land #ollution
(. esponsibility towards suppliers: Su##lier is the maBor #art of business. Su##lier hel#s to #roduce goods by which is su##lied. So the industry has some res#onsibility to the su##liers. a/Timely #aid b/Deasonable #ayment c/ 'onsiderable demand for su##ly
?. esponsibility towards 0o,t.: (usiness "rms must obey the laws of central, state and local government. It should loo to the govt. for su##ort, substance, encouragement and guidance cause govt. is as a big brother. few res#onsibilities of industry towards govt. area/ Ta$ #ayment b/ Qoluntary #rograms c/ 3roving information d/ %ovt. contracts
(1: e/ %ovt. service f/ 3olitical activities
7. esponsibility towards creditors: (usiness organi+ation also has some res#onsibility to the #eo#le who invest money or creditor. Some res#onsibility of creditors is given bellow a/ 3ro#er management of funds b/ ccess to information c/ 2$ecutive com#ensation
16.
7t-ers:
There are some other res#onsibilities as follows a/'ultural develo#ment b/3artici#ation in mass learning c/ 'ontribution at the time of natural calamity and natural disaster
Social relations in industry: Sociology concerned with the social relations of industry and their bearing on industrial #henomena, as
(2: #roductivity, morale, functional authority etc. The social relations in industry may be divided into two #arts6. Internal relation 8. 2$ternal relation
The social relation can be clear by the following "gure
Internal relation
1ormal
Informal =i$ed
Hrgani+ational %rou#
Statutory Socio functional
Individual
"ternal relation
Hther "rms, society, government, educational bodies, community etc.
customers,
Figure: Social relation in industry
(3: 1.
Internal relation:
Internal relation is that relation between management and em#loyee. This relation e$ist within industry itself whether they concerns management, o#eratives or ban. The Internal relation may be sub-divided into three #artsaB#or!al relation: 1ormal relations are those immediately arising from the #erformance of one*s a##roved duties, which may be managerial.
bBInfor!al relation: Informal relation is those that s#ontaneously arise everywhere in industry. This may e$ist in individual or grou#. cB /ied relation: =i$ed relation are those described by some writers as socio-technical or socio-functional relations.
2. $ternal relation: 2$ternal relation are those that e$ist between the "rms and e$ternal #ersons, intuitions and societies as the #ublic, customers, govt., the community in which the "rm o#erate the bans, schools and other organi+ations with which the "rm has dealings.
