Infantry Map Reading Handbook

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INFANTRY BASIC MAP READING HANDBOOK

Every Infantry soldier must understand and be able to apply the principles of basic navigation. Recent conflicts in diverse theatres have emphasised the importance of Map Reading as a core skill to the Infantry. This handbook has been designed as an aide to revision and will complement any instruction you have received to date. We must ensure that practical Map Reading is common place to all soldiers across the Infantry. I commend the Infantry Map Reading Reading Handbook to you, and urge you to use it in order to sharpen the interest and knowledge in this vital subject.

DIRECTOR OF INFANTRY 1

MAP READING READ ING AND LAND NAVI NAVIGAT GATION ION SECTION 1: MAPS AND INFORMATION 1. MAPS AND THE GRID SYSTEM 2. GRID REFERENCES 3. SCALE

SECTION 2: HOW THE GROUND IS SHOWN ON A MAP 4. ESTIMATING & MEASURING DISTANCES 5. HOW RELIEF IS SHOWN 6. THE SHAPE OF THE GROUND

SECTION 3: NAVIGATING EQUIPMENT AND SKILLS 7. THE RA PROTRACTOR 8. ROMERS 9. BEARINGS 10. SILVA LIGHTWEIGHT COMPASS 11. USING A LIGHTWEIGHT COMPASS 12. PRISMATIC COMPASS 13. DIRECTION WITHOUT A COMPASS

SECTION 4: WHERE AM I ON THE MAP? 14. USING FEATURES TO SET A MAP AND FIND LOCATION 15. USING A COMPASS TO SET A MAP AND FIND LOCATION 16. THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

SECTION 5: ROUTE SELECTION 17. PLANNING FACTORS FOR ROUTE SELECTION 18. LAND NAVIGATION ON FOOT ‘PACING’ 19. PLANNING FACTORS 20. ROUTE CARDS

SECTION 6: FOLLOWING A ROUTE 21. ROUTE FOLLOWING SKILLS 22. FOLLOWING A PLANNED ROUTE CHECKLIST 23. ROUTE FOLLOWING IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY 24. WHAT TO DO IF ARE YOU LOST

SECTION 7: SUMMARY 25. CONTINUATION TRAINING 26. EXAMPLE OF MAP READING TEST 27. CONVENTIONAL MAP SYMBOLS SO3 TDT TDT,, HQ Inf Mil Tel: 94381 2720 2

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SECTION 1: MAPS AND INFORMATION

MAPS AND THE GRID SYSTEM The grid system on a map is based on lines of latitude and longitude, which are a series of lines superimposed onto a map of of the world. Lines of latitude are a series of concentric concentric rings, spreading north and south of the equator (see Fig 1). Lines of longitude run north and south intersecting at the geographic poles and measure the distance in mils or degrees east and west from the meridian line which runs through Greenwich, London (see Fig 2). The grid created by the lines of latitude and longitude allow us to determine an exact point using the lines as co-ordinates, this is known as the grid system.

GRID REFERENCES The UK National Grid system provides a means of giving a unique reference to any point in the country. country. To read a grid reference reference always read read first from left to right (eastings), (eastings), then bottom to top (northings) of your map.

"YOU GO ALONG THE PASSAGE AND UP THE STAIRS" In other words.... eastings before northings. The grid system is superimposed on all maps, the only thing that will differ is the scale of the map.

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This is an example of a 4 figure grid reference.

On a normal 1:50000 map each grid square is 1km in width and length and so can be divided into ten 100m intervals within the square to give a more accurate position.

Look at this example.

4

GRID 332 613

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SECTION 1: MAPS AND INFORMATION

SCALE Scale Explanation As a navigator you must be able to understand and use map scales successfully to relate distances on the map to distances on the ground..

For example; A football pitch is 4 centimetres long on the map, but the football pitch is 100 metres long on the ground. In other words 4 cm = 100 m on the ground. We need to express this statement as a ratio. Change the ground distance into centimetres There are 100 cm in a metre. (4 cm / 10,000 cm) (on map / on ground) However, a ratio always relates to 1 so, in this case divide each side by 4 (1 cm / 2,500 cm). Therefore 1 cm on the map = 2,500 cm on the ground. Which as a ratio is 1:2 500.

Map Scale The map scale is usually located on the base of the map, this is a normal 1:50000 map scale. It will give details in Kilometres, Statute Miles and Nautical Miles.

The scale of the map is important, it will indicate which Romer to use when plotting grid bearings or the distance between checkpoints if you are measuring distance.

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SECTION 2: HOW THE GROUND IS SHOWN ON A MAP

ESTIMATING AND MEASURING DISTANCES Estimate distances by using the grid lines, all maps are gridded and scaled. With this information estimating and measuring distances can be achieved in several ways.

Measurement Straight-line/Cross Country Using the side of a lightweight Compass, Romer or Protractor which all have scaled rulers allows simple straight-line distances to be measured.

Grid squares are: 1 kilometre apart and approximately 1.5 kilometres across the grid square.

Look at the example; a straight-line distance is measured by a piece of card and the distance between the two grids is marked off on the side of the card. Then the card is measured using the map scale to give the straight-line distance.

Measurement Roads/Tracks Place the straight side of a piece of paper on the route to be measured and mark off the distance travelled. The side of the paper marked off could be measured against the scale of the map to produce an accurate distance.

Examples of a straight-line measurement between two points on the map and measuring the recorded distance against the scale on the map.

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Another example of measuring a linear feature (road) using a straight line, this allows measurement of bends and curves.

Marking off the distances along the road onto the piece of paper allows a complete measurement of the full length of the road.


HOW RELIEF IS SHOWN Contours These are lines drawn on a map connecting points of the same height above mean sea level. The difference in height between two adjacent contours is called the contour interval. The contour interval varies with different scale maps. Contour values always read 'uphill' see below.

Contours allow you to: 1. Calculate heights. 2. See the steepness of the ground. 3. Picture the shape of the ground.

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Look below at the three diagrams, with the use of contour lines it enables us to use a twodimensional image to get three-dimensional information. The first picture shows how wide the feature is, the second shows how high it is, the bottom picture, shows what the contours would look like if this feature was on your map.

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THE SHAPE OF THE GROUND Types of Slope

STRAIGHT / EVEN SLOPE

CONCAVE

CONVEX

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COMBINATION The closer together the contours, the steeper the slope.

Types of Landforms (features) There are many types of features, listed below are some of the most common types. Learn to recognise them on the ground and on the map. A soldier should be able to recognise the following landforms on a map and on the ground, and know their significance to navigation: hills, valleys, escarpment, spur, re-entrant, saddle. Look below at the different types of landforms and compare the shape of the feature and the contour lines.

V SHAPED VALLEY

U SHAPED VALLEY

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RE-ENTRANT

SADDLE

RIDGE

SPUR

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SECTION 3: NAVIGATING EQUIPMENT AND SKILLS

THE RA PROTRACTOR Protractors are available in various sizes, semicircular or circular, usually made of transparent plastic and graduated either in mils or degrees. The scales available are in mils and degrees. The Infantry only use mils in navigation.

Using the RA protractor. 1. The protractor should always be used when plotting grids and bearings. 2. Always check the scale of the map and scale of the romer when plotting grids. 3. Tape up the yard scale romer to avoid mistakes. 4. Use a line of fine cord from the centre point when plotting bearings, a plumb line. 5. Place the protractor over the map and align the northings and eastings with the zero lines and romer grids. This is the issued protractor, the metres scale romers are on the left side, these are the romers that you should use.

Metric Romers on the RA Protractor Plotting a grid using the 1:50000 scale romer on the RA Protractor.

EXAMPLE A GR 628044 12

EXAMPLE B GR 627043

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Plotting Bearings Ensure the map is on a flat surface, align the base line with the vertical lines on the map, the 0 should be in line with Grid North. All vertical and horizontal lines should be aligned with those on the map, overlay the centre point over your location on the map (trig point). Then draw a line or use a plumb line to draw a line from your location (trig point) to your target (church with tower). Where the line crosses the outer scale it indicates the Grid Bearing from your position (trig point) to your target (church with tower). The outer scale is used when plotting bearings East and inner scale for bearings West.

What is the Grid Bearing from the Trig Point to the Church?

Answer = 1300mils To plot a backbearing from the church, turn the protractor to the left with the centre point over the church. Read of the inner scale and plot a bearing of 4500 mils back to the trig point. Choose two points on a map and practice this procedure.

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ROMERS These provide a means of identifying the last digits of a grid reference. They are found on the side of Silva compasses and on the inside face of protractors. Romers should not be used to estimate an extra digit for a grid reference because the map is not designed to yield the accuracy that the extra digits would imply.

Accuracy This is the limit of accuracy you should expect from your romers: 1:25000 - 8 Figure grid reference is accurate to 10m. 1:50000 - 6 Figure grid reference is accurate to 100m.

EXAMPLE 1 GR 67851385

Church with tower.

GR 67551347

Trig Point.

GR 67151335

Church with spire.

EXAMPLE 2

14

GR 55300173

Church with spire.

GR 54900135

Trig Point.

GR 53820185

Radio Mast.

GR 53400130

Spot Height.

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How to obtain a Grid Reference using a Romer on a Silva Lightweight Compass Ensure that the base mark of the romer (corner of the compass) is positioned on the map and it overlays the centre of the target. Align the romer so that the vertical and horizontal lines of the romer match that of the map, this will increase the accuracy of your grids.

REMEMBER; EASTINGS THEN NORTHINGS!

Look at the example above; note accuracy can be guaranteed to within 100 metres. An 8-fig grid reference can be obtained by dividing the grid into tenths, however this is not guaranteed to be 100% accurate.

To improve accuracy when plotting grids a Romer will be a useful too l.

6785

6754

1348 6715

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BEARINGS You can give directions as: The points of the compass, north, north-east, etc. Using the Mils system. Which way is North? There are three norths. Magnetic North. The compass needle always points to Magnetic North. Grid North. The grid on a map is aligned to Grid North at the top of the map sheet. True North. This is the actual direction to the North Pole.

Land navigators are only concerned with Magnetic and Grid North. The difference between Magnetic and Grid North is called Magnetic Variation (MV) or the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA). This can always be found on the margin of your map with a small diagram to assist you working out the magnetic variation. To convert a magnetic bearing to a grid bearing, subtract the Magnetic Variation. To convert a grid bearing to a magnetic bearing add the magnetic variation.

Remember:

MAG TO GET RID GRID TO ADD

GRID MAG

This is an example of the grid magnetic variation which is displayed on the margin of the map sheet. The magnetic angle in 1998 is 70 mils. The year is now 2003 and the annual change is 2 mils East. This means that each year the magnetic variation decreases by 2 mils. Look at this example: Change in angle from 1998 to 2003 = 5 x annual change = 5 x 2 mils = 10 mils East The grid magnetic variation in 2003 = 60 mils

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SILVA LIGHTWEIGHT COMPASS The compass is mounted on rectangular clear plastic plate about 12.5 cm by 6 cm. The compass body is cylindrical, liquid filled and supports the compass needle on a central pivot; it is graduated with an outer circular scale at 50 mils interval and inner scale at 2 degree intervals; a set of four lines with an arrow is engraved parallel to the zero axis of the circular scales. The base is engraved with the direction of travel arrow corresponding to the lubber line of the compass. It also incorporates a magnifying lens a short scale of inches, a scale of millimetres and Romers for 1: 25000,and 1: 50000 and 1: 63 360 scales.

Using the Silva Lightweight Compass To take a grid bearing align the compass on the map, ensuring it is on a flat surface away from Metallic (ferrous) objects such as weapons or vehicles. Place the compass with the long side along the line of travel, in this case from the OP to the Church, then rotate the compass dial so that the North Arrow and Parallel setting lines are parallel with the eastings. Where the line of travel cuts the compass dial is where the bearing can be obtained. In our example this is 13 on the scale ring = a bearing of 1300mils.

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BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO USE THIS BEARING IT MUST BE CONVERTED FROM A GRID TO A MAGNETIC BEARING USING THE MAGNETIC VARIATION To march to the target (church), set 1300mils as your bearing by turning the compass dial to read 13 (1300mils), keep the compass needle on the magnetic north and follow the direction line of the compass. This will allow you to move cross-country or in restricted visibility on your required bearing.

MAGNETIC NEEDLE MUST LAY BETWEEN THE TWO LUMINOUS DOTS. THIS WILL KEEP THE NEEDLE POINTING TO MAGNETIC NORTH. RED DIRECTION LINE POINTS TOWARDS NORTH

Finding North

NOTE THE COMPASS BODY IS ALIGNED TO GRID NORTH, HOWEVER THE COMPASS NEEDLE IS NOT BETWEEN THE TWO LUMINOUS DOTS

The Eastings are aligned with the direction arrow of the compass and when the map and compass are rotated left the compass needle will sit between the two luminous dots. This indicates the map and compass are aligned to the general direction of North.

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Set your compass to North; rotate the compass body until the compass needle points to the "N" of magnetic North. Once the compass needle and direction line are aligned the direction line will point to Magnetic North. To find Grid North subtract the magnetic variation.

COMPASS BODY IS ALIGNED AND THE NEEDLE IS BETWEEN TWO LUMINOUS DOTS

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USING A SILVA LIGHTWEIGHT COMPASS The compass needle always points to Magnetic North. Never stand near metal when using a compass and always double check the bearing before setting off.

To take a bearing: 1. Point the compass at the feature. 2. Turn the capsule until the north arrow is on top of the red hatched arrow. 3. Read off the bearing.

To plot a bearing: 1. Convert the magnetic bearing to a grid bearing.

CHURCH WITH TOWER

2. Set the grid bearing on the compass. 3. Place the edge of the compass on your position on the map. 4. Rotate the whole compass until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines on the map. 5. Draw a line along the edge of the compass and extend it to the church.

YOUR LOCATION

RED NORTH IS ALIGNED WITH THE EASTINGS

RED DIRECTION ARROW POINTS TOWARDS CHURCH

COMPASS BEARING 1300 mils

To plot a back bearing: Having taken a magnetic bearing to a known position it is possible that you have got to convert that bearing back, to your unknown location. This is called, plotting a back bearing. If the bearing that you plot is less than 3200 mils then add 3200 from the original bearing. Here is an example: Bearing from your Location to Church with tower As this is less than 3200, then add 3200 which gives you

= 1300mils = 4500mils

The bearing from the church to your location is 4500mils. This is called a Back Bearing. If the original bearing is greater than 3200mils then simply subtract 3200. This will give you the back bearing. This can now be converted to a grid bearing and plotted on a map. THIS BASIC PROCEDURE CAN BE PRACTICED ALMOST ANYWHERE. GO AND PRACTICE IT TODAY, AND YOU WILL HAVE THE CONFIDENCE TO KNOW THAT YOU WILL NEVER BE LOST.

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PRISMATIC COMPASS The standard issue prismatic compass is a metallic cylinder with a double glass cover over the compass card. A luminous bar marks the North point on the card and the card is engraved with an inner and outer circle. The inner circle reads clockwise from 0 to 64 x 100, 6400mils starting at the north point, each small division being 100 mils. The outer circle is graduated with laterally inverted numbers reading clockwise from 0 to 64 x 100, 6400 mils starting at the south point, each small division being 20 mils. The compass needle is fixed below the card so that the two swing together.

LID WITH DIRECTION LINE ON GLASS

ISSUED PRISMATIC COMPASS

COMPASS BODY WITH LUMINOUS FLOATING DIAL

SLING LOOP HINGE EYE PIECE

The upper glass cover is marked with black figures 2 to 64, each division being 100mils. The cover is held by a brass ring and can be rotated to any desired position and clamped in that positions by a screw near the hinge lid. On the white ring below the black figures of the upper glass cover there is a black line on a luminous patch opposite the centre of the lid hinge. It is extended by a hair line on the lower glass cover reaching to the inner circle on the compass card; this line and its extensions is called the lubber line. Inside the lid the lubber line is further extended by the hairline on the glass of the lid and by a luminous line reaching to the end of the tongue where there is a notch. On the outside of the ring attached to the box and by which it may be held is another luminous notch. When the compass is opened out flat all lines and notches are in a straight line passing through the centre of the compass card, this line marks the axis of the compass.

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Taking a bearing. To take a bearing look through the sighting slit on top of the prism and line up the hairline on the lid with the object to which the bearing is to be taken. At the same time observe through the eyepiece the reading on the card. When the card comes to rest, read the bearing against the hairline. A bearing to the nearest 20 mils can be read without difficulty; with practice readings to within 10 mils could be expected. Readings increase from right to left as seen through the prism.

What are the magnetic compass bearings for A,B,C,D?

ANSWERS A = 5800mils, B = 3720mils, C = 1660mils, D = 2880mils.

Individual Compass Error This is not an excuse for poor navigation; every compass has a certain individual error and may not point exactly to Magnetic North. Prismatic compasses have an accepted tolerance of 14 mils either way. All compasses should be checked against a known bearing or another compass before it is used.

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DIRECTION WITHOUT A COMPASS Finding True North Sun. The sun rises in the East, is due South at midday in winter (1 o'clock in summer) and sets in the West. An extended hand-span covers roughly 15 degrees or one hour of sun movement. If you can locate the direction of the sun then using this method you will know the approximate direction of North.

North Stars. In the Northern Hemisphere you can locate North by using the stars Ursa Major (The Great Bear or Plough) will lead you to Polaris (North Star) which is always North. Look left at the diagram, Polaris is central to the diagram, The Great Bear is very prominent on a clear night, when located extend an imaginary line from the end "pointers" and this should enable you to locate the pole star.

Watch Method. A watch can give you an approximate North-South line. Lay the watch flat with the hour hand pointing to the sun, or along the shadow of a pencil or similar object. In the Northern Hemisphere, true south will then be midway between the hour hand and twelve o'clock on the watch. In the Southern Hemisphere lay the watch with twelve o'clock pointing to the sun; true north then lies midway between the hour hand and twelve o'clock. 22

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SECTION 4: WHERE AM I ON THE MAP?

USING FEATURES TO SET A MAP AND FIND LOCATION Setting or orientating the map means turning the map until all the symbols on the map are in the same direction as the ground features is from the observer's location. A handy mnemonic that you can use to remember how to do this is:

D The direction of features must always coincide D The distance to a feature will help to identify it on the map C Conventional symbols on the map to the features on the ground R Relief may be the only recognisable feature in wild country A The linear features will assist in confirming direction and identification P A pattern is recognisable P The proximity of features to each other will help to identify it on the map S The shape of a feature will help to identify it on the map

Using the map, observe the ground and orientate yourself using visible land marks or reference points.

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USING A COMPASS TO SET A MAP AND FIND LOCATION To set a map using a compass: 1. Hold the map horizontally in front of you and place the compass on it with the lubber lines parallel with the eastings. 2. Turn your body until the compass needle is parallel with the North-South grid lines. 3. Look up and relate the symbols on the map to the features on the ground. Note that the Magnetic Variation is too small to consider when setting the map.

To find your location on a line feature: 1. Identify a ground feature that you can pinpoint on the map. 2. Take a magnetic bearing to it with your compass. 3. Change the magnetic bearing to a back bearing as previously described. Then plot it as a grid bearing onto your map. 4. Your position is where the compass edge, or a line extended from it crosses the line symbol. This method can be applied to any line feature such as a stream, track or edge of a wood To find your position when not on a line feature, repeat the previous procedure for at least two, but ideally, three points. Your position is within the area where the lines intersect, i.e. a resection. Intersection is applying a bearing from yours and known positions to an unknown object. Resection is applying a bearing from known positions to your unknown position.

PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT.


THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM What is a Global Positioning System? Global positioning systems (GPS) will give position to within 100 metres and altitude above mean sea level for 95% of the time. Thick cloud cover or a jungle canopy can block the signal required by the GPS and render it useless. DON'T RELY ON THE GPS ALONE. Before setting out ensure that you have been trained in the use of the system that you are using and you have studied the user handbook. Not all systems have the same menu options or capabilities. Check the batteries and carry spares. Before starting your route enter your initial position 24

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To set the map using the GPS: 1. Place the map horizontally with the GPS on it, ensuring it is aligned with the North-South grid lines. 2. Switch on the GPS and allow a few minutes to obtain a satellite 'fix' in Latitude and Longitude 3. Turn your map until the North South grid lines match the GPS North arrow. 4. Look up and relate the symbols on the map to the features on the ground. 5. Convert the reading to a grid reference and note. Note that magnetic variation is too small to consider when setting the map. Remember: GPS is an aid to land navigation, it should not be regarded as a short cut to accurate navigation.

SECTION 5: ROUTE SELECTION

PLANNING FACTORS FOR ROUTE SELECTION Factors Affecting Distance Natural Obstacles

Can the team physically cope with crossing any obstacles; this could include rivers, lakes, cliffs or deserts. Natural obstacles may force a detour.

Restricted Access

There are man-made restrictions on access, this could be Private Land, Out Of Bounds (minefield) or even Enemy Held Ground.

Seasonal Access

Even though there is a Right of Way, access may be restricted at certain times of year. Will the weather close in during winter or is there a possibility of avalanche or flooding?

Factors Affecting Time Health/Fitness

Your personal fitness will directly affect how fast and how far you can safely walk. Always consider the weakest team member or individuals that are injured.

Experience

Are the team experienced enough to cover the distance or capable of navigating the route in the climatic conditions.

Terrain

Different terrain will allow progress at different rates. Can you cope with the terrain? Have you got the correct clothing and equipment for the terrain such as ropes or ice axes?

Going

The condition of the ground, or the 'going', is a key factor in the speed that you can walk across wild country. Will you cover the route in the planned time frame?

Equipment

The weights that people carry will determine the speed that the terrain is covered. 25

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LAND NAVIGATION ON FOOT ‘PACING’ The compass provides the means of maintaining direction, and distances travelled are estimated by any of the following methods:

Speed and Elapsed Time. The method is suitable for moves over relatively open or otherwise easy terrain. If movement is on foot and v is the estimated speed over an elapsed time t , the distance travelled, d is given at once by d = v x t Example, if the average speed of 3.5 kph was maintained over six hours then; Distance travelled

= 3.5 x 6 = 21 Kms

Pacing. Counting paces is a relatively more accurate method of measuring distances travelled provided that the pacer has calibrated his step relative to the terrain and that the terrain is firm and even. This is a basic guide to marching and pacing. Remember the number of paces will increase if you are travelling up or down hill. Pacing is very effective in close country such as the jungle.

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PLANNING FACTORS General Information

Always plan a route on a map before you start, use all available up to date information. This includes local knowledge as well as tactical intelligence such as old patrol reports and even weather reports.

Factors

Consider all the factors when selecting a route, time, distance, altitude, equipment, food, water, radio ranges and enemy activity.

Distance

Break it down into legs that can be managed easily with checkpoints. With practice you will know if the steep but direct route or the long but gentle route is best for you.

Legs

A leg should be on the same path or bearing and end at a checkpoint ideally a reference point.

Checkpoints

These should be permanent, easily identifiable and capable of confirmation on the ground both day and night.

Foul Weather In wild country, also plan alternative and escape routes for use in foul weather. If the weather closes in or you have a casualty you must have a plan to extract them to a RV for extraction.

Command

When a route has been selected and approved do not deviate from the route unless essential for safety reasons. If you do change routes then inform someone by whatever means. Any rescue or casualty extraction will be worked out using your planned route.

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ROUTE CARDS A route card is a document containing the key details of your intended route. For a simple lowland route by day, marking your route on a map may suffice. When walking in wild country it is necessary to produce a proper route card for each day of a route.

The Benefits of Making a Route Card are: 1. It concentrates your mind on the route and aids sensible planning. 2. It is a safety requirement that you leave your intentions with somebody. 3. It acts as a log and provides useful data during and after the journey. 4. Tactically it allows other patrols to know your location and duration of your patrol.

Developing a Route Card.

Calculate legs using reference points and calculate the distances in between.

Calculate bearing from leg to leg, both grid and magnetic bearings.

Estimate time to travel the route considering terrain, distance and prevailing weather.

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SECTION 6: FOLLOWING A ROUTE

ROUTE FOLLOWING SKILLS To march efficiently you need to: 1. Be constantly aware of your surroundings. 2. Continually relate map to ground to know your position on the map. 3. Know how to estimate distances by eye. 4. Know how to calculate distances travelled and still to be marched. 5. Develop a "Sense of Direction". 6. Competently use a compass to march on a bearing, check position and direction. 7. Trust your compass.

Estimating speed and distance travelled. Using this formula allows you to calculate an approximate time it would take to move across country uphill carrying a load.

5 kph plus 1 minute per contour climbed

4 kph plus 1½ minutes per contour climbed

FOLLOWING A PLANNED ROUTE CHECKLIST Here is a checklist to use at the start of each leg l

Set / orientate map

l

Locate position on map

l

Read route card

l

Identify route on map

l

Identify start direction on ground

l

Note direction of travel

l

Set the compass

l

Pick markers

l

Bound ground

l

Note start time on route card

l

Estimate checkpoint ETA

l

Is everyone OK?

l

Left any equipment?

Always nominate a check navigator where possible and confirm direction and location.

l

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SECTION 6: FOLLOWING A ROUTE

ROUTE FOLLOWING IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY Practice and experience will give you confidence when travelling in restricted visibility.

Before entering restricted visibility: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Think: "Do I need to enter?" Confirm location and take bearings whilst you still can. Move to a safer route if possible (but be aware of time and distance changes). Have the confidence to follow your compass. Carefully monitor distance and direction travelled. Increase awareness and precision of route following. Remember: mountains make their own weather. At night retain your night vision and make full use of any lights and the stars for direction. The leading marker method may help when walking on a bearing in very restricted visibility. This is for extreme weather conditions where you rope each other together and the lead man is guided by the navigator on a set bearing. Send a soldier out to the limit of visibility and aligned with the compass bearing. March to him and continue to repeat this method. Don't forget to pace your route, as this will help you estimate your position.

WHAT TO DO IF YOU ARE LOST At some point everyone will become navigationally challenged (lost). As a navigator you will have an idea of where you are by simple navigational reference points. There will usually be a reference point not too far away, buildings, roads or natural feature such as hills or rivers. There will be something around you to allow you to orientate yourself, use all available assistance and equipment to help you.

Don't panic: Remember STOP! Note the time. Maintain morale and confidence. Confirm that you are lost. If confirmed, ask yourself: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

"How did I get lost? Wrong path, wrong valley? ...?" "When was I last certain of my location?" "What general direction have I been moving in? "Where is the sun ...?" "How long have I been travelling since then?" "How far could I have come?"

Scrutinise map and ground again. If still lost ... Select the safest option from: Retrace your steps. Head on a bearing towards a 'known feature' such as one of your 'bounds'. When you have moved to a safe reference point then re-plot your route and check your navigation as often as required. Do not charge off or attempt to guess, you will often increase the error in your navigation and make the situation worse. 30

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SECTION 7: SUMMARY

CONTINUATION TRAINING Military Map Reading The possibility of having to navigate over rough terrain in all weather conditions is part of life in the Infantry. Theory lessons can be conducted by map reading instructors in barracks as part of a normal training programme. Map reading is a knowledge based skill that requires constant practice. Most soldiers conduct map reading as part of a normal unit training programme. You can also help yourself by using this handbook, visiting your local library and signing out map reading books as well as going on the internet. A unit NAVEX by day or night is a great way to sharpen your skills. This is usually moving across a set piece of terrain or along a designated route carrying all personal fighting equipment. Every time you find yourself outdoors, whether going for a run, walk, or on exercise, always carry and refer to your map. This will help avoid skill fade in this vital subject.

Adventure Training The Army also recognises the importance of adventure training, in particular trekking, climbing and mountaineering as they all involve map reading. These are activities that promote map reading as a skill and also practice navigating under testing conditions. All adventure training requires detailed planning and resources. These activities must always be conducted by competent and qualified instructors.

Orienteering Orienteering is a sport that involves individuals or groups competing against each other by navigating a set course using checkpoints, basic navigation and physical fitness. The sport combines navigation and cross-country running. Both are demanding activities that will improve individuals map reading and physical fitness. Most military training areas have permanent orienteering courses however a simple course takes a small amount of planning. Permanent Orienteering Courses are established at the following garrison and camp areas; Ballykinler Borden Heath

Catterick Deepcut

Sennybridge RMAS

Bulford Bruggen

Bramley Merworth

Orienteering maps exist or are planned for the following garrison and camp areas; ATR Winchester Blandford Camp

RMAS Shrivenham

Catterick Lisburn

Upavon Worthy Down

10 Top Tips for setting up an orienteering course Listed below is a checklist for a simple orienteering course planned at unit level. The course selected must suit the standard of the soldiers. Start with a simple course, then progress to more demanding routes, by day and night. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Authorised Training Area. (May have to be booked). Maps of the area .( Small-scale maps are ideal 1: 25000 or less) Silva compasses (one per man or group). Recognisable check/control point markers (improvised will do) Score card (improvised will do). Safety is important so medical facilities must be considered. Comprehensive safety brief for competitors and staff to include cut off times and what to do if injured. Check weather conditions Suitable clothing for rough ground and wet/cold weather. Make it fun. Have a coy competition with a prize.

Details for local clubs and events and general information can be found at the following Websites;

Military: www.baoc.org.uk

Civilian: www.britishorienteering.org.uk 31

INDEX

SECTION 7: SUMMARY

EXAMPLE OF A MAP READING TEST References: A. Manual of Map Reading and Land Navigation. B. Series M726 1:50,000 Scale UK maps. All questions refer to map sheet

Serial (a)

Test Conditions (c)

Performance (b)

Standards (d)

1.

What is the straight-line distance from ………… to …………?

a.

Written.

a.

2 Points.

2.

What is the indirect distance by road/track from ………… to …………?

a.

Written.

a.

2 Points.

3.

Identify the conventional signs marked on the map. (Clearly mark the map.)

a. Written. b. Without reference to the map legend. c. Given an M726 Map with 12 conventional signs.

a. Eight out of twelve to be correct.

a. Written. b. Given a Romer.

a. Eight out of twelve grid references to an accuracy of + 10 metres.

4.

32

a.

g.

b.

h.

c.

i.

d.

j.

e.

k.

f.

l.

Give an 8 figure grid reference of the conventional signs in question 3. a.

g.

b.

h.

c.

i.

d.

j.

e.

k.

f.

l.

INDEX

Serial (a) 5.

Performance (b) Identify the relief features marked on the map. (Clearly mark on the map.) m.

p.

n.

q.

o.

r.

Test Conditions (c)

Standards (d)

a. Written.

a. 6 Points.

6.

What is the grid bearing from GR ………… to the GR …………?

a. Written. b. Given a lightweight compass.

a. 2 Points.

7.

If the grid bearing is …… mils and the GMA is…… mils west, what is the magnetic bearing?

a. Written.

a. 2 Points.

8.

If the magnetic bearing is …… mils and the GMA is ……mils west, what is the grid bearing?

a. Written.

a. 2 Points.

9.

What bearings would you set your compass on if you were to march in the following directions?


a. 4 Points.


a. 3 Points. b. Accuracy to + 100m

a. South b. South West c. North East d. West 10.

Your unit has 3 OP's the Grids are as follows: OP1 ________________ OP2 ________________ OP3 ________________ An enemy patrol is seen from the above OP's on the following magnetic bearings. OP1 ________________ OP2 ________________ OP3 ________________ Give a 6 figure Grid of the patrol.

33

INDEX

Serial (a)

Performance (b)

Test Conditions (c)

Standards (d)

11.

You are unsure of your location, you can see the following features and take magnetic bearings to them.


a. 3 Points. b. Accuracy to + 100m

Location and Grid

Magnetic Bearing

a. ___________

___________

b. ___________

___________

c. ___________

___________

12.

Give a 6 figure Grid of your location. Orient a Series M726 Map by inspection, identify own location and two other specified locations.

a. Outdoors by day in an area away from barracks at a position that overlooks the Countryside. There must be three identifiable features visible. b. Given a Series M726 Map of the local area and a lightweight compass. c. Given position to within 4km squared. d. Time allowed 4 minutes. e. Oral, practical.

a. Must identify the 3 locations within the time. b. Accuracy to + 100m

13.

Demonstrate the ability to take a magnetic bearing to a known feature and apply it to the map as a grid bearing.

a. Outdoors by day b. Given a Series M726 Map of the local area and a lightweight compass. c. Oral ,practical.

a. Set the grid bearing onto the map using the lightweight compass.

14.

Navigate a given route.

a. Outdoors by day. b. Individually on foot. c. Along roads, paths, tracks and cross-country for a distance of not less than 5km. d. Away from barracks. e. Using a Series M726 map, and lightweight compass. f. Report to two control points. g. Time allowed 1hr per 4 km h. Correctly briefed on safety and the country code.

a. Complete the route without assistance. b. If control points are used then they must be visited in the correct order. c. Within the given time limit.

15.

Navigate a given route by night.

a. Outdoors by night. b. In pairs, on foot. c. Along roads, paths, tracks and cross-country for a distance not less than 5km. d. Away from barracks. e. Using a Series M726 map, and a lightweight compass. f. Report to two control points. g. Time allowed 1 hr per 4km. h. Correctly briefed on Safety and the Country Code.

a. Complete the route without assistance. b. If control points are used then they must be visited in the correct order. c. Within the given time limit.

34

INDEX

SECTION 7: SUMMARY

CONVENTIONAL MAP SYMBOLS On maps various symbols will give you accurate information about the relief on the ground. Trig points, spot heights, visible earthworks and cliff symbols provide relief information. There are several examples of conventional symbols below.

35

Infantry Map Reading Handbook

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