instrumentacion... control de relacion, cascada y retroalimentacion

BKV^P]OMK^HFBAK HF^BSBNHNMV 6 R > Mk mi sbgubmktm nafuomkta sm nmcbkm ias faktraims rmhibomkthfbök, fhsfhnh y rmihfbök, sm oumstrh su bopimomkthfbök mk mi faktraihnar fn3:: y grècbfhomktm sm bknbfh su fakmxbök cïsbfh mktrm mi prafmsa y mi pif

LMF^AP HG]NMIA ‖  HIM\  HIM\ OHP^BKMT ‖  DLAHK  DLAHK CHPBN ‖  HIM\BV ZMNPATH :7/:>/0:88

BKNBFM

ZHGBKH 8. FAK^PAI NM PMHIBOMK^HFBAK 8.8 X]M ]K FAK^PAI NM PMHIBOMK^HFBAK 8.0 GPHCBFA 8.6 M\ZIBFHFBAK NM IH @]FIH BOZIMOMK^HNH 8.> PMZPMVMK^HFBAK PMZPMVMK^HFB AK ZAP @IAX]MV 8.= BOZIMOMK^HFBAK MK MI FN 3:: 8.3 ZIHK^H 8.7 FH@IMHNA

6. 6. >. >. >. =. 3.

0. FAK^PAI NM PMIHFBAK VBOZIM 0.8 X]M ]K FAK^PAI NM PMIHFBAK 0.0 GPHCBFA 0.6 M\ZIBFHFBAK NM IH @]FIH BOZIMOMK^HNH 0.> PMZPMVMK^HFBAK PMZPMVMK^HFB AK ZAP @IAX]MV 0.= BOZIMOMK^HFBAK MK MI FN 3:: 0.3 FAKCBG]PHFBAK NM @IAX]MV FN 3:: 0.7 FH@IMHNA

<. 2. 2. 8:. 8:. 88. 80.

6. FAK^PAI NM FHVFHNH 6.8 X]M ]K FAK^PAI NM FHVFHNH 6.0 GPHCBFA 6.6 M\ZIBFHFBAK NM IH @]FIH BOZIMOMK^HNH 6.> PMZPMVMK^HFBAK PMZPMVMK^HFB AK ZAP @IAX]MV 6.= BOZIMOMK^HFBAK MK MI FN 3:: 6.3 FH@IMHNA

8

8>. 8>. 8=. 8=. 83- 87. 8<.

8. FAK^PAI NM PMHIBOMK^HFBAK 8.8 X]M ]K FAK^PAI NM PMHIBOMK^HFBAK 8.0 GPHCBFA 8.6 M\ZIBFHFBAK NM IH @]FIH BOZIMOMK^HNH 8.> PMZPMVMK^HFBAK PMZPMVMK^HFB AK ZAP @IAX]MV 8.= BOZIMOMK^HFBAK MK MI FN 3:: 8.3 ZIHK^H 8.7 FH@IMHNA

0

6. 6. >. >. >. =. 3.

8. NMCBKBFBAK FAK^PAI NM PMHIBOMK^HFBAK Ms uk sbstmoh nm ihza fmrrhna naknm ih mktrhnh y ih shibnh sak faophrhnhs phrh panmr praparfbakhr ukh hffbök nm faktrai… ms omdar nbfla uk sbstmoh nm fhush y mcmfta mktrm ihs vhrbh`ims nmi sbstmoh… fak hffbök nm faktrai a farrmffbök nmi mrrar caroh hutaoètbfa… 0. GPHCBFA

6

6. M\ZIBFHFBAK NM IH @]FIH BOZIMOMK^HNH. mk ih pihkth nm bktmrfho`ba târobfa sm nmsmh faktraihr ih fhktbnhn nm ciuda nm hguh crïh qum im bkgrmsh hi bktmrfho`bhnar nm fhiar, sm nm`m nm`m utbibzhr mi faktraihnar prmsmktm mk ih pihkth mi fn3:: nm sohr, hpibfhr uk faktrai pb y utbibzhr mi tr hksobsar farbaibs faoa mimomkta nm mktrhnh y mimomkta nm hftuhfbök ih vèivuih vèivuih nm faktrai ::8

>. PMZPMVMK^HFBAK ZAP @IAX]MV

MPPAP

VZ

+

-

FAK^PAIHNAP

OS

HF^]HNAP

ZPAFMVA

SHIS]IH NM FAK^PAI ::8

FN 3::

^PHKVOBVAP ::8 (FAPBAIBV)

ZS

=. BOZIMOMK^HFBAK MK MI FN3::

HB4 ^PHKVOBVAP F:4 SHIS]IH NM FAK^PAI

>

HF^]HNAP ^PHKVOBVAP

FAK^PAIHNAP

=

MK^PHNH ::8 NMI FAK^PAIHNAP

VHIBNH ::8 NMI FAK^PAIHNAP

SHIS]IH NM FAK^PAI ::8

^PHKVOBVAP FAPBAIBV H > LBIAV FAKM\BÖK ZHPHIMIA

3

0. FAK^PAI NM PMIHFBAK VBOZIM 0.8 X]M ]K FAK^PAI NM PMIHFBAK 0.0 GPHCBFA 0.6 M\ZIBFHFBAK NM IH @]FIH BOZIMOMK^HNH 0.> PMZPMVMK^HFBAK PMZPMVMK^HFB AK ZAP @IAX]MV 0.= BOZIMOMK^HFBAK MK MI FN 3:: 0.3 FAKCBG]PHFBAK NM @IAX]MV FN 3:: 0.7 FH@IMHNA

7

<. 2. 2. 8:. 8:. 88. 80.

8. X]M MV ]K FAK^PAI NM PMIHFBAK Zanmoas nmfbr uk faktrai nm rmihfbök m s ih rmihfbök mktrm nas ciudas pmra faktraihkna uka nm miias…. A sb cumrh mi fhsa... Ih rmihfbök mktrm ih omnbfbök nm nas vhrbh`ims… pmra rmguihkna ukh nm miihs…

Lhy nm nas tbpas… mi msqumoh (h) m s uk faktrai naknm ih omnbfbök nm ias nas ciudas ms

nbvbnh... Hrradhkna ukh ôkbfh ZS hi faktraihnar. R mi msqumoh (`) ms naknm ukh nm ih vhrbh`ims ih ka faktraihnh + uk ouitbpibfhnar a ghkhkfbh nhrè mi VZ hi faktraihnar… ih ZS nmi faktraihnar ih hrradhr ih vhrbh`im

faktraihnh..

<

0. GPHCBFA

6 M\ZIBFHFBAK NM IH @]FIH BOZIMOMK^HNH. Vm rmqubmrm mi iimkhna nm uk thkqum, mi fuhi tbmkm nas mktrhnhs nm ciubna… sm kmfmsbth qum ih faknbfbök nm iimkhna nm ihs nas tu`mrïhs smh nm 8 h 8 ö 0 h 8 ö mtf... Faoa smh kmfmshrba mi prafmsa… ukas nm ias ciubnas smrè nmpmknbmktm nmi atra…. Zhrh su phsa…

ZS VZ ^BF

OS

HPB^OM^BF

CB^

B/Z

CB^

CI]BNA BKNMZMKNBMK^M

CI]BNA NMZMKNBMK^M

2

()@

>. PMZPMVMK^HFBAK ZAP @IAX]MV ^PHKVOBVAP CI]DA FAPBAIBV + ghkhkfbh VZ +

FAK^PAIHNAP -

OS

FN3::

SHIS]IH NM HG]H FHIBMK^M

ZS

^PHKVOBVAP NM CI]DA SAP^M\

BOZIMOMK^HFBAK MK MI FN 3:

ZHPH H@PBP IH SHIS]IH NM CI]BNA NM BKNMZMKNBMK^M… A VBKA MI

^PHKVOBVAP KA BKNBFH KHNH 8:

ZPAFMVA

FAKCBG]PHFBAK @IAX]M IAFHI PMOA^A MK

FAKCBG]PHFBAK @IAX]M HPB^OM^BFA MK

PMOA^A

GHKHFBH 0

FAKCBG]PHFBAK @IAX]M ZBN MK ZB

88

C]MK^M NM 0>S

ZPBOMPH VHIBNH NMI FAK^PAIHNAP

ZPBOMPH MK^PHNH FAK^PAIHNAP

VMG]KNH MK^PHNH FAK^PAIHNAP VMG]KNH VHIBNH NMI FAK^PAIHNAP

SHIS]IH CI]BNA ZPAN]F^A

^PHKVOBVAP FAPBAIBV

^PHKVOBVAP SAP^M\ NM 0 LBIAV FAKM\BÖK VMPBMC]MK^M- PMVBV^MKFBH FAK^PAIHNAP

SHIS]IH CI]BNA MKMPGBFA

PMVBV^MKFBH NM 0=: ℣

80

6. FAK^PAI NM FHVFHNH 6.8 X]M ]K FAK^PAI NM FHVFHNH 6.0 GPHCBFA 6.6 M\ZIBFHFBAK NM IH @]FIH BOZIMOMK^HNH 6.> PMZPMVMK^HFBAK PMZPMVMK^HFB AK ZAP @IAX]MV 6.= BOZIMOMK^HFBAK MK MI FN 3:: 6.3 FH@IMHNA

86

8>. 8>. 8=. 8=. 83- 87. 8<.

8. X]M ]K FAK^PAI NM FHVFHNH

]k sbstmoh nm faktrai mk fhsfhnh, pm robtm mibobkhr ihs pmrtur`hfbakms qum hcmfthk h ias prafmsas… pmrobtbmkna qum ih rmspumsth nm rmg uihfbök smh oès rèpbnh y msth`im.

0. GPHCBFA

^PHKVOBVAPMV NM

^MOZMPH^]PH

^PHKVOBVAP NM CI]DA, SHPBH@IM VMF]MKNHPBH

HF^]HNAP

VMKVAP NM ^MOZMPH^]PH

8>

6. M\ZIBFHFBAK NM IH @]FIH BOZIMOMK^HNH. Mk uk bktmrfho`bhnar târobfa, sm nmsmh faktraihr ih tmopmrhturh nm ih shibnh nmi ciubna nm pranufta, par ia fuhi sm faktraih ih hpmrtur h a fbmrrm nm ih vèivuih nm ciuda mkmrgâtbfa, pmra mi sbstmoh prmsmkth ouflh nmoarh mk ih msth`bibzhfbök y mk ih rmspumsth nm rmguihfbök. Zar ia thkta sm bopimomktm uk faktrai m k fhsfhnh, utbibzhkna faoa vhrbh`im smfuknhrbh ciuda mkmrgâtbfa (oès rèpbnh) y faoa vhrbh`im prbohrbh tmopmrhturh nm shibnh nmi pranufta (ohs imkth) imkth)

>. PMZPMVMK^HFBAK ZAP @IAX]MV

OS VZ +

M -

FAK^PAIHNAP NM ^MOZMPH^]PH

VZ + -

M

HF^]HNAP

FAK^PAIHNAP

SHIS]IH FHIBMK^M

ZS

ZS

^PHKVOBVAP NM ^MOZMPH^]PH VHIBNH ZPAN]F^A

8=

^PHKVOBVAP NM CI]DA SAP^M\

ZPAN]F^A

=. BOZIMOMK^HFBAK MK MI FN3::

ZBN NM ^MOZMPH^]PH

ZBN NM CI]DA

83

IAFHI PMOA^A CI]DA

87

ZPBOMPH MK^PHNH NMI FAK^PAIHNAP FN3::

VMG]KNH MK^PHNH NMI

ZPBOMPH VHIBNH

FAK^PAIHNAP FN3::

NMI FAK^PAIHNAP

SHIS]IH NM IBKMH NM HG]H FHIBMK^M ^PHKVOBVAP NM CI]DA SAP^MT

(CI]BNA MKMPGM^BFA)

PMVBV^MKFBH NM 0=:℣ ^PHKVOBVAP NM ^MOZMPH^]PH (VHIBNH NM ZPAN]F^A)

MKIHFM ZPAFMVA- ZIF R ZIF -BK^A]FL

8<