On Japanese and Chinese ArchitectureFull description
Collins JapaneseFull description
Japanese for busy peopleDescripción completa
Descripción: Japanese
Descripción: Collins Japanese
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architectureFull description
architectureFull description
ArchitectureFull description
Description complète
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Some great online resources for learning Japanese
Cool Japanese
NHK World
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
Korea provides link between Chinese and Japanese Architecture
Chinese designs reached Japanese shores through Korean Peninsula (Timber Bldgs of Karayo Period)
Re-emerging across the sea in Japan -Designs are subtler transformation
Traditional Japanese Architecture : one with nature -delicacy -serenity -refined proportions (anthropometrics) -with perfectly poised gardens
HISTORY
Asuka and Nara Period -Chinese culture’s overwhelming influence
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Buddhism: state religion (8 Century) -Todai-ji in Nara : city modeled after Changan (capital city of Chinese Tang Dynasty)
Edo Period : became harmonized -age of architectural opulence in Japanese Architecture -strict measurements
-result was very distinctive Japanese style
In Korea- architecture maintained Chinese character until modern era
Japanese Architecture of timber (wood) under strong influence of China -simple pavilion-like structures consist of wooden framework -imported by platform, lightweight materials for doors and windows like paper, non-bearing plaster wood
Tiled, hipped Roofs -widely projecting -upward turning -elaborate bracket systems
Low, wide Eaves -protection from heavy rains and extreme heat
Stone for pillar bases, platforms, and fortification walls
Great emphasis: Integration of buildings with its surroundings -verandas and japanese gardens
Forked Fineals -simple structures made of logs of wood
-elaborately-carved logs
Elaborate Joinery -demonstration of elaborate, highly sophisticated timberwork
Tea Ceremony Pavilion -ancient Zen ritual encouraging sense of quietness and contemplativeness in the simplest of days, artifacts and rituals.
ELEMENTS
Shimmei Torii Gateway
-simple gateway of 2 pillars (driven straight to the Earth)
-two horizontal beams (1 for structure, 1 as lintel)
Myojin Torii Gateway
-stylized refinement of Shimmei
-double lintels (curves echo the eaves of the temples they serve)
PARTS OF A TEMPLE
Katsuogi
-short wooden billets placed at right angles to the ridge of a Shinto shrine
Chigi
-crossed fineal formed by the projecting barge boards at each end of the ridge of a Shinto shrine
Hashira
-sacred post in Shinto architecture shaped by human hands
Nagari-zukuri
-style of Shinto (based on its prototype)
-front slope of roof extends to form a canopy over the entrance stair (eventually developed into a prayer room)
Kasuga-zukuri
-hipped roof extending from a main roof
Haiden
-hall of worship of a Shinto shrine
Honden
-main sanctuary
Torii
-monumental, free standing gateway
-two pillars connected at the top, curves upward
Kodo
-assembly hall for monks in a Japanese Buddhist Temple
-sacred texts are red
To
-Japanese Pagoda
-usually 5 levels
Nandaimon
-principal south gateway
Sorin
-crowning spire on Japanese Pagoda
Chiimon
-inner gateway to the precinct of a Japanese Temple
Shoro
-where temple bell is hung
Butsu
-representation of Buddha
Daibutsu
-large representation of Buddha
CHINESE TRABEATED STYLE
By Chinese and Korean craftsmen
-decorated eaves
-bracket clusters: satisfy growing demands for a Buddhist Temple
POST AND BEAM ARCHITECTURE
Superior woodwork
Assymetrical design layout and refined curveness of design
Spaces between timber columns often filled with doors and windows from floor to ceiling
Decoration is generally restrained
SHINTO SHRINES
Shinto: indigenous religion of Japan -Natural forces -Ancestor worship -Veneration to the emperor -Descendant of Sun Goddess, Amaterasu
Shimmei-zukuri -railed veranda surrounds structure -free standing post at each gable end supports the ridge -bargeboards extend outward from thatched roof -one of the most venerated types o f Japanese shrines -raised hut-like structure with veranda
Famous Inner Shrine (Mie Prefecture)
-dedicated to the Sun Goddess
-built in untreated white cypress
-reconstructed every 20 years
-reflects nature of Shinto gods (belief: no need for permanent homes)
Itsukushima Shrine (Hiroshima Prefecture)
-integrates sea into arrangement of w alkways, platforms, halls
-Torii rises out from the water
BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
Horyu-ji (Nara)
-world’s oldest surviving wooden buildings
-Korea is link to China and Japan
Layout:
Pagoda and Hall are side by side
-abandoned Chinese axial symmetry o
Kondo (sacred hall/main hall): one storied despite being 2-roofed
o
Kodo (houses sacred relic): lecture hall (5 storey pagoda)
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Todai-iji: built to rival Chinese Tang temples
o o o
–Buddha hall: world’s largest wooden structure Nandaimon: “great double gate” –“indian style” in Chinese idiom
o
Hokkedo Chapel: coffered ceiling; recessed and square
o
Yakushi-ji (Nara): unique 8 century Pagoda
o
Toshodai-ji: Kondo is similar in scale and form to the main hall at Foguang temple in
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China o
Hoo-do (Phoenix Hall): representation of Amida Buddha’s paradise
o
-bird-like plan
o
-façade fronts a lake
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Interior: rich in metal and lacquer work and mother of pearl
SHINDEN STYLE (SECULAR ARCHITECTURE)
Elaborate kind of aristocratic house
“sleeping place”
Lakeside building with latticed doors instead of exterior walls
BUKE STYLE: favored among rising Samurai Clan
Kamakura Period: “Warrior Style”
-simplified version of Sukiya (pavilion)
-Main hall: divided into rooms by sliding paper-covered partitions (Fusuma)
-Outer walls: paper covered partitions (Shoji)
-Floors: covered with straw matts (Tatami)
Writing room (Shoin): Priests
-with shelves and alcove called Tokonama o
Kinkaku- ji, Kyoto: “Temple of Golden Pavilion” –mostly Shinden style –chapel on uppermost floor of 3 stories Chinese style of Zen Buddhism
o
Katsura Palace, Kyoto –mostly splendid Japanese country house –reflects spirit of tea ceremony
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Teahouses (Zen Buddhism) –in thatched teahouse (Chaseki) –inspired by farmer’s cottage –ornament: flowers or paintings displayed in Tokonoma for contemplation
Tosho-gu -only Shinto shrine in which Tokugawa Leyasu is enshrined -founder of last shogunate of Japan Yomei-mon:”Middle Gate” encrusted with a plethora of animal carvings
