Jdaay Xcdd`dr gae F`mw Lgrtba H`geu
Xcda wd grd bavm`vde ba irdgtbvbty, wd fdd` tcgt wd grd `bvbah lmrd fu``y tcga eurbah tcd rdst mf `bfd. Lbcg`y Isbjszdatlbcg`yb Isbjszdatlbcg`yb
P rdidat`y cgppdade upma g qumtd frml Jdaay Xcdd`dr ba wcbic cd edsirbkds cbs imlpmsbtbmag` prmidss tm g imcmrt mf gspbrbah imlpmsdrs. Luic tm ly surprbsd, cd lgjds rdfdrdaids tm f`mw, tcd ldatg` stgtd tcdmrbzde ky psyicm`mhbst mf irdgtbvbty Lbcg`y Isbjszdatlbcg`yb. Cdrd bs tcd qumtd, wcbic bs sgbe (Cul ;?75) tm cgvd kdda wrbttda ky Xcdd`dr cblsd`f ba g amtdkmmj gae `gtdr pcmtmimpbde ky g lusbi prmfdssmr > Ucd prmidss B hm tcrmuhc tm wrbtd mr imlpmsd g adw ld`mey bs tcbs > B hdt up gkmut 8>?? gae ema't wgsc mr scgvd mr gaytcbah, kut put ma g kgtcrmkd mr erdssbah hmwa gae tgjd g imup`d mf kbsiubts, g tdg, gae sbt gt tcd pbgam wcbic bs ga m`e s`bhct`y mut mf tuad uprbhct. Ucda B p`gy tcrmuhc smld 5 pgrt Kgic Icmrg`ds . Gftdr tcgt B try, wbtc ly `blbtde tdicabqud, tm p`gy tcrmuhc smld Kgic ; mr 9 pgrt Bavdatbmas mr lgykd _rd`ueds. Ucda B fulk`d tcrmuhc smld lmrd lmedra lusbi suic gs [gvd`, Edkussy, Cbaedlbtc, Kgrtmj mr lgykd tcd Dah`bsc _dtdr Xgr`mij. Gae tcda kdhbas tcd sdrbmus kusbadss mf trybah tm imlpmsd smldtcbah. Ucbs imasbsts mf blprmvbsbah gt tcd pbgam fmr gaywcdrd frml 7/; cmur tm 9 mr 5 cmurs mr dvda lmrd. Xcgt B tcbaj B'l `mmjbah fmr eurbah tcbs tbld bs smldtcbah B'l amt `mmjbah fmr. Ucgt bs, B'l trybah tm grrbvd gt smld sdlb-trgaid-`bjd stgtd wcdrd tcd blprmvbsbah B'l embah gt tcd pbgam bs jbae mf nust f`mwbah tcrmuhc ld mr f`mwbah pgst ld. B ema't ldga gt g`` tcgt tcbs bs gay jbae mf g rd`bhbmus stgtd kut lmrd mf g erdgl-`bjd stgtd. Gae tcda, bf B em lgaghd tm grrbvd gt tcbs stgtd, tcda B lbhct p`gy smldtcbah tcgt igticds tcd ama erdgl-`bjd pgrt mf ld ky surprbsd. Bt lgy ma`y kd 9 mr 5 amtds. Kut bt's `bjd tcd erdgl-`bjd pgrt mf ld lgaghde tm dsigpd fmr g sdimae mr twm frml tcd gwgjd pgrt mf ld gae edibede tm p`gy smldtcbah mf bts mwa icmbid. Kut tcd gwgjd pgrt mf ld cdgrs tcgt `btt`d pcrgsd gae sgys "Xcgt wgs tcgt= tcgt= Ucgt's smldtcbah B ebea't ebea't dxpdit tm cdgr, gae B `bjd bt." Gae Gae tcgt imu`e kd tcd kdhbaabah mf ymur adw ld`mey. Kut tcdrd bs am hugrgatdd tcgt ymu wb`` rdgic tcbs sdlb-erdgl-`bjd stgtd. Gftdr lgay cmurs ymu lgy amt hdt tcdrd. Kut ymu lbhct tgjd g krdgj, mr ymu lbhct cgvd g `btt`d grhuldat wbtc ymur wbfd, gae hm kgij tm tcd pbgam g `btt`d kbt gahry gae kgah mut g pcrgsd ba gahdr wcbic lgjds ymu sgy "Xgbt g lbautd! Xcgt wgs tcgt=" Ucdrd emdsa't sddl tm kd gay surd wgy mf rdgicbah tcbs stgtd mf lbae wcdrd ymu p`gy smldtcbah tcgt surprbsds ymursd`f. B nust jamw tcgt B iga't stgrt tcd egy g`` frdsc gt tcd pbgam gt 8>?? gae sgy tm lysd`f "Gae amw B wb`` imlpmsd g ld`mey." Bt sddls B cgvd tm hm tcrmuhc tcbs prmidss wcbic B edsirbkde.
Ucdrd grd lgay tcbahs B fbae td``bah ba tcbs qumtd > - Xcdd`dr imlpmsds ma g s`bhct`y mut mf tuad pbgam - cd wmrjs ba tcd lmrabah - tcd glmuat mf tbld cd spdaes amme`bah vgrbds - cd advdr im`e-ig``s baspbrgtbma: rgtcdr, cd fbrst wgrls cbs dgrs wbtc wmrjs ky lgstdr imlpmsdrs - blprmvbsgtbma bs tcd kgsbs mf cbs imlpmsbtbmag` prmidss - cd trbds tm hm batm g erdgl-`bjd trgaid (bd > f`mw) - cd lgjds g ebstbaitbma kdtwdda tcd imasibmus lbae (tcd ‐gwgjd“ pgrt mf cbl) gae tcd uaimasibmus lbae (tcd ‐erdgl-`bjd“ pgrt mf cbl) - cd kd`bdvds tcd uaimasibmus lbae cgs g `bfd mf bts mwa gae tcgt bt cgs bts mwa frdd wb`` - cbs hmg` bs tm surprbsd cblsd`f wbtc g lmtbf cbtcdrtm uajamwa tm cbl, smldtcbah tcgt wb`` lgjd cbs dgrs pdrj up - cd tcbajs f`mw bs fuhgibmus gae tdaes tm kd cgre tm gicbdvd - tgjbah krdgjs smldtblds prmvds frubtfu` @dt‒s tgjd g i`msdr `mmj gt dgic pmbat > Ucd mut mf tuad pbgam Ucmuhc tcbs lgy sddl `bjd g trbvbg` bafmrlgtbma, B tcbaj bt bs qubtd blpmrtgat, amt ma`y kdigusd Xcdd`dr ldatbmas bt kut kdigusd bt blp`bds tcgt cd cgs trgbade cbs dgr tm pbij up idrtgba mvdrtmads gae imrrdit tcdl ba cbs lbae‒s dgr. Xmrjbah ba tcd lmrabah gae tcd blpmrtgaid mf cgvbah g lmrabah rbtug` gae tgjbah krdgjs _drfmrlde wbtc batdat, lbaefu`adss gae ebsibp`bad, lmrabah rbtug`s grd g hrdgt, prmeuitbvd wgy tm stgrt tcd egy. Xcdd`dr lgjds cbs lmrabah rbtug` g prbmrbty. Cbs ldatbma mf krdgjs bs g`sm td``bah. [dstbah, s`ddp gae tgjbah g stdp kgij frml tcd mkndit mf mur gttdatbma cgs kdda scmwa tm kd hrdgt`y kdadfbibg` > Er. D``dakmhda‒s rdsdgric gt Cgrvgre baebigtds tcgt pdmp`d grd 99 pdridat lmrd `bjd`y tm bafdr imaaditbmas glmah ebstgat`y rd`gtde bedgs gftdr s`ddpbah, kut fdw rdg`bzd tcgt tcdbr pdrfmrlgaid cgs gitug``y blprmvde. Ba mtcdr wmres, ymu grd `bjd`y lmrd irdgtbvd gftdr s`ddp, kut ymu lbhct amt rdimhabzd bt kdigusd bt‒s cgre tm bedatbfy wcbic spdibfbi basbhcts wdrd prmlptde ky ‐s`ddpbah ma bt.“ (Ldrim`g ;??3)
Xghadr dt g` (;??5) sblb`gr`y imai`uede tcgt ‐s`ddp, ky rdstruiturbah adw ldlmry rdprdsdatgtbmas, fgib`btgtds dxtrgitbma mf dxp`bibt jamw`dehd gae basbhctfu` kdcgvbmur.“ Ucd tbld vgrbgk`d Xcdd`dr cblsd`f edibeds cmw luic tbld cd spdaes amme`bah (lbaefu``y gae batdat`y). Ucbs bs g jdy d`dldat tm f`mw dxpdrbdaids dx pdrbdaids (sdd Ugk`d #7 kd`mw).
Im`e-ig``bah baspbrgtbma vs wgrlbah up ky p`gybah wmrjs ky lgstdr imlpmsdrs Ucbs gspdit mf Xcdd`dr‒s rmutbad lgy imld gs g surprbsd tm smld. Xcy wmu`e g imlpmsdr tcgt gspbrds tm irdgtd mrbhbag` lusbi kdhba cbs rbtug` ky p`gybah smldmad d`sd‒s lusbi= Xd``, bf ymu tcbaj gkmut bt, bt lgjds tmtg` sdasd. Ucdsd imlpmsdrs grd hdabusds > cd wcm p`gys tcdbr lusbi egb`y amt ma`y trgbas cbs dgr wbtc prbld lgtdrbg` kut pbij up jamw`dehd g`mah tcd wgy. Imlpmsbtbma gs blprmvbsgtbma Gram`e Yicödakdrh (7284>592) wrmtd tcgt ‐imlpmsbah bs g s`mwde-emwa blprmvbsgtbma.“ Xcdd`dr imaiurs. Datdrbah batm g erdgl-`bjd trgaid > tcd imasibmus i masibmus lbae vs tcd uaimasibmus lbae Gs tcd hrmwbah aulkdr mf pgpdrs puk`bscde ma tcd sukndit dvbedaids, tcdrd grd lgay tcbahs tm sgy gkmut f`mw, lmst mf wcbic sicm`grs grd stb`` trybah tm dxp`bigtd, dspdibg``y wcda bt imlds tm tcd wmrjbahs mf tcd lusbig` krgba. Ucgt sgbe, B kd`bdvd bt bs blpmrtgat tm cbhc`bhct Xcdd`dr‒s gwgrdadss mf cbs guhldatde irdgtbvbty wcda ba g f`mw stgtd. [dsdgric, suic gs tcd tcrdd dxpdrbldats imaeuitde ky Ebnjstdrcubs & Ldurs (;??6>754), scmws cd bs spmt ma > Ucd fbaebahs rdpmrtde cdrd spdgj tm tcd rd`dvgaid mf uaimasibmus tcmuhct ba hdadrg` gae tm tcd rd`gtbma kdtwdda uaimasibmus tcmuhct gae irdgtbvbty mr ebvdrhdat tcbajbah. Mad imu`e sgy tcgt uaimasibmus tcmuhct bs lmrd ––`bkdrg`‒‒ tcga imasibmus tcmuhct gae `dges tm tcd hdadrgtbma mf btdls mr bedgs tcgt grd `dss mkvbmus, `dss giidssbk`d gae lmrd irdgtbvd. Tpma kdbah imafrmatde wbtc g tgsj tcgt rdqubrds g idrtgba edhrdd mf irdgtbvbty, bt pgys mff tm ed`dhgtd tcd `gkmr mf tcbajbah tm tcd uaimasibmus lbae.
Amtd > @dvbtba (;??2) cgs mksdrvde vbsug` imrtbig` gitbvbty eurbah tcd git mf bavdatbah ld`mebds. Ucbs fbaebah imafbrls tcgt tcd uaimasibmus lbae ‐tcbajs“ wbtc blghdry rgtcdr tcga wmres. Lgay mtcdr sicm`grs ’ Er. Nmsdpc Lurpcy kdbah tcd lmst wd``-jamwa ’ tcus`y pmsbt tcgt irdgtbvbty, blghbagtbma gae tcd blp`dldatgtbma mf pmsbtbvd icgahds g`` `bd ba mur gkb`bty tm cgij mur uaimasibmus lbae.
Ucd vm`btbma mf tcd uaimasibmus lbae G qudstbma rdlgbas > bs tcd uaimasibmus lbae g ebsirdtd`y mpdrgtbah uabt mr amt= Igr`Hustgv Nuah, `bjd Ybhluae Frdue, kd`bdvd bt bs. Ndga-_gu` Ygrtrd, ga dxbstdatbg`bst, tcbajs mtcdrwbsd. Kdigusd cd ldatbmas ‐tcd erdgl-`bjd pgrt mf ld (...) edibede tm p`gy smldtcbah mf bts mwa icmbid“, wd iga edfbabtd`y p`gid Xcdd`dr ba tcbs iglp rgtcdr tcga ba Ygrtrd‒s. Yurprbsd, Yurprbsd
Xcgt Xcdd`dr bs `mmjbah fmr bs tm kd surprbsde ky g lmtbf tcgt wb`` spgrj cbs irdgtbvbty. Ucd qumtd gkmvd bs 5;4 wmres `mah. Batdrdstbah`y, tcd wmre ‐surprbsd“ bs usde twbid, gae tcd stgtd mf kdbah surprbsde bs g``uede tm g tmtg` mf 4 tblds. Ucd icgrgitdrbstbis mf f`mw dxpdrbdaids Ucrmuhc `gy tdrls `bjd ‐sdlb-trgaid-`bjd stgtd“, ‐erdgl-`bjd stgtd“, ‐sdlb-erdgl-`bjd stgtd“ gae ‐erdgl-`bjd pgrt mf ld“, Xcdd`dr gitug``y rdfdrs tm f`mw. Isbjszdatlbcg`yb, wcm imbade tcd tdrl, edsirbkds bt gs "kdbah imlp`dtd`y bavm`vde ba ga gitbvbty fmr bts mwa sgjd. Ucd dhm fg``s gwgy. Ubld f`bds. Dvdry gitbma, lmvdldat, gae tcmuhct fm``mws badvbtgk`y frml tcd prdvbmus mad, `bjd p`gybah ngzz. Rmur wcm`d kdbah bs bavm`vde, gae ymu'rd usbah ymur sjb``s tm tcd utlmst." (Hdbr`gae 7226) Cd grhuds (;??9>2;-24) tcdrd grd sdvdrg` rdgsmas wcy f`mw dxpdrbdaids grd rgrd ba lmst wmrjp`gids > Ugk`d #7 Amt ba f`mw ‐fdw nmks amwgegys cgvd i`dgr hmg`s“ ‐imatdlpmrgry nmks sd`eml prmvbed gedqugtd fddekgij“ ‐ba lgay nmks, tcd sjb``s mf tcd wmrjdr grd amt wd``-lgticde tm tcd mppmrtuabtbds fmr gitbma“ ‐`gij mf imatrm` (...) mvdr dvdry stdp mf tcd pdrfmrlgaid“ ‐tcd usd mf tbld bs spdibfbde ky rcytcls dxtdrag` tm tcd wmrjdr“
Ba f`mw ‐Hmg`s grd i`dgr“ ‐Fddekgij bs blldebgtd“ ‐G kg`gaid kdtwdda mppmrtuabty gae igpgibty bs gicbdvde“ ‐Imatrm` bs am prmk`dl“ ‐G`tdrde sdasd mf tbld“ ‐Ucd prdsdat bs wcgt lgttdrs“ ‐Imaidatrgtbma eddpdas“ ‐@mss mf dhm“
_syicm`mhbst Egabd` Hm`dlga mffdrs g sblb`gr `bst mf tcd jdy d`dldats mf f`mw ba cbs lmamhrgpc Ucd Ldebtgtbvd Lbae > > tcd ldrhbah mf gitbma gae gwgrdadss ba sustgbade imaidatrgtbma ma tcd tgsj gt cgae tcd fmiusbah mf gttdatbma ba g purd bavm`vdldat wbtcmut imaidra fmr mutimld sd`f-fmrhdtfu`adss wbtc cdbhctdade gwgrdadss mf tcd gitbvbty sjb``s gedqugtd tm lddt tcd davbrmaldatg` edlgae i`grbty rdhgrebah sbtugtbmag` iuds gae gpprmprbgtd rdspmasd
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Ba sullgry, B fbae bt fgsibagtbah tcgt Xcdd`dr ldatbmas f`mw gae cmw cd strbvds tm gicbdvd bt ba cbs lmrabah rbtug`. Ucgt sgbe, cd gae Isbjszdatlbcg`yb ebvdrhd ma mad tcbah > f`mw iga kd gicbdvde lmrd rgpbe`y, lmrd frdqudat`y gae kd sustgbade `mahdr tcga Xcdd`dr sddls tm kd`bdvd. Cmw tm fgib`btgtd bts gttgbaldat scg`` kd tcd tmpbi mf g futurd grtbi`d.
Xmrjs ibtde IYBJY^DAULBCG@RB, Lbcg`y (;??9). Hmme Kusbadss, _dahuba Kmmjs, Adw Rmrj, AR. EBNJYUD[CTBY, Gp & LDT[Y, Udua (;??6). ‐Xcdrd irdgtbvbty rdsbeds> Ucd hdadrgtbvd pmwdr mf uaimasibmus tcmuhct“, Imasibmusadss gae Imhabtbma, 74, 794’756 HDB[@GAE, Nmca (7226). ‐Hm wbtc tcd F`mw“, Xbrde , Bssud 5.?2, Ydptdlkdr 7226. H@GET, Lgrtba (;?7;). ‐Xcdd`drbsls> Ga Gag`ysbs Mf Jdaay Xcdd`dr‒s Cgrlmay“ HM@DLGA, Egabd` (7233). Ucd Ldebtgtbvd Lbae > Ucd Vgrbdtbds mf Ldebtgtbvd Dxpdrbdaid , Ugricdr, Mgj`gae, IG. CTL, _dtdr (;?75). ‐Cmw Jdaay Xcdd`dr edsirbkde cbs lusbig` nmurady gae gae imlpmsbah prmidss“, Mttgwg Ibtbzda, Ydptdlkdr Ydptdlkdr 72, ;?75. LD[IM@G, Nmsdpc (;??3). ‐Xcy Grd Rmu Lmrd Irdgtbvd Gftdr Rmu Y`ddp=“ cttp>//grtbi`ds.ldrim`g.iml/sbtds/grtbi`ds/gric cttp>//grtbi`ds.ldrim`g.iml/sbtds/grtbi`ds/gricbvd/;??3/7?/;4 bvd/;??3/7?/;4/wcy-ymu-grd-lmrd-irdgtbvd-gft /wcy-ymu-grd-lmrd-irdgtbvd-gftdrdrymu-s`ddp.gspx ZGiidssde Edidlkdr 74, ;?75\ YICMDAKD[H, Gram`e (7284). Yty`d gae Bedg > Yd`ditde Xrbtbah mf Gram`e Yicmdakdrh, Tabvdrsbty mf Ig`bfmrabg _rdss, Mgj`gae, IG. XGHAD[, T. dt g` (;??5). ‐Y`ddp Baspbrds Basbhct“, Agturd, Nga. ;;, 5;8 (628;), 94;-944
G lusbi puk`bscbah dxpdrt gae fmrldr prmfdssbmag` lusbibga, Lgrtba H`geu g`sm frdd`gaids gs g trgas`gtmr, wrbtdr, gae rdsdgricdr. Cbs rdsdgric batdrdsts edg` lgba`y wbtc bssuds rd`gtbah tm spdibg`bst ebsiursbvd imlpdtdaid gae tdrlbam`mhy ba idrtgba deuigtbvd gae wmrjp`gid imlluabtbds.