TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ELEMENTS SUMMARY DATA & RESULTS ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS TUTORIALS REFERENCES APPENDICES
PAGE NO. 2 3 – 14 15-16 17 18 19 20
1
SUMMARY
T! !"#!$% !"#!$%!' !'() ()
*+ ,(. ,(. $!.(%* $!.(%*' ' #$*.!)) #$*.!))
/) (* )( )( (! %% %% #)! $!.( $!.(%*' %*'
%'!(%.) %' ,(. $!.(*$ (* )( (! *#!$(%*' *+ ,(. $!.(*$ ( %++!$!'( *#!$(%' .*'%(%*') %' (!$) *+ .*'!$)%*' (* )( (! !++!.( *+ (!#!$($! *' (! $!.(%*' %' CSTR T! $%, $%,!) !) %'* %'*! ! %' (%) (%) !"#!$%! !"#!$%!'( '( $! (%! :%'; :%'; (!#!$ (!#!$( ($! $! :
C; .*'.( .*'.(%% %%( (
:S<.; .*'.!'($(%*' :M; ' .*'!$)%*' :=;T! !"#!$%!'( /) ,!' , #$!#$%' (! .!%.) 9L *+ 01 M E( :A.; )*(%*' ' 9L *+ 01 M NO> )*(%*' T!' '!.!))$ )(!#) /!$! ! (* $! (! ,(. $!.(*$ '%( 3L *+ 01 M E( :A.; )*(%*' ' 9L *+ 01 M NO> )*(%*' /!$! #*$! %'(* (! $!.(*$ R1 ($* (! .$! #*$( *' * ' (! !))! .*!$ T!' T!' /%( /%( %'(! %'(!$ $ )) *+ 5 %'( %'(!) !) )# )#! ! /) /) $!($ $!($%! %!! ! %' *$! *$!$$ (* !(!$ !(!$% %'! '! (! (! .*'.(%%( .*'.(%%( ! ( ( (!#!$( (!#!$($! $! *+ 40 40
C '(% '(% (! (! .*'.(%%( .*'.(%%( $!%') $!%') )(,%% )(,%%?! ?! T! T!
!"#!$%!'( !"#!$%!'( /) (!' $!#!(! $!#!(! /%( (!#!$($ (!#!$($!) !) *+ 50
C ' 60
C T! .*'.(%%( .*'.(%%(
!) !) /!$! /!$! .*'(%' .*'(%'*) *) $!.*$ $!.*$! ! '(% '(% %'( %'(!! 30 B)! B)! *' (! $!)( $!)( *,(%'! *,(%'! (! (!#! !#!$ $(($! $! ' ' .*' .*'. .((%%( %( +*$ +*$ !. !. *+ *+ (! (!#! #!$ $(($! $! 40 40
C 50
C ' ' 60
C ( ( 0
%'(!) (% 30 %'(!) /!$! $!.*$! %' !. (,! $!)#!.(%! B)! *' (! +%$! 1 ' 2 %( /) )('$ .%,$(%*' .$! *+ C*'.!'($(%*' :M; %')( C*'.(%%( :S<.; :+%$! 1; ' C*'!$)%*' :=; %')( C*'.(%%( :S<.; :+%$! 2; /) #*((! T!' +$* (! .% .%,$ ,$( (%* %*' ' $# $# %'! %'!$ $ !( !(%* %*' ' /!$! /!$! *,( *,(%' %'! ! F$* F$* (! (! !( !(%* %*' ' (! (! ( ( +*$ +*$ C*'.!'($(%*' *+ NO> ' C*'!$)%*' :=; /) ..(! N!"( (! !) +*$ -C<( ' :-C<(; ' :C; 1 NO> ' E( E( A.!( A.!((! (! '*( ..$ ..$(! (! S!.*' (! B(. ,! .*'(%'(%' /%( *(!$ .!%.) O(!$ (' (( (! /%$!) *$ *(!$ !%#!'( %'*! ,! +( O(!$ (' (( (%! ,! %')++%.%!'( .)%' $!%$! ( (* '*( ,! *,(%'! 2
RESULTS
E"#!$%!'( 1 B(. S#*'%+%.(%*' R!.(%*' T!#!$($! 40 0C T,! 1 R!)() *+ !"#!$%!'( 1
T%! T!#!$($! :%'; :;
C*'.(%%( C*'.!'($(%*' C*'.!'($(%*' *+ C*'!$)%*' :-C<(; NO> :M; :=; :S<.;
' :-C<(;
' :C;
1
0
3109
584
0013464
734724
0
0
-4307735822
742721331
5
3094
518
0008778
828048
00009372
-69726
-4735506688
1139211666
10
3097
508
0008068
842188
0000142
-88596835
-4819849659
1239464551
15
3102
493
0007003
863398
0000213
-8454218392
-496141665
1427959446
20
3107
478
0005938
884608
0000213
-8454218392
-5126382903
168406871
25
3112
465
0005015
90299
00001846
-8597319236
-5295321858
1994017946
30
3115
453
0004163
919958
00001704
-8677361944
-5481519311
240211386
3
E"#!$%!'( 2 E++!.() O+ T!#!$($! *' (! B(. S#*'%+%.(%*' R!.(%*' T!#!$($! 50 0C
T%! T!#!$($! :%'; :;
C*'.(%%( C*'.!'($(%*' C*'.!'($(%*' *+ C*'!$)%*' :-C<(; NO> :M; :=; :S<.;
' :-C<(;
' :C;
1
0
3116
784
0027664
451924
0
0
-358762335
3614806246
5
3106
758
0025818
488688
00003692
-7904172055
-3656683356
3873266713
10
3127
725
0023475
53535
00004686
-7665761032
-3751819254
4259850905
15
3139
72
002312
54242
71E-05
-9552830681
-3767057235
4325259516
20
3156
716
0022836
548076
568E-05
-9775974232
-3779417041
4379050622
25
3166
71
002241
55656
852E-05
-9370509124
-3798247991
4462293619
E"#!$%!'( 2 E++!.() O+ T!#!$($! *' (! B(. S#*'%+%.(%*' R!.(%*' T!#!$($! 50 0C
T%! T!#!$($! :%'; :;
C*'.(%%( C*'.!'($(%*' C*'.!'($(%*' *+ C*'!$)%*' :-C<(; NO> :M; :=; :S<.;
' :-C<(;
' :C;
1
0
3116
784
0027664
451924
0
0
-358762335
3614806246
5
3106
758
0025818
488688
00003692
-7904172055
-3656683356
3873266713
10
3127
725
0023475
53535
00004686
-7665761032
-3751819254
4259850905
15
3139
72
002312
54242
71E-05
-9552830681
-3767057235
4325259516
20
3156
716
0022836
548076
568E-05
-9775974232
-3779417041
4379050622
25
3166
71
002241
55656
852E-05
-9370509124
-3798247991
4462293619
30
3185
699
0021629
572114
00001562
-8764373321
-3833720272
4623422257
T,! 2 R!)() *+ !"#!$%!'( 2 /!' (! (!#!$($! /) 50 0C
4
T!#!$($! 60 0C
T%! T!#!$($! :%'; :;
C*'.(%%( C*'.!'($(%*' C*'.!'($(%*' *+ C*'!$)%*' :-C<(; NO> :M; :=; :S<.;
' :-C<(;
' :C;
1
0
3139
769
0026599
473134
0
0
-3626881658
3759539832
5
3125
758
0025818
488688
00001562
-8764373321
-3656683356
3873266713
10
3147
719
0023049
543834
00005538
-7498706947
-3770132894
4338583019
15
3179
71
002241
55656
00001278
-8965044016
-3798247991
4462293619
20
3209
699
0021629
572114
00001562
-8764373321
-3833720272
4623422257
25
3229
658
0018718
630088
00005822
-7448696527
-3978269651
5342451117
30
325
652
0018292
638572
852E-05
-9370509124
-4001291473
5466870763
T!#!$($! 60 0C
T%! T!#!$($! :%'; :;
C*'.(%%( C*'.!'($(%*' C*'.!'($(%*' *+ C*'!$)%*' :-C<(; NO> :M; :=; :S<.;
' :-C<(;
' :C;
1
0
3139
769
0026599
473134
0
0
-3626881658
3759539832
5
3125
758
0025818
488688
00001562
-8764373321
-3656683356
3873266713
10
3147
719
0023049
543834
00005538
-7498706947
-3770132894
4338583019
15
3179
71
002241
55656
00001278
-8965044016
-3798247991
4462293619
20
3209
699
0021629
572114
00001562
-8764373321
-3833720272
4623422257
25
3229
658
0018718
630088
00005822
-7448696527
-3978269651
5342451117
30
325
652
0018292
638572
852E-05
-9370509124
-4001291473
5466870763
T,! 3 R!)() *+ !"#!$%!'( 2 /!' (! (!#!$($! /) 60 0C
5
GRAPHS
Figure 1 – Concentration of NaOH (M) vs Conductivity Conductivity
GRAPHS
Figure 1 – Concentration of NaOH (M) vs Conductivity Conductivity Slope = 000!1 " y#intercept= 00$%0
Figure $ – Conversion vs Conductivity Slope = #01&1& " y#intercept= 1'0'
6
Figure – ln *#dCa+dt, *#dCa+dt, vs ln C - . &0 C °
Slope = #101 " y#intercept= #01// O$!$ *+ R!.(%*' α ' -C<( α ' CAG ' α
)*#!
α
-10313
R(! C*')('( ' -C<( α ' CA G ' ' C
'-1 C
'-1 -30199
004881
7
Figure & – ln *#dCa+dt, *#dCa+dt, vs ln C - . '0 C °
Slope = #111/1 " y#intercept= #0//1
O$!$ *+ R!.(%*' α ' -C<( α ' CAG ' α
)*#!
α
-11191
R(! C*')('( ' -C<( α ' CA G ' ' C
'-1 C
'-1 -30991
0045089
8
Figure '– ln *#dCa+dt, *#dCa+dt, vs ln C - . 0 C °
Slope =# 0/''$ " y#intercept= #&%0
O$!$ *+ R!.(%*' α ' -C<( α ' CAG ' α
)*#!
α
-09552
R(! C*')('( ' -C<( α ' CA G ' ' C
'-1 C
'-1 -34380
0032129
9
Figure # Conversion vs ie ie . &0 C °
Figure !# Conversion vs ie ie . '0 C °
10
Figure %# Conversion vs ie ie . 0 C °
11
Figure / – 1+C - vs ie . &0 C °
Slope =$'&!" y#intercept= &//'/ 2 =$'&!
Figure 10 – 1+C - vs ie . '0 C °
Slope =1'&&0" y#intercept= 0$1 2=1'&&0
12
Figure 11– 11– 1+C - vs ie . 0 C °
Slope =$/%0&" y#intercept= 0$ 2 =$/%0&
Figure 1$ – ln 2 vs 1+ Slope =#01'!" y#intercept= 1$&1
S#*'%+%.(%*' R!.(%*'H) A.(%(%*' E'!$ E '
:-E
Y
GC
:-E
-R × 51112
A$$!'%) C*')('( A '
:-E
Y
' A
C
A
'-1 C
A
'-1 1$&1 1$&1
A
227394
GC
14
DISCUSSIONS
T! #$#*)! *+ (! !"#!$%!'( B(. R!.(%*' P$*.!)) /!$! (* )( (! %% #)! $!.(%*' %'!(%.) %' ,(. $!.(*$ (* )( (! *#!$(%*' *+ ,(. $!.(*$ ( %++!$!'( *#!$(%' .*'%(%*') %' (!$) *+ .*'!$)%*' ' (* )( (! !++!.( *+ (!#!$($! *' (! $!.(%*' %' CSTR T! !"#!$%!'( /) ,!' , #$!#$%' (! .!%.) 9L *+ 01 M E( :A.; )*(%*' ' 9L *+ 01 M NO> )*(%*' T!' '!.!))$ )(!#) /!$! ! (* $! (! ,(. $!.(*$ '%( 3L *+ 01 M E( :A.; )*(%*' ' 9L *+ 01 M NO> )*(%*' /!$! #*$! %'(* (! $!.(*$ R1 ($* (! .$! #*$( *' (! !))! .*!$ T!' /%( %'(!$) *+ 5 %'(!) )#! /) $!($% $!($%!! !! %' *$!$ *$!$ (* !(!$ !(!$%'! %'! (! .*'.(% .*'.(%%( %( ! ( (!#!$ (!#!$( ($! $! *+ 40 °C '(% (! .*'.(%%( $!%') )(,%%?! T! !"#!$%!'( /) (!' $!#!(! /%( (!#!$($!) *+ 50 °C
' 60 °C T! .*'.(%%( .*'.(%%( !) /!$! .*'(%'*) .*'(%'*) $!.*$! $!.*$! '(% %'(! %'(! 30 T$!'
$#) /!$! #*((! (* $!#$!)!'( (! ($!' *+ $!)() *,(%'! B)! *' (! $!)( *,(%'! (! (!#!$($! ' .*'.(%%( +*$ !. *+ (!#!$($! 40°C 50°C ' 60 °C ( 0 %'(!) (% 30 %'(!) /!$! $!.*$! %' !. (,! $!)#!.(%! B)! *' (! +%$! 1 ' 2 %( /) )('$ .%,$(%*' .$! *+ C*'.!'($(%*' :M; %')( C*'.(%%( :S<.; :+%$! 1; ' C*'!$)%*' :=; %')( C*'.(%%( :S<.; :+%$! 2; /) #*((! +$* (! A##!'%" A T!' +$* (! .%,$(%*' $# %'!$ !(%*' 00071" – 0028 ' -01414" G 15605 /!$! *,(%'! F$* (! !(%*' (! ( +*$ C*'.!'($(%*' *+ NO> ' C*'!$)%*' :=; /) ..(! N!"( (! !) +*$ -C<( ' :-C<(; :-C<(; ' :C; 1
15
B!)%!) (( +$* (! $# +*$ C*'!$)%*' %')( T%! ( 40°C50°C ' 60°C %' +%$! 6+%$! 7 ' +%$! 8 $!)#!.(%! $!)#!.(%! %( .' *,)!$! (( (! ! +*$ (! .*'!$)%*' +*$ (! ($!! (!#!$($!) /) %'.$!)%' /%( (%! /!$! (! ! %' 40°C )($( (* %'.$!)! +$* +$* 734724 734724= = (* 919958= 919958= M!'/% M!'/%! ! +*$ 50°C (! .*'!$)%*' )($() (* %'.$!)! +$* 451924 = (* 572114 = F*$ (! (!#!$($! 60°C (! .*'!$)%*' )($() (* %'.$!)! +$* 473134 473134= = (* 638572 638572 = B)! B)! *' (! .*%)%* .*%)%*' ' (!*$ (!*$ +*$ $!.(% $!.(%*' *' (* (! (! #.! #.! (! #$(%.!) *+ (! ),)('.!) (( $! $!.(%' ! (* .*%! I+ (! .*%! /%( (! !'* !'!$ (!' (! #$(%.!) /% $!.() @!' (! (!#!$($! %' (! $!.(%*' /) %'.$!)!) (! #$(%.!) /% *! +)(!$ T) (! .*%)%*' (! #.! /% ,!.*! ,!.* ! %!$ T%) /% .)! (! *!.!) (* .*%! /%( !. *(!$ #$*.%' *$! !'!$ %' $!(%*' (* %!$ $!.(%*' $(! T!$!+*$! ) (! (!#!$($! (!#!$($! %'.$!)!) (! $(! *+ .*'!$)%*' %) %!$ (** N!"( ,)! *' (! $# #*((! %' +%$! 9 +%$! 10 ' +%$! 11 +*$ 1*/!!$ (! ,(. $!.(*$ )* ) %() */' %)'(!) ). ) % *#!$(%' .*)( B!)%!) (( (! #$*.( %( /) *$! $%,! (' /%( .*'(%'*) *#!$(%*' T!$! /!$! )!!$ #*))%,%%( !$$*$) (( .*'($%,(! (* (! %'..$(! $!)( ' ,'*$ ,'*$ ($!' *+ $# ($**( ($**( (! !"#!$%!'( !"#!$%!'( F%$)( F%$)( (! .!%. #$!#$(%*' #$!#$(%*' *+ %(%*' NO> ' E( A.!((! '*( ..$(! (( !) (* %)$#( $!)()S!.*' (! B(. ,! .*'(%'(%' /%( *(!$ .!%.) (( !) (* ,'*$ $!)() O(!$ (' (( (! /%$!) *$ *(!$ !%#!'( %'*! ,! +( @!' (%) ##!') (! #'! /% '*( %)# (! .*$$!.( ! ' .* !!' %)$#( (! /*! #$*.!)) *+ (! !"#!$%!'(
16
O(!$ (' (( (%! ,! %')++%.%!'( .)%' $!%$! ( (* '*( ,! *,(%'! @%( (%) #$*,! .$$!'( ( /% '*( ,! !'* ' /% ++!.( (! $!)(! ($!' $#
17
CONCLUSIONS
T! #$#*) #$#*)!! !"#!$%! !"#!$%!'() '()
*+ ,(. ,(. $!.(%* $!.(%*' ' #$*.!)) #$*.!))
/) (* )( )( (! %% %% #)! #)!
$!.(%*' %'!(%.) %' ,(. $!.(*$ (* )( (! *#!$(%*' *+ ,(. $!.(*$ ( %++!$!'( *#!$(%' .*'%(%*') %' (!$) *+ .*'!$)%*' (* )( (! !++!.( *+ (!#!$($! *' (! $!.(%*' %' CSTR CSTR B)! B)! *' (! $!)( $!)( *,(%' *,(%'! ! (! (!#!$( (!#!$($! $! ' .*'.( .*'.(%% %%( ( +*$ !. *+ (!#!$($! 40 C 50 C ' 60 C ( 0 %'(!) (% 30 %'(!) /!$! $!.*$! %' !. (,! $!)#!.(%! B)! *' (! +%$! 1 ' 2 %( /) )('$ .%,$(%*' .$! *+ C*'.!'($(%*' :M; :M; %')( %')( C*'.( C*'.(%% %%( ( :S<. :S<.;; :+%$ :+%$!! 1; ' C*'!$ C*'!$)%* )%*' ' :=; %') %')(( C*'. C*'.(% (%%( %( :S<.; :+%$! 2; /) #*((! T!' +$* (! .%,$(%*' $# %'!$ !(%*') /!$! *,(%'! F$* (! !(%*' (! ( +*$ C*'.!'($(%*' *+ NO> ' C*'!$)%*' :=; /) ..(! N!"( (! !) +*$ -C<( ' :-C<(; ' :C; 1
18
RECOMMENDATIONS
T!$! /!$! +!/ $!.*!'(%*') %' *$!$ (* *!$.*! (! #*))%,! !$$*$) F%$)( (! .!%. #$!#$(%*' *+ %(%*' NO> ' E( A.!((! )* ,! #$!#$! .$!+ )* (( (! %)$#(! %)$#(! $!)() .' *..$ S!.*' S!.*' (! B(. )( ,! .!'! .!'! ,!+*$! ,!+*$! ' +(!$ (! )! (* #$!!'( .*'(%'(%*') O(!$ (' (( (! /%$!) *$ *(!$ !%#!'( %'*! )( '!$* '!$* +$!!'( +$!!'( %'(!''.! %'(!''.! O(!$ (' (( (%! )( ,! )++%.%!' )++%.%!'(( (* #$!!'( #$!!'( $!%$! $!%$! ( (* '*( ,! *,(%'!
19
TUTORIALS 1. Desc Describ ribee an exam exampe pe !" in#$s% in#$s%ri ria a appi appica ca%i! %i!ns ns !%&e !%&err %&an %&an sap!n sap!ni"i i"ica ca%i! %i!n n %&a% %&a% $%ii'e# ba%c& reac%!rs in i%s pr!cess. M'+.($! M'+.($! *+ $$%'! $$%'! ##%! (! (%%?! (%%?! ,(. %' %() #$*.!)) #$*.!)) T! #$*.(%*' #$*.(%*' *+ (!
+(( ,)! +*$ !%,! $$%'!) , (! $*!'(%*' *+ !!(,! *%) %) .$$%! *( ( % (!#!$($!) ' ) )!$%*) %)'(!) *' (! (! (*"%.%( *+ (! '%.! .( .()() )() ' +%$!+%$!-? ?$* $*) ) +%($ +%($(%* (%*' ' )(! )(! >!$! >!$! ,(. ,(. $!.(* $!.(*$$ ' )!!.( )!!.(%! %! */ *! #% #% .()( .()( /) !).$%,! !).$%,! /%. */ !!(,! *% $*!'(% $*!'(%*' *' (* (! #.! ( */!$ (!#!$($!) #$*.%' % %( %( #$! $*!'(! +( +$!! *+ .()( U'!$ (!)! %!$ .*'%(%*') (! (!$ !.*#*)%(%*' *+ *%) ' +() *!) '*( +*$ )!.*'$ #$*.() ' ! !() +$* (! .()( * '*( !'(!$ (! +%' #$*.( I' %(%*' !!' */!$ $*!'(%*' (!#!$($!) .' ,! )! /%( (! #% .()( $!)(%' %' +( /%( */ T$')%)*!$ .*'(!'( T! .()( ) ,!!' (!)(! )..!))+ %' +-).! #$*.(%*' U)%' ' %'!$(% )!#$(*$ %' ,(. $!.(*$ .()( *)) ) ,!!' !%%'(! (. )ri%e #!*n %&e %&e "$nc%i!n !" eac& "!!*in+ "!!*in+ c!mp!nen% c!mp!nen% in a ba%c& reac%!r reac%!r $se# $se# in %&is experimen%. C!mp!nen%
,$nc%i!n
S%irrer
T* )(%$ )(%$ (! (! %"( %"($! $! %' (! (! $!. $!.(* (*$$ )* (( (( (! (! %"( %"($ $!! .*# .*#*) *)%( %(%* %*' ' /) /) **!'*) ' /! %"! B!)%!) (( (! +'.(%*' /) (* %)($%,(! (! !( (* (! %"($! ' .%!! (!$ !%%,$%
T&erm!c!$pe
I( /) )!')*$ (* !)$! (! (!#!$($! %' (! !(!$ ' $!.(*$
Tempera%$re
T!#!$($! .*'($*!$ %) !)$!!'( !%.! )! *' (!#!$($! .*'($*
C!n%r!er
T!$* T!$*.* .*#!#!-( (#! #!
' $!)%)( $!)%)(*$*$-( (#! #!
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RE,ERENCES 20
B(. R!.(*$ :2015; @%%#!% O'%'!A..!))! 31 M$. 2015 A%,! A%,! +$* @*$ @%! @!, ((#<
C!%.) R!.(*$ :2014; E'?! T!.'** T!.'** O'%'!A..!))! 31 M$. 2015 A%,! +$* @*$ @%! @!, ((#<
C!%.) R!.(*$ :2011; C!%. @%). O'%'! L%,$$ O'%'! A..!))! 31 M$. 2015 A%,! +$* @*$ @%! @!, ((#<!%'!'' 2013 #150 S%(M C!%. E'%'!!$%' %'!(%.) M.$/ >% 1981
21
