O. W`amtmimbsmamma Wrhashp p`aofkmtma bwmschfrbfr memimc> =. D`dk`rhbma dmbmama ymao d`aomaeuao kmaymb prft`ha k`rahimh khfifoh thaooh, thaooh bmifrh, jubup jmhrma, vhtmdha ema dha`rmi ;. Dmbmama cmrus duemc ehj`ram ema ehs`rmp :. Dmbmama ehk`rhbma s`jmrm k`rtmcmp, bmr`am tfi`rmash t`rcmemp dmbmama smaomt r`aemc 5. W`amaomama t`rcmemp p`aymbht p`ay`rtm 0. Uhaemb
imanut imanu t
k`rupm
p`dmatmuma p`dm atmuma
b`s`cmtma b`s`c mtma
p`ae`rhtm p`ae`rht m
ema
p`ayuiucma p`ayuiucma ohzh t`rcmemp t `rcmemp b`iumrom (M.C. Dmrbud, =88=).
W`dk`rhma t`rmph > =. Emimd
b`memma
e`chermsh e `chermsh
ema
mshefshs
p`efdma p`efdm a
p`dk`rhma
p`r`at`rmi memimc s`kmomh k`rhbut > m. Nudimc jmhrma memimc > ;77 di / boKK/ cmrh uatub bwmschfrbfr bwmschfrbfr mtmu dmrmsdus bwmschfrbf b wmschfrbfrr k. ;07 di/boKK/ cmrh uatub dmrmsdus j. Dmbmama thaooh bmifrh thaooh prfth`a :,7-0,7 o/boKK e. Bmifrh =07-;77 bbmi/ boKK/cmrh `. \htmdha ema dha`rmi, msmd lfimt p`rfrmi :x 0 do/cmrh pmem mamb k`smr l.
BJI frmi ?0-=07do ?0-=07do /boKK/cmrh. Khim chpfbshm chpfbshm k`rhbma BJI hatrmv`am :-5 do/BoKK/cmrh.
;. W`rkmhbh ehht> Lfrduim cmrus duemc ehj`ram, durmc, p`bmt bmifrh mtmu prft`ha> Dfehsjf H, HH, ema HHH d`d`auch symrmt-symrmt symrmt-symrmt t`rt`atu. Khim mem hatfi`rmash, duimhimc e`aoma susu sbhd ymao eh`aj`rbma (;,00-?,0) + oiubfsm 0%, ehsusui e`aoma dfehsjf dfehsjf ´. H, HH, HHH. :. \htmdha M =77.777-;77.777 =77.777-;77. 777 HP HD = bmih. \htmdha K bfdpi`b, J, M, E t`t`s p`r frmi. 5. Khim p`riu k`rh trmaslush s`i emrmc d`rmc pmemt (‑W[J‖) mtmu pimsdm. 0. W`aofkmtma p`aymbht p`ay`rtm/p`ay`kmk. Khim i`dmc, mem chpft`rdh, chp`rt`ash ema omaoouma p`dk`buma emrmc mem b`duaobhama hal`bsh
budma ormd a`omthl s`rtm `aeftfbs`dhm. [`shbf d`ahaobmt khim ehs`rtmh b`burmaoma vhtmdha M. <. U`rmph o`atmdhjha <-?,0 do/bo p`rcmrh ehkmoh ; bmih Mdhbha =0 do/bo/cmrh ehkmoh ; bmih. ?. W`ayuiucma pmem hku ehs`rtmh e`dfastrmsh jmrm d`dkumt dfehsjf. 3. Bfatrfi eh pfihbihahb mamb. ([mtam Haermwmth, =885).
C. Bfas`p msucma b`p`rmwmtma =. W`aobmnhma W`aobmnhma memimc p`ae`bmtma shst`dhb uatub d`aoudpuibma emtm ema d`aomamihsm s`chaoom empmt ehb`tmcuh b`kutucma pmsh`a t`rs`kut. Imaobmc-imaobmc emimd p`aobmnhma d`ihputh p`aoudpuima emtm,
mamihsm
ema
shat`sm
emtm
s`rtm
p`rudusma
ehmoafsm
b`p`rmwmtma. W`aoudpuima emtm mbma d`a`atubma b`kutucma ema dmsmimc b`s`cmtma ema b`p`rmwmtma ymao d`ihputh b`kutucma lhshb, pshbfsfshmi ema ihaobuaoma pmsh`a, sudk`r emtm ehp`rfi`c emrh pmsh`a, b`iumrom, t`dma, t`md b`s`cmtma imha, jmtmtma pmsh`a ema cmshi p`d`rhbsmma imkfrmtfrhud. D`tfe` p`aoudpuima emtm d`imiuh fks`rvmsh (ymhtu e`aoma jmrm hasp`bsh, pmipmsh, musbuitmsh, p`rbush) wmwmajmrm (ymhtu k`rupm p`rjmbmpma ouam d`dp`rfi`c emtm ymao ehp`riubma), jmtmtma (k`rupm jmtmtma bihahb, efbud`a ymao kmru dmupua ymao imdm). m. Mamda`sm =) He`athtms pmsh`a D`ihputh>
amdm, udur, udur, n`ahs b`imdha, k`rmt kmema, thaooh
kmema smmt p`aobmnhma, amdm frmao tum, p`b`rnmma frmao tum, p`aehehbma frmao tum, udur frmao tum, momdm, nudimc smuemrm bmaeuao, nudimc maooftm b`iumrom, mimdmt rudmc. ;) [hwmymt p`aymbht s`bmrmao Bmpma
mamb
duimh
d`amdpmbbma
tmaem-tmaem
p`aymbht
bwmschfrbfr hah, s`p`rth duimh bmpma buiht mamb d`ao`iupms, rmdkut k`rukmc wmram, tmdpmb me`dm s`iuruc tukuc, ehmr` ema kmomhdmam amlsu dmbma mamb.
:) [hwmymt b`s`cmtma [hwmymt pr` amtmi s`imdm dmsm cmdhi, rhwmymt amtmi, b`mema smmt p`rsmihama, e`aoma d`afifao p`rsmihama, k`rmt kmema ema pmanmao kmema smmt imchr, b`memma s`t`imc imchr, rhwmymt a`famtmi, rhwmymt hduahsmsh ema rhwmymt tudkmao. 5) [hwmymt p`aymbht emcuiu Mpmbmc mamb d`ae`rhtm p`aymbht smdpmh ehfpamd`, p`aymbht mpm
ema
k`rmpm
imdm
ehrmwmt
s`rtm
kmomhdmam
p`aofkmtmaaym. 0) [hwmymt b`iumrom Mpmbmc mem maooftm b`iumrom imha ymao d`ae`rhtm p`aymbht ymao smdm e`aoma pmsh`a, mtmu d`ae`rhtm p`aymbht s`p`rth msdm, UKJ, nmatuao ema ED. <) Wfim-pfim luaosh b`s`cmtma m) Wfim autrhsh > Kmomhdmam Kmomhdmam pfim dmbma s`cmrh-cmrh mamb, n`ahs dmbmama ymao ehbfasudsh ema kmomhdmam amlsu dmbma. k) Wfim @ihdhamsh > Kmomhdmam Kmomhdmam mbthvhtms `ihdhamsh `ihdhamsh mivh ema dhbsh s`cmrh-cmrh, mpmbmc mem b`iucma, membmc ehmr`, k`rmpm imdm. j) Wfim mbthvhtms > B`khmsmma mbthvhtms b`ohmtma ymao ehimbubma s`cmrh-cmrh, mpmbmc mem omaoouma mbthvhtms s`t`imc smbht. e) Wfim hsthrmcmt ema theur theur > k`rmpm imdm mamb khmsm khmsm theur, mpmbmc mem omaoouma mtmu themb.
k. W`aobmnhma lhshb =) B`memma udud ymao d`ihputh> b`smemrma jfdpfsd`aths, i`dmc, r`w`i, b`k`rshcma burmao, k`rmt kmema, thaooh kmema, ameh, sucu ema p`rampmsma. ;) B`pmim> ihaobmr b`pmim, b`pmim, wmram rmdkut, PPK suemc suemc d`autup mtmu k`iud :) Dubm > s`dkmk bmr`am `e`dm, tmdpmb dffalmj` 5) Dmtm > mpmbmc mem hbt`rus, ma`dhm mtmupua hal`bsh pmem dmtm
0) U`ihaom > mpmbmc mem tmaem-tmaem tmaem-tm aem hal`bsh <) Cheuao > mpmbmc mem s`br`t, kmomhdmam p`rampmsmaaym, t`rpmsmao sfae` ?) Duiut > stfdmthths, stfdmthths, i`sh, i`sh, dubfsm khkhr, ohoh tudkuc 3) U`aoofrfbma > mpmbmc mpmbmc mem tmaem p`dk`smrma p`dk`smrma tfashi, tmaemtmaemtmaem p`rmemaoma. 8) I`c`r > mpmbmc mpmbmc mem p`dk`smrma p`dk`smrma b`i`anmr b`i`anmr thrfhe, bmbu bueub, bueub, p`dk`smrma b`i`anmr ihdl`. =7) Ufrmx
> mpmbmc mem ihaobmr emem, membmc tmrhbma ehaehao
emem, wc``zhao, rfajch. ==) Mkefd`a
> mpmbmc mem d`t`frhsdus, msht`s, khshao khshao usus,
mpmbmc mem p`dk`smrma c`pmr. =;) @xtr`dhtms @xtr`dhtms mtms> ihaobmr i`aoma mtms, mbrmi cmaomt, fe`dm =:) @xtr`dhtms kmwmc > `e`dm =5) Buiht > membmc jrmzy pmv`d`at e`rdmtfshs, e`rdmtfshs, b`memma turofr buiht, `e`dm.
j. W`d`rhbsmma W`auanmao =) Wmem p`d`rhbsmma imkfrmtfrhud, ma`dhm s`imiu eht`dubma t`rutmdm
n`ahs
afrdfshthb
afrdfbrfd
bmr`am
memaym
omaoouma shst`d `rhtrfpf`shs mbhkmt chpfpimshm brfahs sudsud tuimao eh smdphao bmr`am msupma zmt k`sh ymao burmao emimd dmbmama, b`rusmbma cmth ema omaoouma mksfrksh. Z`imha htu empmt eht`dubma bmemr mikudha s`rud ymao d`aurua. ;) W`d`rhbsmma W`d`rhbsm ma
rmehfifohs r mehfifohs
nuom
p`riu
ehimbubma
d`a`dubma memaym b`imhama pmem pmru. :) W`d`rhbsmma W`d`rhbsm ma urha W`d`rhbsmma urha d`ihputh urha i`aobmp ema buitur urha m) Pnh lmmi cmth k) @BO j) S lftf pmru e) Bfasui UCU > memaym fthths d`ehs d`ehs
uatub
Z`t`imc ehb`ifdpfbma
ehimbubma ymao
d`ihputh
p`aobmnhma, emtm
b`duehma
suky`bthl
ema
emtm
fky`bthl.
Z`imanutaym emtm ehmamihsm e`aoma d`aobmhtbma, d`aocukuaobma emtm ymao ehp`rfi`c e`aoma bfas`p, t`frh, prhashp ymao r`i`vma uatub
d`ao`tmcuh
dmsmimc
b`s`cmtma
pmsh`a.
Z`imanutaym
ehhe`athlhbmsh s`sumh e`aoma prhfrhtms dmsmimc-dmsmimc ymao d`aomajmd nhwm, d`rusmb shst`d nmrhaoma dmupua d`rusmb luaosh froma. ;. Ehmoafsm b`p`rmwmtma Ehmoafsm b`p`rmwmtma memimc p`raymtmma ymao n`ims, shaobmt ema pmsth t`atmao dmsmimc bih`a s`rtm p`ay`kmkaym ymao empmt ehp`jmcbma mtmu ehukmc d`imiuh thaembma b`p`rmwmtma. Ehmoafsm b`p`rmwmtma ymao duaobha empmt eht`dubma pmem mamb e`aoma Bwmschfrbfr memimc> m. W`rukmcma autrhsh aut rhsh burmao emrh e mrh b`kutucma tukuc tu kuc k/e msupma prft`ha ymao themb me`bumt, me`bumt, mafr`bshm ema ema ehmr`. k. B`burmaoma vfiud` jmhrma k/e p`auruama msupma p`rfrmi ema p`ahaobmtma b`chimaoma mbhkmt ehmr`. j. Omaoouma p`auruama k`rmt kmema k`rcukuaoma e`aoma msupma prft`ha ymao themb me`bumt. e. Omaoouma hat`orhtms hat`orhtms buiht k`rcukuaoma e`aoma e`lhsh`ash e`lhsh`ash prft`ha, e`chermsh ema pfshsh bih`a. :. Hat`rv`ash b`p`rmwmtma W`a`atuma mpm ymao mbma ehimbubma uatub d`dkmatu bih`a d`d`auch
b`kutucma
b`s`cmtmaaym
ema
d`aomtmsh
dmsmimc
b`p`rmwmtma ymao t`imc eht`atubma. [`ajmam hah ehsusua e`aoma d`ihkmtbma bih`a s`jmrm dmbshdmi ema e`aoma p`tuoms imha ymao d`imymah bih`a. Pasur tmcmp p`imymama mem 5, ymhtu> d`dprhfrhtmsbma dmsmimc, p`rudusma tunuma, p`a`atuma thaembma b`p`rmwmtma ema p`a`atuma brht`rhm `vmiumsh. m. W`rukmcma autrhsh burmao emrh b`kutucma b`kutuc ma tukuc k/e msupma ymao themb me`bumt, mafr`bshm ema ehmr`.
Uunuma> Bih`a mbma d`auanubbma p`ahao-bmtma stmtus ohzh. Brht`rhm cmshi> B`iumrom bih`a empmt d`an`imsbma p`ay`kmk omaoouma autrhsh ymao ehmimdh bih`a,b`kutucma autrhsh p`duihcma, susuama
d`au
ema
s`hdkmao.E`aoma
kmatuma
p`aofimcma p`rmwmt,
dmbmama
b`iumrom
s`cmt
bih`a
empmt
d`ae`dfastrmshbma p`dk`rhma eh`t (p`r sfae`/p`r frmi) s`sumh prformd eh`t`thb.
HAU@[\@AZH =. N`imsbma
b`pmem
[MZHFAMI b`iumrom =. D`ahaobmtbma D`ahaobmtb ma
p`dmcmdma
t`atmao p`ay`kmk dmiautrhsh,
b`iumrom t`atmao p`ay`kmk ema
b`kutucma autrhsh p`duihcma,
b`kutucma
susuama
p`duihcma bih`a s`chaoom empmt
d`au
ema
autrhsh
p`aofimcma dmbmama s`cmt
d`a`rusbma
s`hdkmao, tuanubbma jfatfc
eh`t`thb
n`ahs
s`imdm cfsphtmihsmsh. cfsphtmihsmsh.
sudk`r
dmbmama
uatub
upmym
ymaot`imc
t`rmph ehk`rhbma
`bfafdhs s`sumh stmtus sfshmi `bfafdh bih`a. ;. Uuanubbma dmbmama
jmrm p`r
p`dk`rhma ;. D`ahaobmtbma sfae`,
k`rh
b`iumrom
pmrthshpmsh
emimd
p`d`aucma
b`s`dpmtma b`iumrom uatub
b`kutucma
autrhsh
bih`a,
d`imbubmaaym d`imbubmaaym s`aehrh.
d`dp`rt`oms p`rma b`iumrom emimd upmym p`duihcma stmtus autrhsh bih`a. :. [fkfrmas d`ahaobmtbma amlsu
:. Imbsmambma rfkfrmas
p`dk`rhma s`sumh
prformd
t`rmph.
dmbma, prfs`s mksfrksh ema d`d`auch
e`lhsht
ymao
d`ay`rtmh b`memma dmiautrhsh.
5. Uhdkmao k`rmt kmema, ubur 5. D`ahimh p`rb`dkmaoma p`rb`dkmaoma dmsmimc dmsmimc ihaobmr i`aoma mtmsema t`kmi ihpmtma buiht s`thmp pmoh.
bih`a.
k. B`burmaoma vfiud` jmhrma tukuc k/e p`auruama msupma p`rfrmi ema p`ahaobmtma b`chimaoma mbhkmt ehmr`. Uunuma> Bih`a mbma d`auanubbma b`memma chermsh ymao me`bumt. Brht`rhm cmshi> Msupma jmhrma me`bumt s`sumh b`kutucma ehtmdkmc e`lhsht ymao t`rnmeh.Uhemb mem tmaem/o`nmim t maem/o`nmim e`chermsh e`chermsh (tmaem-tmaem vhtmi emimd kmtms afrdmi, lr`bu`ash e`l`bmsh ≥= x/;5 nmd e`aoma bfashst`ash pmemt/s`dh pmemt).
HAU@[\@AZH =. Imbubma/fks`rvmsh Imbubma/fk s`rvmsh jmhrma
p`r
[MZHFAMI p`dk`rhma =. Ppmym
halus/sfae`/frmi
s`sumh prformd r`chermsh.
r`chermsh
p`riu
ehimbubma uatub d`aomtmsh dmsmimc b`burmaoma vfiud` jmhrma.
;. N`imsbma
b`pmem
b`iumrom ;. D`ahaobmtbma D`ahaobmtb ma
p`dmcmdma
t`atmao upmym r`chermsh ema
b`iumrom
pmrthshpmsh
r`chermsh ema p`rma b`iumrom
emrh
ymao
ehcmrmpbma
b`iumrom
emimd
p`d`ihcmrma pmt`ash p`dk`rhma
t`atmao
emimd
upmym
p`imbsmamma
t`rphr`chermsh.
halus/s`imao sfae`. :. Bmnh p`rb`dkmaoma b`memma :. D`ahimh e`chemrms hbih`a. 5. Chtuao kmimaj` jmhrma. kmimaj` jmhrma.
p`rb`dkmaoma p`rb`dkmao ma
dmsmimc bih`a. 5. W`athao uatub d`a`tmpbma prformd
r`chermsh
s`imanutaym.
j. Omaoouma p`auruama k`rmt kmema k`rcukuaoma e`aoma msupma prft`ha ymao themb me`bumt. Uunuma> Bih`a mbma d`ajmpmh p`rtudkucma ema p`rb`dkmaoma s`sumh stmaemr ushm. Brht`rhm Cmshi > W`rtudkucma lhshb (uburma matrfpfd`trhb) s`sumh stmaemr ushm. W`rb`dkmaoma dftfrhb, kmcmsm/bfoahthl ema p`rsfami/sfshmi p`rsfami/sfshmi s`sumh stmaemr ushm.
HAU@[\@AZH =.
[MZHFAMI
Mnmrbma b`pmem frmao tum
=. D`ahaobmtbma p`ao`tmcuma
t`atmao stmaemr p`rtudkucma
b`iumrom
lhshb
b`t`rimdkmtma p`rtudkucma
ema
tuoms-tuoms
p`rb`dkmaoma s`sumh ushm
t`atmao
ema p`rb`dkmaoma mamb.
mamb. ;.
Imbubma
p`dk`rhma
dmbmama/dhaudma prformd
s`sumh
t`rmph
eh`t
p`duihcma.
;. Eh`t bcusus uatub p`duihcma dmiautrhsh s`jmrm
ehprformdbma k`rtmcmp
s`sumh
e`aoma b`kutucma mamb ema b`dmdpuma tfi`rmash shst`d p`aj`ramma.
:.
Imbubma
p`aouburma
matrfpfd`trhb
s`jmrm
:. D`ahimh
p`rb`dkmaoma p`rb`dkmaom a
dmsmimc bih`a.
k`rbmim. 5.
Imbubma
sthduimsh
p`rb`dkmaoma
thaobmt s`sumh
e`aoma ushm bih`a.
5. Zthduimsh ehp`riubma uatub d`ao`nmr
b`t`rimdkmtma
p`rb`dkmaoma mamb emimd msp`b dftfrhb, kmcmsm ema p`rsfami/sfshmi.
0.
Imbubma runubma b` i`dkmom p`aeubuao
sthduimsh
p`rtudkucma
ema
0. D`dp`rtmcmabma b`shamdkuaoma
prformd
sthduimsh p`rtudkucma ema
p`rb`dkmaoma
p`rb`dkmaoma mamb e`aoma
(Wusb`sdms/Wfsymaeu)
d`dk`remymbma
shst`d
p`aeubuao ymao mem.
e. Omaoouma hat`orhtms buiht k`rcukuaoma k`rcukuaoma e`aoma e`aoma e`lhsh`ash prft`ha, e`chermsh ema pfshsh bih`a. Uunuma> Hat`orhtms buiht b`dkmih afrdmi. Brht`rhm cmshi> Omtmi chimao/k`rburmao, chimao/k`rburmao, buiht b`dkmih b`dkmih cmius, b`aymi ema utuc.
HAU@[\@AZH =. Manurbma
[MZHFAMI
pmem
b`iumrom
=. D`aj`omc uibus e`bukhtus e`bukhtus
t`atmao p`athaoaym d`rukmc pfshsh s`s`rhao duaobha ;. Manurbma s`rhao
b`iumrom
d`aoomath
i`khc
;. D`aj`omc hrhtmsh buiht
pmbmhma
ema
d`aourmaoh omtmi
mamb khim kmsmc mtmu bftfr ema buiht mamb t`tmp b`rhao :. Manurbma
b`pmem
bih`a
dmbma
dmbmama
ymao
k`rohzh
bcususaym
ymao
:. Momr
b`kutucma
autrhsh
t`rp`auch
d`aomaeuao prft`ha
5. @vmiumsh Umcmp
`vmiumsh
emimd
prfs`s
b`p`rmwmtma
d`aymaobut
p`aoudpuima emtm fky`bthl ema suky`bthl ymao mbma d`auanubma mpmbmc tunuma p`imymama b`p`rmwmtma suemc ehjmpmh mtmu k`iud, dmsmimc mpm ymao suemc ehp`jmcbma ema mpm ymao p`riu ehbmnh, ehr`ajmambma, ehimbsmambma ema ehahimh b`dkmih. @vmiumsh ymao ehcmrmpbma emrh bmsus hah memimc> m. B`kutucma autrhsh t`rp`auch k. Ehmr` ema duatmc t`rmtmsh t`rmtmsh s`rtm me`bumtaym me`bumtaym dmsubma dmbmama ema jmhrma s`chaoom themb t`rnmeh b`burmaoma vfiud` jmhrma tukuc. j. B`kutucma prft`ha empmt t`rp`auch s`jmrm me`bumt s`chaoom themb d`aoomaoou p`rtudkucma ema p`rb`dkmaomaaym. e. Buiht b`dkmih cmius ema utuc s`rtm t`rk`kms emrh b`rusmbma hat`ormsh buiht.
EMLUM[ WPZUMBM
M.C. Dmrbud, ebb. =88=. =88=. Hidu B`s`cmtma Mamb . Nmbmrtm> LBPH Mrhsdma. ;7=7. Ohzh Emimd Emur B`cheupma. B`cheupma . Nmbmrtm> @OJ K`crdma, [@. ebb. =885. Hidu B`s`cmtma Mamb . Nmbmrtm> @OJ Enm`ah, ZM. ;7=7. Hidu Ohzh Patub Dmcmshswm Ema Wrfl`sh . Nmbmrtm> @OJ Aomsthymc. ;770. W`rmwmtma Mamb Zmbht. @ehsh ;. Nmbmrtm> ;. Nmbmrtm> @OJ Zf`tnhahaoshc. Zf`tnhahaoshc. =883. Uudkuc B`dkmao Mamb . Nmbmrtm> @OJ Xuihmaah [htm & Zurhymeh. ;77<. Msb`p ;77<. Msb`p Wmem Mamb. Mamb. Nmbmrtm> Nmbmrtm> Zmouao Z`tf