@ajg`aos Goturocjs
1
0´ lïsa`f - Krupf To`ucju ^rahjr sjhjstrj - AKJ\
@ajg`aos Goturocjs 1
^rahjr sjhjstrj
© Agstatutf Kuotjhoctj`f mj Jmu`o`aðg \omafeðga`o, AKJ\. Js ugo flro prfmu`amo pfr jc Mjportohjgtf mj \jmo``aðg y Masjÿf, poro jc Agstatutf Kuotjhoctj`f Kuotjhoctj`f mj Jmu`o`aðg \omafeðga`o, AKJ\. ?? ovjgamo ?2-=:, @aumom Gujvo, zfgo < @aumom mj Kuotjhoco. ^LR4 <=?< 5555 Eox4 <=?< 5;>= @frrjf jcj`trðga`f4 akjrNakjr.jmu.kt akjrNakjr.jmu.kt ^ïkago wjl4 www.akjr.jmu.kt Jma`aðg <>?= Ahprjsf jg AKJ\ toccjrjs krïe`fs
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\jsjrvomfs tfmfs cfs mjrj`bfs. _ujmo rakurfsohjgtj prfbalamo co rjprfmu``aðg tftoc f por`aoc mj jstj hotjraoc jmu`otavf, pfr `uocquajr hjmaf f prf`jmahajgtf, sag co outfrazo`aðg mjc Agstatutf Kuotjhoctj`f mj Jmu`o`aðg \omafeðga`o, AKJ\. Pjkôg ortè`ucf =< mj co @fgstatu`aðg ^fcèta`o mj Kuotjhoco quj sj rjejrj o co outfrèo.
Ègma`j ¡Lajgvjgamo y lajgvjgamf!
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Pjhogo ?
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JC jstumaf mjc hugmf quj gfs rfmjo (A)
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! Ðs`or Hogujc @ðlor ^agtf
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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Co bastfrao mj co `ajg`ao
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Co `ajg`ao y su `cosae`o`aðg
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Cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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Lrjvj bastfrao mj co `ajg`ao
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Ecfrjs mj `fcfrjs
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Agvjstakuj jg co rjm
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Kcfsoraf
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Pjhogo <
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JC jstumaf mjc hugmf quj gfs rfmjo (AA)
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! Dfsá `fhjgzor! Dfsá Ejrgogmf Hozorajkfs Ogcju
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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Bastfrao mjc hátfmf `ajgtèe`f
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Jc hátfmf `ajgtèe`f
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]jfrèos y cjyjs mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! ¡_uá vjco sj opoko prahjrf6
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@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Ègma`j
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Pjhogo 0
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]fmf ] fmf cf quj gfs rfmjo rfmjo js hotjrao
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! Duog Ejrgogmf Hjmrogf ^ocfhf
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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¶_uá js hotjrao6
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^rfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao
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^rfpajmomjs kjgjrocjs
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^rfpajmomjs jspj`èe`os
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<.<.< ^rfpajmomjs quèha`os
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Jxpjrahjgtogmf `fg co mjgsamom mj co hotjrao
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Pjhogo =
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JC hugmf mj co quèha`o
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! Ijg Cfu @ostaccf
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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Jstomfs mj co hotjrao
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@ohlafs mj co hotjrao
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<.0 @ohlafs eèsa`fs y quèha`fs jg jc `ujrpf buhogf y opca`o`afgjs jg co vamo maorao
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Jc bajcf f`upo hïs jspo`af quj jc okuo
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Agvjstakuj jg co rjm
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Pjhogo :
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Jc hugmf mj cfs ïtfhfs (A)
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! @ajgtèe`fs quj bog pfstucomf hfmjcfs otðha`fs
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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Co tjfrèo otðha`o y cfs ïtfhfs
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Hfmjcfs otðha`fs
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao!
Pahucjhfs jc jxpjrahjgtf mj \utbjefrm `fg hotjraocjs `osjrfs
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Agvjsakuj jg co rjm
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Pjhogo 5
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Jc hugmf mj cfs ïtfhfs (AA)
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! Gujvfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs sflrj cos portè`ucos sulotðha`os
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Ègma`j
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Co `ajg`ao y su `cosae`o`aðg
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
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Jc jstumaf mjc hugmf quj gfs rfmjo
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Jc hugmf mj co quèha`o
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Jc ïtfhf y hfmjcfs otðha`fs
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Jstru`turo
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Asðtfpfs j afgjs
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Frajgto`afgjs sflrj co prujlo
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Pjhogo 1
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Mastralu`aðg mj cfs jcj`trfgjs jg cfs ïtfhfs
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! [fceogk Jrgst ^ouca
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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Mastralu`aðg mj cfs jcj`trfgjs jg cfs ïtfhfs
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Gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo mj ug ïtfhf
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Pulgavjcjs mj jgjrkèo
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao!
Flsjrvjhfs cfs soctfs mj jcj`trfgjs
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Pjhogo ?>
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Co tolco pjraðma`o y cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! Mhatra Hjgmjcáyjv
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@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Ègma`j
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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Cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs
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Co tolco pjraðma`o
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Jxpjrahjgtogmf `fg jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs mj co tolco pjraðma`o
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Agvjsakuj jg co rjm
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Jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! Kacljrt Gjwtfg cjwas
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Gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao
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Jstru`turo mj Cjwas
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\jprjsjgto`aðg \jprjsjgto`að g mj cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao sjkôg jc hfmjcf Lfbr
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao!
\jprjsjgtogmf cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao `fg hotjraocjs rj`a`comfs f rjutacazomfs
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Pjhogo ?<
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! [octjr Ifssjc
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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Jgco`js quèha`fs
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao!
Hujstroraf mj hotjraocjs `fg maejrjgtjs tapfs mj jgco`js
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! Jc eug`afgohaojgtf mj ug hftfr mj `fhlustaðg agtjrgo
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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Jgjrkèo mj rjo``afg
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Ujcf`amom mj rjo``aðg
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! @ðhf agor ug kflf sag oarj
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Agvjsakuj jg co rjm
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@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Ègma`j
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Pjhogo ?=
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@fhpujstfs quèha`fs
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! Horaf Hfcago
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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@fhpujstfs quèha`fs
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! ]rohpo j`fcðka j`fcðka`o `o poro otropor hfsquatf hfsquatfss
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Pustog`aos puros y hjz`cos
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! Cuas Ejmjra`f Cjcfar
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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Pustog`aos puros
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Hjz`cos
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Lurludos mj `fcfr
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Agvjsakuj jg co rjm
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Pjhogo ?5
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Co quèha`o jg gujstrf `ujrpf y jg co vamo maorao
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! @orcfs Jmhugmf \fcz Osturaos
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
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Pustog`aos puros
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Hjz`cos
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Lurludos mj `fcfr
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Agvjsakuj jg co rjm
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Pjhogo ?;
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\jposf4 sjhogos 1 o ?5
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Mastralu`aðg mj cfs jcj`trfgjs jg cfs ïtfhfs
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Co tolco pjraðma`o y cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`o
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Jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao
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Jgco`js quèha`fs
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\jo``afgjs quèha`os
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@fhpujstfs quèha`fs
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Pustog`aos puros y hjz`cos
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Co quèha`o jg gujstrf `ujrpf y jg co vamo maorao
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Frajgto`afgjs sflrj co prujlo
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@covjs
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Lalcafkroeèo
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@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Ègma`j
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¡Lajgvjgamo y lajgvjgamf! ]ajgj jg sus hogfs jc prahjr calrf mjc `ursf mj @ajg`aos Goturocjs mjc krupf To`ucju (tjr`jr kromf mjc `a`cf lïsa`f), `frrjspfgmajgtj oc ^rahjr Pjhjstrj. @fgsto mj maj`asajtj sjhogos jg cos quj sj mjsorrfccorïg sjas `fhpjtjg`aos mjc @urrè`ucf Go`afgoc Losj (@GL). Jg jc sjkugmf sjhjstrj sj `fgtaguorï `fg jstj trolodf. J`bjhfs ugo haromo o co pfrtomo mjc calrf. ¡Jhpj`jhfs! Jc `fcfr vjrmj rjprjsjgto co jspjrogzo, cos pcogtos y co vamo, js jc `fcfr quj sj rjsoctorï jg tfmf jc calrf. Co ahokjg mj co pfrtomo sj osjhjdo o gujstrf pcogjto ]ajrro. Gujstrf prfpðsatf js quj jstj calrf cj prfpfr`afgj cos bjrrohajgtos poro quj ustjm tfhj `fg`ajg`ao mjc vocfr mj co goturocjzo jg su agtjkramom y mj co rjspfgsolacamom quj `fhportahfs `fhf pjrsfgos, `fhf `fhugamom y `fhf poès poro `uamorco y prjsjrvorco. Cos kuros rjsoctomos bo`jg ocusaðg o cfs tjhos quj trolodorjhfs4 jc hugmf quj gfs rfmjo, jc hugmf mj co quèha`o, jc hugmf mj cfs ïtfhfs , jt`. y sfg ugo agvato`aðg o flsjrvor,, jstumaor, agtjro`tuor y rjjxafgor sflrj gujstro rjco`aðg `fg co goturocjzo. flsjrvor Co romaf, jc cïpaz y cos hogfs ugamos gfs agvatog o cjjr, js`ralar, js`u`bor y trolodor jg jquapf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs
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¶@ðhf oc`ogzorï cos `fhpjtjg`aos quj sj trotog mj mjsorrfccor6 Gfs jgef`orjhfs jg sjas `fhpjtjg`aos jspj`è`os. Oc aga`af mj `omo sjhogo, sj agma`o quá sj prfpfgj cfkror. cfkror. ^oro soljr sa bo oc`ogzogmf jc mjsorrfccf mj cos `fhpjtjg`aos, jc @urrè`ucf Go`afgoc Losj prfpfgj agma`omfrjs mj cfkrf quj jg gujstrf calrf ustjm hashf jvocuorï jg jc `uomrf \jvasj su oprjgmazodj, jc `uoc sj jg`ujgtro oc goc mj `omo sjhogo. Jstfs agma`omfrjs f `ratjrafs sf g `fhf ug tjrhðhjtrf tjrhðhjtrf quj hamj su mjsjhpjÿf jg `omo `fhpjtjg`ao. Arjhfs ovogzogmf posf o posf. Uoyo dïgmfsj quá sj``afgjs mjc calrf bo`jg pfsalcj quj ustjm mjsorrfccj cos `fhpjtjg`aos.
@fhpjtjg`ao ? Agtjrprjto cfs prf`jsfs mj rjspujsto o jstèhucfs agtjrgfs y jxtjrgfs, co trogshasaðg mj `oro`tjrjs bjrjmatorafs, `fhf rjsuctomfs mj eug`afgjs lafcðka`os jg jc frkogashf y co jvfcu`aðg lafcðka`o `fhf hj`ogashf poro jc mjsorrfccf y `fgsjrvo`aðg mj cos jspj`ajs.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Pj``aðg mjc calrf
Pjhogo ? < 0 = : 5 ; 2 1 ?> ?? ?< ?0 ?= ?: ?5 ?;
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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@fhpjtjg`ao <
Pj``aðg mjc calrf
Pjhogo ? < 0 = : 5 ; 2 1 ?> ?? ?< ?0 ?= ?: ?5 ?;
¡^oro `fhjgzor! ^rfhujvj prï`ta`os mj vamo socumolcj jg co `fhugamom, tfhogmf jg `ujgto cos jstomèsta`os mj socum, cfs rj`ursfs maspfgalcjs y co mavjrsamom `ucturoc.
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao!
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@fhpjtjg`ao 0
@fhporo `oro`tjrèsta`os, jstru`turos y prf`jsfs quj `fgefrhog cfs gavjcjs mj frkogazo`aðg mj co vamo, poro jxpca`or `ðhf eug`afgog, su ahpfrtog`ao, cos `ousos mj su mjtjrafrf y sus efrhos mj `fgsjrvo`aðg y prftj``aðg.
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Pj``aðg mjc calrf
Pjhogo ? < 0 = : 5 ; 2 1 ?> ?? ?< ?0 ?= ?: ?5 ?;
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao!
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Outf`fgtrfc
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@ajg`aos Goturocjs
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@fhpjtjg`ao = @fhporo `oro`tjrèsta`os, jstru`turos y prf`jsfs quj `fgefrhog cfs gavjcjs mj frkogazo`aðg mj co vamo, poro jxpca`or `ðhf eug`afgog, su ahpfrtog`ao, cos `ousos mj su mjtjrafrf y sus efrhos mj `fgsjrvo`aðg y prftj``aðg.
@fhpjtjg`ao : Opca`o prag`apafs y cjyjs quj jxpca`og co jstru`turo, `fgsjrvo`aðg, trogsefrho`aðg y oprfvj`bohajgtf mj co hotjrao y jgjrkèo, co trogsejrjg`ao mj co jgjrkèo, osè `fhf mj cfs ejgðhjgfs rjco`afgomfs `fg co hj`ïga`o, jcj`trfhokgjtashf, ostrfgfhèo y eèsa`o hfmjrgo, poro co `fhprjgsaðg mj satuo`afgjs `ftamaogos y co rjsfcu`aðg mj prflcjhos rjco`afgomfs `fg jstj tapf mj ejgðhjgfs goturocjs.
=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Pjhogo
Pj``aðg mjc calrf
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¡^oro `fhjgzor!
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Pj``aðg mjc calrf
Pjhogo ? < 0 = : 5 ; 2 1 ?> ?? ?< ?0 ?= ?: ?5 ?;
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
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Jc hugmf mj cos R R R R RR R R R R `ajg`aos goturocjs
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao!
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Agvjstakuj jg co rjm
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Kcfsoraf
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@fhpjtjg`ao 5
Pj``aðg mjc calrf
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! Uocfro co vjra`o`aðg y cos rjvasafgjs `fhportamos jg co agvjstako`aðg `ajgtè`o o trovás mjc rjpfrtj, prjsjgto`aðg y mjejgso mj cfs rjsuctomfs jxpjrahjgtocjs mj prfyj`tfs quj bo masjÿomf y jdj`utomf lodf jc rakfr mjc hátfmf `ajgtè`f.
Pjhogo
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Jc hugmf mj cos R R R R RR R R R R `ajg`aos goturocjs
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao!
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Agvjstakuj jg co rjm
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Kcfsoraf
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@fg su jseujrzf, pfmrï `fgquastor jstos `fhpjtjg`aos o trovás mj trjs tapfs mj `fgtjgamfs4 ó
Mj`corotavfs4 Cfs `fgtjgamfs mj`corotavfs cj opfrtorïg jc `fgf`ahajgtf mj cfs mastagtfs ospj`tfs tjðra`fs y `fg`jptuocjs prfpafs mjc ïrjo mj `ajg`aos goturocjs.
ó
`f gtjgamfs prf`jmahajgtocjs sj mjsorrfccorïg ^rf`jmahjgtocjs4 @fhf agma`o su gfhlrj, cfs `fgtjgamfs o losj mj jdjr`a`afs, prf`jmahajgtfs f ogïcasas mj tjxtfs jg cfs `uocjs pujmo mjhfstror jc mfhagaf y co pujsto jg prï`ta`o mj cfs `fgf`ahajgtfs mj`corotavfs.
ó
O`tatumagocjs4 Cfs `fgtjgamfs o`tatumagocjs sfg tfmf oqujccf quj tajgj quj vjr `fg su o`tatum ogtj jc jstumaf y ogtj co vamo, jg kjgjroc. Jg jc calrf jg`fgtrorï jg`f gtrorï o`tavamomjs y rj ecjxafgjs poro oprjgmjr o `fgvavar `fg cfs mjhïs y `fg co goturocjzo.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs
:
¡@fgfz`ohfs gujstrf calrf! È gma`j Aga`ao `fg ug ègma`j mj `fgtjgamfs kjgjrocjs oc prag`apaf y tjrhago `fg cos `covjs f sfcu`afgjs mj cfs jdjr`a`afs, oc goc. Zsor cos `covjs `fg rjspfgsolacamom cj pjrhatarï mjsorrfccor outfgfhèo jg su oprjgmazodj.
¡Lajgv jgam amoo y y l lajgv jgamf! ?
Pjhogo ? J C j C jst umaf mjc hugmf quj gfs r fmjo ( A)
¡^ or o ` `f fhjgz or ! Ðs` or r H H ogujc c @ @ ðlor r ^ ^ agt agt f Jc hu hugmf m mjj c coos `a `ajjg`a `aoos gotu tur r ocjs ?.
Co bast stf fra rao o mj c co o `a `aj jg`ao
<.
Co ` `aj ajg g`ao y su su ` `co cossae ae``o`aðg Cos ` `aj ajg g`ao aoss gotur ocjs
0. =.
@omo sjhogo `fgtajgj voraos sj``afgjs. Omjhïs, boy ftrfs oportomfs quj sj vog agtjr`ocogmf jg ockugos sj``afgjs.
?: ?: ?5 ?; ?; ?2
Lrj rjv v j b bas asttfr ao ao mj co co ` `aj ajg g`ao
?1
¡O co ` `aj ajg g`ao pfr co co j jx x pjra rajjg`a `aoo! Ecf cfr r js m mj j `f `fccfr js \ jsu suh hjg A gv jst stak aku uj j jg g co co r r jm
<=
Outf`fgtrf rfcc Kcf cfssor af
<:
<<
<=
<;
Pjhogo < J C j C jst umaf mjc hugmf quj gfs r fmjo ( AA)
Bokohfs ug rj`frramf4
<1 <1
¡^ or o ` `f fhjgz or! D fsá á E E jr gogm f H o z or a a j k kffs O Oggc ju Jc h Jc hu ugmf mj c cos os `ajg`aos gotur ocjs ?. <. 0.
0> 0?
Bastfr ao m mj jc hátf tfm mf ` `aajgtèe èe``f Jc hátf tfm mf ` `aj ajg gtèe èe``f ] jfrè os os y y cj cjy y js js mj co coss `aj ajg g
0< 00
`ao `a os goturo rocj cjss
¡O co `a `ajjg`ao p pf fr r co co jx pjr ajg ajg`ao ao!! ¡_uá v jco co s sj j o op poko pra rah hjrf rf66
0: 0;
@ajg`aos G Go otu turo rocj cjss ∜ È gma`j
AA A A
^frtomo
Hujstro jc hfsoa`f mj ahïkjgjs quj amjgta`o gujstrf `ursf mj @ajg`aos Goturocjs.
?
Agma`o jc gôhjrf mj co sjhogo, jc tètucf mjc tjho y cfs `fgtjgamfs quj jstumaorï.
uj umaf mjc hugmf q tu Jc js t ) A ) gfs rfmjo ( A o to trrorï js t ¶_ uá jg`fg t
sjhogo 6
f. tf or ^ag t Ðs`or Hogujc @ðl urocjs. tu aoss go t g`ao ajg `aj coss ` j co mj ugmf m hu Jc h rjss. j `fcfrj mj cfrrjs m Ecf
o sjhogo cfkrorï4 to Js t
`orr tj`f Ðs`o hoc tj` tjh è`f kuo tj tè ` `aajg t tjs mjc ` oppfr tj cfss o a``or cf ta Amjg t Amj cjss. tuurocj `ajjg`aos go t os `a `ohpf mj c cos
jcc tff jg j Hogujc @ðlor ^ag t Ho
Cfkrfs mj co sjhogo
g`ao. ajg `aj o ` co j c mj o m rao fra tf o bas t co ar c lar ral Mjs`ra
cjss. turrocj `aoos go tu coss `ajg`a `aoo y quá sfg co quuá js co `ajg`a ross q `ffg sus pocolro rff ggarar ` Mj quuj cj r cjss q turrocj ðhjgfs go tu g ejg ej s f cf c g o a m tum tu s js j j u q a o ajgg` `aj mjj c coo ` `or cos rohos m A Ammjg ta ` g r tff f. mjog. cjss mj su jg t tuurocj goo t tffs g hjg t cjh zoggmf jcj tacacazo è``f, u ta tè ajgg t `aj tff ` hjg t xppjrarah \jocazor ug j x
go ? tu urocjs ∜ Pjho s Go t aos @ajg`ao
5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
?:
Cfs cfkrfs sfg hjtos quj oc`ogzorï oc gocazor jc jstumaf mj `omo sjhogo. Co casto tjrhago `fg ugo cègjo jg lcog`f poro quj js`ralo ftrf cfkrf quj cj kustorèo oc`ogzor oc`ogzor..
Oprfvj`bj cos `fcuhgos vo`èos poro bo`jr sus ogfto`afgjs, js`ralar amjos ahpfrtogtjs f mumos quj cj surdog murogtj su jstumaf pjrsfgoc.
\ag`ðg mj cos gftos
Mjtágkosj jg jstfs rj`uomrfs, sajhprj `fgtajgjg rj`frmotfrafs f jxpca`o`afgjs quj jgraquj`jg jc tjho.
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao!
¡_uá hjdfr hogjro quj oprjgmjr bo`ajgmf! @omo sjhogo cj agvatohfs o rjoca rjoca-zor ug jxpjrahjgtf sjg`accf rjco`afgomf `fg jc tjho mj jstumaf. Oc goc mj `omo jxpjrahjgtf, jg`fgtrorï ugo agvato`aðg o `fhportar sus rjsuctomfs `fg co `fhugamom mjc AKJ\. @uágtjgfs su jxpjrajg`ao y, sa js pfsalcj, omdugtj ugo f voraos eftfkroeèos o co sakuajgtj marj``aðg4 akjrNakjr akjrNakjr.jmu.kt .jmu.kt
2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
\jsuhjg
Jc rjsuhjg js ugo jx`jcjgtj jstrotjkao mj jsjs tumaf. Pu fldjtavf js lragmorcj co agefrho`aðg eugmohjgtoc mj co sjhogo, frkogazomo mj toc hogjro quj cj oyumj o dor jg co hjhfrao cfs `fg`jptfs hïs ahpfrtogtjs. ^ro`taquj jg su `uomjrgf ftros tá`tá` ga`os mj rjsuhjg (hopo `fg`jptuoc, jsqujhos jg ccovjs...).
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm
Agtjrgjt js ug rj`ursf quj yo gf pujmj qujmor eujro mj co vamo mj ug jstumaogtj. Jsto sj``aðg cj sukajrj marj``afgjs mj agtjrgjt. ^oro ugo agvjstako`aðg prfvj`bfso4 •
\jeaárosj sajhprj o cos agstatu`afgjs `fgf`amos4 ugavjrsamomjs, Hagastjraf Hagastjraf mj Jmu`o`aðg, frkogashfs agtjrgo`afgocjs, jt`.
•
Cjo j agtjgtj agtjrprjtor co agefrho`aðg. Gf sj cahatj o `fpaor y pjkor jc tjxtf.
•
Agmaquj sajhprj co eujgtj mj `fgsucto quj utacazð.
•
]rotj mj vasator agtjrgjt, oc hjgfs, ugo vjz pfr sjhogo.
•
^ujmj jg`fgtror sjrva`afs mj agtjrgjt agtjrgjt jg colfrotfrafs mj js`ujcos, mj co huga`apocamom y ftros agstatu`afgjs. ]ohlaág jg `oeás-agtjrgjt `oeás-agtjrgjt f pfr hjmaf mj ockôg `fgf`amf mj su `fhugamom quj tjgko sjrva`af.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs
1
Outf`fgtrfc
Jc outf`fgtrfc js su outfjvocuo`aðg. Cj oyumorï o soljr quá oprjgmað, `ðhf cf oprjgmað y quá mjlj hjdfror. Cos o`tavamomjs tf`og cfs tjhos jstumaomfs y pfr `fgsakuajgtj cfs cfkrfs mj co sjhogo. Jc outf`fgtrfc tajgj trjs hfhjgtfs mj jdjr`ato`aðg.
O`tavamom ?4 Js ug prahjr hfhjgtf. \jsfcvjrï jdjr`a`afs quj jvocôog co `fhprjgsaðg mjc tjho mj co sjhogo.
O`tavamom <4 Zg sjkugmf hfhjgtf js pfgjr jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf y opca`or sus `fgf`ahajgtfs jg satuo`afgjs satuo`afgjs gujvos.
?>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
O`tavamom 04 Jc tjr`jr hfhjgtf `fgsastj jg pro`ta`or cos mjstrjzos oprjgmamos ogtj torjos rjocjs `fhf agvjstakor, trolodor jg jquapf, jquapf, jt`.
Kcfsoraf
Jc kcfsoraf prjsjgto cos pocolros gujvos quj oprjgmað. O`fsO`fs tôhlrjsj o pro`ta`or `fg jsos pocolros gujvos, utacè`jcos jg sus rjmo``afgjs y jg co jxprjsaðg froc. Mj jsto hogjro ohpcaorï su vf`olucoraf.
\jvasj su oprjgmazodj
Jc jhpjÿf y jc tajhpf quj mjmaquj o su jstumaf tjgmrï su rj`fhpjgso y pf`f o pf`f arï vajgmf cfs erutfs mj su jseujrzf. Mjspuás mjc outf`fgtrfc y mjc jxpjrahjgjxpjrahjgtf, jg`fgtrorï ug jspo`af poro rjjxafgor sflrj su oprjgmazodj y vjra`or sa oc`ogzð cfs cfkrfs prfpujstfs poro co sjhogo. \jspðgmocf `fg sag`jramom y sa bfgjstobfgjstohjgtj sajgtj quj gf pumf oc`ogzor ockôg cfkrf, rjposj mj gujvf, agtjgtj mjs`ulrar `uïc js co ma`uctom y pamo oyumo. \j`ujrmj quj pujmj pujmj rj`urrar o su tutfr o mastog`ao. Jc jg`orkomf mjc `èr`ucf mj mj jstumaf f su frajgtomfr vfcugtoraf pfmrïg agefrhorcj `fhf `fhuga`orsj `fg su tutfr
@ajg`aos Goturocjs
??
Calrf, `cosj romaoc y co `fhugamom ¡Pu jquapf mj trolodf! Jc calrf, `fg sjr ugo lujgo bjrrohajgto, gf cf js tfmf. ^oro quj ustjm oc`og`j jc gavjc mj `fhpjtjg`ao mjsjomf, gujstrf sastjho pfgj o su maspfsa`aðg4 jc calrf y co `cosj romaoc.
•
?<
Jc calrf `uhpcj `uotrf eug`afgjs4 o.
]jxtf, jg jc quj jg`ujgtro co agefrho`aðg y jc mjsorrfccf mj cfs `fgtjgamfs o jstumaor.
l.
^azorrðg, poro quj murogtj co `cosj romaoc sulroyj amjos ahpfrtogtjs f rjoca`j mastagtos o`tavamomjs.
`.
@uomjrgf mj trolodf, `fg jdjr`a`afs poro pro`ta`or cf oprjgmamf.
m.
Bjrrohajgto mj outfjvocuo`aðg, `uogmf rjsujcvj su outf`fgtrfc `omo sjhogo.
•
Co `cosj romaoc tajgj `fhf eug`aðg prag`apoc jxpca`or y eo`acator co `fhprjgsaðg mj cfs tjhos trotomfs jg jc calrf. \j`ujrmj quj puj pujmj mj krolor cos `cosjs romaocjs jg ugo hjhfrao mj tjcáefgf f quj pujmj omquarar ug @M `fg jstos `cosjs krokro lomos. ^rjkugtj `ðhf bo`jrcf oc jg`orkomf jg`orkomf mjc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf f o su frajgtomfr vfcugtoraf. Krolor cos `cosjs romaocjs js fptotavf, pjrf pujmj oyumorcf.
•
Oprfvj`bj jstfs rj`ursfs y opðyj opðyj-sj jg pjrsfgos mj su `fhugamom poro rjsfcvjr sus mumos. mumos. \j`ujrmj quj sajhprj pujmj `fgsuctor tjhos quj cj rjsuctjg maeè`acjs o su tutfr o mastog`ao.
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Gujstro hjtfmfcfkèo posf o posf ^oro eo`acator su oprjgmazodj y oprfvj`bor hïs y hjdfr jc jstumaf `omo sjhogo, sako jstfs posfs. ¡Gf sj soctj gagkugf!
?
Cjo jc `fgtjgamf mj co sjhogo Cjjr jc `fgtjgamf gfs pjrhatj tjgjr ugo amjo kjgjroc mjc tjho4 quá soljhfs, `fg quá cf rjco`afgohfs, jt`. Jstj prahjr `fgto`tf tohlaág gfs borï `ojr jg co `ujgto mjc jseujrzf o rjocazor poro oprjgmjr cf gujvf y gfs pfgmrï –jg fgmo‘ poro co `cosj romaoc.
<
Js`u`bj co `cosj romaoc @fg cfs : sjgtamfs Co `cosj romaoc js gujstro hojstro. Mj obè quj jc prfkroho sj ccohj "Jc Hojstrf jg @oso". Cos hojstros y hojstrfs cf`utfrjs jxpca`og jc `fgtjgamf, prfpfgjg jdjr`a`afs y ftrfs jdjhpcfs poro ohpcaor jc tjho.
0
Mjspuás mj co `cosj romaoc, su trolodf pjrsfgoc Jstumaf y outf`fgtrfc Eagocazomo co `cosj romaoc js jc hfhjgtf mj su trolodf pjrsfgoc. Mastraluyo su tajhpf4 js hjdfr ug pf`f `omo mèo, quj tfmf co vèspjro.
=
@fgsuctj sus mumos Zg jstumaogtj agtjcakjgtj solj `uïgmf pjmar oyumo Pa mjspuás mj jstumaor y rjsfcvjr jc outf`fgtrfc oôg cj qujmog mumos, lusquj oyumo. Pjkurf quj jg su `fhugamom boy pjrsfgos maspujstos o oyumorcj y pujmj tohlaág `fgsuctorcos o su tutfr o mastog`ao.
:
^orta`apj jg ug `èr`ucf mj jstumaf Oprjgmjr dugtfs ^ðgkosj mj o`ujrmf `fg ftrfs jstumaogtjs y frkoga`jg ug `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.. Pfca`atjg co oyumo mj ockugo pjrsfgo vfcugtorao mj co `fhugamom. jstumaf Jsf cjs oyumorï o rjsfcvjr mumos y rjefrzor cf oprjgmamf. Omjhïs, tjgmrïg co fpfrtugamom mj agtjr`ohlaor oprjgmazodjs, amjos y sjgtahajgtfs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs
?0
¶@ðhf oprfvj`bor hjdfr su jstumaf6
?=
•
Lusquj ug cukor `ðhfmf y `fg lujgo acuhago`aðg. Js ahpfrtogtj quj quj sj ocjdj mjc ruamf y mj cos mastro``afgjs.
•
Jcado ug bfroraf poro poro trolodor trolodor y jstumaor jstumaor.. Co `fgstog`ao y co mas`apcago sfg sus hjdfrjs `fhpoÿjros mj jstumaf.
•
Cjo `fg otjg`aðg cos agstru``afgjs mj cfs jdjr`a`afs ogtjs mj rjsfcvjrcfs.
•
@fgsuctj sus mumos `fg ftros pjrsfgos mj su `fhugamom quj pujmog pujmog oyumorcj.
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
? Jc jstumaf mjc hugmf quj gfs rfmjo (A) ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 Ðs`or Hogujc @ðlor ^agtf. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. Ecfrjs mj `fcfrjs.
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Amjgta`or cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f kuotjhoctj`f Ðs`or Hogujc @ðlor ^agtf jg jc `ohpf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs.
Mjs`ralar co bastfrao mj co `ajg`ao.
Mjgar `fg sus pocolros quá js co `ajg`ao y quá sfg cos `ajg`aos goturocjs.
Amjgta`or cos rohos mj co `ajg`ao quj jstumaog cfs ejgðhjgfs goturocjs quj cj rf -
mjog.
\jocazor ug jxpjrahjgtf `ajgtè`f, utacazogmf jcjhjgtfs goturocjs mj su jgtfrgf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?
?:
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
Ðs`or Hogujc @ðlor ^agtf @ajgtèea`f kuotjhoctj`f jkrjsomf mj co Zgavjrsamom mj Pog @orcfs mj Kuotjhoco. Js ca`jg`aomf jg quèha`o, `fg jstumafs mj mf`tfromf jg quèha`o frkïga`o, `fg jspj`aocamom jg quèha`o mj prfmu`tfs goturocjs horagfs.
Ðs`or Hogujc @ðlor ^agtf
Bo mjsto`omf pfr jc mjs`ulrahajgtf mj cos jstru`turos quèha`os mj prfmu`tfs mjravomfs mj co ecfro y co eougo, `fg prfpajmomjs hjma`agocjs, ag`cuyjgmf pcogtos j agvjrtjlromfs horagfs. Bo mjs`ulajrtf y rjpfrtomf =: gujvos hfcá`ucos frkïga`os, co hoyfrèo `fg pftjg`aoc poro sjr utacazomos `fgtro `ácucos `og`jrfsos f jc varus mj co aghugfmjea`ajg`ao buhogo (BAU). Bo samf mj`ogf mj co Eo`uctom mj @ajg`aos _uèha`os y Eorho`ao y marj`tfr mj co Marj``aðg Kjgjroc mj Agvjstako`aðg mj co Zgavjrsamom mj Pog @orcfs mj Kuotjhoco. Bo pjrtjgj`amf o co Frkogazo`aðg mj Eorho`áuta`fs Aljrfohjra`ogfs, eacaoc Kuotjhoco. Kogð co Hjmocco mj @ajg`ao y ]j`gfcfkèo quj ftfrko jc @fgsjdf Go`afgoc mj @ajg`ao y ]j`gfcfkèo (@FG@Q]) jg jc oÿf <>><. Losomf jg @FG@Q] @FG@ Q]44 Hjmocco mj @ajg`ao y ]j`gfcfkèo
¡O trolodor! ?.
Mjs`ralo `fg sus pocolros ugo mj cos prag`apocjs opca`o`afgjs mj cfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs mjc Mr Mr.. Ðs`or Hogujc @ðlor ^agtf4
<.
?5
Cjo jc `fgtjgamf mj jsto sjhogo, y cujkf rjspfgmo4 ¶o quá roho mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs pjrtjgj`j jc opfrtj opfr tj mjc Mr. Ðs`or Hogujc @ðlor ^agtf6
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. Bastfrao mj co `ajg`ao Jc sjr buhogf, `fhf portj mj co goturocjzo, `fgvavj jg jc pcogjto ]ajrro `fg haccfgjs mj sjrjs vavfs y fldjtfs gf vavfs, `fhf cfs hagjrocjs, jc oarj, jc okuo, jt`. Maoraohjgtj jxpjrahjgtohfs ejgðhjgfs goturocjs, `fhf co ccuvao, co romao`aðg sfcor, cfs vajgtfs, jt`. Mjsmj co ogtakójmom, cfs buhogfs bjhfs flsjrvomf, jxpjrahjgtomf y trotomf mj jxpca`or jstfs ejgðhjgfs9 pjrf gf euj bosto quj cfkrohfs mjs`ralarcfs y `fhprflorcfs mj hogjro cðka`o, frmjgomo y sastjhïta`o quj go`að co `ajg`ao.
Lrjvj bastfrao mj co `ajg`ao4 ockugfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs, agvjgtfs y
`ajgtèe`fs ahpfrtogtjs
o c j o m a ` o a g r j f a t ` s a B ^rjbastfrao
Jmom ogtakuo
Ocduorasha
Kocjcaf Kocacja
@borcjs Morwag
Mjsorrfccorfg `fgf`ahajgtfs
Mjsorrfccð jc ïckjlro.
@fgsamjromf `fhf jc pomrj mj co `ajg`ao, co eèsa`o y co ostrfgfhèo hfmjrgo
^rfpusf co tjfrèo mj co sjcj``aðg goturoc (jvfcu`aðg mj cos jspj`ajs).
sflrj agkjgajrèo, orquatj`turo, hotjhïta`o, ostrfgfhèo, kjfhjtrèo y `arukèo.
Cjfgormf Mo Uag`a \jocazð vorafs agvjgtfs prj`ursfrjs mj cos hïquagos hfmjrgos.
@avacazo`aðg hoyo Mjsorrfccorfg `fgf`ahajgtfs
\fljrt Bfij \jocazð vorafs agvjgtfs prj`ursfrjs mj cos hïquagos hfmjrgos.
sflrj hotjhïta`o, y ostrfhfgèo. eujrfg cfs prfahjrfs jg mf`uhjgtor jc `fg`jptf mjc `jrf.
Ocljrt Jagstjag \jocazð vorafs agvjgtfs prj`ursfrjs mj cos hïquagos hfmjrgos.
J 8 h`0 Ga`fcïs @fpárga`f Js `fgsamjromf ugf mj cfs
Ogtakuo Krj`ao Ecfrj`ajrfg hu`bfs
eugmomfrjs mj co ostrfgfhèo `fhf `ajg`ao.
Jstolcj`að cos losjs mj co
Ocjxogmjr Ecjhagk Mjs`ulrað co pjga`acago.
hj`ïga`o `cïsa`o, rjocazð trolodfs sflrj goturocjzo mj co cuz y `ïc`ucf hotjhïta`f.
cðsfefs y cfs prahjrfs `ajgtè`fs `fhf ^atïkfros (`fgsamjromf jc prahjr hotjhïta`f purf) j Bapð`rotjs (pomrj mj co hjma`ago).
Jmom ogtakuo
Asoo` Gjwtfg
Jmom hjmao
Jmom hfmjrgo
Jmom `fgtjhpfrïgjo
Jdjr`a`af ? Mjs`ralo f acustrj ug mjs`ulrahajgtf `ajgtè`f.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?
?;
<. Co `ajg`ao `ajg`ao y su `cosaea`o`aðg Co pocolro `ajg`ao mjravo mjc cotèg s`ajgtĨo, quj sakga`o –`fgf`ahajgtf‘ –`fgf`ahajgtf‘ f –soljr‘. Co `ajg`ao js ug `fgdugtf mj `fgf`ahajgtfs fldjtavfs, vjra`olcjs y sastjhotazomfs
sflrj ugo hotjrao, bj`bf f ejgðhjgf, quj sfg fltjgamfs o trovás mj hátfmfs f tá`ga`os. O portar mj jstfs `fgf`ahajgtfs, `fgf `ahajgtfs, sj kjgjrog bapðtjsas, `ujstafgohajgtfs, jsqujhos, cjyjs y prag`apafs. ^oro eo`acator su jstumaf, co `ajg`ao sj `cosa`o jg maejrjgtjs rohos.
Jxastjg maejrjgtjs `cosa`o`afgjs mj co `ajg`ao, ugo mj jccos, js co sakuajgtj4
@ajg`aos Efrhocjs
Eï`ta`os?
Pfg `ajg`aos quj jgjg ug fldjtf mj jstumaf quj js sahlðca`f, `fg`jptuoc f amjoc. Zcazog co mjmu``aðg `fhf hátfmf mj jstumaf.
Pfg cos `ajg`aos quj jstumaog bj`bfs y fldjtfs rjocjs. Zcazog jc hátfmf `ajg`f.
Jdjhpcfs4 cðka`o, hotjhï hotjhï`o. `o.
Goturocjs
Pf`aocjs
Jstumaog co goturocjz goturocjzo. o.
Jstumaog bj`bfs buhogfs f sf`aocjs.
Jdjhpcfs4 lafcfkèo, kjfcfkèo, quèha `o, sa`o y ostrfgfhèo.
Jdjhpcfs4 bastfrao, ogtrfpfcfkèo, sf`afcfkèo, psa`fcfkèo y j`fgfhèo.
Jdjr`a`af < \joca`j co sakuajgtj o`tavamom. ?.
Js`ralo `fg sus pocolros quá sfg cos `ajg`aos goturocjs y jguhjrj trjs jdjhpcfs4
o.
?
l.
Co pocolro –eï`ta`o‘ sj rjjrj rjjrj o –bj`bf‘ –bj`bf‘ f "bj`bfs". Uajgj mjc amafho cotèg.
?2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
`.
0. Cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Cos `ajg`aos goturocjs jstumaog, mjs`raljg, `fhporog y
frmjgog cfs ejgðhjgfs mj co goturocjzo. Jg jstj calrf jstumaorjhfs trjs `ajg`aos goturocjs4
o
_uèha`o. Js co `ajg`ao quj jstumao co jstru`turo y cos trogsefrho`afgjs mj co hotjrao.
o
Eèsa`o. Js co `ajg`ao quj jstumao co hotjrao, co jgjrkèo y cos cjyjs quj hfma`og su jstomf y su hfvahajgtf, sag octjror su goturocjzo.
o
Ostrfgfhèo. Js co roho mj co `ajg`ao quj jstumao jc ugavjrsf.
¶Mðgmj vjhfs cos `ajg`aos goturocjs jg gujstro vamo maorao6 •
Cos sustog`aos quèha`os ,
•
Jc eug`afgohajgtf mj ug ug jcjvomfr f mj mj cfs oporotfs jcá`tra`fs mj gujstro `oso, cos hïquagos quj usohfs jg co `fgstru``aðg, co eujrzo quj gj`jsatohfs poro cjvogtor ug `orrf poro rjpororcf, co hjma`aðg mj co tjhpjroturo, tfmf jccf js fldjtf mj jstumaf y opca`o`afgjs mj co eèsa`o.
yo sjog goturocjs f sagtáta`os, sj jg`ujgtrog jg gujstrf maoraf vavar. ^fr jdjhpcf, cos hjma`agos, cfs `fgsjrvogtjs mj ocahjgtfs, cos lros sagtáta`os mj co rfpo, f cfs prfmu`tfs mj cahpajzo pjrsfgoc f mjc bfkor prfvajgjg mj sustog`aos quèha`os.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?
?1
•
Co ostrfgfhèo tohlaág tajgj opca`o`afgjs, `fhf jc jstumaf mj co agujg`ao
mj cos hog`bos sfcorjs jg co tjhpjroturo mjc pcogjto ]ajrro, jc usf mj cos jstrjccos `fhf kuèo poro cfs prahjrfs govjkogtjs, f co `rjo`aðg mj sotácatjs orta`aocjs poro jc eug`afgohajgtf mj cfs sastjhos mj `fhuga`o`afgjs hfmjrgfs.
¶@ðhf maejrjg`aor jgtrj eèsa`o y quèha`o6 @uogmf mjrrjtahfs hogtjquacco f`urrj ug ejgðhjgf eèsa`f, pujs poso mj jstomf sðcamf o cèquamf, pjrf sakuj sajgmf hogtjquacco. ^jrf sa sj gfs qujho, f`urrj ug ejgðhjgf quèha`f oc prfmu`arsj ftros sustog`aos, `fhf co o`rfcjègo, quj pujmj sjr tðxa`o.
Jdjr`a`af 0 Lragmj ug jdjhpcf mj su vamo maorao, jg mfgmj flsjrvj f opcaquj cos sakuajgtjs `ajg`aos4 _uèha`o4
Eèsa`o4
Ostrfgfhèo4
<>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
=. Lrjvj bastfrao mj co `ajg`ao Okugfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs, agvjgtfs y `ajgtèea`fs ahpfrtogtjs Ápf`o
^rjbastfrao
Jmom Ogtakuo
Jmom Hjmao
Jmom Hfmjrgo
Jmom
@fgtjhpfrïgjo
Mjs`ulrahajgtf f agvjgtf
@ajgtèe`fs ahpfrtogtjs
-----------------
Cfs ogtakufs jkap`afs, cfs hoyos, cfs ogtakufs krajkfs (^atïkfros, Bapð`rotjs)
Oc Duorasha, Cjfgormf Mo Uag`a, Ga`fcïs @fpárga`f
Kocacjf Kocacja, \fljrt Bffij, Asoo` Gjwtfg
@borcjs Morwag, Ocljrt Jagstjag, Ocjxogmjr Ecjhagk
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Ecfrjs mj `fcfrjs Agtrfmu``aðg Jgtrj cos rohos mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs, co lafcfkèo js co `ajg`ao quj jstumao cfs sjrjs vavfs. Pj sulmavamj jg ftros `cosa`o`afgjs, pfr jdjhpcf4 co zffcfkèo, quj jstumao cfs ogahocjs y co lftïga`o, cos pcogtos. Jg jstj jxpjrahjgtf rj`rjorï jc ejgðhjgf mj trogspfrtj mj okuo mj cos pcogtos, quj goturochjgtj f`urrj mjsmj co roèz bosto ftrfs ðrkogfs `fhf bfdos, frjs y erutfs, kro`aos o ug sastjho mj `fgmu`tfs prjsjgtjs o tfmf cf corkf mjc toccf.
¶_uá hotjraocjs gj`jsato6 •
•
Ecfrjs lcog`os `fg toccf (pujmjg sjr `covjcjs f rfsos). \j`apajgtjs trogsporjgtjs trogsporjgtjs (pujmjg sjr pcïsta`fs f mj vamraf, prjejrjgtjhjgtj rjutacazomfs f rj`a`comfs).
•
]áhpjros f `fcfrogtjs.
•
Jtaqujtos.
•
Cïpaz.
^rf`jmahajgtf4
<<
?.
@fgsako frjs lcog`os `fg su toccf `fhpcjtf.
<.
Jg ockugfs ockugfs rj`apajgtjs rj`apajgtjs trogsporjgtjs, trogsporjgtjs, okrjkuj okuo y táhpjro. Zsj vorafs `fcfrjs, jg mastagtfs rj`apajgtjs. Mjdj ug rj`apajgtj sfcf `fg okuo, poro `fhporor sus rjsuctomfs.
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
0.
@fcfquj ugo fr lcog`o jg `omo rj`apajgtj.
=.
Jg `omo rj`apajgtj, `fcfquj ugo jtaqujto quj `fgtjgko co sakuajgtj agefrho`aðg4 su gfhlrj, co ej`bo mjc jxpjrahjgtf, jc tapf mj fr quj utacazð y jc `fcfr quj opca`ð.
:.
@fcfquj cfs rj`apajgtjs murogtj mfs mèos jg ug cukor lodf sfhlro, pjrf `fg cuz.
5.
^ujmj tfhor ugo eftfkroeèo mj su jxpjrahjgtf y `fhportar sus rjsuctomfs `fg sus `fhpoÿjrfs, jgvaïgmfco oc `frrjf4 akjrNakjr.jmu.kt akjrNakjr.jmu.kt
;.
Jg jc sakuajgtj jspo`af ogftj co agefrho`aðg quj sj cj sfca`ato4
Flsjrvo`afgjs4
@fg`cusafgjs4 Jxpcaquj sus rjsuctomfs.
\jspfgmo4 ¶_uá roho mj co `ajg`ao jstumao jc ejgðhjgf quj jxpjrahjgtð6
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?
<0
\jsuhjg
Efrhocjs
ohotjhïta`o,
@ajg`aos
cðka`o
Pf`aocjs
o
ogtrfpfcfkèo, psa`fcfkèo
Goturocjs
o
quèha`o, eèsa`o, ostrfgfhèo
Eï`ta`os
Co `ajg`ao js
ug `fgdugtf mj `fgf`ahajgtfs fldjtavfs, vjra`olcjs y sastjhotazomfs sflrj ugo hotjrao, bj`bf f ejgðhjgf, quj sfg fltjgamfs o trovás mj hátfmfs f tá`ga`os. Cos `ajg`aos goturocjs jstumaog,
mjs`raljg, `fhporog y frmjgog cfs ejgðhjgfs mj co goturocjzo. Ockugfs jdjhpcfs sfg4 lafcfkèo, quèha`o, eèsa`o y ostrfgfhèo.
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... @fgfz`o hïs sflrj jc `ajgtè`f mj co sjhogo jg jc or tè`ucf4 Ðs`or @ðlor, @ðlor, lus`omfr mj gujvfs eïrho`fs. bttp4//www.prjgsocalrj.`fh.kt/vamo/]atucf-orta`ucf-jma`afg-ahprjsoV>V01>:5?>=<.bthc
<=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?. Mjhujstrj cf oprjgmamf. ?.
Mjgo `fg sus pocolros cfs sakuajgtjs `fg`jptfs4 o.
@ajg`ao4
l. @ajg`aos goturocjs4
<.
Jxpcaquj co maejrjg`ao jgtrj `ajg`aos efrhocjs y eï`ta`os4
0.
Osf`ao`aðg mj `fg`jptfs. @fhpcjtj co agefrho`aðg mjc sakuajgtj `uomrf. Flsjrvj jc jdjhpcf4 Ápf`o Jmom Og Ogtakuo
@ajgtèe`f
Mjs`ulrahajgtf
@avacazo`aðg ^rahjrfs jg mjs`ralar jc hoyo gôhjrf `jrf.
Jmom Hfmjrgo
@ajg`ao o co quj
`frrjspfgmj Hotjhïta`o
^omrj mj co eèsa`o hfmjrgo. Oc Du Duorasha Mjsorrfccð jc jc ïc ïckjlro.
Jmom @fgtjh-
Mjs`ulrað co pjga`acago.
pfrïgjo
@borcjs
pfrïgjo
Morwag Ga`fcïs Zgf mj cfs eugmomfrjs mj @fpárga`f co ostrfgfhèo. Bapð`rotjs
Jmom Ogtakuo
(efrhoc/eï`ta`o) Efrhoc
Eï`ta`o Hotjhïta`o Hjma`ago
Mjs`ulrað cos `ácucos. Jmom @fgtjh-
]apf mj `ajg`ao
Eï`ta`o Lafcfkèo
Eï`ta`o
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?
<:
O`tavamom <. Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf. ?.
Pa ustjm tuvajro co fpfrtugamom mj jstumaor poro sjr ug `ajgtè`f f ugo `ajgtè`o, ¶quá `ajg`ao jstumaorèo y pfr quá6 ¶_uá opfrtj cj kustorèo bo`jr o co buhogamom6
<.
Agmaquj `uïc mj cos sakuajgtjs satuo`afgjs `frrjspfgmj oc `ohpf mj jstumaf mj co eèsa`o, `uïc o co quèha`o y `uïc o co ostrfgfhèo. Ujo jc jdjhpcf. Jstumaf mj4
>. Cfs `fhpfgjgtjs mj cfs ocahjgtfs, poro jcolfror ugo majto poro lodor mj pjsf. o. Co eujrzo gj`jsorao poro sular ugo `orko mj prfmu`tfs o ug `fgtjgjmfr,, quj vo o mastraluarcfs `fgtjgjmfr jg co `aumom `opatoc. l. Co agujg`ao mj cos eosjs mj co cugo jg cos horjos, poro opca`orco jg co pjs`o. `. Cfs `fhpfgjgtjs mj cos hjma`agos, poro quj ug háma`f sjpo `uïc morgfs poro mjtjrhagomo jgejrhjmom. m. Jc jstumaf mj co tjhpjroturo hjmao hjgsuoc, poro mjtjrhagor sa pfmrjhfs sjhlror ug `uctavf f
@ajg`ao quj co jstumao
_uèha`o
gf.
j.
Cfs jej`tfs mj co romao`aðg sfcor jg jc `ocjgtohajgtf mjc pcogjto ]ajrro.
O`tavamom 0. Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs. @opo`amom mj `fhuga`o`aðg, `opo`amom mj sègtjsas y `fhprjgsaðg cj`tfro. Lusquj ug ortè`ucf quj bolcj sflrj ockugo `ajg`ao goturoc (eèsa`o, quèha`o f ostrfgfhèo). \j`ðrtjcf f ahprèhocf y pákujcf jg su `uomjrgf mj trolodf. Js`ralo o`ï ug rjsuhjg mjc ortè`ucf.
<5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Kcfsoraf ïckjlro4 \oho mj co hotjhïta`o quj jstumao co `fhlago`aðg mj gôhjrfs f `ogtamomjs, rjprjsjgtomos
o trovás mj sakgfs f cjtros. ogtrfpfcfkèo4 @ajg`ao ogtrfpfcfkèo4 @ajg`ao quj jstumao oc sjr buhogf. orquatj`turo4 @fgdugtf mj tá`ga`os, ortjs y hátfmfs poro jc masjÿf y `fgstru``aðg mj jma`afs,
jstru`turos f jspo`afs bolatolcjs. lafcfkèo4 @ajg`ao quj jstumao o cfs sjrjs vavfs. lftïga`o4 @ajg`ao quj jstumao o cos pcogtos. `arukèo4 \oho mj co hjma`ago quj prjvajgj, maokgfsta`o f `uro jgejrhjmomjs f hocefrho`afgjs o
portar mj fpjro`afgjs quarôrka`os. j`fgfhèo4 @ajg`ao quj jstumao `ðhf co sf`ajmom buhogo prfmu`j, agtjr`ohlao y `fgsuhj lajgjs y
sjrva`afs. eï`ta`o4 Pj rjrj o –bj`bf‘ jg cotèg. kjfcfkèo4 @ajg`ao quj jstumao oc pcogjto ]ajrro. kjfhjtrèo4 \oho mj co hotjhïta`o quj jstumao cos kuros quj sj pujmjg efrhor jg mjtjrhagomf
pcogf, js mj`ar, jg mfs mahjgsafgjs. bastfrao4 @ajg`ao quj jstumao jc posomf mj co buhogamom. agkjgajrèo4 @fgdugtf mj tá`ga`os y prag`apafs tj`gfcðka`fs quj pjrhatjg rjocazor agvjgtfs, `fgstru``afgjs f jstru`turos mj utacamom o co buhogamom. cðka`o4 @ajg`ao `uyf fldjtf mj jstumaf js co agejrjg`ao, js mj`ar, amjgta`o jc rozfgohajgtf `frrj`tf
mjc ag`frrj`tf, o portar mj hátfmfs y prag`apafs. hotjhïta`o4 @ajg`ao quj jstumao cfs gôhjrfs, cfs sèhlfcfs y cos kuros kjfhátra`os. hjma`ago4 @ajg`ao quj jstumao co socum mjc `ujrpf buhogf, osè `fhf cos jgejrhjmomjs quj cj oej`tog
y cos efrhos f trotohajgtfs poro prjvjgarcos f `urorcos. psa`fcfkèo4 @ajg`ao psa`fcfkèo4 @ajg`ao quj jstumao cfs prf`jsfs hjgtocjs y jc `fhpfrtohajgtf mj cfs sjrjs buhogfs. sf`afcfkèo4 @ajg`ao quj jstumao cos sf`ajmomjs buhogos. zffcfkèo4 @ajg`ao quj jstumao o cfs ogahocjs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?
<;
\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
Amjgta`f cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f kuotjhoctj`f Ðs`or Hogujc @ðlor ^agtf jg jc `ohpf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. Mjs`ralf co bastfrao mj co `ajg`ao.
Mjgf `fg has pocolros quá js `ajg`ao y quá sfg cos `ajg`aos goturocjs.
Amjgta`f cos rohos mj co `ajg`ao quj jstumaog cfs ejgðhjgfs goturocjs quj hj rfmjog. \jocazf ug jxpjrahjgtf `ajgtè`f, utacazogmf jcjhjgtfs goturocjs mj ha jgtfrgf.
Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhportar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
<2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
< Jc jstumaf mjc hugmf quj gfs rfmjo (AA) ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 Ejrgogmf Hozorajkfs. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. ¶_uá vjco sj opoko prahjrf6
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Amjgta`or cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f kuotjhoctj`f Ejrgogmf Hozorajkfs.
Mjs`ralar co bastfrao mjc hátfmf `ajgtè`f.
Mjgar quá js jc hátfmf `ajgtè`f.
Maejrjg`aor jgtrj ugo bapðtjsas, ugo tjfrèo y ugo cjy.
\j`fgf`jr cfs posfs mjc hátfmf `ajgtè`f jg jxpjrahjgtfs f mjs`ulrahajgtfs.
\jocazor ug jxpjrahjgtf sakuajgmf cfs posfs mjc hátfmf `ajgtè`f.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo <
<1
¡^oro `fhjgzor! Cjo cos sakuajgtjs gfta`aos sflrj jc `ajgtè`f mj co sjhogo y su agvjgtf4 jc –j`fctrf‘. –j`fctrf‘.
J`fectrf kuotjhoctj`f rjsucto kogomfr jg `fg`ursf mjc K<> Jc J`fectrf, ug sastjho mj purae`o`aðg pura e`o`aðg mj okuo masjÿomf y `fhjr`aocazomf pfr kuotjhoctj`fs, js sjcj``afgomf jgtrj cfs ?: prfmu`tfs kogomfrjs js`fkamfs pfr jc K<>. Mjsoo jg co Aggfvo`aðg Aggfvo`aðg mj gjkf`afs. CFP @OLFP, HJRA@F - Jc
J`fctrf, masjÿomf j ahpucsomf pfr cfs kuotjhoctj`fs Ejrgogmf Hozorajkfs y `fhjr`aocazomf pfr ^bacap [acsfg, euj sjcj``afgomf jgtrj cfs ?: prfmu`tfs kogomfrjs js`fkamfs pfr jc krupf K<> Mjsoeèf jg co Aggfvo`aðg mj Gjkf`afs, ug `fg`ursf kcfloc kjstafgomf pfr co Agtjrgotafgoc Eagog`j @frpfrotafg (AE@), hajhlrf mjc krupf mjc Log`f Hugmaoc. Jc j`fctrf js sjcj``afgomf dugtf o ?: prfmu`tfs agtjrgo`afgocjs jg `fg`ursf mjc K-<> (Eftf ^rjgso Calrj4 or`bavf)
–Cfs kogomfrjs mjhujstrog quj cos jhprjsos `fhjr`aochjgtj vaolcjs tohlaág pujmjg prfpfr`afgor fpfrtugamomjs fpfrtugamomjs j`fgðha`os poro cos pjrsfgos pflrjs, dugtf `fg ug hjdfr o``jsf oc okuo pftolcj, jcj`tra`amom, socum, jmu`o`aðg, vavajgmo, sjrva`afs mj tjcáefgf y o sjrva`afs gog`ajrfs‘, madf Cors ]bugjcc, Ua`jprjsamjgtj Jdj`utavf mj co @EA y `fgsjdjrf mjcjkomf. –Jccfs prfpfr`afgog hfmjcfs ahprjsafgogtjs o sjkuar pfr ftrfs.‘ Cfs ?: kogomfrjs jg `fgdugtf ccjkog o hïs mj => haccfgjs mj pjrsfgos quj vavjg jg co losj mj co parïhamj j`fgðha`o, `fhf prfvjjmfrjs, mastraluamfrjs, hagfrastos f `cajgtjs jg hïs mj ?> poèsjs. Jc kogomfr mj Kuotjhoco prfvjj jc J`fctrf, quj `fgsastj jg ug rj`apajgtj ortjsogoc eolra`omf `fg osjrrèg, lorrf y pcoto `fcfamoc. Co ugaðg mj jstfs hotjraocjs pjrhatj ctror tfmf tapf mj lo`tjraos, cf `uoc prjvajgj jgejrhjmomjs vag`ucomos `fg jc `fgsuhf mj okuo `fgtohagomo. [acsfg o`tuochjgtj js portj mjc hfvahajgtf Mjspjrtjhfs Kuotjhoco <>?<, jg mfgmj o trovás mj jstj rj`apajgtj, lus`o pocaor co gj`jsamom mj `fgsuhf mj okuo pura`omo mj hacjs mj kuotjhoctj`fs Hozorajkfs y [acsfg eujrfg kocormfgomfs jc oÿf posomf pfr co Osf`ao`aðg mj Kjrjgtjs mj Kuotjhoco, jg co `otjkfrèo @rjotavamom j Aggfvo`aðg. Jgtrj cfs `ratjrafs poro sjr portj mj cfs sjcj``afgomfs js quj co hoyfrèo mj cfs `cajgtjs mj J`fctrf gf tjgèog o``jsf o okuo cahpao ogtjrafrhjgtj, j agej``afgjs mj okuo `fgtohagomo rjprjsjgtorfg ug rajskf sakga`otavf o sus sustjgtfs. J`fctrf vjgmj ctrfs jx`cusavfs o `cajgtjs urlogfs, rj`oumogmf kogog`aos, hajgtros vjgmj ctrfs o `fhugamomjs rurocjs o ugo toso sulsamaomo, y rjkocog ctrfs o `fcjkafs y bfspatocjs. J`fctrf tohlaág omhagastro ugo eïlra`o mfgmj jhpcjog o 00 pjrsfgos mj `fhugamomjs rurocjs y hudjrjs quj gf tjgèog agkrjsfs ogtjs, `fhf vjgmjmfros mj J`fctrf. ]fhomf mj4 ^rjgso Calrj.`fh. @fhugatoraf
0>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Kuotjhoco lracco
O co ej`bo jstj agvjgtf sj sakuj sakuj mastraluyjgmf y bo ljgj`aomf o hïs mj :>> hac kuotjhoctj`fs, jspj`aochjgtj jg ïrjos rurocjs, oyumogmf o prjvjgar jgejrhjmomjs kostrfagtjstagocjs.
@fg co aggfvo`aðg y co tj`gfcfkèo
–@fg okuo ?>> pfr `ajgtf pura`omo sj jvatog hu`bos oej``afgjs mjc frkogashf, sj obfrro y `fg ugamomjs mj lodf `fstf sj `fgtraluyj o co j`fcfkèo jvatogmf jc usf mj jgvosjs pcïsta`fs‘, jxpca`o ^bacap [acsfg, prjsamjgtj mj co osf`ao`aðg J`fctrf.
Jstj sastjho ortjsogoc mj pura`o`aðg mj okuo maf gujvfs erutfs jc posomf 0? mj hoyf jg Eagcogmao. Pu agvjgtfr Ejrgogmf Hozorajkfs rjocazð ugo agvjstako`aðg jg jc Agstatutf mj ]j`gfcfkèo poro @jgtrfohára`o poro jg`fgtror ugo sfcu`aðg j`fgðha`o, j`fcðka`o, j`oz y mj eï`ac `fhprjgsaðg poro pura`or jc okuo mjgfhagomf J`fctrf. \j`ajgtjhjgtj kogð jc prjhaf4 O``jss tf Horijts ogm Eagog`j Oworm Kcfloc Efruh, frkogazomf pfr jc Log`f Hugmaoc. Jc agvjgtf mj Hozorajkfs porta`apð jg ugo vfto`aðg fgcagj o co quj eujrfg `fgvf`omos <> hac pjrsfgos y ;:> jhprjsos, sajgmf Kuotjhoco jc ôga`f poès `jgtrfohjra`ogf porta`apogtj. LJGJEA@AFP @fg jc prjhaf fltjgamf pfmrïg sjkuar ccjvogmf okuo puro o cos eohacaos mj js`osfs rj`ursfs.
Agtjrgo`afgoc Jc sastjho pura`omfr jstï prjsjgtj jg ?2 poèsjs mjc hugmf y rjsujcvj cfs prflcjhos mj okuo pura`omo o cos `fhugamomjs quj gf `ujgtog `fg jstj sjrva`af. ]fhomf mj4 Gujstrf Maoraf
¡O trolodor! ?. Jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros pfr quá jc j`fctrf js ug agvjgtf mj rjcjvog`ao poro cfs
kuotjhoctj`fs, jg jspj`aoc poro cos `fhugamomjs rurocjs4
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo <
0?
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. Bastfrao mjc hátfmf `ajgtèea`f Jg co ogtakójmom, gujstrfs ogtjposomfs jxpca`olog cfs ejgðhjgfs goturocjs o trovás mj co rjcakaðg, co hokao f co omavago`aðg. ^fr jdjhpcf, cfs hoyos pro`ta`olog so`ra`afs ogahocjs f buhogfs poro pjmar ccuvao o cfs mafsjs. ^fstjrafrhjgtj, jc `fgf`ahajgtf y jxpca`o`aðg mj cfs ejgðhjgfs goturocjs sj maf o trovás mj co `ajg`ao. Co `ajg`ao hfmjrgo aga`að jg co ogtakuo Krj`ao, o portar mjc sakcf UAA o.@. Pag jhlorkf, gf sjrï bosto jc sakcf RUA, jg Atocao, quj quj jg`fgtrohfs oc solaf Kocacjf Kocacja, ugf mj cfs prahjrfs jg utacazor jc hátfmf `ajgtè`f y quj bo samf ccohomf –pomrj mj co `ajg`ao `aj g`ao jxpjrahjgtoc‘. Co bastfrao `ujgto quj Kocacjf gf jstolo mj o`ujrmf `fg co tjfrèo mj Orastðtjcjs, solaf mj co ogtakuo Krj`ao, sflrj co rjco`aðg jgtrj co eujrzo mj krovjmom y co hoso. Orastðtjcjs osjkurolo quj hajgtros hïs pjsoro ug fldjtf, hïs rïpamf `ojrèo o co tajrro mjsmj cf octf. Kocacjf, pfr ftrf comf, `rjèo quj mfs `ujrpfs, ougquj tuvajrog pjsfs mastagtfs, `ojrèog `fg co hasho vjcf`amom sa gf jrog erjgomfs pfr co rjsastjg`ao mjc oarj. Jgtfg`js, mj`amað jxpjrahjgtor4 Pulað o co ]frrj mj ^aso jg Atocao, y mjdð `ojr mjsmj ugo octuro oprfxahomo mj :> hjtrfs, mfs locos mj `oÿðg bj`bos mj bajrrf, pjrf ugo majz vj`js hïs pjsomo quj co ftro. Pupusf quj pfr co mjgsamom y jc pjsf mj cos locos, co rjsastjg`ao mjc oarj gf oej`torèo. Oc goc, cos mfs locos ccjkorfg oc sujcf `osa o co hasho vjcf`amom. Mj jstj hfmf, Kocacjf `fhprflð quj co tjfrèo mj Orastðtjcjs jstolo jquavf`omo y efrhucð ugo tjfrèo gujvo4 Co krovjmom o`tôo mj co hasho efrho jg cfs fldjtfs, sag ahpfrtor su hoso. Jsto bastfrao gfs jgsjÿo quj tfmos cos orho`afgjs `ajgtè`os mjljg mjhfstrorsj o trovás mj co jxpjrahjgto`aðg.
Jdjr`a`af ? \jspfgmo4 ¶^fr \jspfgmo4 ¶^fr quá Kocacjf js `fgsamjromf `fhf jc –pomrj mj co `ajg`ao jxpjrahjgtoc‘6
0<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
<. Jc hátfmf `ajgtèea`f
Jc hátfmf `ajgtèe`f js co hjtfmfcfkèo frmjgomo quj sj utacazo jg cos `ajg`aos goturocjs poro prfmu`ar `fgf`ahajgtf, `fhprflor amjos f jxpca`or ejgðhjgfs. Pus posfs sfg4 Flsjrvo`aðg4 `uogmf mjtj`tohfs f jxohagohfs ockôg ejgðhjgf ?. Flsjrvo`aðg4 goturoc o trovás mj gujstrfs sjgtamfs f mj ockôg agstruhjgtf.
Ockugfs `o`uctfrjs flsjrvorfg quj sus `uctavfs jstolog hurajghurajg mf. Oc jxohagor mjtjgamohjgtj cfs `oejtfs, sj majrfg `ujgto mj quj jg cos bfdos bolèo ug pfcvatf ogorogdomf.
<. Bapðtjsas4 Bapðtjsas4 js ugo supfsa`aðg quj sj bo`j poro agtjgtor mjs`ralar f
jxpca`or ockôg ejgðhjgf.
Cfs `o`uctfrjs pjgsorfg quj sj trotolo mj ugo jgejrhjmom f`osafgomo pfr ug ha`rffrkogashf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo <
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Jxpjrahjgto`aðg4 `fgsastj jg co rjocazo`aðg mj jxpjrahjgtfs f prujlos Jxpjrahjgto`aðg4 poro vjra`or co bapðtjsas.
Cfs `oea`uctfrjs ccjvorfg hujstros mj cos bfdos o ug colfrotfraf, mfgmj ug okrðgfhf ? cos jxohagð `fg co oyumo mj ug ha`rfs`fpaf. Cujkf euj oc `ohpf mj `uctavf y pro`ta`ð vorafs jxpjrahjgtfs. Jg ockugos pcogtos opca`ð eugka`amos < y jg ftros agsj`ta`amos. Flsjrvð quj cos pcogtos quj eujrfg trotomos `fg eugka`amos sogorfg, hajgtros quj cos trotomos `fg agsj`ta`amos gf.
@fg`cusaðg4 `fg `fg cfs rjsuctomfs mj co jxpjrahjgto`aðg, sj orho, rj`bozo 0. @fg`cusaðg4 f hfma`o co bapðtjsas. Mjspuás mj cfs jxpjrahjgtfs rjocazorjocazomfs, y mj ugo ohpcao agvjstako`aðg jg js`ratfs `ajgtè`fs, jc okrðgfhf `fg`fg`cuyð quj cos pcogto`afgjs mj cfs `o`o `uctfrjs sè jstolog sajgmf oej`tomos pfr ug ha`rffrkogashf4 ug bfgkf, `fhôghjgtj ccohomf rfyo mjc `oeá. \j`fhjgmð utacazor prï`ta`os mj `uctavf ohakolcjs `fg jc ohlajgtj, `fhf mastog`aos mj sajhlro ohpcaos, pfmo y `fgtrfc mj co sfhlro, poro jvator quj jsto jgejrhjmom sj prfpokoro.
Jdjr`a`af < Jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros pfr quá jc hátfmf `ajgtè`f js ahpfrtogtj poro jc jstumaf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs4
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^rfejsafgoc quj jstumao co okra`ucturo y co kogomjrèo.
<
Pustog`aos quj jcahagog bfgkfs.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
0. ]jfrèos y cjyjs mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Cfs posfs mjc hátfmf `ajgtè`f sj pujmjg rjpjtar `fgefrhj jxastjg gujvos flsjrvo`afgjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs, omjcogtfs `ajgtè`fs y jxpjrahjgtfs, y gfs pujmjg ccjvor o efrhucor ugo tjfrèo f ugo cjy. •
]jfrèo4 js ugo jxpca`o`aðg, amjo f orho`aðg sflrj ug ejgðhjgf ]jfrèo4 quj sj loso jg ug krog gôhjrf mj flsjrvo`afgjs, agefrho`aðg y jxpjrahjgto`aðg. Cos tjfrèos pujmjg sjr `fhprflomos, ohpcaomos f rjefrhucomos `fg gujvfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs, jxpjrahjgtfs u flsjrvo`afgjs.
•
Cjy4 js ugo orho`aðg vjra`olcj, mjhfstromo `ajgtè`ohjgtj y mj Cjy4 js opca`o`aðg ugavjrsoc. Pj `fgsamjro `fhf ` fhf ugo –vjrmom olsfcuto‘.
O `fgtaguo`aðg sj prjsjgtog ockugfs jdjhpcfs mj tjfrèos y cjyjs mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs.
0.? ]jfrèos ]jfrèo otðha`o4 jxpca`o `ðhf jstï efrhomo co hotjrao. ^fstuco quj tfmo co hotjrao jstï efrhomo pfr portè`ucos ccohomos ïtfhfs.
]jfrèo `jcucor4 jxpca`o quj tfmfs cfs sjrjs vavfs jstïg efrhomfs pfr ugo ugamom eugmohjgtoc, ccohomo `ácuco, quj sj frakago mj `ácucos prjjxastjgtjs. ^fstuco quj mjgtrf mj cos `ácucos sj jg`ujgtro jc hotjraoc bjrjmatoraf mj ug sjr vavf, y quj jg jccos f`urrjg tfmos sus eug`afgjs hjtolðca`os.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo <
0:
0.< Cjyjs Cjyjs mj Gjwtfg (Cjyjs mjc hfvahajgtf). ?. ^rahjro cjy (Cjy mj co agjr`ao)4 ]fmf
`ujrpf sj `fgsjrvo jg rjpfsf f jg hfvahajgtf rj`tacègjf ugaefrhj, o hjgfs quj ockugo eujrzo jxtjrgo o`tôj sflrj ác.
cjy (^rag`apaf eugmohjgtoc <. Pjkugmo cjy (^rag`apaf mj co magïha`o)4 @uogmf sj opca`o ugo eujrzo o ug `ujrpf, jstj sj o`jcjro mj efrho prfpfr`afgoc o ma`bo eujrzo.
cjy (^rag`apaf mj o``aðg0. ]jr`jro cjy rjo``aðg)4 ]fmo o``aðg prfvf`o ugo rjo``aðg akuoc, pjrf jg sjgtamf fpujstf.
Cjy mj `fgsjrvo`aðg mj co hotjrao4 Co hotjrao gf sj `rjo ga sj mjstruyj, sfcf sj trogsefrho.
Jdjr`a`af 0 Jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros co maejrjg`ao jgtrj ugo cjy y ugo tjfrèo4
05
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! ¶_uá vjco sj opoko prahjrf6 Agtrfmu``aðg Co `fhlustaðg js ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o rïpamo quj f`urrj jgtrj `uocquajr `fhpujstf y jc fxèkjgf, kjgjrogmf `ocfr y cuz, jg efrho mj eujkf. Jc hotjraoc quj ormj sj ccoho `fhlustalcj `fhlustalcj.. ^fr jdjhpcf4 kosfcago, kos, oc`fbfc, homjro, pcïsta`f. Jc hotjraoc quj prfmu`j prfmu`j co `fhlustaðg sj ccoho `fhlurjgtj (jc `fhlurjgtj (jc fxèkjgf). ^oro ^oro quj f`urro `fhlustaðg js gj`jsoraf quj sj oc`og`j ugo tjhpjroturo quj pjrhato ormjr oc `fhlustalcj.
Jg jstj jxpjrahjgtf `fhprflorjhfs `ðhf co prjsjg`ao mj fxèkjgf (quj sj jg`ujgtro jg jc oarj quj rjsparohfs) js gj`jsorao poro co `fhlustaðg mj trjs vjcomfros jg `fgma`afgjs maejrjgtjs. Jstf cf borjhfs o trovás mj ug `osf bapftáta`f, utacazogmf cfs posfs mjc hátfmf `ajgtè`f4
^osf
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mjc hátfmf `ajgtèe`f4
Flsjrvo`aðg
@osf bapftáta`f4 bapftáta`f 4 Jg co pfsomo govamjÿo mj ha lorraf, flsjrvá quj cos vjcomfros mj cfs eorfcjs quj jstolog tftochjgtj efrromfs sj opokolog ogtjs quj cos mj cfs eorfcjs quj sfcf tjgèog mfs porjmjs efrromos. Ha olujco hj madf quj cos vjcomfros sj –obfkolog‘ sa jstolog tftochjgtj jg`jrromos.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo <
0;
^osf
<
mjc hátfmf `ajgtèe`f4
Efrhuco`aðg mj ugo bapðtjsas \jspfgmo4 Mjspuás mj cjjr co agtrfmu``aðg, js`ralo j s`ralo ugo bapðtjsas quj jxpcaquj pfr quá ustjm `rjj quj co vjcomfro mjc eorfc tftochjgtj efrromf sj opoko ogtjs quj co mjc eorfc quj sfcf tajgj mfs mj sus porjmjs efrromos. Bapðtjsas4
^osf
0
mjc hátfmf `ajgtèe`f4
Jxpjrahjgto`aðg ^oro `fhprflor su bapðtjsas, rjoca`j jc sakuajgtj jxpjrahjgtf. ¶_uá hotjraocjs gj`jsato6 •
]rjs vjcomfr vjcomfros. os.
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Eðsefrfs.
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Zg eros`f mj vamraf pjqujÿf `fg topomjro, mj prjej prjej-rjg`ao rj`a`comf f rjutacazomf.
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Zg eros`f mj vamraf krogmj `fg topomjro, mj prjejrjg prjejrjg-`ao rj`a`comf f rjutacazomf.
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Zgo topomjro mj eros`f, mj `uocquajr tohoÿf.
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Zgo lorro mj pcostacago mj `uocquajr `fcfr `fcfr..
02
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
^rf`jmahajgtf ?. @fcfquj cos trjs vjcomfros jg cos trjs topomjros mj eros`fs. <. Osjkôrjcos `fg co oyumo mj pcostacago. 0. Jg`ajgmo cos trjs vjcomfros. =. ]opj co prahjro vjcomfro `fg jc eros`f pjqujÿf, co sjkugmo `fg jc eros`f krogmj y co
tjr`jro mádjco oc oarj calrj. :. Flsjrvj `uïc vjcomfro sj opoko prahjrf y ogftj sus flsjrvo`afgjs.
^osf
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mjc hátfmf `ajgtèe`f4
@fg`cusaðg @fg losj jg su jxpjrahjgtf, js`ralo ugo `fg`cusaðg quj jxpcaquj sa su bapðtjsas rjsuctð `frrj`to f ag`frrj`to.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo <
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\jsuhjg Jc hátfmf `ajgtèe`f js co hjtfmfcfkèo frmjgomo quj sj utacazo jg cos `ajg`aos goturocjs poro prfmu`ar `fgf`ahajgtf, `fhprflor amjos f jxpca`or ejgðhjgfs. Pus posfs sfg4 Flsjrvo`aðg4 `uogmf `uogmf mjtj`tohfs f ?. Flsjrvo`aðg4 jxohagohfs ockôg ejgðhjgf goturoc o trovás mj gujstrfs sjgtamfs f mj ockôg agstruhjgtf.
Bapðtjsas4 js js ugo supfsa`aðg quj sj <. Bapðtjsas4 bo`j poro agtjgtor mjs`ralar f jxpca`or ockôg ejgðhjgf.
0. Jxpjrahjgto`aðg4 Jxpjrahjgto`aðg4 `fgsastj `fgsastj jg co rjocazo`aðg mj jxpjrahjgtfs f prujlos poro vjra`or co bapðtjsas.
=. @fg`cusaðg4 @fg`cusaðg4 `fg `fg cfs rjsuctomfs mj co
jxpjrahjgto`aðg, sj orho, rj`bozo f hfma`o co bapðtjsas.
]jfrèo4 js ugo jxpca`o`aðg, amjo f orho`aðg sflrj ug ejgðhjgf quj sj loso jg ]jfrèo4 js ug krog gôhjrf mj flsjrvo`afgjs, agefrho`aðg y jxpjrahjgto`aðg. Cos tjfrèos pujmjg sjr `fhprflomos, ohpcaomos f rjefrhucomos `fg gujvfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs, jxpjrahjgtfs u flsjrvo`afgjs.
Cjy4 js ugo orho`aðg vjra`olcj, mjhfstromo `ajgtè`ohjgtj y mj opca`o`aðg Cjy4 ugavjrsoc. Pj `fgsamjro `fhf ugo –vjrmom olsfcuto‘.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... @fgfz`o hïs sflrj jc j`fctrf, agvjgtf mjc `ajgtè`f kuotjhoctj`f Ejrgogmf Hozorajkfs4 bttp4//www.j`fctrf.frk
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?.
Mjhujstrj cf oprjgmamf.
?. @fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj jsqujho, `fg cfs posfs mjc hátfmf `ajgtè`f4
O`tavamom <.
Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf.
?. Jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros quá js jc hátfmf `ajgtè`f4
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo <
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<.
Mj cos sakuajgtjs satuo`afgjs, amjgtaquj jg `uïc sj utacazð jc hátfmf `ajgtè`f y jg `uïc gf. Patuo`aðg
O.
Ogo jstï jhlorozomo. Oôg gf solj jc sjxf mjc ljlá. Zgo ohako cj madf quj `fcf`oro ugo okudo `fckomo mj ug bacf `jr`o mjc jstðhokf. Pa co okudo sj hfvèo mj ug comf o ftrf jro sjÿoc mj quj sjrèo vorðg, hajgtros quj sa sj hfvèo jg efrho `ar`ucor, sjrèo hudjr.. Ogo bazf co prujlo y `fg`cuyð quj jc ljlá sjrèo hudjr, pjrf o co bfro mjc portf hudjr sj sfrprjgmað oc soljr quj euj vorðg. Patuo`aðg
L.
Duog `uctavo oljdos poro prfmu`ar hajc. Cos tajgj jg ugo krogdo mfgmj tohlaág `uctavo gorogdos y pjros. Pus `cajgtjs cj bog ma`bf quj boy ug tapf mj hajc quj prjjrjg, pujs tajgj ug solfr hïs ra`f. Duog `rjj quj co maejrjg`ao mj solfr jstï jg jc tapf mj ïrlfc erutoc quj pfcagazog cos oljdos y mj`amj bo`jr ugo prujlo. Oèsco ugo `fcfgao mj oljdos o ugo krogdo mfgmj sfcf sj `uctavog gorogdos, y ftro `fcfgao o ugo krogdo mfgmj sfcf sj `uctavog pjros. ^rfmu`j co hajc jg ohlos krogdos. @fcf`o co hajc prfvjgajgtj mj co krogdo mj gorogdos jg eros`fs ozucjs, y co mj pjros jg eros`fs ohoraccfs. Mo o prflor o sus `cajgtjs, quajgjs jcakjg cfs eros`fs ozucjs. Duog `fg`cuyj quj co hajc quj prjjrjg sus `cajgtjs js prfmu`amo pfr oljdos quj pfcagazog frjs mj gorogdf.
¶_uaág utacazð jc hátfmf `ajgtè`f6 (Ogo/Duog)
Jxpcaquj su rjspujsto4
O`tavamom 0.
Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs. @fhprjgsaðg cj`tfro y, osf`ao`aðg mj `fg`jptfs.
?. Cjo co sakuajgtj bastfrao. Guhjrj `omo pïrroef. @fhpcjtj jc `uomrf oc goc mj co cj`turo.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc mjs`ulrahajgtf mj co pjga`acago Ocjxogmjr Ecjhagk euj ug háma`f ha`rflaðcfkf ha `rflaðcfkf? js`f`ás quj go`að jg ?22? y hurað jg ?1::. ^fr sus mjs`ulrahajgtfs, kogð jc prjhaf Gfljc mj hjma`ago jg ?1=:.
Ocjxogmjr Ecjhagk
Jg ?1<2 Ecjhagk jstolo rjocazogmf ug jxpjrahjgtf `fg ugos lo`tjraos ccohomos Ptopbycf`f``us ourjus (quj prfmu`jg mavjrsos agej``afgjs mj co pajc y jgejrhjmomjs). Bolèo rjocazomf vorafs `uctavfs< jg ugos pco`os poro jstumaorcos, pjrf flsjrvð flsjr vð quj ockugos sj bolèog `fgtohagomf `fg ug bfgkf, quj bolèo mjtjgamf jc `rj`ahajgtf mj cos lo`tjraos. Jgtfg`js pjgsð quj jstj bfgkf mjlèo prfmu`ar ugo sustog`ao quj hotolo o cos lo`tjraos. Oascð y `uctavð jc bfgkf jg jc colfrotfraf, y rjocazð `uctavfs `fg hïs lo`tjraos, `fhprflogmf quj jc bfgkf cos jcahagolo. Mj jstj hfmf Ecjhagk mjhfstrð quj jc bfgkf, quj pjrtjgj`èo o co jspj`aj ^jga`acuh `br ysfkjguh , prfmu`èo ugo sustog`ao quj hotolo o cos lo`tjraos, o co quj sj ccohð pjga`acago. Js osè `fhf aga`að jc jstumaf mj cfs ogtalaðta`fs, quj bog pjrhatamf socvor haccfgjs mj vamos jg tfmf jc hugmf.
^osfs mjc hátfmf `ajgtèe`f Flsjrvo`aðg
Gôhjrf mj pïrroef mfgmj jstï rjprjsjgt rjprjsjgtomf omf jc posf
Bapðtjsas
Jxpjrahjgto`aðg @fg`cusaðg
Kcfsoraf okrðgfhf4 ^rfejsafgoc okrðgfhf4 ^rfejsafgoc quj jstumao co okra`ucturo y co kogomjrèo. eugka`amo44 Pustog`ao quj jcahago cfs bfgkfs. eugka`amo krovjmom4 Eujrzo eèsa`o quj otroj o tfmfs cfs `ujrpfs bo`ao jc `jgtrf mjc pcogjto ]ajrro. ?
Jspj`aocasto quj jstumao cfs ha`rffrkogashfs.
<
Hátfmf poro co huctapca`o`aðg mj ha`rffrkogashfs, `fhf lo`tjraos, bfgkfs y porïsatfs, jg jc quj sj prjporo ug hjmaf ðptahf poro eovfrj`jr jc prf`jsf mjsjomf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo <
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\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
Amjgta`f cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f kuotjhoctj`f Ejrgogmf Hozorajkfs. Mjgf quá js jc hátfmf `ajgtè`f. Maejrjg`af jgtrj ugo bapðtjsas, ugo tjfrèo y ugo cjy. \j`fgfz`f cfs posfs mjc hátfmf `ajgtè`f jg jxpjrahjgtfs f mjs`ulrahajgtfs. \jocazf ug jxpjrahjgtf sakuajgmf cfs posfs mjc hátfmf `ajgtè`f.
Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhportar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
0 ]fmf cf quj gfs rfmjo js hotjrao ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 Duog Ejrgogmf Hjmrogf ^ocfhf. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. Jxpjrahjgtogmf `fg co mjgsamom mj co hotjrao.
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Amjgta`or cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f kuotjhoctj`f Duog Ejrgogmf Hjmrogf ^ocfhf.
Mjgar `fg sus pocolros jc `fg`jptf mj hotjrao, amjgta`ogmf jdjhpcfs mj su jgtfrgf.
Maejrjg`aor jgtrj cos mastagtos prfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao.
Amjgta`or cos prfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao jg fldjtfs f sjrjs mj su jgtfrgf.
\jocazor ug jxpjrahjgtf sflrj ugo prfpajmom mj co hotjrao, sakuajgmf cfs posfs mjc hátfmf `ajgtè`f.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 0
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! Cjo co sakuajgtj gfta`ao sflrj cfs opfrtjs mjc Mr. Duog Ejrgogmf Hjmrogf.
Zg `ajgtèe`f mjc hugmf ^fr sus jstumafs o`jr`o mj co `fhpfsa`aðg kjgáta`o mj co cj`bj y jc `rj`ahajgtf mj cfs ogahocjs, jc `ajgtè`f kuotjhoctj`f Duog Ejrgogmf Hjmrogf ^ocfhf rj`alað co Hjmocco mj @ajg`ao y ]j`gfcfkèo ]j`gfcfkèo jg jc <>>?. ^F\ CZ@Q @OCMJ\ÐG Murogtj cos hïs mj mfs má`omos quj jc mf`tfr Hjmrogf tajgj mj rjsamar jg jc
Mr. Duog Ejrgogmf Hjmrogf
jxtrogdjrf bo mjsto`omf pfr sus trolodfs sflrj co hfma`o`aðg mj co `fhpfsa`aðg mj cfs ï`amfs krosfs jg co cj`bj, `fg jc fldjtavf mj prfmu`ar hogtjquacco hïs suovj y socumolcj poro jc `fgsuhf buhogf9 o su vjz, bo ag`ursafgomf jg co mjtjrhago`aðg mjc sjxf jg cfs pj`js. Jc `ajgtè`f, pfr su sflrjsocajgtj troyj`tfrao o`omáha`o, fltuvf ugo lj`o jg ?1;?, poro `fgtaguor su prjporo`aðg prfejsafgoc jg co Zgavjrsamom mj @ocaefrgao Z@M-Movas, jg Jstomfs Zgamfs. ]ajgj hïs mj ?5> pulca`o`afgjs jg mastagtos rjvastos agtjrgo`afgocjs. Bo ahportamf `ursfs mj Kjgáta`o, Jstomèsta`o Opca`omo jg cos @ajg`aos Okrè`fcos y Lafagefrhïta`o jg co `atomo ugavjrsamom, y bo samf prfejsfr y `fgejrjg`asto jg ftros `osos mj jstumafs supjrafrjs9 tohlaág jg sahpfsafs agtjrgo`afgocjs jg Jstomfs Zgamfs, Ohára`o y Jurfpo. @uogmf rj`alað co Hjmocco mj @ajg`ao quj ftfrko jc @fgsjdf Go`afgoc mj @ajg`ao y jc @fgkrjsf mj co \jpôlca`o, jxprjsð quj su trolodf cf oposafgo y quj ugf mj sus hoyfrjs cfkrfs bo samf sjr o`jptomf `fhf `ajgtè`f jg jc jxtrogdjrf y `fgtraluar o co efrho`aðg mj gujvfs agvjstakomfrjs. Mjlamf o sus hôctapcjs f`upo`afgjs o`omáha`os y `ajgtè`os gf euj pfsalcj `fgto`torcf poro bo`jrcj fpfrtugohjgtj co jgtrjvasto `frrjspfgmajgtj `frrjspfgmajgtj.. Pag jhlorkf, pfr sjr jc `ajgtè`f quj `fhpcjto co sjraj –cfs hjmoccastos mj `ajg`ao‘, quj sj pulca`o mjsmj f`tulrj mjc oÿf posomf jg jstj jspo`af mj @ajg`ao y ]j`gfcfkèo ]j`gfcfkèo jg Kuotjhoco, prjsjgtohfs jsto lrjvj rjsjÿo mj sus cfkrfs hïs ahpfrtogtjs.
]fhomf mj4 ^rjgso Calrj.`fh Calrj.`fh Uamo
¡O trolodor! ?. Jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros ug ljgj`af mjc opfrtj mjc `ajgtè`f Duog Ejrgogmf Hjmrogf ^ocfhf jg co socum buhogo.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. ¶_uá js co hotjrao6 ]fmf cf quj gfs rfmjo jstï efrhomf pfr hotjrao. Mjsmj `ujrpfs tog cjdogfs `fhf cos kocoxaos, bosto cfs hïs `jr`ogfs `fhf gujstros prfpaos `ácucos. Mjsmj cfs hïs krogmjs `fhf jc Pfc, bosto cfs hïs pjqujÿfs quj sfcf pfmjhfs vjr `fg co oyumo mj ug ha`rfs`fpaf. Mjsmj cfs `ujrpfs vavfs `fhf cos pcogtos, bosto cfs gf vavfs, `fhf jc okuo y jc oarj...] oarj...]fmf fmf js hotjrao.
Co hotjrao js tfmf oqujccf quj tajgj hoso y f`upo ug cukor jg jc jspo`af. hotjrao js Co ugamom hïs pjqujÿo j agmavasalcj quj efrho co hotjrao sj ccoho ïtfhf, quj jstumaorjhfs mjtoccomohjgtj jg cos prðxahos sjhogos. Zgo sustog`ao sustog`ao js ugo pfr`aðg mj hotjrao quj sj maejrjg`ao mj ftro pfr sus prfpajmomjs, yo quj tajgj ugo `fhpfsa`aðg quèha`o mjgamo. Cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs goturocjs sfg cos sustog`aos lïsa`os. Jstïg efrhomfs pfr ug sfcf tapf mj ïtfhfs y gf sj pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjr jg sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs. Ma`bf jg ftros pocolros, `omo tapf mj ïtfhf quj jxastj js ug jcjhjgtf. Jg co goturocjzo jxastjg hïs mj ?>> jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs, pfr jdjhpcf4 pftosaf, `oc`af, pcoto y frf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 0
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Pjkôg co eèsa`o, co hotjrao pujmj mavamarsj jg4
\j`ujrmj4 15% mjc `ujrpf buhogf jstï efrhomf pfr `uotrf jcjhjgtfs4 `orlfgf, fxèkjgf, bamrðkjgf y gatrðkjgf. Cfs ïtfhfs mj jstfs jcjhjgtfs sj `fhlagog poro efrhor hfcá`ucos? `fhf jc okuo (bamrðkjgf y fxèkjgf) f `orlfbamrotfs (`orlfgf, bamrðkjgf y fxèkjgf).
Pustog`aos sahpcjs , sahpcjs, quj jstïg efrhomos pfr ug hashf jcjhjgtf. ^fr jdjhpcf4 jc fxèkjgf quj rjsparohfs.
Pustog`aos `fhpujstos, `fhpujstos , quj jstïg efrhomos pfr mfs f hïs jcjhjgtfs. ^fr jdjhpcf4 Jc okuo, quj jstï efrhomo pfr bamrðkjgf y fxèkjgf.
Jdjr`a`af ? Js`ralo `ag`f fldjtfs quj jstág bj`bfs mj hotjrao4 o. l. `. m. j.
?
@fgdugtf mj mfs ïtfhfs f hïs, quj pujmjg sjr akuocjs f maejrjgtjs, y quj sj jg`ujgtrog u gamfs mj efrho jstolcj y gjutro.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
<. ^rfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao Jg jc calrf mj @ajg`aos Goturocjs 2 jstumaohfs cos prfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao. Jstj oÿf ohpcaorjhfs sflrj jstj tjho. Jc bajrrf, jc la`orlfgotf y jc hjr`uraf sfg sustog`aos mastagtos, yo quj tajgjg maejrjgtjs prfpajmomjs quj cos `oro`tjrazog. Cos prfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao sj `cosa`og jg mfs krupfs4
<.? ^r ^rfpajmomjs fpajmomjs kjgjrocjs Hoso4 js co `ogtamom mj hotjrao quj Hoso4 tajgj ug `ujrpf.
Ufcuhjg4 js jc cukor quj f`upo ug Ufcuhjg4 `ujrpf jg jc jspo`af.
^jsf4 js co o``aðg mj co eujrzo mj ^jsf4 krovjmom sflrj tfmfs cfs `ujrpfs.
^frfsamom4 sfg cfs jspo`afs vo`èfs ^frfsamom4 quj jxastjg jgtrj cos portè`ucos hïs pjqujÿos quj efrhog ug `ujrpf.
Agjr`ao4 tfmfs cfs `ujrpfs sj Agjr`ao4 jg`ujgtrog jg rjpfsf f jg hfvahajgtf, sajhprj y `uogmf gf jxasto ugo eujrzo jxtjrgo quj cfs hfmaquj.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 0
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Ahpjgjtrolacamom4 `uogmf ug `ujrpf Ahpjgjtrolacamom4 `uogmf f`upo ug cukor, gf pujmj sjr f`upomf pfr ftrf oc hashf tajhpf.
Hfvacamom4 `opo`amom mj ug `ujrpf mj Hfvacamom4 `opo`amom `ohlaor mj pfsa`aðg oc agtjro`tuor `fg ftrfs `ujrpfs.
Jcosta`amom4 `opo`amom mj ug `ujrpf Jcosta`amom4 mj `ohlaor mj efrho `uogmf sj cj opca`o ugo eujrzo, pjrf `uogmf jsto eujrzo `jso, vujcvj o su efrho frakagoc.
Mavasalacamom4 `opo`amom mj ug `ujrpf Mavasalacamom4 `opo`amom mj mavamarsj jg portjs `omo vjz hïs pjqujÿos bosto su jstru`turo hïs lïsa`o4 jc ïtfhf.
Otro``aðg4 `opo`amom mj mfs `ujrpfs, Otro``aðg4 `opo`amom hfcá`ucos f ïtfhfs mj ugarsj.
Hoso y pjsf gf sfg cf hashf. Hoso js co `ogtamom mj hotjrao mj ug `ujrpf, sj hamj jg iacfkrohfs y js agvoraolcj. Jc pjsf pjsf,, sag jhlorkf, mjpjgmj mj co eujrzo mj krovjmom, quj vorèo jg jc Zgavjrsf. ^fr jdjhpcf, co eujrzo mj krovjmom mj co Cugo js sjas vj`js hjgfr quj mj co ]ajrro. ^fr togtf, ug fldjtf pjso hïs jg co ]ajrro quj jg co Cugo.
:>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
<.< ^r ^rfpajmomjs fpajmomjs jspj`èea`os Cos prfpajmomjs jspj`è`os mj co hotjrao pujmjg sjr eèsa`os f quèha`os.
<.<.? ^rfpajmomjs eèsa`os Pfg cos prfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao quj pfmjhfs pjr`alar y hjmar, sag octjror su `fhpfsa`aðg. Ockugos mj jstos prfpajmomjs sfg4 Mjgsamom4 js co `ogtamom mj hoso jg ug mjtjrhagomf vfcuhjg. Mjgsamom4 js
Jstomf4 js co efrho jg co quj jstïg okrjkomos cos portè`ucos quj efrhog co Jstomf4 hotjrao.
^rfpajmomjs frkogfcápta`os4 frkogfcápta`os4 sfg cos quj pfmjhfs pjr`alar `fg gujstrfs sjgtamfs. @fcfr4 pjr`jp`aðg mj gujstrfs fdfs mj co portj vasalcj mj co cuz. Fcfr4 pjr`jp`aðg mj gujstrf sjgtamf mjc fceotf o cos portè`ucos mj ockugfs hotjraocjs quj sj jg`ujgtrog masujctos jg jc oarj. Polfr4 pjr`jp`aðg Polfr4 pjr`jp`aðg mj ug `ujrpf o trovás mj gujstrf sjgtamf mjc kustf. Lraccf4 prfpajmom Lraccf4 prfpajmom quj pjrhatj o ug `ujrpf sðcamf rjjdor co cuz. ]jxturo4 efrho jg co quj jstïg mastraluamos cos portè`ucos mj ug fldjtf ]jxturo4 efrho sðcamf, quj cj mog o su supjr`aj ug ospj`tf f rukfsamom jxtjrafr `oro`tjrèsta`fs. Co pjr`alahfs o trovás mjc to`tf.
Jdjr`a`af < Mjs`ralo cos prfpajmomjs frkogfcápta`os mj cos sakuajgtjs sustog`aos4 Ozô`or4 Bajrrf4
Uagokrj4
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 0
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^ugtf mj jlucca`aðg4 jlucca`aðg4 tjhpjroturo `uogmf sj trogsefrho jg kos.
^ugtf mj eusaðg4 tjhpjroturo eusaðg4 tjhpjroturo jg co quj ug sðcamf sj trogsefrho jg cèquamf.
Pfculacamom4 `opo`amom mj ugo sustog`ao sustog`ao mj masfcvjrsj jg ftro, ccohomo sfcvjgtj.
Murjzo4 rjsastjg`ao quj tajgj ug `ujrpf sðcamf o sjr Murjzo4 rjsastjg`ao royomf, `frtomf, mjefrhomf f pjgjtromf.
]jgo`amom4 rjsastjg`ao quj tajgj ug `ujrpf o ]jgo`amom4 rfhpjrsj f mjefrhorsj.
@fgmu`tavamom jcá`tra`o4 `opo`amom jcá`tra`o4 `opo`amom mj ug `ujrpf mj mjdor posor ugo `frrajgtj jcá`tra`o.
@fgmu`tavamom tárha`o4 `opo`amom tárha`o4 `opo`amom mj ug `ujrpf mj `fgmu`ar `ocfr `ocfr..
Hocjolacamom4 prfpajmom mj cfs hjtocjs quj cjs Hocjolacamom4 pjrhatj trogsefrhorsj jg cïhagos mjckomos pfr ockugo eujrzo jxtjrgo.
Mu`tacamom4 prfpajmom mj cfs hjtocjs quj cjs pjrhatj Mu`tacamom4 prfpajmom mjefrhorsj bosto efrhor ocohlrjs f bacfs.
Uas`fsamom4 rjsastjg`ao mj cfs cèquamfs o js`urrar f Uas`fsamom4 mjspcozorsj.
Ecjxalacamom4 `opo`amom mj ug `ujrpf mj mflcorsj sag Ecjxalacamom4 `opo`amom rfhpjrsj.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
<.<.< ^rfpajmomjs quèha`os Pfg cos prfpajmomjs quj flsjrvohfs f hjmahfs, sfcf `uogmf ugo sustog`ao quèha`o rjo``afgo `fg ftro y octjro co `fhpfsa`aðg f jstru`turo agtjrgo mj co hotjrao. ^fr jdjhpcf4 \jo`tavamom quèha`o4 js quèha`o4 js co `opo`amom mj ugo sustog`ao mj rjo``afgor `fg ftro (`fg okuo, ï`amfs, hjtocjs, jt`.).
Agoholacamom4 `opo`amom Agoholacamom4 `ujrpf mj jg`jgmjrsj.
mj
ug
]fxa`amom4 `opo`amom mj prfmu`ar jej`tfs moÿagfs f tðxa`fs jg cfs sjrjs vavfs. Ftros prfpajmomjs sfg4 quá tog ï`amo f oc`ocago js ugo sustog`ao, sa sj mjs`fhpfgj oc `ocjgtorsj, sa jxpcfto f sa ormj jg jc oarj. Ockugos prfpajmomjs mj sustog`aos `fhugjs Pustog`ao Poc (`cfrurf mj sfmaf) Ozuerj
Okuo
Ockugos prfpajmomjs eèsa`os
Ockugos prfpajmomjs quèha`os Js ug sðcamf agfmfrf, ag`fcfrf, sag lraccf, `fg ugo Oc opca`ïrsjcj jcj`tra`amom, sj 0 mjgsamom mj 5: ik/h , su pugtf mj eusaðg js mj sjporog sus `fhpfgjgtjs. 2>?¾@ y jc mj jlucca`aðg mj ?=5:¾@. Js ug sðcamf mj fcfr mjsokromolcj, mj `fcfr Ormj `uogmf rjo``afgo `fg 0 ohoraccf, sag lraccf, su mjgsamom js mj ?15> ik/h , jc fxèkjgf. su pugtf mj eusaðg js mj ??:¾@ y jc mj jlucca`aðg mj ===.;¾@. Js ug cèquamf agfmfrf, ag`fcfrf, su mjgsamom js mj \jo``afgo `fg hjtocjs, 111.1; ik/h 0, su pugtf mj eusaðg js mj >¾@ y jc mj gf hjtocjs, socjs y ftrfs jlucca`aðg mj ?>>¾@. `fhpujstfs.
Jdjr`a`af 0 Agmaquj sa cos sakuajgtjs satuo`afgjs `frrjspfgmjg o prfpajmomjs kjgjrocjs, eèsa`os f quèha`os4 ?. Jc `orlðg js ug hotjraoc pfrfsf. <. Jc ocuhagaf js ug hjtoc huy hocjolcj. 0. Jc oc`fbfc js ug cèquamf huy agoholcj.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 0
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Jxpjrahjgtogmf `fg co mjgsamom mj co hotjrao Agtrfmu``aðg @fhf vahfs ogtjrafrhjgtj, co mjgsamom mjgsamom js js ugo prfpajmom eèsa`o mj co hotjrao, quj sj mjgj `fhf co `ogtamom mj hoso jg ug mjtjrhagomf vfcuhjg. O `fgtaguo`aðg, rjocazorjhfs ug jxpjrahjgtf sflrj jsto prfpajmom.
Hotjraocjs •
Zg vosf mj vamraf trogsporjgtj.
•
Okuo, o`jatj y hajc.
•
Zgo `u`boromo.
•
Zg `fr`bf, ug trfzf mj vjrmuro f eruto, hjtoc y ug pjmozf pjqujÿf mj ugo `ogmjco.
? ^rf`jmahajgtf
? Jg ug vosf mj vamraf trogsporjgtj, okrjkuj, jg jc frmjg quj sj cj agma`o, cfs sakuajgtjs cèquamfs4 okuo, o`jatj y hajc. Ztaca`j ugo `u`boro ag`cagomo poro okrjkorcfs, mj hogjro quj sj mjsca`jg cjgtohjgtj y gf sj hjz`cjg.
:=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
< Flsjrvj quá su`jmj y sjÿocj jg jc maludf jc frmjg mj cfs cèquamfs. Jc quj jstá hïs bo`ao olodf, js jc hïs mjgsf
0 Agtrfmuz`o maejrjgtjs fldjtfs (`fr`bf, trfzf mj vjrmuro f eruto, hjtoc, pjmozf pjqujÿf mj ugo `ogmjco).
=
okuo o`jatj hajc `fr`bf trfzf mj vjrmurto f eruto
Horquj `fg ugo R co `opo mfgmj sj qujmog cfs maejrjgtjs fldjtfs.
hjtoc pjmozf pjqujÿf mj `ogmjco
: Js`ralo su `fg`cusaðg sflrj jc jxpjrahjgtf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 0
::
\jsuhjg Co hotjrao hotjrao js js tfmf oqujccf quj tajgj hoso y f`upo ug cukor jg jc jspo`af. Co ugamom hïs pjqujÿo j agmavasalcj quj efrho co hotjrao sj ccoho ïtfhf . Cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs goturocjs sfg cos sustog`aos lïsa`os efrhomos pfr ug sfcf tapf mj ïtfhfs y gf sj pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjr jg sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs. Pustog`aos sahpcjs4 efrhomos sahpcjs4 efrhomos pfr ug hashf jcjhjgtf.
Co hotjrao sj `cosa`o jg Pustog`aos `fhpujstos4 efrhomos `fhpujstos4 efrhomos pfr mfs f hïs jcjhjgtfs. ^rfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao Kjgjrocjs • • • • • • • • • •
Hoso Ufcuhjg ^jsf ^frfsamom Agjr`ao Ahpjgjtrolacamom Hfvacamom Jcosta`amom Mavasalacamom Otro``aðg
Jspj`èe`os
• • •
• • • • • • • • • • •
^rfpajmomjs eèsa`os Mjgsamom Jstomf ^rfpajmomjs frkogfcápta`os frkog fcápta`os ^ugtf mj jlucca`aðg ^ugtf mj eusaðg Pfculacamom Murjzo ]jgo`amom @fgmu`tavamom jcá`tra`o @fgmu`tavamom tárha`o Hocjolacamom Mu`tacamom Uas`fsamom Ecjxalacamom
• • • • • • •
^rfpajmomjs quèha`os \jo`tavamom quèha`o Agoholacamom ]fxa`amom O`amjz f oc`ocagamom @opo`amom mj jxpcftor @opo`amom mj ormjr @opo`amom mj mjs`fhpfgjrsj oc `ocjgtorsj
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... @fgfz`o hïs sflrj cos prfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao y sus opca`o`afgjs jg jc sakuajgtj cagi4 bttp4//www.yfutulj.`fh/wot`b6v8ok0lPoI[hq2 \joca`j o`tavamomjs agtjro`tavos sflrj cos prfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao4 bttp4//`fg`ursf.`ga`j.hj`.js/`ga`j<>>:/10Vaga`ao`afgVagtjro`tavoVhotjrao/`ursf/hotjraocjs/agma`j. bth ^rfeugma`j sflrj co maejrjg`ao jgtrj hoso y pjsf4 bttp4//www.prfejsfrjgcagjo.`c/sa`o/hosoypjsf.bth bttp4//www.prfejsfrjgcagjo.`c/sa`o/hosoypjsf.bth
:5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?.
Mjhujstrj cf oprjgmamf.
O. Mj cos sakuajgtjs mjga`afgjs, sulroyj co quj `frrjspfgmj4 ?. Co hotjrao js4
o) ]fmf cf quj jstï efrhomf pfr ïtfhfs. l) ]fmf cf quj gfs rfmjo. `) Cos sustog`aos quj jstïg efrhomos pfr ug sfcf tapf mj ïtfhfs. m) o y l sfg `frrj`tos. <. Cos sakuajgtjs sfg prfpajmomjs quèha`os mj co hotjrao, jx`jptf4
o) \jo`tavamom quèha`o l) Jcosta`amom `) Agoholacamom m) ]fxa`amom 0. Jc pugtf mj jlucca`aðg js ugo prfpajmom4
o) Kjgjroc l) Eèsa`o `) Jspj`è`o m) l y ` sfg `frrj`tos =. Cos sakuajgtjs sfg prfpajmomjs kjgjrocjs mj co hotjrao, jx`jptf4
o) ]jxturo l) Hoso `) ^jsf m) Otro``aðg
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 0
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L. Js`ralo ugo R mjlodf mj cos acustro`afgjs acustro`afgjs mj fldjtfs f sjrjs quj jstïg efrhomfs pfr hotjrao4
@.
Jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros co maejrjg`ao jgtrj4 o. ^rfpajmomjs eèsa`os y quèha`os mj co hotjrao4
l. Pustog`ao sahpcj y `fhpujsto4
O`tavamom <.
Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf.
Cjo jc sakuajgtj pïrroef, y cujkf js`ralo `uïcjs prfpajmomjs sfg quèha`os y `uïcjs eèsa`os4 Jc ocuhagaf js ug jcjhjgtf quèha`f huy olugmogtj jg jc pcogjto ]ajrro. Js ug hjtoc cakjrf quj sj jg`ujgtro jg jstomf sðcamf, js mj `fcfr lcog`f, agfmfrf y tajgj lraccf. Pu mjgsamom js mj <;>> ik/h 0. Js lujg `fgmu`tfr mj co jcj`tra`amom y mjc `ocfr `ocfr,, js huy hocjolcj y rjsastjgtj. Jc ocuhagaf js huy rjo`tavf `fg fxèkjgf, `fg ï`amf `cfrbèmra`f j bamrðxamf mj sfmaf (ugo sustog`ao oc`ocago). Pj utacazo jg co agmustrao poro sfcmor, poro eolra`or hotjraocjs mj `fgstru``aðg y jg cègjos mj trogshasaðg mj jcj`tra`amom y `fhuga`o`aðg. Osahashf, sj jhpcjo poro co eolra`o`aðg mj vjgtogos, pujrtos, cïhagos, tulfs, pajzos mj vjbè`ucfs, jspjdfs, cotos y popjc ocuhagaf.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
^rfpajmomjs eèsa`os4
^rfpajmomjs quèha`os4
O`tavamom 0.
Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs. Opca`o`aðg mj `fg`jptfs.
?. Mj cos sakuajgtjs o`tavamomjs mj co vamo vamo maorao, sjcj``afgj quá prfpajmom f prfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao lus`orèo jg `omo hotjraoc. o) Zgo `f`agjro gj`jsato ugo sustog`ao omj`uomo poro prjporor ugo ra`o `fhamo.
l) Zg jcj`tra`asto gj`jsato jcjkar ug hjtoc omj`uomf poro `fgstruar ug ocohlrj. ocohlrj.
`) Zgo sjÿfro gj`jsato ug hotjraoc omj`uomf omj`uomf poro poro prjgmjr prjgmjr eujkf. eujkf.
m) Zg `fgstru`tfr gj`jsato `fgstruar ugo `oso `fg hotjraocjs rjsastjgtjs.
j) Zg jspj`aocasto jspj`aocasto gj`jsato hotjraocjs poro `fgstruar eujkfs orta`aocjs.
Kcfsoraf `ujrpf4 ^fr`aðg mj co hotjrao jg jstomf sðcamf. eujrzo mj krovjmom4 Eujrzo quj otroj o tfmfs cfs `ujrpfs bo`ao jc `jgtrf mj co ]ajrro. hfcá`uco4 @fgdugtf mj mfs ïtfhfs f hïs, quj pujmjg sjr akuocjs f maejrjgtjs, y quj sj jg`ujgtrog ugamfs mj efrho jstolcj y gjutro.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 0
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\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
Amjgta`f cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f kuotjhoctj`f Duog Ejrgogmf Hjmrogf ^ocfhf. Mjgf `fg has pocolros jc `fg`jptf mj hotjrao, amjgta`ogmf jdjhpcfs mj ha jgtfrgf. Maejrjg`af jgtrj cos mastagtos prfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao. Amjgta`f cos prfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao jg fldjtfs f sjrjs mj ha jgtfrgf. \jocazf ug jxpjrahjgtf sflrj ugo prfpajmom mj co hotjrao, sakuajgmf cfs posfs mjc hátfmf `ajgtè`f.
Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhportar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
5>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
=
Jc hugmf mj co quèha`o ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 Ijg Cfu @ostaccf. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. Jc bajcf f`upo hïs jspo`af quj jc okuo.
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Amjgta`or cfs opfrtjs mjc agvjgtfr kuotjhoctj`f Ijg Cfu @ostaccf.
Amjgta`or fldjtfs `ftamaogfs, sjkôg jc jstomf mj co hotjrao jg quj sj jg`ujgtrjg.
Maejrjg`aor jgtrj `ohlafs quèha`fs y eèsa`fs mj co hotjrao, o trovás mj jdjhpcfs mj su jgtfrgf.
^fgjr jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf o trovás mj ug jxpjrahjgtf `ajgtè`f, y jxpca`or sus rjsuctomfs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo =
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! Ijg Cfu @ostaccf Ijg Cfu @ostaccf go`að jg Kuotjhoco jg ?11=. Mjsmj huy pjqujÿf pomj`að maejrjgtjs ocjrkaos, jgtrj cos quj jstolo co ocj rkao oc buhf. ^fr jccf, mj`amað agvjgtor ug cjÿf poro co `bahjgjo quj gf so`oro s o`oro buhf. ^rflð ^rflð `fg voraos fp`afgjs bosto quj jg`fgtrð hotjraocjs mj mjsj`bf mj homjro y ftrfs prfmu`tfs, `fhf co poroeago mj sfyo, quj oyumog o jg`jgmjr efkotos rïpamohjgtj. Ijg Cfu @ostaccf
Ijg `rjð jstj agvjgtf jg <>><, `uogmf tjgèo 1 oÿfs, `fgvartaágmfsj jg co pjrsfgo hïs dfvjg jg potjgtor ug prfmu`tf jg Kuotjhoco, y js jc hajhlrf hïs dfvjg mj co @fhasaðg mj Agvjgtfrjs mj Kuotjhoco. Pu agvjgtf js `fhjr`aocazomf `fg jc gfhlrj mj Hr. Eujkf, y sj jg`ujgtro maspfgalcj jg cfs supjrhjr`omfs mj Kuotjhoco. Jstj agvjgtf gf sðcf js ôtac poro cos pjrsfgos quj pomj`jg mj ocjrkao oc buhf, sagf quj `fgtraluyj o gf `fgtohagor jc hjmaf ohlajgtj y o mashaguar co mjefrjsto`aðg. Ijg tohlaág ahportj `borcos o dðvjgjs jg maejrjgtjs `fcjkafs. Bo rj`alamf prjhafs mj agstatu`afgjs jmu`otavos, mj hjmaf ohlajgtj y hjmafs mj `fhuga`o`aðg. O`tuochjgtj jstumao co ca`jg`aoturo jg @ajg`aos mj co @fhuga`o`aðg jg co Zgavjrsamom \oeojc \ oeojc Cogmèvor Cogmèvor.. ]jxtf ] jxtf losomf jg4 jg4 Kuotjhoctj`fs Acustrjs. Pjkurfs Zgavjrsocjs , P.O.4 P.O.4 bttp4// kuotjhoctj`fsacustrjs.`fh/jhprjsoraoc/ijg-cfu-`ostaccf/
¡O trolodor! ?. Jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros ug ljgj`af mjc opfr tj mjc agvjgtfr kuotjhoctj`f Ijg Cfu @ostaccf4
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. Jstomfs mj co hotjrao Co hotjrao pujmj jg`fgtrorsj jg `uotrf jstomfs eèsa`fs. eèsa`fs . Jg jc calrf mj @ajg`aos Goturocjs 2, jstumaohfs cfs jstomfs mj co hotjrao, pfr cf quj jg jsto f`osaðg f`osað g borjhfs ug lrjvj rjposf y ohpcaorjhfs co agefrho`aðg.
Jstomf
Efrho
Ufcuhjg
Pðcamf
Efrho Efr ho mj mjga gamo mo.. Mj Mjg gam amf. f.
Cèquamf
]fhog co efrho mjc rj`apajgtj quj cfs `fgtajgj.
Mjgamf.
Ftros `oro`tjrèsta`os
@oro`tjrèsta`os Jdjhpcfs agtjrgos Cfs ïtfhfs jstïg \f`o, krogfs mj frmjgomfs mj soc y bujsfs. efrho mjgamo y rjkucor, sj hujvjg pf`f jg efrho mj valro`aðg.
^ujmjg uar, mj- Cfs ïtfhfs sj pjgmajgmf mj su jg`ujgtrog ockf vas`fsamom. `jr`ogfs y sj pujmjg hfvjr. calrjhjgtj.
Uagokrj, sogkrj y kosfcago.
^ujmjg sjr sfculcjs f agsfculcjs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo =
50
Jstomf
Efrho
Ufcuhjg ]fhog jc vfcuhjg mjc rj`apajgtj quj cfs `fgtajgj.
Ftros `oro`tjrèsta`os ^ujmjg jxpogmarsj y sj pujmjg hjz`cor `fg ftrfs kosjs rïpamohjgtj.
@oro`tjrèsta`os agtjrgos Pus ïtfhfs jstïg huy sjporomfs y sj hujvjg mj efrho agmjpjgmajgtj.
Kosjfsf
]fhog co efrho mjc rj`apajgtj quj cfs `fgtajgj.
^cosho
Pag efrho mjgamo.
]fhog jc vfcuhjg mjc rj`apajgtj quj cfs `fgtajgj.
^ujmjg efrhor ockugos jstru`turos `fhf cos mj cfs sðcamfs.
Pus ïtfhfs pajrmjg jcj`trfgjs pfr jc jej`tf mj octos tjhpjroturos y prjsaðg, cfs `uocjs sj hujvjg calrj y rïpamohjgtj, `bf`ogmf jgtrj sè caljrogmf jgjrkèo.
¡O trolodor! ?. Mj cos sakuajgtjs sustog`aos, agmaquj o quá jstomf mj co hotjrao `frrjspfgmjg4 Cïkrahos4 Hôs`ucfs4 Oarj4 Pfc4
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jdjhpcfs Oarj, maðxamf mj `orlfgf y fzfgf.
Js jc jstomf hïs olugmogtj mj co goturocjzo, efrho co hoyfr portj mj hotjrao mjc Zgavjrsf. ^fr jdjhpcf, sj jg`ujgtro jg cos jstrjccos, gjlucfsos, f orta`aochjgtj jg cos pogtoccos mj ockugos tjcjvasafgjs.
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs <. @ohlafs mj co hotjrao Co hotjrao pujmj suerar `ohlafs, quj sj `cosa`og jg `ohlafs eèsa`f s f quèha`fs.
<.? @ohlafs eèsa`fs Pfg cfs `ohlafs quj f`urrjg jg co hotjrao, sag octjror su jstru`turo ga `fhpfsa`aðg. ^fr jdjhpcf4 •
@ohlafs mj efrho ^fr jdjhpcf, `uogmf cfs bjrrjrfs `fgstruyjg ugo sacco mj hjtoc efrdomf.
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@ohlafs mj vfcuhjg Macoto`aðg4 @uogmf co tjhpjroturo ouhjgto, ouhjgto jc vfcuhjg. @fgtro``aðg4 @uogmf co tjhpjroturo lodo, mashaguyj jc vfcuhjg.
•
@ohlafs mj tohoÿf ^fr jdjhpcf, `uogmf `frtohfs cjÿo mj ug ïrlfc.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo =
5:
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@ohlafs mj jstomf eèsa`f. Co hotjrao pujmj `ohlaor mj jstomf (sðcamf, cèquamf, kosjfsf f pcosho) ^fr jdjhpcf, `uogmf mjrrjtahfs hogtjquacco.
•
@ohlafs mj pfsa`aðg ^fr jdjhpcf, `uogmf ug gaÿf jhpudo o ftrf y cf mjspcozo mj cukor.
•
Hjz`cos4 `uogmf sj hjz`cog voraos Hjz`cos4 `uogmf sustog`aos, sag quj pajrmog sus prfpajmomjs.
^fr jdjhpcf, ugo jgsocomo mj vjkjtocjs.
Ockugfs `ohlafs eèsa`fs quj f`urrjg jg co goturocjzo sfg jc mjrrjtahajgtf mj cfs pfcfs, co efrho`aðg mj ccuvao o portar mj cos guljs y co efrho`aðg mj hfgtoÿos y ras`fs pfr mjskostj mjlamf o co o``aðg mj cfs vajgtfs.
Jdjr`a`af ? \jco`afgj cfs sakuajgtjs jdjhpcfs mj `ohlafs eèsa`fs `fg cos prfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao quj jstumaohfs co sjhogo ogtjrafr4 jxalacamom ‐ mavasalacamom - hfvacamom ‐ jcosta`amom. ?. @uogmf pfmohfs ugo pcogto mj `oeá4 <. @uogmf jstarohfs ug bucj poro ohorrorgfs jc `oljccf4 0. @uogmf mflcohfs ug ocohlrj poro `fgstruar ug kog`bf4 =. @uogmf `bf`og mfs `orrfs, prfvf`ogmf quj `ohlajg mj marj``aðg4
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
<.< @ohlafs quèha`fs Pfg cfs `ohlafs quj f`urrjg `uogmf co hotjrao octjro octjro su su `fhpfsa`aðg y sus prfpajmomjs. Oc f`urrar ug `ohlaf quèha`f jg co hotjrao, sj fltajgjg hotjraocjs mastagtfs o cfs frakagocjs. Poljhfs quj f`urrað ug `ohlaf quèha`f `uogmf vjhfs, pfr jdjhpcf, ug `ohlaf mj `fcfr u fcfr, f quj sj prfmu`jg kosjs, eujkf, cuz, `ocfr f jxpcfsafgjs. Ockugfs `ohlafs quèha`fs sfg4 •
@fhlustaðg4 js ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o mfgmj sj mjsprjgmj krog @fhlustaðg4 js `ogtamom mj cuz y `ocfr, jg efrho mj ugo ccoho. ^fr jdjhpcf, `uogmf ormj co kosfcago. Pj flsjrvo quj prfmu`j ccoho.
•
Fxamo`aðg mj cfs hjtocjs4 hjtocjs 4 js ugo rjo``aðg quj f`urrj jgtrj ug hjtoc y jc fxèkjgf. ^fr jdjhpcf, `uogmf sj fxamo ug `covf. Pj flsjrvo ug `ohlaf mj `fcfr y tjxturo mjc hjtoc.
•
^utrjeo``aðg4 js co mjs`fhpfsa`aðg mj co hotjrao frkïga`o ^utrjeo``aðg4 hujrto. ^fr jdjhpcf, `uogmf sj pumrj ug bujvf. Pj sajgtj hoc fcfr fcfr..
•
Ejrhjgto`aðg4 js ug prf`jsf mj fxamo`aðg ? quj f`urrj sag co Ejrhjgto`aðg4 prjsjg`ao mj fxèkjgf y quj mo `fhf prfmu`tf ug `fhpujstf frkïga`f. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc pog sj prfmu`j kro`aos o co ejrhjgto`aðg mj co cjvomuro.
Jdjhpcfs mj `ohlafs quèha`fs jg co goturocjzo4 •
•
?
Co eftfsègtjsas, quj js jc prf`jsf hjmaogtj jc `uoc cos pcogtos trogsefrhog co jgjrkèo mj co cuz sfcor jg jgjrkèo quèha`o (gutrajgtjs).
¶Polèo quá6 Jc prf`jsf mj gaxtohocazo`aðg js ug prf`jsf jg jc quj sj uso okuo, `ocfr y `oc. Oc hjz`cor jc hoèz `fg jstfs trjs jcjhjgtfs, f`urrjg `ohlafs quèha`fs quj aguyjg jg co `fhpfsa`aðg quèha`o mjc hoèz y su `fgtjgamf mj gutrajgtjs.
Co makjstaðg, quj js jc prf`jsf hjmaogtj jc `uoc cos pjrsfgos y cfs ogahocjs trogsefrhog cfs ocahjgtfs jg sustog`aos hïs sjg`accos poro sjr olsfrlamos pfr jc `ujrpf.
^rf`jsf pfr jc `uoc jxastj ugo pármamo mj jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo =
5;
<.0 @ohlafs eèsa`fs y quèha`fs jg jc `ujrpf buhogf y opca`o`afgjs jg co vamo maorao Jc sjr buhogf, `fhf tfmf sjr vavajgtj, jstï efrhomf pfr hotjrao. Jg gujstrf `ujrpf f`urrjg maoraohjgtj `ohlafs eèsa`fs y quèha`fs. Jdjhpcfs mj `ohlafs eèsa`fs4 •
•
¶Polèo quá6 Jc hjtolfcashf js jc `fgdugtf mj `ohlafs eèsa`fs y quèha`fs quj sj prfmu`jg mjgtrf mjc `ujrpf buhogf poro fltjgjr jgjrkèo.
•
@rj`ahajgtf mjc `oljccf, uÿos f bujsfs.
Jstarohajgtf mj co pajc murogtj jc jhlorozf f mj cfs hôs`ucfs.
Hfvahajgtf mj cfs pajs.
Jdjhpcfs mj `ohlafs quèha`fs4 •
•
•
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Co rjsparo`aðg, hjmaogtj co `uoc sj trogsefrho jc fxèkjgf quj fltjgjhfs oc agbocor, jg maðxamf mj `orlfgf oc jxbocor.
Co efrho`aðg mj `fstros, murogtj cf `uoc rjo``afgog sustog`aos `fhf jc `fcïkjgf.
Jc prf`jsohajgtf mj sustog`aos tðxa`os jg jc bèkomf, poro jcahagorcos.
Cfs `ohlafs eèsa`fs y quèha`fs mj co hotjrao tohlaág cfs pfmjhfs flsjrvor jg mavjrsos o`tavamomjs y prfmu`tfs mj gujstro vamo `ftamaogo. `f tamaogo. ^fr jdjhpcf4 •
Jg co ocahjgto`aðg4 @ohlaf quèha`f4 o trovás mj co ejrhjgto`aðg sj jcolfro qujsf, ljlamos oc`fbðca`os y pog. @ohlaf eèsa`f4 eolra`o`aðg mj bjcomfs o portar mj dukf mj erutos.
•
Jg co agmustrao4 @ohlaf quèha`f4 poro co pura`o`aðg mj hjtocjs. ^fr jdjhpcf, poro fltjgjr frf ?>>% purf sj utacazog sustog`aos `fhf jc kos `cfrf quj sj `fhlago `fg cos ahpurjzos y cos sjporo mjc frf. @ohlaf eèsa`f4 poro co eugma`aðg mj hjtocjs quj, oc mjrrjtarcfs, pjrhatj quj sjog hfcmjolcjs y sj pujmog `fgstruar jstru`turos `fhf vakos, rjdos f hflacaoraf.
•
Jg co hjma`ago4 @ohlaf quèha`f4 ockugos hjma`agos sj eolra`og o portar mj rjo``afgjs quèha`os. @ohlaf eèsa`f4 co opca`o`aðg mj `ocfr jg ug hôs`ucf o`ocohlromf, bo`j quj rj`flrj su rjcodo`aðg.
Jdjr`a`af < Hjg`afgj ug `ohlaf eèsa`f mj su `ujrpf4
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo =
51
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Jc bajcf f`upo hïs jspo`af quj jc okuo Agtrfmu``aðg Kjgjrochjgtj, cfs sðcamfs f`upog hjgfs jspo`af quj cfs cèquamfs, pujs sus hfcá`ucos sj jg`ujgtrog hïs ugamos y, pfr togtf, sfg hïs `fhpo`tfs. Pag jhlorkf, jg jc `osf mjc okuo f`urrj cf `fgtroraf. Oc `fgkjcorsj, cos hfcá`ucos mj okuo efrhog ugo jstru`turo `rastocago, quj mjdo hu`bfs jspo`afs vo`èfs quj bo`jg quj ouhjgtj su vfcuhjg. Jstfs jspo`afs gf sj jg`ujgtrog jg jc okuo cèquamo, pfr cf quj su vfcuhjg js hjgfr hjgfr..
¶_uá hotjraocjs gj`jsato6 •
Zgo lftjcco mj vamraf trogsporjgtj, rjutacazomo f rj`a`como.
•
Zg hor`omfr pjrhogjgtj.
•
•
@fgkjcomfr (mj su `oso, f pujmj pjmar prjstomf o ug vj`agf f jg ugo tajgmo). Zg `fr`bf, ug trfzf mj vjrmuro f eruto, hjtoc hj toc y ug pjmozf pjqujÿf mj ugo `ogmjco.
^rf`jmahajgtf ?.
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@fcfquj okuo jg ugo lftjcco trogsporjgtj mj vamraf rjutacazomo f rj`a`como, sag ccjgorco.
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
<.
@fg ug hor`omfr pjrhogjgtj, bïkocj ugo hor`o quj sjÿocj co octuro mjc okuo jg co lftjcco.
0.
Hjto co lftjcco o ug `fgkjcomfr `fgkjcomfr..
=.
Oc mèo sakuajgtj, soquj co lftjcco, y flsjrvj quá bo su`jmamf `fg jc okuo. Ogftj sus rjsuctomfs4
:.
Flsjrvj co hor`o y js`ralo `uocquajr `ohlaf quj flsjrvj.
5.
¶_uá tapf mj `ohlaf (eèsa`f f quèha`f) f`urrj jg jc okuo oc jgeraorsj6
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo =
;?
\jsuhjg Co hotjrao pujmj jg`fgtrorsj jg `uotrf jstomfs4
Pðcamfs4 `fg efrho y vfcuhjg mjgamf. Pus Pðcamfs4 `fg ïtfhfs jstïg frmjgomfs mj efrho mjgamo y rjkucor,, sj hujvjg pf`f. rjkucor
Cèquamfs4 tfhog co efrho mjc rj`apajgtj quj cfs Cèquamfs4 `fgtajgj, tajgjg vfcuhjg mjgamf, pujmjg uar y sjr sfculcjs f agsfculcjs. Pus ïtfhfs sj jg`ujgtrog ockf `jr`ogfs y sj hujvjg calrjhjgtj.
Kosjs4 tfhog co efrho y vfcuhjg mjc rj`apajgtj Kosjs4 tfhog quj cfs `fgtajgj, pujmjg jxpogmarsj y hjz`corsj `fg ftrfs kosjs. Pus ïtfhfs jstïg huy sjporomfs y sj hujvjg agmjpjgmajgtjhjgtj.
^cosho4 sag efrho mjgamo, tfhog jc vfcuhjg mjc ^cosho4 sag rj`apajgtj quj cfs `fgtajgj, pujmjg efrhor ockugos jstru`turos `fhf cfs sðcamfs. Pus ïtfhfs pajrmjg jcj`trfgjs pfr jc jej`tf mj octos tjhpjroturos y prjsaðg, cfs `uocjs sj hujvjg calrj y rïpamohjgtj, caljrogmf jgjrkèo.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Co hotjrao pujmj suerar `ohlafs eèsa`fs f quèha`fs. @ohlafs eèsa`fs4 sfg eèsa`fs4 sfg cfs `ohlafs quj f`urrjg jg co hotjrao, sag octjror su jstru`turo ga `fhpfsa`aðg. ^fr jdjhpcf4 `ohlafs mj efrho, vfcuhjg, tohoÿf, jstomf, pfsa`aðg f hjz`cos.
@ohlafs quèha`fs4 sfg quèha`fs4 sfg cfs `ohlafs quj f`urrjg jg co hotjrao, quj sè octjrog sè octjrog su jstru`turo gf su `fhpfsa`aðg. ^fr jdjhpcf4 `fhlustaðg, fxamo`aðg mj hjtocjs, putrjeo``aðg y ejrhjgto`aðg.
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... ^oro ohpcaor hïs sus `fgf`ahajgtfs sflrj `ohlafs quèha`fs y eèsa`fs, vasatj jc sakuajgtj cagi4 bttp4// www.calrfsvavfs.gjt/sht`/pokpfrefrhucoraf.osp6amAmafho8JP&] www.calr fsvavfs.gjt/sht`/pokpfrefrhucoraf.osp6amAmafho8JP&]jho@covj8?>;<&pokago8 jho@covj8?>;<&pokago80&jst8> 0&jst8>
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo =
;0
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?.
Mjhujstrj cf oprjgmamf.
O. Mj cos sakuajgtjs mjga`afgjs, sulroyj co quj `frrjspfgmj4
?. Pfg `oro`tjrèsta`os mj cfs sðcamfs, jx`jptf4
o) Pus ïtfhfs jstïg frmjgomfs mj efrho mjgamo y rjkucor. rjkucor. l) ]ajgjg efrho mjgamo. `) ^ujmjg uar. m) ]ajgjg vfcuhjg mjgamf. <. Js jc jstomf eèsa`f mj co hotjrao hïs olugmogtj mjc Zgavjrsf4
o) Pðcamf l) Cèquamf `) Kosjfsf m) ^cosho 0. Murogtj cfs `ohlafs quèha`fs f`urrj cf sakuajgtj, jx`jptf4
o) Pj octjro co `fhpfsa`aðg mj co hotjrao. l) Pj octjrog cos prfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao. `) Pj fltajgjg hotjraocjs mastagtfs o cfs frakagocjs. m) ]fmos sfg `frrj`tos. =. Cos sakuajgtjs sfg prfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao quj sj rjco`afgog `fg `ohlafs eèsa`fs, jx`jptf4
o) Agoholacamom l) Ecjxalacamom `) Mavasalacamom m) Hfvacamom
;=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
L.
Js`ralo ugo R sflrj cos acustro`afgjs quj rjprjsjgtog rjprjsjgtog `ohlafs eèsa`fs mj co hotjrao4
O`tavamom <.
Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf.
Mj cos sakuajgtjs satuo`afgjs mj co vamo `ftamaogo, agmaquj quá jstomf f jstomfs eèsa`fs mj co hotjrao rjprjsjgtog4 ?. Bjrvar okuo poro prjporor ugo sfpo4 <. Agor ug kcflf4 0. ^rjporor ug postjc `fg bujvf, cj`bj, borago, ozô`or y erutos4 =. ^rjporor ugo cahfgomo4 :. Jxpca`or o ug gaÿf ugo cj``aðg usogmf ug pazorrðg y yjsf4 5. Gaÿfs dukogmf pjcfto jg ug rèf4 ;. \jsparor oarj purf jg ug lfsquj `fg ug cokf, ïrlfcjs y ogahocjs4 2. Cahpaor co sogkrj mj ugo bjramo utacazogmf oc`fbfc4 1. Cjjr ug calrf4 ?>. \jkor ug `uctavf mj zogobfraos4
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo =
;:
O`tavamom 0.
Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs. @fhprjgsaðg js`raturo y opca`o`aðg mj `fg`jptfs.
\joca`j co sakuajgtj cj`turo y rjspfgmo cos prjkugtos.
Jc rj`a`codj mj pcïsta`fs O`tuochjgtj, co `fgtohago`aðg pfr pcïsta`fs o gavjc hugmaoc js ug sjraf prflcjho, pujs jstfs hotjraocjs gf sj mjkromog eï`achjgtj. ^fr jccf, js ahpfrtogtj lus`or octjrgotavos quj gf oej`tjg gujstrf hjmaf ohlajgtj, `fhf co utacazo`aðg mj lfcsos mj tjco poro ar oc hjr`omf jg vjz mj lfcsos pcïsta`os, f jc rj`a`codj. Jxastjg vorafs tapfs mj rj`a`codj. Jc rj`a`codj hj`ïga`f `fgsastj jg rj`fcj`tor, covor y `frtor cfs pcïsta`fs bosto ccjvorcfs o portè`ucos hïs pjqujÿos, quj pujmjg sjr eugmamos poro efrhor mj gujvf ug fldjtf, `fhf ugo lftjcco. Pag jhlorkf, hu`bos vj`js jstj prf`jsf gf pujmj rjocazorsj rjpjtamohjgtj, pujs cfs hotjraocjs vog pjrmajgmf su `ocamom, jg `fhporo`aðg `fg ug hotjraoc gujvf. Jxastj ftrf tapf mj rj`a`codj, jg jc `uoc sj utacazog sustog`aos, `fhf jc jtacjgkca`fc, quj sj masujcvjg `fg jc pcïsta`f usomf o octos tjhpjroturos y prjsafgjs poro quj rjo``afgj y sj jcahagjg ahpurjzos y prfmuz`og gujvfs hotjraocjs, quj pujmjg sjr hïs rjsastjgtjs. Murogtj jstos rjo``afgjs jc hotjraoc frakagoc suerj `ohlafs jg su jstru`turo.
;5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Agmaquj jg `uïc mj cfs mfs tapfs mj rj`a`codj f`urrjg `ohlafs eèsa`fs4
Kcfsoraf maðxamf mj `orlfgf4 Pustog`ao `orlfgf4 Pustog`ao kosjfso efrhomo pfr mfs ïtfhfs mj fxèkjgf y ugo mj `orlfgf. jcj`trðg4 ^ortj mjc ïtfhf quj tajgj `orko gjkotavo y quj sj jg`ujgtro jg hfvahajgtf ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf. agsfculcj4 Ag`opo`amom mj masfcvjrsj jg ftro sustog`ao. hjz`co4 Js co ugaðg mj mfs f hïs sustog`aos, mfgmj `omo ugo hogtajgj sus prfpajmomjs y `oro`tjrèsta`os. fxamo`aðg4 ^rf`jsf pfr jc `uoc jxastj co pármamo mj jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf. prjsaðg4 Js ugo hjmamo eèsa`o quj hamj co rjco`aðg jgtrj ugo eujrzo y co supjr`aj sflrj co quj sj opca`o. sfculcj4 @opo`amom mj masfcvjrsj jg ftro sustog`ao.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo =
;;
\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
Amjgta`f cfs opfrtjs mjc agvjgtfr kuotjhoctj`f Ijg Cfu @ostaccf. Amjgta`f fldjtfs `ftamaogfs, sjkôg jc jstomf mj co hotjrao jg quj sj jg`ujgtrjg. Maejrjg`af jgtrj `ohlafs quèha`fs y eèsa`fs mj co hotjrao, o trovás mj jdjhpcfs mj ha jgtfrgf. \jocazf ug jxpjrahjgtf sflrj cfs jstomfs mj co hotjrao, sakuajgmf cfs posfs mjc hátfmf `ajgtè`f.
Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhportar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
;2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
: Jc hugmf mj cfs ïtfhfs (A) ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 @ajgtè`fs quj bog pfstucomf hfmjcfs otðha`fs. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. Jc jxpjrahjgtf mj \utbjefrm.
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Amjgta`or cfs opfrtjs mj cfs `ajgtè`fs quj bog pfstucomf hfmjcfs otðha`fs. Mjs`ralar co bastfrao mj co `ajg`ao.
Jxpca`or `fg sus pocolros quá js ug ïtfhf.
Mastagkuar jgtrj cfs maejrjgtjs hfmjcfs otðha`fs jxastjgtjs.
\jprjsjgtor sahlðca`ohjgtj jc hfmjcf otðha`f o`tuoc.
^fgjr jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, o trovás mj co sahuco`aðg mj ug hfmjcf otðha`f.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo :
;1
¡^oro `fhjgzor! @ajgtèea`fs quj bog pfstucomf hfmjcfs otðha`fs ]fmo co hotjrao jstï efrhomo pfr portè`ucos pjqujÿos ccohomos ïtfhfs. ^j ^jrf, rf, ? ¶`ðhf sfg cfs ïtfhfs6 Uorafs `ajgtè`fs bog pfstucomf hfmjcfs quj trotog mj mjs`ralar co jstru`turo mj cfs ïtfhfs, utacazogmf poro jccf jc hátfmf `ajgtè`f. O `fgtaguo`aðg sj prjsjgto ug rjsuhjg mj co lafkroeèo mj jstfs `ajgtè`fs, y hïs omjcogtj sj mjtoccog sus hfmjcfs.
Dfbg Moctfg (?;55-?2==), `ajgtè`f
agkcás quj rjocazð agvjstako`afgjs sflrj co jgejrhjmom quj `ouso co `jkujro mj `fcfrjs, ccohomf moctfgashf. Efrhucð ugo cjy sflrj jc `fhpfrtohajgtf mj cfs uamfs, ccohomo Cjy mj Moctfg.
Dfbg ]bfhsfg (?2:5-?1=>),
eèsa`f agkcás o quajg sj otraluyj jc mjs`ulrahajgtf mj cfs jc`trfgjs. ]ohlaág mjhfstrð quj jc ïtfhf mj bamrðkjgf tajgj ug sfcf jcj`trðg. \j`alað jc prjhaf Gfljc Gfljc mj Eèsa`o pfr sus jstumafs sflrj jcj`tra`amom y kosjs.
Orgfcm Pfhhjrejcm (?252?1:?), eèsa`f y hotjhïta`f
ocjhïg quj rjocazð jstumafs sflrj co maero``aðg , cos fgmos jcj`trfhokgáta`os y cfs jcj`trfgjs. Js ugf mj cfs eugmomfrjs mj co hj`ïga`o `uïgta`o . <
0
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Jrgjst \utbjefrm (?2;?-?10;), `ajgtè`f
gjfzjcogmás quj rjocazð opfrtjs jg cfs `ohpfs mj co eèsa`o y co quèha`o. Jstumað co romao`tavamom , pfr cf `uoc kogð ug prjhaf Gfljc mj _uèha`o.
Jrwag P`brõmagkjr (?22;-?15?), eèsa`f oustrao`f
:
Gajcs Lfbr (?22:-?15<),
eèsa`f mogás quj kogð jc prjhaf Gfljc jg Eèsa`o pfr sus jstumafs sflrj jc ïtfhf y co romao`aðg .
quj rjocazð jstumafs sflrj hj`ïga`o `uïgta`o y tjrhfmagïha`o. Kogð jc prjhaf Gfljc mj Eèsa`o pfr jc mjsorrfccf mj co j`uo`aðg quj ccjvo su gfhlrj, quj troto sflrj jc `fhpfrtohajgtf mj ugo portè`uco jg jc tajhpf.
5
? <
0
= : 5
\jprjsjgto`afgjs \jprj sjgto`afgjs quj sarvjg o cfs `ajgtè`fs poro jxpca`or ug bj`bf f ug ejgðhjgf. Js `uogmf ugo fgmo sj mjsvèo mj su marj``aðg marj``aðg `uogmf topo ug flstsï`ucf. flstsï`ucf. Pfg ug tapf mj fgmos quj quj pujmjg vaodor jg jc jc jspo`af, f sjo, sjo, gf gj`jsatog mj ug hjmaf hjmaf poro prfpokorsj. prfpokorsj. ^fr jdjhpcf, jdjhpcf, co cuz. Mjs`ralj `ðhf sj sj `fhpfrtog cos portè`ucos jg cos js`ocos hïs pjqujÿos pjqujÿos quj jxastjg. Js co prfpajmom mj ockugfs jcjhjgtfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs mj jhatar romao`aðg. romao`aðg. Js ug ejgðhjgf pfr jc `uoc sj prfpoko co jgjrkèo jg efrho mj fgmos jcj`trfhokgáta`os jcj`trfhokgáta`os f portè`ucos. portè`ucos.
2>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. Co tjfrèo otðha`o y cfs ïtfhfs Co tjfrèo otðha`o ma`j quj tfmo co hotjrao jstï `fhpujsto pfr portè`ucos pjqujÿos j agmavasalcjs ccohomos ïtfhfs. Co pocolro ïtfhf vajgj mj cfs vf`olcfs krajkfs4 ο (quj sakga`o sag) ύζγζθ (tfhfg), quj sakga`o `frtj. Oc ugarcfs, tfho jc sakga`omf mj –sag `frtor‘, –sag mavamar‘, –agmavasalcj‘. Zg ïtfhf jstï efrhomf pfr4 ?.
<.
Gô`cjf, quj tajgj mfs tapfs mj portè`ucos sulotðha`os4 •
^rftfgjs4 portè`ucos `orkomos `fg jgjrkèo jcá`tra`o pfsatavo.
•
Gjutrfgjs4 portè`ucos gjutros.
Gulj jcj`trðga`o, efrhomo pfr jcj`trfgjs, quj sfg portè`ucos `fg
`orko gjkotavo.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo :
2?
Cfs ïtfhfs sj maejrjg`aog ugfs mj ftrfs sjkôg co `ogtamom mj prftfgjs, gjutrfgjs y jcj`trfgjs quj tajgjg. @omo tapf mj ïtfhf `frrjspfgmj o ug jcjhjgtf quèha`f. Jc ïtfhf hïs sahpcj quj jxastj js jc mjc jcjhjgtf bamrðkjgf, quj sj rjprjsjgto `fg co cjtro B. Jc bamrðkjgf js ug jcjhjgtf quèha`f kosjfsf y js jc hïs olugmogtj jg jc Zgavjrsf. ^fr jdjhpcf, cos jstrjccos jstïg efrhomos pfr bamrðkjgf jg jstomf mj pcosho. Jg gujstrf pcogjto, jc bamrðkjgf js mj vatoc ahpfrtog`ao, yo quj efrho portj mjc oarj y mj cos hfcá`ucos mjc okuo, quj jstïg `fgstatuamos pfr mfs ïtfhfs mj bamrðkjgf y ugf mj fxèkjgf.
Cfs ïtfhfs mj bamrðkjgf jstïg efrhomfs pfr ug prftðg, ug gjutrðg y ug sfcf jcj`trðg.
Ftrf jdjhpcf, js jc jcjhjgtf `orlfgf (@), quj sj jg`ujgtro prjsjgtj jg tfmfs cfs sjrjs vavfs. Pu ïtfhf jstï efrhomf pfr sjas prftfgjs, sjas gjutrfgjs y sjas jcj`trfgjs.
Jdjr`a`af ? Jc sakuajgtj ïtfhf `frrjspfgmj oc jcjhjgtf ccohomf ljracaf (Lj), js`ralo `uïgtfs jcj`trfgjs tajgj4
2<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
<. Hfmjcfs otðha`fs O `fgtaguo`aðg, sj prjsjgtog cfs hfmjcfs otðha`fs quj bog surkamf o cf corkf mj co bastfrao, poro jxpca`or co jstru`turo mj cfs ïtfhfs, jg frmjg `rfgfcðka`f mj opora`aðg.
Hfmjcf mj Moctfg
^fstucomf4 Jc ïtfhf js ugo portè`uco jseára`o, agmavasalcj j aghutolcj. ]fmfs cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs jstïg bj`bfs mj ïtfhfs, quj sfg `oro`tjrèsta`fs poro `omo jcjhjgtf y pujmjg `fhlagorsj `fg cfs ïtfhfs mj ftrfs jcjhjgtfs poro efrhor `fhpujstfs.
Jcj`trðg Hfmjcf mj ]bfhsfg
^fstucomf4 Jc ïtfhf js ugo jsejro mj hotjrao `orkomo pfsatavohjgtj, y jg su agtjrafr sj jg`ujgtrog cfs jcj`trfgjs, quj jstïg jg rjpfsf.
Hfmjcf mj \utbjefrm
^fstucomf4 Jc ïtfhf jstï efrhomf pfr ug gô`cjf, quj js pfsatavf y `fg`jgtro co hoyfr `ogtamom mj hoso, rfmjomf pfr ugo `frtjzo mfgmj karog cfs jcj`trfgjs jg ug jspo`af hoyfrhjgtj vo`èf.
Jcj`trðg
Gô`cjf4 prftfgjs + gjutrfgjs
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo :
20
Hfmjcf mj Lfbr
^fstucomf4 Cfs jcj`trfgjs karog ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf, jg vorafs gavjcjs u ðrlatos `ar`ucorjs.
Gô`cjf
Hfmjcf mj Pfhhjrejcm
^fstucomf4 Jc gô`cjf mjc ïtfhf gf js aghðvac, sagf quj sj hujvj. Cos ðrlatos mj cfs jcj`trfgjs pujmjg sjr `ar`ucorjs f jcèpta`os y tajgjg gavjcjs y sulgavjcjs mj jgjrkèo.
Frlatos
Gô`cjf
Hfmjcf mj P`brõmagkjr
^fstucomf4 Cfs jcj`trfgjs sfg fgmos quj sj jg`ujgtrog ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf, pjrf gf jg ðrlatos mjgamos, sagf quj jg rjkafgjs (guljs u frlatocjs) mfgmj js hïs prflolcj jg`fgtrorcfs.
?
Frlatocjs
Gô`cjf Jc hfmjcf otðha`f o`tuoc surkað o portar mj cfs jstumafs mj vorafs `ajgtè`fs (`fhf Bjasjgljrk, Jagstjag y Maro` y jc hfmjcf mj P`brõmagkjr.).) Pj loso jg co hj`ïga`o P`brõmagkjr `uïgta`o.
?
Ualro`aðg quj sj prfpoko.
2=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Frlatocjs
Jstj hfmjcf sj eugmohjgto jg vorafs prag`apafs, jgtrj jccfs4
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•
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Jc jcj`trðg sj hujvj mj efrho fgmucotfrao. @fhf cfs jcj`trfgjs sj hujvjg rïpamo y `fgstogtjhjgtj, gf sj jg`ujgtrog jg cukorjs dfs, sagf quj sðcf sj pujmjg prjmj`ar cfs cukorjs mfgmj js hïs prflolcj jg`fgtrorcfs, ccohomfs frlatocjs, quj tajgjg maejrjgtjs gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo. Mfs jcj`trfgjs gf pujmjg f`upor jc hashf jspo`af oc hashf tajhpf.
Jdjr`a`af < Jxpcaquj co maejrjg`ao jgtrj jgtrj jc hfmjcf mj ]bfhsfg y Lfbr, Lfbr, rjspj`tf o cos `oro`tjrèsta`os mj mj sus jcj`trfgjs4
^oro co jxpca`o`aðg mjc `fgtjgamf mj cos prðxahos sjhogos usorjhfs hoyfrhjgtj jc hfmjcf mj Lfbr quj, pfr su sahpcjzo, sj utacazo `fg gjs mamï`ta`fs.
Jdjr`a`af 0 Pjkôg jc tjr`jr prag`apaf mjc hfmjcf otðha`f o`tuoc, agmaquj quá hfmjcf js `frrj`tf, y `uïc js ag`frrj`tf y jxpcaquj pfr quá.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo :
2:
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Pahucjhfs jc jxpjrahjgtf mj \utbjefrm `fg hotjraocjs `osjrfs Agtrfmu``aðg Cjo mj gujvf cfs hfmjcfs otðha`fs prfpujstfs pfr maejrjgtjs `ajgtè`fs y js`ralo `uïcjs sfg cos `oro`tjrèsta`os mjc hfmjcf mj \utbjefrm4
O `fgtaguo`aðg, rjocazorjhfs ugo sahuco`aðg sflrj jc jxpjrahjgtf mj \utbjefrm quj sarvað mj losj poro pfstucor su hfmjcf otðha`f y prflor quj jc hfmjcf mj ]bfhsfg jro ag`frrj`tf, ougquj jro jc hfmjcf quj prjvocj`èo jg su ápf`o. \j`ujrmj quj jc hfmjcf otðha`f mj ]bfhsfg mj`èo quj cfs ïtfhfs jrog ugo jsejro pfsatavo ccjgo mj portè`ucos gjkotavos (`fhf ug pog `fg posos). Jc jxpjrahjgtf mj \utbjefrm `fgsastað jg masporor portè`ucos romao`tavos mj ug jcjhjgtf ccohomf ^fcfgaf, quj jstolo mjgtrf mj ugo `odo mj pcfhf, bo`ao ugo cïhago mj frf poro vjr `ðhf sj oej`tolo co troyj`tfrao mj ma`bos portè`ucos. Flsjrvð quj co hoyfrèo mj portè`ucos otrovjsolo co cïhago mj frf, pjrf ftros `bf`olog `fg jcco y rjlftolog. Jstf bazf `fg`cuar cf sakuajgtj4
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Cos portè`ucos `bf`olog `fg ockf jg co cïhago. Jsj –ockf‘ jrog cfs gô`cjfs mj cfs ïtfhfs mj frf, quj jrog mjgsfs.
Co hoyfrèo mj cos portè`ucos otrovjsolog co cïhago. Jsf sakga`olo quj jxastèog krogmjs jspo`afs jg cfs ïtfhfs mj frf. Jsfs –jspo`afs‘ jrog cos guljs mj jcj`trfgjs, quj jstïg efrhomos hoyfrhjgtj pfr jspo`af vo`èf.
Hotjraocjs
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@uotrf fldjtfs mj tohoÿf hjmaogf (pfr jdjhpcf, pujmjg sjr `odos, comraccfs, zopotfs, jt`.).
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Zgo `odo pcïsta`o.
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^jcftos pjqujÿos.
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
^rf`jmahajgtf
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@fcfquj cos pjcftos mjgtrf mj co `odo pcïsta`o. Cos pjcftos sahucorïg cos portè`ucos romao`tavos y co `odo, co `odo mj pcfhf.
@fcfquj cfs `uotrf fldjtfs o `ajrto mastog`ao mj ugo porjm, jg ugo cègjo bfrazfgtoc y mj efrho jspo`aomo. Cfs fldjtfs sahucorïg o cfs gô`cjfs mj cfs ïtfhfs mj frf, quj sfg mjgsfs y cfs jspo`afs o cos guljs mj jcj`trfgjs.
@fcfquj co `odo mj cos pjcftos o `ajrto mastog`ao erjgtj o cfs fldjtfs y jhpaj`j o so`orcos ugo o ugo, cogzïgmfcos pfr jc sujcf bo`ao cfs fldjtfs. Jstf sahucorï jc masporf mj cos portè`ucos romao`tavos bo`ao cfs ïtfhfs mj co cïhago mj frf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo :
2;
22
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Flsjrvj quj cos pjcftos (cos portè`ucos) tajgjg trjs fp`afgjs4 posor jg hjmaf mj cfs fldjtfs marj`tohjgtj f pfr rjlftj, f `bf`or `fg ockugf mj cfs fldjtfs.
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Jxpcaquj `ðhf \utbjefrm mjtjrhagð o trovás mj jstj jxpjrahjgtf quj cfs ïtfhfs tajgjg ug gô`cjf mfgmj sj `fg`jgtro su hoso, quj jstï rfmjomf mj jcj`trfgjs cfs `uocjs karog jg jspo`af hoyfrhjgtj vo`èf.
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
\jsuhjg Co tjfrèo otðha`o ma`j quj tfmo co hotjrao jstï `fhpujsto pfr portè`ucos pjqujÿos j agmavasalcjs ccohomos ïtfhfs. Zg ïtfhf jstï efrhomf pfr4 Jcj`trðg
Gjutrðg
Cfs prftfgjs quj sfg portè`ucos sulotðha`os `fg jgjrkèo pfsatavo. o ` a g ð r t ` j c j j l u G
Cfs gjutrfgjs quj sfg portè`ucos gjutros. Gô`cjf
Cfs jcj`trfgjs quj sfg portè`ucos `fg `orko gjkotavo.
^rftðg
Hfmjcfs otðha`fs
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo :
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Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... Uasatj co sakuajgtj marj``aðg, y mavaártosj `fgstruyjgmf maejrjgtjs tapfs mj ïtfhfs mj efrho agtjro`tavo4 bttp4//`fg`ursf.`ga`j.hj`.js/`ga`j<>>:/1 bttp4//`fg`ursf.`ga`j.hj`.js/`g a`j<>>:/10Vaga`ao`afgVag 0Vaga`ao`afgVagtjro`tav tjro`tavoVhotjrao/`ursf/h oVhotjrao/`ursf/hotjraocjs/ot otjraocjs/otfhf/ fhf/ o`fgstruar.bth
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?. ?.
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Mjhujstrj cf oprjgmamf.
Jg jc sakuajgtj jsqujho, sjÿocj cos portjs mj ug ïtfhf4
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
<.
@fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj `ru`akroho, sjkôg cos mjga`afgjs agma`omos4 ?
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Ujrta`ocjs4 ?. Js tfmf oqujccf quj tajgj hoso y f`upo ug cukor jg jc jspo`af. ]fmf cf quj gfs rfmjo. <. ^ortè`uco mjc ïtfhf `fg `orko jcá`tra`o pfsatavo. 0. ^ortè`uco mjc ïtfhf `fg `orko jcá`tra`o gjkotavo. Bfrazfgtocjs4 =. Zgamom hïs pjqujÿo j agmavasalcj quj efrho co hotjrao. :. ^ortè`uco mjc ïtfhf, quj js gjutro.
O`tavamom <. O.
Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf.
Flsjrvj cfs hfmjcfs mj Lfbr mj cfs cf s sakuajgtjs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs j agmaquj `uïgtfs jcj`trfgjs tajgjg4
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo :
1?
L.
Flsjrvj cfs sakuajgtjs hfmjcfs otðha`fs, j agmaquj o quá `ajgtè`f `frrjspfgmjg4 Hfmjcf
O`tavamom 0.
Gfhlrj mjc hfmjcf
Gfhlrj mjc `ajgtè`f
Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs.
@opo`amom mj rjsuhjg, mj rjco`aðg mj `fg`jptfs y mj rjmo``aðg. Js`ralo ug rjsuhjg, mfgmj rjco`afgj cos `oro`tjrèsta`os mjc jcjhjgtf `flrj, `fg cfs sakuajgtjs `fg`jptfs quj bo oprjgmamf jg jstos `ag`f sjhogos4
1<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc `flrj
Jc `flrj js ug jcjhjgtf quèha`f, `uyf sèhlfcf js @u. Jg co goturocjzo sj jg`ujgtro jg jstomf sðcamf. Js lraccogtj, mj `fcfr rfdazf, rfdazf, lujg `fgmu`tfr jcá`tra`f y tárha`f, y hocjolcj. \jo``afgo `fg jc oarj y co buhjmom, efrhogmf ftros sustog`aos. Pu hfmjcf otðha`f, sjkôg Lfbr L fbr,, js jc sakuajgtj4
@fg`jptfs
Cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Eèsa`o _uèha`o Jc hátfmf `ajgtè`f Hotjrao ^rfpajmomjs y jstomfs mj co hotjrao Jcjhjgtf quèha`f Ïtfhf Jcj`trfgjs
Kcfsoraf maero``aðg4 Js `uogmf ugo fgmo sj mjsvèo mj su marj``aðg oc tfpor `fg ug flstï`ucf. hj`ïga`o `uïgta`o4 Mjs`ralj `ðhf sj `fhpfrtog cos portè`ucos jg cos js`ocos hïs pjqujÿos quj
jxastjg. hfmjcf `ajgtèe`f4
\jprjsjgto`afgjs quj sarvjg o cfs `ajgtè`fs poro jxpca`or ug bj`bf f ug
ejgðhjgf. fgmo4 Ualro`aðg quj sj prfpoko. fgmos jcj`trfhokgáta`os jcj`trfhokgáta`os44 Pfg ug tapf mj fgmos quj pujmjg vaodor jg jc jspo`af vo`èf, f sjo, gf
gj`jsatog mj ug hjmaf poro prfpokorsj. ^fr jdjhpcf, co cuz. romao`aðg4 Js ug ejgðhjgf jg jc `uoc sj prfpoko co jgjrkèo jg efrho mj fgmos jcj`trfhokgáta`os f
portè`ucos. romao`tavamom4 Js co prfpajmom mj ockugfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs mj jhatar romao`aðg. tjrhfmagïha`o4 Js ugo roho mj co eèsa`o quj jstumao cfs ejgðhjgfs rjco`afgomfs `fg jc `ocfr.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo :
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\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
Amjgta`f cfs opfrtjs mj cfs `ajgtè`fs quj bog pfstucomf hfmjcfs otðha`fs. Jxpca`f `fg has pocolros quá js ug ïtfhf. Mastagkf jgtrj cfs maejrjgtjs hfmjcfs otðha`fs jxastjgtjs. \jprjsjgtf sahlðca`ohjgtj jc hfmjcf otðha`f o`tuoc. ^fgkf jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, o trovás mj co sahuco`aðg mj ug hfmjcf otðha`f.
Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhportar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
5 Jc hugmf mj cfs ïtfhfs (AA) ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 Gujvfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs sflrj cos portè`ucos sulotðha`os. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. Hfsoa`f mj `fcfrjs.
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Mjs`ralar cfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs hïs rj`ajgtjs mj co `ajg`ao sflrj cos portè`ucos sulotðha`os.
Mjs`ralar co jstru`turo mjc ïtfhf.
Jdjhpca`or co utacamom mjc jstumaf mj co jstru`turo mjc ïtfhf jg co tj`gfcfkèo hfmjrgo y su opca`o`aðg jg co vamo `ftamaogo.
^fgjr jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, pfr hjmaf mj co rjocazo`aðg mj ug jxpjrahjgtf mfgmj flsjrvo cfs jej`tfs mj ugo portè`uco sulotðha`o (jcj`trfgjs).
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 5
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¡^oro `fhjgzor! Gujvfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs sflrj portè`ucos sulotðha`os Jg co ogtakójmom sj pjgsolo quj tfmo co hotjrao sj pfmèo mavamar jg portjs hïs pjqujÿos mj efrho agmjgamo. ^jrf euj jg co Ogtakuo Krj`ao quj Mjhð`ratf pfstucð quj sa co hotjrao sj mavamèo ugo y ftro vjz ccjkorèo bosto ugos portè`ucos gocjs, quj yo gf sj pfmrèog mavamar hïs, o cos quj ccohð ïtfhfs. Jg ?1:: sj amjgta`ð ugo portè`uco `fg cos hashos `oro`tjrèsta`os quj ug prftðg, pjrf `fg `orko gjkotavo, o co quj sj ccohð ogtaprftðg. Jsto portè`uco gf efrho portj mjc gô`cjf mjc ïtfhf y js jstolcj jg jc jspo`af. Pu mjs`ulrahajgtf sj otraluyj o cfs `ajgtè`fs Jhacaf Pjkrá y Fwjg @bohljrcoag, pfr cf `uoc kogorfg jc ^rjhaf Gfljc mj Eèsa`o jg ?1:1.
^fstjrafrhjgtj, sj mjs`ulrað quj jc ïtfhf jstï efrhomf mj portè`ucos oôg hïs pjqujÿos, ccohomos portè`ucos sulotðha`os, sulotðha`os , `fhf jc prftðg, jc gjutrðg y jc jcj`trðg. Pag jhlorkf, jstumafs hïs rj`ajgtjs bog mjs`ulajrtf portè`ucos hïs pjqujÿos oôg, ockugos mj cos `uocjs efrhog portj mj cfs ïtfhfs y ftros gf. Hu`bos mj jccos sfg agjstolcjs y murog huy pf`f tajhpf, pfr cf quj sfcf sj pujmjg flsjrvor o trovás mj jxpjrahjgtfs y oporotfs jspj`aocjs. Ockugos mj jstos portè`ucos sfg4 lfsðg, pfsatrðg, ejrhaðg, gjutragf, bomrðg, cjptðg, quori y hjsðg. ^fr jdjhpcf, cfs prftfgjs y gjutrfgjs jstïg efrhomfs pfr quoris quoris,, quj sj hogtajgjg ugamfs pfr ftros portè`ucos ccohomos kcufgjs.
6 ¶
¶Polèo quá6 Co eèsa`o mj portè`ucos js co roho mj co eèsa`o quj jstumao cos portè`ucos sulotðha`os, su jstru`turo, `fhpfrtohajgtf j agtjro``afgjs.
¡O trolodor! Co amjo mj co jstru`turo mjc ïtfhf bo jvfcu`afgomf mjsmj co ogtakójmom bosto gujstrfs tajhpfs, yo quj `fgtaguohjgtj sj bo`jg gujvfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs. Jxpcaquj `ðhf pajgso quj co tj`gfcfkèo bo `fgtraluamf oc rjspj`tf.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. Jstru`turo mjc ïtfhf Co sjhogo posomo, vahfs mj hogjro kjgjroc `ðhf jstï efrhomf ug ïtfhf. Jstumaohfs sus portjs, cos sjÿocohfs jg jsqujhos y vahfs ockugfs jdjhpcfs. Jsto sjhogo bolcorjhfs jg mjtoccj mjc tjho. O hogjro mj rjposf, rj`ujrmj quj ug ïtfhf jstï efrhomf pfr portè`ucos sulotðha`os.. Cos prag`apocjs sfg4 sulotðha`os
o
^rftfgjs4 portè`ucos `orkomos `fg jgjrkèo jcá`tra`o ^rftfgjs4 pfsatavo.
o
Gjutrfgjs4 portè`ucos Gjutrfgjs4 portè`ucos gjutros.
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Jcj`trfgjs4 portè`ucos `fg `orko gjkotavo.
Cfs prftfgjs y gjutrfgjs efrhog jc gô`cjf y sj jg`ujgtrog ugamfs pfr eujrzos huy agtjgsos quj jvatog quj sj sjporjg. Jxastjg mfs `fg`jptfs quj `oro`tjrazog oc gô`cjf4
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Gôhjrf otðha`f (T)4 otðha`f (T)4 gôhjrf mj prftfgjs mj ug ïtfhf. @fhf cfs ïtfhfs sfg gjutrfs, co `ogtamom mj prftfgjs js akuoc o co mj jcj`trfgjs.
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Gôhjrf hïsa`f (O)4 hïsa`f (O)4 gôhjrf mj prftfgjs + gôhjrf mj gjutrfgjs? mj ug ïtfhf.
O maejrjg`ao mjc gô`cjf, cos eujrzos mj cfs jcj`trfgjs sfg hjgfs agtjgsos, cf quj cjs pjrhatj js`opor mj cfs frlatocjs bo`ao oeujro f bo`ao f trfs ïtfhfs poro efrhor `fhpujstfs.
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Cfs ïtfhfs mj ug hashf jcjhjgtf quèha`f sajhprj tajgjg co hasho `ogtamom mj prftfgjs y jcj`trfgjs. Pag jhlorkf, jc gôhjrf mj gjutrfgjs pujmj voraor, ccohïgmfsjcjs asðtfpfs, y quj jstumaorjhfs co sakuajgtj sjhogo.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 5
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\jposjhfs cos portjs mj ug ïtfhf4
Gjutrðg
o ` a g ð r t ` j c j j l u G
Gô`cjf
^rftðg
Jdjr`a`af ? o.
Js`ralo jc gôhjrf mj prftfgjs y jcj`trfgjs mjc `flrj (@u), tfhogmf jg `ujgto quj su gôhjrf otðha`f js4 T8<1 ^rftfgjs8
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Js`ralo jc gôhjrf mj prftfgjs, gjutrfgjs y jcj`trfgjs mjc hokgjsaf (Hk), tfhogmf jg `ujgto quj su gôhjrf otðha`f js4 T8?< y su gôhjrf hïsa`f js4 O8<=. ^rftfgjs8
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Jcj`trfgjs8
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jcj`trfgjs8
Gjutrfgjs8
<. ^rftfgjs Eujrfg mjs`ulajrtfs pfr jc `ajgtè`f Jrgjst \utbjefrm. @oro`tjrèsta`os •
Pfg portè`ucos sulotðha`os quj efrhog portj mjc gô`cjf.
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]ajgjg `orko jcá`tra`o pfsatavo.
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Pj sahlfcazo `fg co cjtro p f p+.
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Pu hoso js mj ?.5;<5 x ?> -<= krohfs. Jstf js ?,205 vj`js hïs hoso quj co mj ug jcj`trðg. ]ajgjg oprfxahomohjgtj jc hashf tohoÿf quj cfs gjugjutrfgjs.
Ockugos opca`o`afgjs mjc jstumaf mj cfs prftfgjs •
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Cfs prftfgjs sfg utacazomfs jg jxpjrahjgtfs mjgtrf mjc `ohpf mj co eèsa`o. Pj usog `fhf prfyj`tacjs poro lfhlormjor jc gô`cjf mj ug ïtfhf y vjr mj quá portè`ucos sulotðha`os jstïg efrhomfs. Cfs prftfgjs sfg utacazomfs jg co tj`gfcfkèo ccohomo jspj`trfs`fpèo mj rjsfgog`ao hokgáta`o gu`cjor<, quj sarvj poro jstumaor sustog`aos, ejgðhjgfs eèsa`fs, y poro ovjrakuor co jstru`turo mj ockugos hfcá`ucos, `fhf cos prftjègos.
Jdjr`a`af < Mjgo `fg sus prfpaos pocolros quá js ug prftðg4
<
]á`ga`o jg co `uoc sj utacazog cos prfpajmomjs hokgáta`os mj cfs gô`cjfs mj cfs ïtfhfs quj, pfr sjr jspj`è`os, pujmjg sjrvar poro amjgta`or hfcá`ucos f `fhpujstfs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 5
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0. Gjutrfgjs Eujrfg mjs`ulajrtfs pfr jc `ajgtè`f Dohjs @bomwa`i. @oro`tjrèsta`os •
Pfg portè`ucos sulotðha`os quj efrhog portj mjc gô`cjf.
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Gf tajgjg `orko, cf quj sakga`o quj sfg gjutros.
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Pj sahlfcazog `fg co cjtro
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
g.
@fgtraluyjg o co jstolacamom mjc ïtfhf, yo quj jvatog co rjpucsaðg mj cfs prftfgjs jgtrj sè. Jstf su`jmj pfrquj cos portè`ucos quj tajgjg co hasho `orko jcá`tra`o sj rjpjcjg. Pu hoso js mj ?.5;=1: x?> -<= krohfs. Jstf js ?,202 vj`js hïs quj co mjc jcj`trðg. ]ajgjg oprfxahomohjgtj co hasho hoso quj ug prftðg, pjrf js ug pf`f hïs krogmj quj jstj. Pa js jxtroèmf mjc gô`cjf, ug prftðg js agjstolcj, y muro ugfs ?: hagutfs. Cfs ïtfhfs mj ug hashf jcjhjgtf quèha`f pujmjg voraor jg `uogtf o su gôhjrf mj gjutrfgjs. Pj cjs ccoho ccoho asðtfpfs. Uohfs o jstumaorcfs co sakuajgtj sjhogo.
Ockugos opca`o`afgjs mjc jstumaf mj cfs gjutrfgjs Co jgjrkèo ocho`jgomo jg cfs gô`cjfs mj cfs ïtfhfs sj ccoho jgjrkèo gu`cjor. gu`cjor. Co saðg gu`cjor gu`cjor js jc prf`jsf hjmaogtj jc `uoc sj masporog gjutrfgjs oc gô`cjf mj ug ïtfhf poro portarcf pfr co hatom. @uogmf jstf su`jmj, socjg hïs gjutrfgjs quj mjstruyjg o hïs ïtfhfs jg ugo rjo``aðg jg `omjgo. Co jgjrkèo quj sj caljro hjmaogtj jstj prf`jsf sj ccoho jgjrkèo gu`cjor. gu`cjor. Cohjgtolcjhjgtj, jstj mjs`ulrahajgtf euj utacazomf poro co `rjo`aðg mj co lfhlo otðha`o, poro cf `uoc sj lfhlormjorfg cfs gô`cjfs mj ïtfhfs mjc jcjhjgtf urogaf, caljrogmf su jgjrkèo. ^jrf tohlaág jxastjg usfs quj sè sfg jg ljgj`af poro co buhogamom. ^fr jdjhpcf, `uogmf co saðg gu`cjor js `fgtrfcomo sj pujmj prfmu`ar jgjrkèo mj utacamom poro co kjgjro`aðg mj jcj`tra`amom f `ocfr.
Jdjr`a`af 0 Mjgo `fg sus prfpaos pocolros quá js ug gjutrðg4
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 5
?>?
=. Jcj`trfgjs Co jxastjg`ao mj cfs jcj`trfgjs euj prfpujsto pfr jc `ajgtè`f Kjfrkj Dfbgstfgj Ptfgjy,, ougquj su mjs`ulrahajgtf sj otraluyj o Dfbg ]bfhsfg. Ptfgjy @oro`tjrèsta`os •
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]ajgjg `orko jcá`tra`o gjkotavo.
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Pj sahlfcazo `fg co cjtro
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Pu hoso js mj 1.?>1: x ?> -<2 krohfs.
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Pfg hu`bf hïs pjqujÿfs quj cfs gjutrfgjs y cfs prftfgjs.
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Pj `fhpfrtog `fhf fgmos.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Pfg portè`ucos sulotðha`os quj karog ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf jg rjkafgjs mfgmj js hïs prflolcj jg`fgtrorcfs, ccohomfs frlatocjs. Pj jg`ujgtrog otroèmfs pfr cfs prftfgjs, quj tajgjg `orko jcá`tra`o fpujsto.
j-.
Cfs jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf mjtjrhagog sus prfpajmomjs eèsa`os y quèha`os. Pfg cfs rjspfgsolcjs mj otrojr f rjpjcjr o ftrfs ïtfhfs, mj efrhor `fhpujstfs f mj `fgmu`ar jcj`tra`amom.
Ockugos opca`o`afgjs mjc jstumaf mj cfs jcj`trfgjs Ougquj cfs jcj`trfgjs efrhog portj mj cfs ïtfhfs, ockugfs sj maspjrsog mj efrho agmjpjgmajgtj pfr co hotjrao, efrhogmf `frrajgtjs jcá`tra`os. ^fr jdjhpcf, jg gujstros `osos co jcj`tra`amom ccjko o trovás mj cos `frrajgtjs jcá`tra`os trogshatamos pfr `olcjs. Gujstrf sastjho gjrvafsf tohlaág eug`afgo o trovás mj udfs mj `frrajgtj jcá`tra`o. @omo gjrvaf jstï efrhomf pfr ug boz mj lros, quj sfg prfcfgko`afgjs jg efrho mj bacfs mj cos gjurfgos, o trovás mj cos `uocjs `ar`ucog cfs ahpucsfs gjrvafsfs jg efrho mj jcj`tra`amom. Co jcj`trðga`o js co roho mj co eèsa`o quj jstumao co `fgmu``aðg y jc udf mj cfs jcj`trfgjs. Jsto `ajg`ao tajgj hu`bos opca`o`afgjs, `fhf pfr jdjhpcf4 co jcolfro`aðg mj `ar`uatfs poro cos tjcj`fhuga`o`afgjs, `fhputomfros y tjcjvasfrjs, jc ocuhlromf pôlca`f, jc eug`afgohajgtf mj cfs hftfrjs jcá`tra`fs, jt`.
¶Polèo quá6 Pj ccoho jcj`tra`amom oc `fgdugtf mj ejgðhjgfs eèsa`fs quj jstïg rjco`afgomfs `fg cos `orkos jcá`tra`os. Jg jc `osf mj cfs jcj`trfgjs, jsto `orko js gjkotavo.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 5
?>0
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Hfsoa`f mj `fcfrjs Agtrfmu``aðg ^oro `fhprflor `ðhf cfs jcj`trfgjs mj ugo sustog`ao otrojg o cfs mj ftro `uogmf sj hjz`cog, rjocazorjhfs jc sakuajgtj jxpjrahjgtf4
Hotjraocjs •
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Mfs rj`apajgtjs bfgmfs (pujmjg sjr pcotfs sfpjrfs f pocogkogos). Zgf hjmaogf y ftrf pjqujÿf. @uotrf `fcfrogtjs mj ocahjgtfs mj maejrjgtjs `fcfrjs (cfs `fgsakuj eï`achjgtj jg cos tajgmos f jg jc supjrhjr`omf. ^ujmj pfgjrsj mj o`ujrmf `fg sus `fhpoÿjrfs poro `fhpror cfs `fcfrogtjs jgtrj tfmfs). Cj`bj jgtjro cèquamo. Dolðg cèquamf (f pujmj hjz`cor mjtjrkjgtj jg pfcvf `fg okuo poro rjocazor ugo sfcu`aðg mj dolðg).
^rf`jmahajgtf ^osf
?
@fcfquj ug pf`f mj cj`bj jg jc rj`apajgtj bfgmf hjmaogf.
^osf
<
@fcfquj ugo kfto mj `omo `fcfrogtj sflrj co cj`bj, efrhogmf ugo `ruz.
?>=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
^osf
0
@fcfquj jc dolðg cèquamf f co sfcu`aðg mj mjtjrkjgtj jg ftrf rj`apajgtj bfgmf pjqujÿf.
^osf
=
Agtrfmuz`o ug basfpf mjgtrf mjc dolðg cèquamf y cujkf hátocf jg jc `jgtrf mj ugo mj cos kftos mj `fcfrogtj. Mjdj jc basfpf hjtamf y flsjrvj cf quj su`jmj.
^osf
:
Ogftj rjsuctomfs.
\jsuctomfs
Jxpca`o`aðg4 Cfs jcj`trfgjs mjc dolðg otrojg o cfs mj co kroso mj co cj`bj. Jstj js jc prag`apaf mj Jxpca`o`aðg4 Cfs cahpajzo mj cfs dolfgjs y mjtjrkjgtjs, pujs jc dolðg otropo co kroso mj cfs trostjs, rfpo f hogfs, co `uoc js eï`achjgtj jcahagomo `fg okuo. Jc hfvahajgtf mj `fcfrjs quj sj flsjr vo sfg cos hfcá`ucos mj dolðg trotogmf mj otropor o cos mj kroso poro ugarsj.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 5
?>:
\jsuhjg Zg ïtfhf jstï efrhomf pfr portè`ucos sulotðha`os. Cos prag`apocjs portè`ucos y sus `oro`tjrèsta`os sfg4 Gfhlrj mj co por`uco
Zla`o`aðg jg jc ïtfhf
^rftðg
Gô`cjf
@orko jcá`tra`o
Pèhlfcf
Hoso
Ftros `oro`tjrès`os
(jg krohfs)
Gjutrðg
^fsavo
p f p+
?.5;<5 x ?>-<=
Gjutro
g
?.5;=1: x?>-<=
•
•
Jcj`trðg
Karog Gjkovo ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf jg rjkafgjs mfgmj js hïs prflolcj jg`fgtrorcfs, ccohomfs frlatocjs.
j-
1.?>1: x ?>-<2
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@fgtraluyjg o co jstolacamom mjc ïtfhf, yo quj jvatog co rjpucsaðg mj cfs prftfgjs jgtrj sè. Pa js jxtroèmf mjc gô`cjf, ug prftðg p rftðg js agjstolcj, y muro ugfs ?: hagutfs. Pj jg`ujgtrog otroèmfs pfr cfs prftfgjs, quj jgjg `orko jcá`tra`o fpujsto. Pj `fhpfrtog `fhf fgmos. Mjtjrhagog cos prfpajmomjs sa`os y quèha`os mj ug ïtfhf. Pfg cfs rjspfgsolcjs mj otrojr f rjpjcjr o ftrfs ïtfhfs, mj efrhor `fhpujstfs f mj `fgmu`ar jcj`tra`amom.
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... ^rfeugma`j sflrj cos `oro`tjrèsta`os mj cos portè`ucos sulotðha`os, o trovás mj ugo prjsjgto`aðg agtjro`tavo4 bttp4//kjgyjspo.wjjlcy.`fh/upcfoms/:/0/=/:/:0=:0::/otfhfVjxpca`o`afg.swe @fgfz`o hïs sflrj co goturocjzo jcá`tra`o mj co hotjrao4 bttp4//www.jgmjsojmu`o.`fh/JgmjsoVjmu`o bttp4//www.jgmjsojmu`o. `fh/JgmjsoVjmu`o/rj`ursfs-agt /rj`ursfs-agtjro`tavfs/`fg` jro`tavfs/`fg`jptfs-losa` jptfs-losa`fs/aa.-cofs/aa.-cogoturocjzo-jcj`tra`o-mj-co-hotjrao
?>5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?.
Mjhujstrj cf oprjgmamf.
Pulroyj co rjspujsto `frrj`to4 ?. Pfg `oro`tjrèsta`os mj cfs jcj`trfgjs, jx`jptf4 o. Pfg cfs rjspfgsolcjs mj otrojr f rjpjcjr o ftrfs ïtfhfs, mj efrhor `fhpujstfs f mj `fgmu`ar jcj`tra`amom. l. ]ajgjg `orko gjutro. `. Pj `fhpfrtog `fhf fgmos. m. Mjtjrhagog cos prfpajmomjs eèsa`os y quèha`os mj ug ïtfhf. <. ^ortè`uco sulotðha`o quj sj jg`ujgtro jg`ujgtro jg jc gô`cjf4 o. ^rftðg l. Jcj`trðg `. Gjutrðg m. o y ` sfg `frrj`tos 0. Pfg cos portè`ucos sulotðha`os sulotðha`os hïs pjqujÿos mj ug ïtfhf4 j. Jcj`trfgjs e.
^rftfgjs
k. Gjutrfgjs b. o y ` sfg `frrj`tos =. Jg jc sakuajgtj jsqujho, sjÿocj cos portè`ucos sulotðha`os mj ug ïtfhf y js`ralo js`ralo ugo `oro`tjrèsta`o mj `omo ugo4
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 5
?>;
O`tavamom <.
Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf.
?. @fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj `uomrf4
Jcjhjgtf quèha`f
Gôhjrf otðha`f (T)
Gôhjrf hïsa`f (O)
@oc`af (@o)
<>
=>
Gjðg (Gj)
?>
<<
^ftosaf (Go)
?1
01
O`tavamom 0.
Gôhjrf mj prftfgjs
Gôhjrf mj jcj`trfgjs
Gôhjrf mj gjutrfgjs
Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs. @fhprjgsaðg cj`tfro y rjco`aðg mj `fg`jptfs.
Cjo jc sakuajgtj tjxtf.
Co eujrzo jcj`trfhftraz @fhôghjgtj sj ccoho vfctodj vfctodj.. Js ug tapf mj eujrzo quj `ouso quj cfs jcj`trfgjs calrjs sj hujvog `fhf udf mj `frrajgtj. Jstj udf f`urrj `uogmf jc hfvahajgtf mj cfs jcj`trfgjs vo mjsmj ugo `orko gjkotavo o ugo `orko pfsatavo, jg ugo sfco marj``aðg. ^oro jccf, js gj`jsoraf quj jxasto ugo maejrjg`ao mj co `ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs jgtrj ug pugtf (`fg hu`bfs jcj`trfgjs) y ftrf (`fg pf`fs jcj`trfgjs). Jsto maejrjg`ao js co eujrzo quj hfvjrï o cfs jcj`trfgjs o trovás mj ug `fgmu`tfr jcá`tra`f, kjgjrogmf jgjrkèo. Co eujrzo jcj`trfhftraz sj pujmj `fgsjkuar hjmaogtj erftohajgtf, `ocfr, prjsaðg, cuz, o``aðg quèha`o f hokgjtashf.
Omoptomf mj4 Goturjmu`o.`fh
?>2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Ogoca`j co agefrho`aðg, y jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros quá js eujrzo outfhftraz. Mjlj utacazor cos sakuajgtjs pocolros jg su mjga`aðg4 jcj`trfgjs y prftfgjs.
Kcfsoraf `frrajgtj jcá`tra`o4 Js co `ar`uco`aðg mj jcj`trfgjs o trovás mj ug `ar`uatf jcá`tra`f. jcj`tra`amom4 @fgdugtf jcj`tra`amom4 @fgdugtf mj ejgðhjgfs eèsa`fs quj jstïg rjco`afgomfs `fg cos `orkos jcá`tra`os. jcj`trðga`o4 Js co roho mj co eèsa`o quj jstumao co `fgmu``aðg y jc udf mj cfs jcj`trfgjs. jcj`trðga`o4 Js jgjrkèo gu`cjor4 Js gu`cjor4 Js co jgjrkèo ocho`jgomo jg cfs gô`cjfs mj cfs ïtfhfs. jspj`trfs`fpèo mj rjsfgog`ao hokgáta`o gu`cjor4 ]á`ga`o jg co `uoc sj utacazog cos prfpajmomjs hokgáta`os mj cfs gô`cjfs mj cfs ïtfhfs quj, pfr sjr jspj`è`os, pujmj sjrvar poro amjgta`or hfcá`ucos f `fhpujstfs quèha`fs. eèsa`o mj portè`ucos4 portè`ucos4 Js co roho mj co eèsa`o quj jstumao cos portè`ucos sulotðha`os, su jstru`turo, `fhpfrtohajgtf j agtjro``afgjs. esaðg gu`cjor4 Js
jc prf`jsf hjmaogtj jc `uoc sj masporog gjutrfgjs oc gô`cjf mj ug ïtfhf poro portarcf pfr co hatom.
gôhjrf otðha`f (T)4 Gôhjrf (T)4 Gôhjrf mj prftfgjs mj ug ïtfhf. gôhjrf hïsa`f (O)4 Gôhjrf (O)4 Gôhjrf mj prftfgjs + gôhjrf mj gjutrfgjs mj ug ïtfhf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 5
?>1
\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
Mjs`ralf cfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs hïs rj`ajgtjs mj co `ajg`ao sflrj cos portè`ucos sulotðha`os. Mjs`ralf co jstru`turo mjc ïtfhf. Jdjhpca`f co utacamom mjc jstumaf mj co jstru`turo mjc ïtfhf jg co tj`gfcfkèo hfmjrgo y su opca`o`aðg jg co vamo `ftamaogo. ^fgkf jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, pfr hjmaf mj co rjocazo`aðg mj ug jxpjrahjgtf mfgmj flsjrvf cfs jej`tfs mj ugo portè`uco sulotðha`o (jcj`trfgjs).
Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhpor tar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
??>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
; Jc jstumaf mj cfs ïtfhfs (AAA) ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 Cfs royfs R. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. Jc kcflf quj otroj.
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Mjs`ralar co utacamom mj cfs royfs R jg jc `ohpf mj co hjma`ago.
Jxpca`or `fg sus pocolros quá js ug asðtfpf y ug afg o portar mjc `fg`jptf mj ug ïtfhf.
Amjgta`or co opca`o`aðg mj cfs asðtfpfs y cfs afgjs jg jc jstumaf mj ejgðhjgfs goturocjs quj cj rfmjog.
Opca`or jc `fg`jptf mj afgjs jg co jxpca`o`aðg mj ug jxpjrahjgtf rjocazomf `fg hotjraocjs mj su jgtfrgf.
\jocazor ug jxpjrahjgtf `ajgtè`f, utacazogmf jcjhjgtfs goturocjs mj su jgtfrgf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ;
???
¡^oro `fhjgzor! Cfs royfs R Cfs royfs R sfg ug tapf mj romao`aðg quj sj prfmu`j `uogmf cfs jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf –soctog‘ mj ug frlatoc o ftrf. Co romao`aðg js ug ejgðhjgf pfr jc `uoc sj prfpoko co jgjrkèo jg efrho mj fgmos jcj`trfhokgáta`os? f portè`ucos. Cfs royfs R sfg `opo`js mj otrovjsor `ujrpfs fpo`fs y sfg agvasalcjs oc fdf buhogf,, pjrf pujmjg qujmor –ahprjsfs‘ jg pco`os eftfkrïea`os. buhogf
<. Jc jcj`trðg "socto" o ftrf gavjc mj jgjrkèo.
0. Jc jcj`trðg quj "socto" "socto" o ftrf gavjc caljro jgjrkèo jg efrho mj royfs R. ?. Zg jcj`trðg rj`alj jgjrkèo.
Bastfrao mj cfs royfs R Cfs royfs R eujrfg mjs`ulajrtfs o``amjgtochjgtj pfr jc `ajgtè`f ocjhïg @fgrom \fgtkjg jg ?21:, `uogmf jstolo bo`ajgmf jxpjrahjgtfs sflrj jc jej`tf mj cos mjs`orkos jcá`tra`os jg cfs kosjs. Co prahjro prujlo co bazf `fg co hogf mj su jspfso, fltjgajgmf co prahjro romafkroeèo mj co bastfrao buhogo.
?
]apf mj fgmos quj pujmjg vaodor jg jc jspo`af vo`èf, f sjo, gf gj`jsatog mj ug hjmaf poro prfpokorsj. prfpokorsj. ^fr jdjhpcf, co cuz.
??<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
¶@ðhf eug`afgog cfs royfs R6 Zg tulf mj royfs R jstï efrhomf pfr mfs `fgmu`tfrjs jcá`tra`fs, ugf pfsatavf y ugf gjkotavf, ccohomfs jcj`trfmfs4 jc ïgfmf y jc `ïtfmf. ]ohlaág tajgj ugo eujgtj mj jcj`trfgjs y ug lcog`f (quj pujmj sjr co pco`o mj ug hjtoc). @uogmf sj `ocajgto jc `ïtfmf, cfs jcj`trfgjs rjo``afgog y sj caljrog, sajgmf otroèmfs pfr jc ïgfmf. Jg jstj prf`jsf, portj mj co jgjrkèo sj caljro jg efrho mj `ocfr,, y ftro portj prfmu`j royfs R oc `bf`or `fg cfs ïtfhfs mjc hjtoc, efrhogmf `ocfr afgjs quj, `fhf vjrjhfs jsto sjhogo, sfg ïtfhfs quj bog kogomf f bog afgjs pjrmamf jcj`trfgjs. Opca`o`afgjs mj cfs royfs R Cfs royfs R sfg huy utacazomfs jg co hjma`ago hfmjrgo. Pu prahjr usf euj poro `rjor romafkroeèos mj cfs bujsfs y mjtjrhagor co jxastjg`ao mj ero`turos. Pag jhlorkf, o`tuochjgtj tohlaág sj utacazog poro maokgfsta`or jgejrhjmomjs mj cfs ðrkogfs agtjrgfs, poro mjtj`tor tuhfrjs f jg jc `ohpf mj co fmfgtfcfkèo <.
¶6
¶Polèo quá6 Co romafcfkèo js co roho mj co hjma`ago quj prfmu`j romafkroeèos hjmaogtj royfs R y ftrfs hátfmfs, poro pfmjr maokgfsta`or, prfgfsta`or f trotor mastagtos jgejrhjmomjs.
O pjsor mj su utacamom jg co hjma`ago, ug jxohjg `fg royfs R mjlj jstor o `orkf mj ug prfejsafgoc, pujs ugo jxpfsa`aðg huy eujrtj f murogtj hu`bf tajhpf pujmj `ousor qujhomuros sjvjros, `ïg`jr f ag`cusf co hujrtj. Cos hudjrjs jhlorozomos gf mjljg jxpfgjrsj o jstfs royfs, pujs `ousog hocefrho`afgjs o cfs ljlás.
Jdjr`a`af ? ¶Ockugo vjz cj bog bj`bf ug jxohjg `fg royfs R6 Pa su rjspujsto js pfsatavo, agmaquj jg quá portj mjc `ujrpf y `uïc euj co utacamom mj jstj jxohjg. Pa su rjspujsto js gjkotavo, jxpcaquj quá utacamom pfmrèo tjgjr jstj jxohjg jg `osf mj ugo jhjrkjg`ao háma`o suyo f mj su eohacao.
<
\oho mj co hjma`ago quj jstumao, prjvajgj y troto jgejrhjmomjs mjgtocjs, mj co lf`o y ðrkogfs osf`aomfs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ;
??0
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. Asðtfpfs ]fmfs cfs jcjhjgtfs tajgjg ug gôhjrf otðha`f, otðha`f , quj js co `ogtamom mj prftfgjs y jcj`trfgjs quj tajgj ug ïtfhf. @fhf ug ïtfhf js jcá`tra`ohjgtj gjutrf, co `ogtamom mj prftfgjs js akuoc o co mj cfs jcj`trfgjs. Pag jhlorkf, cfs ïtfhfs vorèog jg `uogtf o su gôhjrf mj gjutrfgjs. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc gôhjrf otðha`f mjc `orlfgf js 5, cf quj sakga`o quj sus ïtfhfs tajgjg sjas prftfgjs y sjas jcj`trfgjs. Pag jhlorkf, jg co goturocjzo pujmjg tjgjr 5, ; f hïs gjutrfgjs.
Asðtfpf `fg sjas gjutrfgjs
^rftðg
Gjutrðg
Asðtfpf `fg sajtj gjutrfgjs
Jcj`trðg
Oc tjgjr hïs f hjgfs gjutrfgjs, co hoso mjc ïtfhf js maejrjgtj. ^fr cf togtf, cfs asðtfpfs cfs asðtfpfs sfg sfg cfs ïtfhfs mj ug jcjhjgtf quj tajgjg jc hashf gôhjrf otðha`f, pjrf hoso maejrjgtj. ]fmfs ]fmfs cfs asðtfpfs mj ug jcjhjgtf tajgjg cos hashos prfpajmomjs quèha`os.
??=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Ztacamom mj cfs asðtfpfs Ockugfs asðtfpfs sfg agjstolcjs, y `uogmf `fcopsog caljrog jgjrkèo ccohomo romao`aðg romao`aðg,, quj js moÿago poro cos `ácucos y kjgjs mjc `ujrpf buhogf, jg jspj`aoc poro `ácucos hocakgos quj prfvf`og jgejrhjmomjs. ^fr jsto rozðg, ockugfs asðtfpfs sfg utacazomfs jg co hjma`ago, `fhf jg jc `osf mj co romaftjropao. Co romaftjropao js ug trotohajgtf utacazomf poro `fhlotar jc `ïg`jr. Ztacazo royfs R f asðtfpfs romao`tavfs poro mjstruar o cos `ácucos hocakgos quj prfvf`og tuhfrjs `og`jrfsfs. Ockugfs asðtfpfs romao`tavfs utacazomfs `fg jstj g sfg jc @floctf 5> y jc Qfmf ?0?.
Jc ôga`f jcjhjgtf `uyfs asðtfpfs tajgjg gfhlrj js jc Bamrðkjgf Bamrðkjgf44 •
^rftaf4 sag gjutrfgjs. Jc hïs `fhôg.
•
Mjutjraf4 ug gjutrðg. Pj jg`ujgtro jg jc tfmf jc Zgavjrsf.
•
]rataf4 mfs gjutrfgjs. Js romao`tavf.
Jcj`trðg ^rftðg Gjutrðg
^rftaf
Mjutjraf
]rataf
Jdjr`a`af ? Pa co cjtro R rjprjsjgto ug jcjhjgtf y jc sulègma`j su gôhjrf otðha`f, `ar`ucj cos kuros quj rjprjsjgtog jc hashf jcjhjgtf `fg `f g asðtfpfs maejrjgtjs.
R
?5 :
R
?: 0
R
?5 2
R
?: :
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ;
??:
<. Afgjs Cfs ïtfhfs sfg gjutrfs. Pag jhlorkf, jg co goturocjzo `fgstogtjhjgtj jstïg pjrmajgmf f kogogmf jcj`trfgjs oc `fhlagorsj `fg ftrfs ïtfhfs. Zg afg afg js js ug ïtfhf quj bo kogomf f pjrmamf jcj`trfgjs. •
@uogmf ug ïtfhf pajrmj jcj`trfgjs sj ccoho `otaðg `otaðg,, y su `orko jcá`tra`o js pfsatavo.
Pj pajrmj ug jcj`trðg
@otaðg mj sfmaf
Ïtfhf mj sfmaf •
@uogmf ug ïtfhf kogo jcj`trfgjs sj ccoho ogaðg ogaðg,, y su `orko jcá`tra`o js gjkotavo.
Kogo ug jcj`trðg
Ïtfhf mj cataf
Ogaðg mj cataf
Ockugfs `otafgjs y ogafgjs erj`ujgtjs jg co goturocjzo sfg4 @otafgjs Oc0+
Ogafgjs @c- (@cfrurf)
@otaðg mj ocuhagaf mj ocuhagaf quj quj bo pjrmamf trjs jcj`trfgjs. @o<+
Ogaðg mj `cfrf, `cfrf, quj bo kogomf ug jcj`trðg. E- (Ecufrurf)
@otaðg mj `oc`af `oc`af quj quj bo pjrmamf mfs jcj`trfgjs. jcj` trfgjs. Ogaðg mj ôfr ôfr,, quj bo kogomf ug jcj`trðg. I+ P<- (Puceurf) @otaðg mj pftosaf pftosaf bo bo pjrmamf ug jcj`trðg.
Ogaðg mj ozuerj, quj bo kogomf mfs jcj`trfgjs.
Jc sakgf pfsatavf f gjkotavf, agma`o co `orko mj `omo jcjhjgtf.
??5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Ztacamom mj cfs ogafgjs y `otafgjs Cfs ogafgjs y `otafgjs sj jg`ujgtrog olugmogtjhjgtj jg co goturocjzo. ^fr jdjhpcf4 Cfs afgjs jg gujstrf `ujrpf Gujstrf `ujrpf gj`jsato ogafgjs y `otafgjs poro su eug`afgohajgtf. Cfs `fgsuhahfs o trovás mj ocahjgtfs. ^fr jdjhpcf, co soc (efrhomo pfr `cfrf y sfmaf), quj oc hjz`corsj `fg okuo, efrho `otafgjs mj sfmaf y ogafgjs mj `cfrurf. Jc `otaðg sfmaf js huy ahpfrtogtj poro jc eug`afgohajgtf mjc sastjho gjrvafsf, hajgtros quj jc ogaðg `cfrurf oyumo oc prf`jsf mj co makjstaðg.
Cfs afgjs jg co okra`ucturo Oc akuoc quj gfsftrfs, cos pcogtos gj`jsatog gutrajgtjs gutrajgtjs poro su mjsorrfccf. Jc okuo mj rajkf masujcvj jstfs gutrajgtjs mjc sujcf jg `otafgjs y ogafgjs quj pujmjg sjr olsfrlamfs pfr cos roè`js. Ockugfs `otafgjs quj sfg gj`jsorafs poro jc `rj`ahajgtf mj cfs `uctavfs sfg @o <+ y I+.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ;
??;
0. Afgazo`aðg Co afgazo`aðg js jc ejgðhjgf f prf`jsf hjmaogtj jc `uoc sj prfmu`jg afgjs. Cfs afgjs pujmjg prfmu`arsj o portar mj co rjo``aðg quèha`o mj ug ïtfhf `fg ftrf, ccohïgmfsj afgazo`aðg quèha`o.
@otaðg
Hfcá`uco mj okuo
Hfcá`uco mj okuo
Ogaðg
Aðg bamrfgaf Aðg bamrfxacaf
^jrf tohlaág pujmjg prfmu`arsj `uogmf o ug ïtfhf sj cj suhagastro jgjrkèo (o trovás mj octos tjhpjroturos f mj royfs x, pfr jdjhpcf). Jg jstj `osf sj ccoho afgazo`aðg eèsa`o.
\oyfs R Pj pajrmj jcj`trðg
Ïtfhf mj sfmaf
??2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
@otaðg mj sfmaf
Co afgazo`aðg jg co goturocjzo O gujstrf ocrjmjmfr f`urrj afgazo`aðg mj efrho goturoc, `fhf pfr jdjhpcf4 •
•
•
@uogmf jc okuo jstï jg hfvahajgtf, `fhf jg cos `otorotos f jg cos fcos, sj prfmu`jg afgjs gjkotavfs pfr jc `bfquj mjc okuo. Murogtj ugo tfrhjgto jcá`tra`o, cos portè`ucos mjc okuo mj ccuvao `bf`og jgtrj sè, efrhogmf afgjs gjkotavfs jg cos guljs quj pujmjg sjr mjs`orkomfs `fhf ug royf. Co afgðsejro js ugo mj cos `opos quj efrhog co othðsejro. Mjlj su gfhlrj o quj sajhprj sj jg`ujgtro afgazomo, pfr jc jej`tf mj co romao`aðg sfcor.
Ockugos opca`o`afgjs mj co afgazo`aðg jg co vamo `ftamaogo Cfs tulfs ufrjs`jgtjs mj cuz eug`afgog o portar mj co jhasaðg mj jcj`trfgjs quj prfmu`jg afgazo`aðg. •
•
Jg cfs tjcjvasfrjs mj pcosho. Jc pcosho js ug kos bj`bf mj afgjs y jcj`trfgjs. Jg lotjrèos, `fhf cos mj afg mj cataf.
Co ageujg`ao mj cfs afgjs mjc hjmaf ohlajgtj jg co socum buhogo
Jg ug ohlajgtj goturoc, cfs afgjs pfsatavfs y gjkotavfs sj jg`ujgtrog jg jquacalraf. Pag jhlorkf, jg ockugfs `osfs, jxastjg eo`tfrjs `fhf co `fgtohago`aðg, quj prfmu`jg ug jx`jsf mj afgjs pfsatavfs, quj oej`tog o cfs sastjhos rjsparotfraf, gjrvafsf y bfrhfgoc, f`osafgogmf sègtfhos `fhf mfcfr mj `oljzo, agsfhgaf y `ogsog`af. ^fr jc `fgtroraf, sj ma`j quj cfs afgjs gjkotavfs eovfrj`jg co rjcodo`aðg y jc jquacalraf mjc `ujrpf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ;
??1
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Jc kcflf quj otroj Agtrfmu``aðg Cfs ogtakufs krajkfs `fgf`èog cfs jej`tfs mj erftor ïhlor `fg ug trfzf mj cogo. Flsjrvorfg quj mjspuás mj erftor jc ïhlor, jstj pfmèo otrojr `ujrpfs cakjrfs. Jstf sj mjlj o quj oc erftor ug fldjtf `fg ftrf kjgjrohfs jcj`tra`amom jstïta`o. ¶@ðhf sj kjgjro co jcj`tra`amom jstïta`o6 Cfs ïtfhfs mj ockugfs hotjraocjs -`fhf co cogo, jc `oljccf buhogf f jc vamraf- tajgmjg o pjrmjr eï`achjgtj sus jcj`trfgjs `uogmf jgtrog jg `fgto`tf `fg ftrfs. ^fr jdjhpcf, `uogmf erftohfs ug fldjtf `fg cogo, cfs ïtfhfs mj co cogo pajrmjg jcj`trfgjs jg efrho mj afgjs quj –posog‘ oc fldjtf, quj qujmo jcj`trazomf f, ma`bf `fg ftros pocolros, `orkomf `fg afgjs gjkotavfs (ogafgjs), quj pujmjg otrojr f rjpjcjr o ftrfs fldjtfs, sjkôg cf sakuajgtj4 •
@uogmf mfs `ujrpfs tajgjg co hasho `orko jcá`tra`o, sj rjpjcjg.
•
@uogmf mfs `ujrpfs tajgjg maejrjgtj `orko, sj otrojg.
¶_uá hotjraocjs gj`jsato6
Uorafs Uor afs fldjtfs gf pjsomfs, `fhf ug trfzf mj popjc, ug `cap, jt`.
Zg kcflf.
Ockugo prjgmo mj cogo, `fhf ug suátjr suátjr..
^rf`jmahajgtf ?. @fcfquj vorafs fldjtfs gf pjsomfs jg ugo hjso.
<. Agj ug kcflf y erðtjcf voraos vj`js `fgtro ug suátjr u ftro prjgmo mj cogo.
?<>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
0. O`jrquj jc kcflf bo`ao cfs maejrjgtjs fldjtfs.
=. ^rujlj tohlaág o`jr`ïgmfcf o su `oljccf.
:. Ogftj quá su`jmj `fg `omo fldjtf.
5. Jcolfrj ugo `fg`cusaðg sflrj jc jxpjrahjgtf.
\jsuhjg Cfs asðtfpfs asðtfpfs sfg cfs ïtfhfs mj ug jcjhjgtf quj tajgjg jc hashf gôhjrf otðha`f, pjrf hoso maejrjgtj. Asðtfpfs mj bamrðkjgf
Jcj`trðg ^rftðg Gjutrðg
^rftaf
Mjutjraf
]rataf @ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ;
?
Cfs asðtfpfs asðtfpfs sfg sfg cfs ïtfhfs mj ug jcjhjgtf quj tajgjg jc hashf gôhjrf otðha`f, pjrf hoso maejrjgtj. Zg afg Zg afg js ug ïtfhf quj bo
pjrmamf jcj`trfgjs
`otaðg (`orko pfsatavo)
kogomf jcj`trfgjs
ogaðg (`orko gjkotavo)
Pj pajrmj ug jcj`trðg
Ïtfhf mj sfmaf
@otaðg mj sfmaf Kogo ug jcj`trðg
Ïtfhf mj cataf
Ogaðg mj cataf
Co afgazo`aðg js jc ejgðhjgf f prf`jsf hjmaogtj jc `uoc sj prfmu`jg afgjs.
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... Uasatj co sakuajgtj marj``aðg, y mavaártosj flsjrvogmf cfs afgjs mj maejrjgtjs sustog`aos quèha`os. Pjcj``afgj ugo hfcá`uco jg jc hjgô mj co azquajrmo, pfsa`aðgjsj sflrj co acustro`aðg quj oporj`j jg jc jxtrjhf supjrafr azquajrmf, y orrïstrjco `fg co oyumo mjc hfusj mjgtrf mjc vosf. Jg co mjrj`bo flsjrvj flsjr vj cfs afgjs quj sj efrhog4 bttp4//www.jmu`opcus.frk/pcoy-?2-Afgazo`a%@0%L0g.bthc
?<<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?. Mjhujstrj cf oprjgmamf. O.
Jg co sfpo mj cjtros, jg`ujgtrj cos sakuajgtjs pocolros4
Ïtfhf - Gôhjrf otðha`f ‐ Jcjhjgtf ‐ Hoso - Jcj`trfgjs ‐ ^fsatavo - Gjkotavo PF^O MJ CJ]\OP
L.
o o p
b t r
c f w
s h o
f f t
m u e
j c j
k w v
p f s
c p y
g u h
` ` o f p c j d
o k e e v y c i
l q c g h d j p
s o x j o s ` u
u i p k b ÿ t q
f w l o j y r h
h j g t f h f u
z l a a s u g o
a t a v o e j a
b e x o l o s p
j r f o t f h a
c u h
o o i
w b k
e j d
o c `
` j h
m h f
s j w
c g p
z t o
` f a
Oyômjsj mj jstos pocolros poro jxpca`or cfs sakuajgtjs tárhagfs4
Asðtfpf4
Aðg4
@otaðg4
Ogaðg4
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ;
?<0
O`tavamom <. Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf. ?.
¶Cfs asðtfpfs y cfs afgjs sfg ïtfhfs6 Jxpcaquj pfr quá.
<.
Jc gfhlrj quèha`f mj co soc js `cfrurf mj sfmaf (Go@c), cf `uoc sakga`o quj jstï efrhomf pfr ïtfhfs mj sfmaf (Go) y mj `cfrf (@c). Jstfs ïtfhfs pujmjg trogsefrhorsj jg afgjs, sajgmf jc mjc sfmaf8 Go+ y jc mjc `cfrf8 @c -. Js`ralo `uïc js jc `otaðg y `uïc js jc ogaðg.
@otaðg4
Ogaðg4
0.
Jc afg la`orlfgotf (B@F 0-) sj jg`ujgtro gfrhochjgtj jg cfs uamfs mjc `ujrpf buhogf. ^ujmj `fhlagorsj `fg ftrfs afgjs, `fhf jc B + poro efrhor ï`amf `orlðga`f, quj agtjrvajgj jg jc prf`jsf mj rjsparo`aðg. Js`ralo `uïc js jc `otaðg y `uïc js jc ogaðg.
@otaðg4
Ogaðg4
=.
Jg co sakuajgtj acustro`aðg, agmaquj `uïc js jc ogaðg y `uïc js jc `otaðg.
Jcj`trðg
trogsejrj`ao mj jcj`trfgjs
Ïtfhf mj cataf
?<=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Ïtfhf mj eôfr
O`tavamom 0.
Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs.
@opo`amom mj `fhuga`o`aðg, `opo`amom mj sègtjsas, `fhprjgsaðg cj`tfro. ?.
Cjo jc sakuajgtj ortè`ucf y mjs`ralo `fg sus pocolros `ðhf sj pujmj utacazor co afgazo`aðg poro jc `uamomf mjc hjmaf ohlajgtj.
Zg maspfsatavf jcahago cos jhasafgjs mj @F< mj cos agmustraos Jc prfyj`tf mj A+M PAKHO fltajgj ug sastjho `opoz mj sjporor cfs kosjs `fgtohagogtjs kro`aos o co `fcolfro`aðg mjc @jgtrf mj Cïsjrjs ^ucsomfs, co ^cotoefrho GZ@CJZP mj co Zgavjrsamom mj Pocohog`o j Aljrmrfco Agkjgajrèo D^O/MA@Q] Jc @jgtrf mj Cïsjrjs ^ucsomfs (@C^Z), jc Pjrva`af Kjgjroc mj Jspj`trfhjtrèo
mj Hosos mj GZ@CJZP mj co Zgavjrsamom mj Pocohog`o y co jhprjso Aljrmrfco Agkjgajrèo bog prjsjgtomf bfy ug maspfsatavf `opoz mj jcahagor `osa oc ?>>% cos jhasafgjs mj kosjs `fgtohagogtjs o co othðsejro, prag`apochjgtj @F<, pfr portj mj cos agmustraos. Cfs agvjstakomfrjs yo bog prjsjgtomf ugo potjgtj go`afgoc mj ug prahjr prftftapf, quj js jc rjsuctomf mjc prfyj`tf mj A+M PAKHO, quj `fhjgzð bo`j mfs oÿfs. Hjmaogtj romao`aðg cïsjr, jc sastjho afgazo cfs kosjs `fgtohagogtjs y cfs jxtroj o trovás mj `ohpfs jcá`tra`fs y hokgáta`fs. Jc maspfsatavf pujmj sjr rjvfcu`afgoraf jg jc hugmf, yo quj olfrmo ug `fg`jptf mastagtf poro oerfgtor jc prflcjho quj `ousog cos jhasafgjs mj @F<, kos mj jej`tf agvjrgomjrf rjco`afgomf `fg jc `ohlaf `cahïta`f. Jvator quj ccjkuj o co othðsejro js ug krog rjtf `ajgtè`f y tj`gfcðka`f, jspj`aochjgtj jg jc `ohpf mj co prfmu``aðg mj jgjrkèo jcá`tra`o pfr portj mj `jgtrocjs tárha`os, pjrf tohlaág jg tfmf tapf mj agmustraos quj kjgjrog jhasafgjs. Mj bj`bf, cf gavjcjs mj @F< –sakujg ouhjgtogmf mj efrho mjs`fgtrfcomo‘, sjÿoco jg mj`coro`afgjs rj`fkamos pfr Ma@Q] @orcfs ^omacco, rjspfgsolcj mj Aljrmrfco Agkjgajrèo y marj`tfr mjc prfyj`tf. Cos trjs fp`afgjs poro olfrmorcf sfg co `opturo mj @F<, co opujsto pfr cos jgjrkèos rjgfvolcjs y jc ouhjgtf mj co j`ajg`ao jgjrkáta`o. Jstj prfyj`tf sj jghor`o mjgtrf mj co prahjro y js ug sastjho hïs lorotf quj ftros vèos quj sj bog jxpcfromf jg jstj `ohpf. ^oro jcahagor @F< sj pujmj o`tuor ogtjs, murogtj f mjspuás mj co `fhlustaðg y jc sastjho potjgtomf pfr jc prfyj`tf PAKHO pujmj bo`jrcf jg `uocquajro mj jstfs hfhjgtfs. ^oro cfkror o`tuor sflrj ug kos jg `fg`rjtf, sj tajgjg jg `ujgto sus `oro`tjrèsta`os eèsa`f-quèha`os, pfr jdjhpcf, jc tohoÿf mj cos hfcá`ucos quj cf efrhog. Jg `uocquajr `osf, oc jstor `fgstatuamf pfr ïtfhfs, cfs jcj`trfgjs mj jstfs –sfg sus`jptalcjs mj sjr orrog`omfs f agtrfmu`amfs‘ y mj jsto efrho, js mj`ar, hjmaogtj afgazo`aðg, sj `fgsakujg sjporor cfs mastagtfs `fhpfgjgtjs. ^oro jccf boy quj `ogocazor cfs kosjs pfr ug `fgmu`tf jg jc quj sj ccjvo o `olf co afgazo`aðg y co sjporo`aðg, ug prf`jsf quj sj cfkro kro`aos o co tj`gfcfkèo cïsjr. cïsjr. Co portj mj co afgazo`aðg bo samf olfrmomo prag`apochjgtj pfr jc `ajgtè`f mjc @C^Z Ïcvorf ^jrocto, hajgtros quj co sjporo`aðg sj cfkro hjmaogtj co jspj`trfhjtrèo mj hosos, jspj`aocamom mjc sjrva`af quj marakj @ásor \opfsf jg GZ@CJZP, co ^cotoefrho mj Opfyf o co Agvjstako`aðg mj co Zgavjrsamom mj Pocohog`o.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ;
?<:
Kcfsoraf ïgfmf4 Js ug jcj`trfmf mfgmj sj prfmu`j ugo rjo``aðg jg co `uoc sj pajrmjg jcj`trfgjs. `ïtfmf4 Js ug jcj`trfmf mfgmj sj prfmu`j ugo rjo``aðg jg co `uoc sj kogog jcj`trfgjs. jcj`trfmf4 Js ug `fgmu`tfr jcá`tra`f. hoso4 Hjmamo hoso4 Hjmamo mj co `ogtamom mj hotjrao quj tajgj ug `ujrpf. gôhjrf otðha`f4 @frrjspfgmj o co `ogtamom mj prftfgjs y jcj`trfgjs quj tajgj ug ïtfhf. fmfgtfcfkèo4 \oho mj co hjma`ago quj jstumao, prjvajgj y troto jgejrhjmomjs mjgtocjs y mj co lf`o y ðrkogfs osf`aomfs. fgmos jcj`trfhokgáta`os4 Pfg ug tapf mj fgmos quj pujmjg vaodor jg jc jspo`af vo`èf, f sjo, gf gj`jsatog mj ug hjmaf poro prfpokorsj. ^fr jdjhpcf, co cuz. romao`aðg4 Js ug ejgðhjgf jg jc `uoc sj prfpoko co jgjrkèo jg efrho mj fgmos jcj`trfhokgáta`os f portè`ucos.
\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
?<5
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
Mjs`ralf co utacamom mj cfs royfs R jg jc `ohpf mj co hjma`ago. Jxpca`f `fg has pocolros quá js ug asðtfpf y ug afg o portar mjc `fg`jptf mj ug ïtfhf. Amjgta`f co opca`o`aðg cfs asðtfpfs y cfs afgjs jg jc jstumaf mj ejgðhjgfs goturocjs quj hj rfmjog. Opca`f jc `fg`jptf mj afgjs jg co jxpca`o`aðg mj ug jxpjrahjgtf rjocazomf `fg hotjraocjs mj ha jgtfrgf.
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
2
\jposf mj co sjhogo ? o ; Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
\jposor cfs `fgtjgamfs mj co sjhogo ? o ;.
\jsfcvjr cfs jdjr`a`afs mj rjposf poro jvocuorsj jg co prahjro prujlo por`aoc.
^rjpororsj lajg poro co prujlo mj jvocuo`aðg.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 2
?<;
¶@ðhf sjrï co prujlo mj jvocuo`aðg6 Co prujlo por`aoc jvocôo cfs hashfs `fgtjgamfs y mj co hasho hogjro quj cf bjhfs rjocazomf o cf corkf mj jstos sjhogos mj jstumaf. Jg co prujlo jg`fgtrorï4 •
Maejrjgtjs jdjr`a`afs quj jvocôog co `fhprjsaðg mj cfs tjhos mj co sjhogo ? o co ;. Jstfs jdjr`a`afs sjrïg sjhjdogtjs o cfs quj ustjm bo rjsujctf `omo sjhogo y jg `omo outf`fgtrfc. Pj cj pjmarï4
\jspfgmjr prjkugtos.
Pulroyor co rjspujsto `frrj`to.
\jccjgor jc `èr`ucf mj co fp`aðg omj`uomo.
Amjgta`or portjs sjÿocomos.
Ogocazor gfta`aos y `osfs.
Huy ahpfrtogtj4 @omo ahpfrtogtj4 @omo sjraj mj co prujlo `fgtajgj agstru``afgjs jxo`tos mj cf quj mjlj rjocazor jg `omo oportomf, osè `fhf co vocfro`aðg osakgomo. Cjo cos agstru``afgjs y osjkôrjsj mj boljrcos `fhprjgmamf lajg. ]jgko jg `ujgto quj jg co prujlo sj vocfrog ftros bolacamomjs, omjhïs mj cfs `fgtjgamfs. •
Co rjmo``aðg `coro y sag eoctos mj frtfkroeèo.
•
Co cahpajzo y jc frmjg poro trolodor.
•
Co prfeugmamom mj sus ogïcasas.
•
Cos amjos gfvjmfsos quj prfpfgko.
Pa ustjm sj prjporo `fg tajhpf y mjma`o`aðg, co prujlo gf cj tfhorï pfr sfrprjso. @fhprujlj quj sus outf`fgtrfcjs jstág lajg bj`bfs, rjoca`j cfs jdjr`a`afs mj jstj rjposf y rjvasj cfs `fgtjgamfs mj cos prahjros sajtj sjhogos mj jstumaf.
?<2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Co `ajg`ao y su `cosaea`o`aðg Lrjvj bastfrao mj co `ajg`ao4 ockugfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs, agvjgtfs y `ajgtèe`fs ahpfrtogtjs
Ápf`o ^rjbastfrao
Mjs`ulrahajgtf f agvjgtf
@ajgtèe`fs ahpfrtogtjs
-
Jmom Ogtakuo
Cfs ogtakufs jkap`afs, cfs hoyos, cfs ogtakufs krajkfs (^atïkfros, Bapð`rotjs).
Jmom Hjmao
Oc Duorasha, Cjfgormf Mo Uag`a y Ga`fcïs @fpárga`f.
Jmom Hfmjrgo
Kocacjf Kocacja, \fljrt Bffij j Asoo` Gjwtfg.
Jmom @fgtjhpfrïgjo
@borcjs Morwag, Ocljrt Jagstjag y Ocjxogmjr Ecjhagk.
Co `ajg`ao js ug `fgdugtf mj `fgf`ahajgtfs fldjtavfs, vjra`olcjs y sastjhotazomfs sflrj ugo hotj rao, bj`bf f ejgðhjgf, quj sfg fltjgamfs pfr hjmaf mj hátfmfs f tá`ga`os.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 2
?<1
Cos `ajg`aos goturocjs jstumaog, goturocjs jstumaog, mjs`raljg, `fhporog y frmjgog cfs ejgðhjgfs mj co goturocjzo. Ockugfs jdjhpcfs sfg4 lafcfkèo, quèha`o, eèsa`o y ostrfgfhèo.
Jdjr`a`af ? Flsjrvj cos sakuajgtjs acustro`afgjs, j agmaquj sa `frrjspfgmjg o ugo `ajg`ao efrhoc f eï`ta`o.
= 0 : ? <
Jdjr`a`af < @fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj jsqujho, quj rjsuhj co `cosa`o`aðg mj co `ajg`ao4
hotjhïta`o, cðka`o.
@ajg`aos
ogtrfpfcfkèo, psa`fcfkèo. Eï`ta`os quèha`o, eèsa`o, ostrfgfhèo.
?0>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jdjr`a`af 0 Pulroyj co rjspujsto `frrj`to. ?. Kocacjf Kocacja, \fljrt Bffij j Asoo` Gjwtfg eujrfg `ajgtè`fs ahpfrtogtjs murogtj4 o. Co Jmom Ogtakuo l. Co Jmom Hjmao `. Co Jmom Hfmjrgo m. Co Jmom @fgtjhpfrïgjo <. Murogtj co Jmom @fgtjhpfrïgjo @fgtjhpfrïgjo sj rjocazorfg ahpfrtogtjs mjs`ulrahajgtfs f agvjgtfs `ajgtè`fs, `fhf4
o. Cf`fhftfro l. La`a`cjto `. Ahprjgto m. o y l sfg `frrj`tos 0. Jc jstumaf mjc mjc hfvahajgtf mj cos hïquagos quj utacazohfs poro poro co `fgstru``aðg, js `ohpf mj co sakuajgtj `ajg`ao4 o. Eèsa`o l. _uèha`o `. Ostrfgfhèo m. Gagkugo js `frrj`to =. Jc jstumaf mjc eug`afgohajgtf mj co hjgtj mjc sjr buhogf, js ugo `ajg`ao4 o. Eï`ta`o l. Pf`aoc `. Efrhoc m. o y l sfg `frrj`tos :. Zgo @oro`tèsta`o quj GF `frrjspfgmj o co `ajg`ao js4 o. Puldjtavo l. Ujra`olcj `. Pastjhïta`o m. Hjtðma`o
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 2
?0?
Jc hátfmf `ajgtèe`f js co hjtfmfcfkèo frmjgomo quj sj utacazo jg cos `ajg`aos goturocjs poro prfmu`ar `fgf`ahajgtf, `fhprflor amjos f jxpca`or ejgðhjgfs. Pus posfs sfg4
?
0
Flsjrvo`aðg4 `uogmf mjtj`tohfs f Flsjrvo`aðg4 `uogmf jxohagohfs ockôg ejgðhjgf goturoc o trovás mj gujstrfs sjgtamfs f mj ockôg agstruhjgtf.
Jxpjrahjgto`aðg4 `fgsastj jg Jxpjrahjgto`aðg4 `fgsastj co rjocazo`aðg mj jxpjrahjgtfs f prujlos poro vjra`or co bapðtjsas.
<
Bapðtjsas4 js ugo supfsa`aðg quj sj Bapðtjsas4 js bo`j poro agtjgtor mjs`ralar f jxpca`or ockôg ejgðhjgf.
=
@fg`cusaðg4 `fg @fg`cusaðg4 `fg cfs rjsuctomfs mj co jxpjrahjgto`aðg, sj orho, rj`bozo f hfma`o co bapðtjsas.
]jfrèo4 js ugo jxpca`o`aðg, amjo f orho`aðg sflrj ug ejgðhjgf quj sj loso jg ug krog gôhjrf mj flsjrvo`afgjs, agefrho`aðg y jxpjrahjgto`aðg. Cos tjfrèos pujmjg sjr `fhprflomos, ohpcaomos f rjefrhucomos `fg gujvfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs, jxpjrahjgtfs u flsjrvo`afgjs. Cjy4 js ugo orho`aðg vjra`olcj, mjhfstromo `ajgtè`ohjgtj y mj opca`o`aðg ugavjrsoc. Pj `fgsamjro `fhf ugo –vjrmom olsfcuto‘.
Jdjr`a`af = Cjo cfs sakuajgtjs `fg`jptfs, y js`ralo o quá mjga`aðg `frrjspfgmjg4
?. Hjtfmfcfkèo frmjgomo frmjgomo quj sj utacazo jg cos `ajg`aos goturocjs poro prfmu`ar `fgf`ahajgtf, `fhprflor amjos f jxpca`or ejgðhjgfs4
<. Orho`aðg vjra`olcj, mjhfstromo `ajgtè`ohjgtj y mj opca`o`aðg ugavjrsoc. Pj `fgsamjro `fhf ugo –vjrmom olsfcuto‘4
0. Jxpca`o`aðg, amjo f orho`aðg sflrj ug ejgðhjgf quj sj loso jg ug krog gôhjrf mj flsjrvo`afgjs, agefrho`aðg y jxpjrahjgto`aðg. Cos tjfrèos pujmjg sjr `fhprflomos, ohpcaomos f rjefrhucomos `fg gujvfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs, jxpjrahjgtfs u flsjrvo`afgjs4
?0<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jdjr`a`af : @fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj jsqujho `fg cfs posfs mjc hátfmf `ajgtè`f4
?. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV4 `uogmf mjtj`toVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV4 `uogmf hfs f jxohagohfs ockôg ejgðhjgf goturoc o trovás mj gujstrfs sjgtamfs f mj ockôg agstruhjgtf.
0. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV4 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVV4 VVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
<. Bapðtjsas4 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV Bapðtjsas4 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVV
=.
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV `fg cfs VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV `fg rjsuctomfs mj co jxpjrahjgto`aðg, sj orho, rj`bozo f hfma`o co
bapðtjsas.
Jdjr`a`af 5 Cjo co sakuajgtj bastfrao o`jr`o mjc mjs`ulrahajgtf mj co `ouso mj co tuljr`ucfsas, y js`ralo jc jgug`aomf quj `frrjspfgmj o `omo posf mjc hátfmf `ajgtè`f4 \fljrt If`b euj ug `ajgtè`f ocjhïg (?2=0-?1?>) quj jstumað hjma`ago y rjocazð jstumafs sflrj
cos agej``afgjs jg cos bjramos, mïgmfsj `ujgto mj quj ockugos jrog `ousomos pfr lo`tjraos.
Polajgmf, jgtfg`js, quj cos lo`tjraos pujmjg `ousor jgejrhjmomjs, pjgsð quj ug tapf mj jccos pfmrèo sjr co `ouso mj co jgejrhjmom mj co tuljr`ucfsas, pfr cf quj mj`amað jxpjrahjgtor poro mjhfstrorcf. ^oro jccf, fltuvf hujstros mj agmavamufs jgejrhfs, oascð co lo`tjrao y co agf`ucð o ogahocjs jxpjrahjgtocjs, flsjrvogmf quj mjsorrfccolog co jgejrhjmom. Mj jsto hogjro `fg`cuyð, `fg losj `ajgtè`o, quj co `ouso mj co tuljr`ucfsas jro ugo lo`tjrao ccohomo lo`acf tuljr`ucfsf (Hy`flo`tjrauh tuljr`ucfsas).
Flsjrvo`aðg4 Bapðtjsas4 Jxpjrahjgto`aðg4 @fg`cusaðg4
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 2
?00
ug cukor jg jc jspo`af. Co ugamom hïs pjqujÿo Co hotjrao js tfmf oqujccf quj tajgj hoso y f`upo ug j agmavasalcj quj efrho co hotjrao sj ccoho ïtfhf. ïtfhf . Cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs goturocjs sfg cos sustog`aos lïsa`os efrhomos pfr ug sfcf tapf mj ïtfhfs y gf sj pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjr jg sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs.
Pulstog`aos sahpcjs efrhomos sahpcjs efrhomos pfr ug hashf jcjhjgtf. Co hotjrao sj `cosa`o jg4
Pulstog`aos `fhpujstos efrhomos `fhpujstos efrhomos pfr mfs f hïs jcjhjgtfs.
^rfpajmomjs mj co hotjrao
Kjgjrocjs •
Hoso
•
Ufcuhjg
•
^jsf
•
^frfsamom
•
•
Ahpjgjtrolacamom
•
Hfvacamom
•
Jcosta`amom
•
Mavasalacamom
•
?0=
Agjr`ao
Otro``aðg
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jspj`èe`os
^rfpajmomjs quèha`os
^rfpajmomjs eèsa`os
•
\jo`tavamom quèha`o
•
Mjgsamom
•
Agoholacamom
•
Jstomf
•
]fxa`amom
•
^rfpajmomjs frkogfcápta`os
•
O`amjz f oc`ocagamom
•
^ugtf mj jlucca`aðg
•
@opo`amom mj jxpcftor
•
^ugtf mj eusaðg
•
@opo`amom mj ormjr
•
Pfculacamom
•
Murjzo
•
]jgo`amom
•
@fgmu`tavamom jcá`tra`o
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@fgmu`tavamom tárha`o
•
Hocjolacamom
•
Mu`tacamom
•
Uas`fsamom
•
Ecjxalacamom
•
@opo`amom mj mjs`fhpfgjrsj oc `ocjgtorsj
Jdjr`a`af ; Mj cfs sakujgtjs jdjhpcfs, agmaquj `uïc js ugo sustog`ao sahpcj y `uïc ugo `fhpujsto4 ?.
Jc ozô`or, efrhomo pfr cfs jcjhjgtfs `orlfgf, bamrðkjgf y fxèkjgf4
<.
Jc jcjhjgtf ccohomf `orlfgf4
Jdjr`a`af 2 @fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj jgug`aomf, `fg cos pocolros quj eoctog4 Co VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV js js tfmf oqujccf quj tajgj hoso y f`upo ug cukor jg jc jspo`af. Co ugamom hïs pjqujÿo j agmavasalcj quj efrho co hotjrao sj ccoho VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Cfs VVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV sfg cos sustog`aos lïsa`os efrhomos pfr ug sfcf tapf mj ïtfhfs y gf sj pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjr jg sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs.
Jdjr`a`af 1 Jg cfs sakuajgtjs `osfs, agmaquj sa sj troto mj ugo prfpajmom kjgjroc, eèsa`o f quèha`o mj co hotjrao. Ujo jc jdjhpcf4 @osf >. Jc bamrðxamf mj pftosaf js ugo sustog`ao oc`ocago. ?. Zgo fgmo eug`afgo kro`aos o co jcosta`amom mjc bucj, quj cj pjrhatj cogzor fldjtfs. <. Co mjgsamom mjc okuo js mj4 111.1; ik/h 0. 0.
^rfpajmom mj co hotjrao _ u èh a` o
Ockugfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs, `fhf jc orsága`f, sfg tðxa`fs poro jc sjr buhogf.
=. Jc kos hjtogf js huy agoholcj.
5.
Pj `fgsamjro quj jc maohogtj js jc hotjraoc hïs murf mj co goturocjzo. Zg ahïg otroj hjtocjs `fhf jc bajrrf.
;.
Jc okuo js ug cèquamf ag`fcfrf j agfmfrf.
2.
Jc ocuhagaf js ug hotjraoc huy hocjolcj.
1.
Zgo pjrsfgo tajgj ugo hoso mj ;: iacfkrohfs.
?>.
Jg co goturocjzo, jc jcjhjgtf bamrðkjgf sj jg`ujgtro jg jstomf kosjfsf. Jc `fr`bf js ug hotjraoc huy pfrfsf.
:.
??.
?<. Jc pugtf mj eusaðg mj co porogo sj jg`ujgtro jgtrj =; y 5=
kromfs `jgtèkromfs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 2
?0:
Co hotjrao pujmj jg`fgtrorsj jg `uotrf jstomfs4 Pðcamfs4 `fg efrho y vfcuhjg mjgamf. Pus ïtfhfs jstïg frmjgomfs mj efrho mjgamo y rjkucor, rjkucor, sj hujvjg pf`f. Cèquamfs4 tfhog co efrho mjc rj`apajgtj quj cfs `fgtajgj, tajgjg vfcuhjg mjgamf, pujmjg uar y sjr sfculcjs f agsfculcjs. Pus ïtfhfs sj jg`ujgtrog ockf `jr`ogfs y sj
hujvjg calrjhjgtj.
Kosjs4 tfhog co efrho y vfcuhjg mjc rj`apajgtj quj cfs `fgtajgj, pujmjg jxpogmarsj y Kosjs4 tfhog hjz`corsj `fg ftrfs kosjs. Pus ïtfhfs jstïg huy sjporomfs y sj hujvjg agmjpjgmajgtjhjgtj. ^cosho4 sag efrho mjgamo, tfhog jc vfcuhjg mjc rj`apajgtj quj cfs `fgtajgj, pujmjg efrhor ockugos jstru`turos `fhf cfs sðcamfs. Pus ïtfhfs pajrmjg jcj`trfgjs pfr jc jej`tf mj octos tjhpjroturos y prjsaðg, cfs `uocjs sj hujvjg calrj y rïpamohjgtj, caljrogmf jgjrkèo.
Co hotjrao pujmj suerar `ohlafs eèsa`fs f quèha`fs. @ohlafs eèsa`fs4 sfg eèsa`fs4 sfg cfs `ohlafs quj f`urrjg jg co hotjrao, sag octjror su jstru`turo ga `fhpfsa`aðg. ^fr jdjhpcf4 `ohlafs mj efrho, vfcuhjg, tohoÿf, jstomf, pfsa`aðg f
hjz`cos.
@ohlafs quèha`fs4 quèha`fs4 sfg cfs `ohlafs quj f`urrjg jg co hotjrao, quj sè octjrog su jstru`turo gf `fhpfsa`aðg. ^fr jdjhpcf4 `fhlustaðg, fxamo`aðg mj hjtocjs, putrjeo``aðg y ejrhjgto`aðg.
Jdjr`a`af ?> Agmaquj jg quá jstomf sj jg`ujgtro co hotjrao mj cfs sakuajgtjs fldjtfs4
?05
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jdjr`a`af ?? @fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj `uomrf sflrj cfs jstomfs mj co hotjrao4 Jstomf Pðcamf
Efrho
Ufcuhjg Mjgamf
Mjgamf
Kosjfsf
@oro`tjrèsta`os mj sus ïtfhfs
Cfs ïtfhfs sj jg`ujgtrog ockf `jr`ogfs y sj hujvjg calrjhjgtj.
]fhog co efrho ]fhog jc vfcuhjg mjc rj`apajgtj quj mjc rj`apajgtj quj cfs `fgtajgj. cfs `fgtajgj. Agmjgamo
Cfs ïtfhfs pajrmjg jcj`trfgjs pfr jc jej`tf mj octos tjhpjroturos y prjsaðg, cfs `uocjs sj hujvjg calrj y rïpamohjgtj, caljrogmf jgjrkèo.
Jdjr`a`af ?< Mj cfs sakuajgtjs `osfs, agmaquj `uïcjs `frrjspfgmjg o `ohlafs eèsa`fs y `uïcjs o `ohlafs quèha`fs mj co hotjrao. Ujo jc jdjhpcf4 @osf
]apf mj `ohlaf Eèsa`f
>. @uogmf ug gaÿf hfcmjo pcostacago.
<.
@uogmf mjdohfs `fhamo eujro mjc rjerakjromfr pfr vorafs mèos y sj mjs`fhpfgj. @uogmf qujlrohfs ug vamraf y sj bo`j pjmozfs.
0.
@uogmf hjz`cohfs okuo `fg `f g ozô`or. ozô`or.
=.
@uogmf mjdohfs quj co ccuvao `oako sflrj ugo sacco mj hjtoc, y jsto sj fxamo.
?.
:. @uogmf qujhohfs ug cjÿf poro `f`agor.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 2
?0;
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Jc ïtfhf y hfmjcfs otðha`fs Co tjfrèo otðha`o ma`j quj tfmo co hotjrao jstï `fhpujsto pfr portè`ucos pjqujÿos j agmavasalcjs
ccohomos ïtfhfs.
Zg ïtfhf jstï efrhomf pfr4
Cfs prftfgjs sfg portè`ucos sulotðha`os `fg jgjrkèo pfsatavo. Cfs gjutrfgjs sfg portè`ucos gjutros. Cfs jcj`trfgjs sfg portè`ucos `fg `orko gjkotavo.
Hfmjcfs otðha`fs Jc ïtfhf js ugo portè`uco jseára`o, agmavasalcj j aghutolcj. Jc ïtfhf js ugo jsejro mj hotjrao `orkomo pfsatavohjgtj, y jg su agtjrafr sj jg`ujgtrog cfs jcj`trfgjs quj jstïg jg rjpfsf. Jc ïtfhf jstï efrhomf pfr ug gô`cjf, quj js pfsatavf y `fg`jgtro co hoyfr `ogtamom mj hoso, rfmjomf pfr ugo `frtjzo mfgmj karog cfs jcj`trfgjs jg jspo`af hoyfrhjgtj vo`èf. Cfs jcj`trfgjs karog ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf, jg vorafs gavjcjs u ðrlatos `ar`ucorjs. Cfs jcj`trfgjs sfg fgmos quj sj jg`ujgtrog ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf, pjrf gf jg ðrlatos mjgamos, sagf quj jg
rjkafgjs (guljs u frlatocjs) mfgmj js hïs prflolcj jg`fgtrorcfs.
Jc gô`cjf mjc ïtfhf gf js aghðvac, sagf quj sj hujvj. Cos ðrlatos mj cfs jcj`trfgjs pujmjg sjr `ar`ucorjs f jcèpta`os y tajgjg gavjcjs y sulgavjcjs mj jgjrkèo. Pj eugmohjgto jg quj cfs jcj`trfgjs sj hujvjg mj efrho fgmucotfrao, gf sj jg`ujgtrog jg cukorjs edafs, sagf quj jg frlatocjs y gf pujmjg f`upor jc hashf jspo`af oc hashf tajhpf.
?02
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jdjr`a`af ?0 Jg jc sakuajgtj jsqujho, sjÿocj cos portjs mjc ïtfhf. Ujo jc jdjhpcf4
Gô`cjf
Jdjr`a`af ?= Js`ralo co `orko jcá`tra`o mj cos sakuajgtjs portè`ucos sulotðha`os4 ^rftðg4 Gjutrðg4 Jcj`trðg4
Jdjr`a`af ?: @fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj jgug`aomf sflrj co tjfrèo otðha`o4 Co tjfrèo otðha`o ma`j quj tfmo co hotjrao jstï `fhpujsto pfr portè`ucos pjqujÿos j agmavasalcjs
ccohomos VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 2
?01
Jdjr`a`af ?5 Js`ralo jc gfhlrj mjc hfmjcf otðha`f oc quj `frrjspfgmj co acustro`aðg y `oro`tjrèsta`os. Hfmjcf otðha`f
Acustro`aðg
@oro`tjrèsta`os Pj eugmohjgto jg quj cfs jcj`trfgjs sj hujvjg mj efrho fgmucotfrao, gf sj jg`ujgtrog jg cukorjs dfs, sagf quj jg
frlatocjs y gf pujmjg f`upor jc hashf jspo`af oc hashf tajhpf
Cfs jcj`trfgjs karog ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf, jg vorafs gavjcjs u ðrlatos `ar`ucorjs.
Jc ïtfhf jstï efrhomf pfr ug gô`cjf, quj js pfsatavf y `fg`jgtro co hoyfr `ogtamom mj hoso, rfmjomf pfr ugo `frtjzo mfgmj karog cfs jcj`trfgjs jg jspo`af hoyfrhjgtj vo`èf.
Jc ïtfhf js ugo portè`uco jseára`o, agmavasalcj j aghutolcj.
Jc gô`cjf mjc ïtfhf gf js aghðvac, sagf quj sj hujvj. Cos ðrlatos mj cfs jcj`trfgjs pujmjg sjr `ar`ucorjs f jcèpta`os y tajgjg gavjcjs y sulgavjcjs mj jgjrkèo. Jc ïtfhf js ugo jsejro mj hotjrao `orkomo pfsatavohjgtj, y jg su agtjrafr sj jg`ujgtrog cfs jcj`trfgjs, quj jstïg jg rjpfsf. Cfs jcj`trfgjs sfg fgmos quj sj jg`ujgtrog ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf, pjrf gf jg ðrlatos mjgamos, sagf quj jg rjkafgjs (guljs
u frlatocjs) mfgmj js hïs prflolcj jg`fgtrorcfs.
?=>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc hugmf mj cfs ïtfhfs Jstru`turo Zg ïtfhf jstï efrhomf pfr por`ucos sulotðha` sulotðha`os os. Cos prag`apocjs por`ucos y sus `oro`tjrès`os sfg4
Gfhlrj Zla`o`aðg mj co jg jc ïtfhf por`uco
@orko
jcá`tra`o
Pèhl Pè hlfc fcf f Hoso Hoso (j (jg g krohfs)
^rftðg
^fsavo
p f p+
?.5;<5 x ?>-<=
Gjutro
g
?.5;=1: x?>-<=
Gô`cjf
Gjutrðg
Ftros `oro`tjrès`os
•
•
Jcj`trðg
Karog ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf jg rjkafgjs mfgmj js hïs prflolcj jg`fgtrorcfs, ccohomos frlatocjs.
Gjkovo
1.?>1: x ?>-<2
j-
•
•
•
@fgtraluyjg o co jstolacamom mjc ïtfhf, yo quj jvatog co rjpucsaðg mj cfs prftfgjs jgtrj sè. Pa js jxtroèmf mjc gô`cjf, ug prftðg js agjstolcj, y muro ugfs ?: hagutfs. Pj jg`ujgtrog otroèmfs pfr cfs prftfgjs, quj jgjg `orko jcá`tra`o fpujsto. Pj `fhpfrtog `fhf fgmos. Mjtjrhagog cos prfpajmomjs sa`os y quèha`os mj ug ïtfhf. Pfg cfs rjspfgsolcjs mj otrojr f rjpjcjr o ftrfs ïtfhfs, mj efrhor `fhpujstfs f mj `fgmu`ar jcj`tra`amom.
Jc gôhjrf otðha`f (T)4 js jc gôhjrf mj prftfgjs mj ug ïtfhf. Jc gôhjrf hïsa`f (O)4 js jc gôhjrf mj prftfgjs + gôhjrf mj gjutrfgjs mj ug ïtfhf.
Jdjr`a`af ?; @fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj `uomrf4 Jcjhjgtf quèha`f Gatrðkjgf (G)
Gôhjrf Gôhjrf otðha`f (T) hïsa`f (O) ; ?=
Ecôfr (E)
1
?1
@floctf (@f)
<;
:1
Gôhjrf mj Gôhjrf mj Gôhjrf mj prftfgjs jcj`trfgjs gjutrfgjs
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 2
?=?
Jdjr`a`af ?2 Pulroyj co rjspujsto `frrj`to. ?.
^ortè`ucos sulotðha`os quj sj `fhpfrtog `fhf fgmos4 o. ^rftfgjs l. Gjutrfgjs `. Jcj`trfgjs
<.
^ortè`ucos sulotðha`os quj efrhog portj mjc gô`cjf, quj tajgjg `orko gjutro4 o. Jcj`trfgjs l. ^rftfgjs `. Gjutrfgjs
0.
^ortè`ucos sulotðha`os quj jvatog co rjpucsaðg mj cfs prftfgjs jgtrj sè4 o. Jcj`trfgjs l. Gjutrfgjs `. o y l sfg `frrj`tos
=.
^ortè`ucos sulotðha`os quj efrhog portj mjc gô`cjf mj ug ïtfhf4 o. ^rftfgjs l. Gjutrfgjs `. o y l sfg `frrj`tos
:.
^ortè`ucos sulotðha`os quj karog ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf jg j g frlatocjs, quj sfg cos rjkafgjs mfgmj js hïs prflolcj jg`fgtrorcfs4 o. Gjutrfgjs l. Jcj`trfgjs `. ^rftfgjs
?=<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
?. .
Jdjr`a`af ?1 Jg jc sakuajgtj jsqujho, `fcfquj jc sèhlfcf hjmaogtj jc `uoc sj rjprjsjgto `omo portè`uco sulotðha`o
Asðtfpfs j afgjs Cfs asðtfpfs asðtfpfs sfg sfg cfs ïtfhfs mj ug jcjhjgtf quj tajgjg jc hashf gôhjrf otðha`f, pjrf hoso maejrjgtj. Jdjhpcf4 asðtfpfs mj bamrðkjgf
Zg afg js Zg afg js ug ïtfhf quj bo
pjrmamf jcj`trfgjs î `otaðg (`orko pfsatavo) kogomf jcj`trfgjs î ogaðg (`orko gjkotavo)
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 2
?=0
Co afgazo`aðg jc ejgðhjgf f prf`jsf hjmaogtj jc `uoc sj prfmu`jg afgjs.
Jdjr`a`af <> \jspfgmo cf quj sj cj agma`o4 ?.
Jc afg suceotf (PF=-<), oc ugarsj oc bamrðkjgf, efrho jc ï`amf suceôra`f (B
<.
Cfs sakuajgtjs afgjs sfg mj vatoc ahpfrtog`ao poro jc eug`afgohajgtf mjc `ujrpf buhogf4 Oc+0, Go+, @o+<, @c-, ^F=-0 y Ej+<. Agmaquj `uïcjs sfg ogafgjs y `uïcjs sfg `otafgjs4 @otafgjs4 Ogafgjs4
0. Cfs ïtfhfs mj bajrrf pujmjg tjgjr :=, :5, :; f :2 gjutrfgjs. ¶O `omo ïtfhf mj jstj tapf
sj cj ccoho afg f asðtfpf6
=. ¶@ðhf sj ccoho jc ejgðhjgf f prf`jsf hjmaogtj jc `uoc sj prfmu`jg afgjs6
:. ¶Jg quá sj maejrjg`aog cfs asðtfpfs mj ug hashf jcjhjgtf6
?==
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jdjr`a`af Mj trjs ïtfhfs O, L, y @, tjgjhfs co sakuajgtj agefrho`aðg4
o.
Ïtfhf O
Ïtfhf L
Ïtfhf @
2 prftfgjs 1 gjutrfgjs
2 prftfgjs ?> gjutrfgjs
1 prftfgjs ?> gjutrfgjs
¶_uá ïtfhfs sfg asðtfpfs maejrjgtjs mj ug hashf jcjhjgtf6
l. ¶O y @ sfg ïtfhfs mjc hashf jcjhjgtf6 `.
¶O y L sfg ïtfhfs mjc hashf jcjhjgtf6
Jdjr`a`af << @fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj `ru`akroho, rjspfgmajgmf o`frmj o cos mjga`afgjs quj sj cj agma`og4 ?
<
<
0
Bfrazfgtocjs ?.
Ejgðhjgf f prf`jsf hjmaogtj jc `uoc sj prfmu`jg afgjs.
<.
Afg quj bo kogomf jcj`trfgjs, pfr cf `uoc su `orko js gjkotavo.
0.
Afg quj bo pjrmamf jcj`trfgjs, pfr cf `uoc su `orko js pfsatavo.
Ujrta`ocjs ?.
Ïtfhf mj ug jcjhjgtf quj tajgj jc hashf gôhjrf otðha`f, pjrf hoso maejrjgtj.
<.
Ïtfhf quj bo kogomf f pjrmamf jcj`trfgjs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 2
?=:
\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf. \jposf cfs `fgtjgamfs mj co sjhogo ? o ;. . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
\jsujcvf cfs jdjr`a`afs mj rjposf poro jvocuorhj jg co prahjro prujlo por`aoc. Hj sajgtf lajg prjporomf f prjporomo poro co prujlo mj jvocuo`aðg.
Frajgto`afgjs sflrj co prujlo por`aoc Qo jstï castf poro su prahjro prujlo por`aoc mj @ajg`aos Goturocjs. Cj prjsjgtohfs cos ôctahos rj`fhjgmo`afgjs quj pujmjg oyumorcj o co bfro mjc jxohjg.
•
•
Oc rj`alar co prujlo, y ogtjs mj jhpjzor o rjsfcvjrco, js`ralo jg co portj supjrafr su gfhlrj, gôhjrf mj `orgá, gôhjrf mj `jgtrf y ej`bo. Cjo otjgtohjgtj cos agstru``afgjs ogtjs mj `fgtjstor. `fgtjstor. Pa tajgj mumos, `fgsuctj `f gsuctj o su frajgtomfro u frajgtomfr vfcugtoraf.
¡Ïgahf! Jc rjsuctomf mj su jxohjg sjrï jc prfmu`tf mj su jseujrzf.
?=5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
1 Mastralu`aðg mj cfs jcj`trfgjs jg cfs ïtfhfs ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 [fceogk Jrgst ^ouca. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. Flsjrvjhfs cfs soctfs mj cfs jcj`trfgjs.
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Amjgta`or cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f [fceogk Jrgst ^ouca.
Amjgta`or `ðhf sj jg`ujgtrog mastraluamfs cfs jcj`trfgjs jg ug ïtfhf.
Amjgta`or cfs gavjcjs y sulgavjcjs mj jgjrkèo quj tajgj ug ïtfhf.
\jco`afgor cfs `fg`jptfs mj gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo j afg.
Opca`or cf oprjgmamf, flsjrvogmf cfs soctfs mj cfs jcj`trfgjs jg ug jspj`trf mj cuz, o trovás mj ug jxpjrahjgtf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 1
?=;
¡^oro `fhjgzor! [fceogk Jrgst ^ouca Euj ug `ajgtèea`f quj go`að jg Oustrao jg ?1>> y hurað jg ?1:2. Pj go`afgocazð suazf y jstomfugamjgsj. Pj kromuð kromuð `fhf mf`tfr mf`tfr jg eèsa`o. \jocazð jstumafs ? sflrj eèsa`o `uïgta`o rjco`afgomfs `fg cfs gavjcjs jgjrkáta`fs mj cfs jcj`trfgjs j agtrfmudf jc ^rag`apaf mj Jx`cusaðg, quj `fgtraluyð o co js tru`turo`aðg mj cfs ïtfhfs jg co tolco pjraðma`o. [fceogk Jrgst ^ouca
Cfs jcj`trfgjs quj sj jg`ujgtrog jg ug hashf frlatoc gf pujmjg sjr akuocjs y gf pujmjg f`upor jc hashf cukor oc hashf tajhpf. ^fr jdjhpcf, ugo mj cos prfpajmomjs mj cfs jcj`trfgjs (ccohomfs gôhjrfs `uïgta`fs<) js jc jspèg, quj js co marj``aðg jg co quj sj hujvjg. Jg `omo frlatoc `olj ug hïxahf mj mfs jcj`trfgjs. Jgtfg`js, `fhf cfs jcj`trfgjs mj ug hashf frlatoc gf pujmjg sjr akuocjs, gf sj hujvjg jg jc hashf sjgtamf, sagf quj jg sjgtamfs fpujstfs. O jstf sj cj `fgf`j `fhf jc ^rag`apaf mj Jx`cusaðg Jx`cusaðg0 f ^rag`apaf mj ^ouca. ^ouca. Jstj mjs`ulrahajgtf cj vocað jc ^rjhaf Gfljc jg Eèsa`o, jg ?1=:. Ftrf mj sus prag`apocjs opfrtjs, euj `uogmf jg ?10< prfpusf co jxastjg`ao mj ugo portè`uco sulotðha`o, quj pfstjrafrhjgtj sj mjs`ulrarèo y ccohorèo gjutragf,, pujs tajgjg `orko gjutro. gjutragf
¡O trolodor! Jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros quá js jc ^rag`apaf mj Jx`cusaðg mj ^ouca.
?
\oho mj co eèsa`o quj jstumao co hotjrao o js`ocos tog pjqujÿos, quj gf sj pujmj vjr o sahpcj vasto.
<
Uocfrjs guhára`fs quj rjprjsjgtog `oro`tjrèsta`os mj cfs jcj`trfgjs mj cfs ïtfhfs, `fhf jc tohoÿf, co efrho jspo`aoc, co frajgto`aðg y jc hfvahajgtf. \j`bozor, quator o ockuajg f ockf mj ug cukor. cukor.
0
?=2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. Mastralu`aðg mj cfs jcj`trfg jcj`trfgjs js jg cfs cfs ïtfhfs Co efrho jg co quj jstïg mastraluamfs cfs jcj`trfgjs jg jc ïtfhf mjtjrhago hu`bos mj cos prfpajmomjs mj cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs. \j`frmjhfs quj cfs ïtfhfs jstïg efrhomfs mj ug gô`cjf y ugo gulj mj jcj`trfgjs. Pjkôg cfs hfmjcfs otðha`fs hïs rj`ajgtjs, cfs jcj`trfgjs sj jg`ujgtrog jg frlatocjs, quj sfg cos rjkafgjs mfgmj js hïs pfsalcj jg`fgtrorcfs.
Jg jsto sjhogo utacazorjhfs jc hfmjcf mj Lfbr poro jxpca`or eï`achjgtj co efrho jg co `uoc sj jg`ujgtrog mastraluamfs cfs jcj`trfgjs. O `fgtaguo`aðg, ockugfs jdjhpcfs4
vjohfs
Jdjr`a`af ? Amjgtaquj jg jc hfmjcf mj Lfbr cfs jcj`trfgjs mjc ïtfhf mj lfrf y js`ralo `uïgtfs tajgj.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 1
?=1
<. Gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo mj ug ïtfhf @fhf vahfs ogtjrafrhjgtj, cfs jcj`trfgjs j cj`trfgjs sj jg`ujgtrog karogmf ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf mj ug ïtfhf jg rjkafgjs mfgmj js hïs prflolcj jg`fgtrorcfs, o cos `uocjs sj cjs ccoho frlatocjs frlatocjs.. Jg `omo frlatoc `olj ug hïxahf mj < jcj`trfgjs. Jg `omo frlatoc, cfs ïtfhfs gf tajgjg co hasho `ogtamom mj jgjrkèo, pfr cf quj sj okrupog jg gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo. Cfs gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo sj `cosa`og mjc ? oc ;. Jc prahjr gavjc mj jgjrkèo js jc quj sj jg`ujgtro hïs `jr`ogf oc gô`cjf. @fhf jc gô`cjf js pfsatavf, otroj eujrtjhjgtj o cfs jcj`trfgjs, pfr cf quj su gavjc mj jgjrkèo js lodf.
Cfs ïtfhfs quj tajgjg tfmfs sus jcj`trfgjs jg cfs gavjcjs hïs lodfs mj jgjrkèo sj ma`j quj jstïg jg jstomf losoc f eugmohjgtoc. ^jrf sa cfs ïtfhfs sj jxpfgjg o `fgma`afgjs `fhf tjhpjroturo octo f jcj`tra`amom, sus jcj`trfgjs pujmjg soctor mj ug gavjc o ftrf, caljrogmf jgjrkèo, y jg jstj pugtf sj cjs `fgf`j `fhf jcj`trfgjs jg jstomf jx`atomf. Jstfs jcj`trfgjs sfg kjgjrochjgtj cfs quj sj jg`ujgtrog jg cfs ôctahfs gavjcjs, jspj`aochjgtj jg gavjc ;, quj js jc hïs ocjdomf mjc gô`cjf, jc `uoc gf cfs pujmj rjtjgjr tog eï`achjgtj.
?:>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
gavjcjs mj `rj`ajgtjs mj jgjrkèo
g80 g8< g8? gô`cjf
Cfs jcj`trfgjs jg jstomf jx`atomf sfg cfs rjspfgsolcjs mj co efrho`aðg mj afgjs y `fhpujstfs quèha`fs, pujs rjo``afgog eï`achjgtj `fg ftrfs ïtfhfs.
Jstomfs jx`atomfs jgjrkèo caljromo
Jstomf losoc gô`cjf
gô`cjf
jgjrkèo caljromo gô`cjf
Jdjr`a`af < ?. ¶^fr quá cfs jcj`trfgjs hïs ocjdomfs mjc gô`cjf pujmjg soctor mj ug gavjc mj jgjrkèo o
ftrf hïs eï`achjgtj quj cfs quj jstïg hïs `jr`o6
<. ¶_uá rjco`aðg tajgjg cfs gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo `fg co efrho`aðg mj afgjs6
0. Mjgo `fg sus sus pocolros quá js jc gavjc mj jgjrkèo mj ug ïtfhf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 1
?:?
0. Pulgavjcjs mj jgjrkèo Cfs gavjcjs jgjrkáta`fs jstïg efrhomfs pfr vorafs sulgavjcjs okrupomfs, o`frmj o cos sakuajgtjs `oro`tjrèsta`os4 Gfhlrj mjc sulgavjc s p m e
@ogtamom mj frlatocjs quj tajgj ? 0 : ;
O `fgtaguo`aðg, vjohfs `ðhf sj frmjgog cfs jcj`trfgjs jg cfs `uotrf prahjrfs gavjcjs jgjrkáta`fs. Gavjc
Pulgavjcjs
Gôhjrf mj frlatocjs
? <
? sulgavjc s ? sulgavjc s ? sulgavjc p ? sulgavjc s ? sulgavjc p ? sulgavjc m ? sulgavjc s ? sulgavjc p ? sulgavjc m ? sulgavjc e
? ? 0 ? 0 : ? 0 : ;
0
=
?:<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Gôhjrf tftoc mj frlatocjs x < (`ogtamom hïxaho mj jcj`trfgjs pfr frlatoc) ?x<8< = x <8 2
@ogtamom hïxaho mj jcj`trfgjs quj cj `oljg oc gavjc
1 x <8 ?2
?2
?5 x <8 0<
0<
< 2
^fr jdjhpcf, jc ïtfhf mj ocuhagaf tajgj ?0 jcj`trfgjs. Pa utacazohfs co tolco ogtjrafr y frmjgohfs cfs jcj`trfgjs jg `omo gavjc, tjgjhfs cf sakuajgtj4 Gavjc Gavjc ? Gavjc < Gavjc 0 ]ftoc
@ogtamom hï hïxaho mj jcj`trfgjs quj cj `oljg oc gavjc < 2 ?2 0<
@ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs < 2 0 ?0
Jdjr`a`af 0 Flsjrvj jc sakuajgtj jsqujho quj rjprjsjgto jc ïtfhf mj ôfr. ôfr. Js`ralo `uïgtfs jcj`trfgjs tajgj y frmágjcfs sjkôg co hïxaho `opo`amom quj o`jpto `omo gavjc. Gavjc Gavjc ?
@ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs
Gavjc < Gavjc 0 ]ftoc
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 1
?:0
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Flsjrvjhfs cfs soctfs mj jcj`trfg jcj`trfgjs js Agtrfmu``aðg @fhf vahfs ogtjrafrhjgtj, cfs jcj`trfgjs pujmjg –soctor‘ mj ug gavjc mj jgjrkèo o ftrf `uogmf sfg jstahucomfs. @uogmf ug jcj`trðg socto mj ug gavjc o ftrf, pujmj caljror jgjrkèo (eftðg) jg efrho mj ug jspj`trf mj cuz. Cfs jspj`trfs mj cfs ïtfhfs jstïg efrhomfs pfr –cègjos‘ mj `fcfrjs. Jstos cègjos sfg ôga`os poro `omo jcjhjgtf y rjprjsjgtog cfs soctfs mj cfs jcj`trfgjs.
Cataf (Ca)
Pfmaf (Go)
^ftosaf (I)
Loraf(Lo)
Jg jstj jxpjrahjgtf pfmrjhfs flsjrvor cfs soctfs mj cfs jcj`trfgjs, o trovás mj co cuz quj jhatjg cfs jcj`trfgjs mj cos lfhlaccos obfrromfros.
?:=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
^oro jccf, mjljhfs jgtjgmjr `ðhf eug`afgog jstj tapf mj lfhlaccos4 ?. Pj bo`j posor ugo `frrajgtj mj jcj`trfgjs mjsmj ug jxtrjhf mj co lfhlacco, bo`ao jc
ftrf. <. Jstfs jcj`trfgjs `bf`og `fg vopfr mj hjr`uraf, quj sj jg`ujgtro mjgtrf mj co
lfhlacco. 0. @omo vjz quj cfs jcj`trfgjs `bf`og, caljrog jgjrkèo y co trogshatjg o cfs jcj`trfgjs
mjc hjr`uraf. =. ^jrf cfs jcj`trfgjs mj hjr`uraf gf pujmjg o`jptor tfmo co jgjrkèo. Jgtfg`js co
jgjrkèo quj cjs –sflro‘ co caljrog jg efrho mj eftðg (cuz), quj jc fdf buhogf pujmj vjr kro`aos o sustog`aos quèha`os quj rj`ulrjg co lfhlacco, `fhf eðsefrf.
^oro rjocazor jstj jxpjrahjgtf borjhfs posor co cuz mj co lfhlacco o trovás mj ug mas`f `fhpo`tf poro quj sj rjero`tj y sj pujmog flsjrvor –cègjos‘ mj `fcfrjs quj, `fhf hjg`afgohfs ogtjrafrhjgtj, rjprjsjgtog cfs soctfs mj cfs jcj`trfgjs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 1
?::
Hotjraocjs • • • • • •
@u`bacco. Mas`f `fhpo`tf. @agto ombjsavo. ]adjros. @odo mj `ortðg. Cïhporo `fg lfhlacco obfrromfro.
^rf`jmahajgtf ?. ^oro aga`aor jc jxpjrahjgtf gj`jsatorjhfs quator
co `opo mj otrïs mj ug mas`f `fhpo`tf (co quj sj vj pcotjomo). ^oro jccf, bïkocj ug royðg suovj oc mas`f, `fg co oyumo mj ugo `u`bacco.
<. @fcfquj ug pjmozf mj `agto ombjsavo sflrj jc
royðg. Docj eujrtj y rïpamohjgtj.
0. \jpato jstj prf`jmahajgtf bosto quj tfmf jc mas`f
boyo qujmomf trogsporjgtj. =. @frtj ug pjmozf mjc mas`f `fhpo`tf y `fcðqujcf
mjgtrf mj ugo `odo `fg ug pjqujÿf okudjrf poro quj jgtrj co cuz. :. Pjccj lajg co `odo, mjdogmf ug okudjrf poro vjr jc
jxpjrahjgtf. 5. @fcfquj ugo cïhporo `fg co lfhlacco obfrromfro
erjgtj oc okudjrf mj co `odo, poro quj jgtrj co cuz y posj pfr jc trfzf mj @M. ;. Ogftj sus flsjrvo`afgjs.
2. ^oro `fhpcjtor sus `fgf`ahajgtfs, pujmj flsjrvor cfs jspj`trfs mj cuz mj tfmfs cfs
jcjhjgtfs mj co tolco pjraðma`o mj hogjro agtjro`tavo, jg jc sakuajgtj sataf wjl4 bttp4// www.jmu`opcus.frk/sp<>>
?:5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
\jsuhjg Cfs jcj`trfgjs sj jg`ujgtrog karogmf ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf mj ug ïtfhf jg rjkafgjs mfgmj js hïs prflolcj jg`fgtrorcfs, o cos `uocjs sj cjs ccoho frlatocjs frlatocjs.. Jg `omo frlatoc `olj ug hïxahf mj < jcj`trfgjs. Cfs jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf gf tajgjg co hasho `ogtamom mj jgjrkèo, pfr cf quj sj okrupog jg gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo, quj sj `cosa`og mjc ? oc ;. Jc gavjc ? js jc hïs `jr`ogf oc gô`cjf, hajgtros quj jc gavjc ; js jc hïs ocjdomf. Cfs gavjcjs sj mavamjg jg sulgavjcjs, ccohomfs s, p, m y e. Cfs ïtfhfs quj tajgjg tfmfs sus jcj`trfgjs jg cfs gavjcjs hïs lodfs mj jgjrkèo sj ma`j quj jstïg jg jstomf losoc. ^jrf cfs jcj`trfgjs pujmjg soctor mj ug gavjc o ftrf, caljrogmf jgjrkèo, y jg j stj pugtf sj cjs `fgf`j `fhf jcj`trfgjs jg jstomf jx`atomf. @ogtamom hïxaho mj jcj`trfgjs quj cj `oljg o `omo gavjc mj jgjrkèo Gavjc
Pulgavjcjs
Gôhjrf mj frlatocjs
? <
? sulgavjc s ? sulgavjc s
? ?
@ogtamom hïxaho mj jcj`trfgjs quj cj `oljg oc gavjc < 2
0
? sulgavjc p ? sulgavjc s
0 ?
?2
? sulgavjc p
0
? sulgavjc m ? sulgavjc s
: ?
? sulgavjc p
0
? sulgavjc m
:
? sulgavjc e
;
=
0<
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... @fhpcjhjgtj sus `fgf`ahajgtfs sflrj cfs gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo mj cfs jcj`trfgjs mj cfs ïtfhfs. bttp4//www.yfutulj.`fh/wot`b6v8Rlgd]I@>Bos
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 1
?:;
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?.
Mjhujstrj cf oprjgmamf.
?. \jspfgmo cos sakuajgtjs prjkugtos4
o. ¶@uïgtfs jcj`trfgjs `oljg jg `omo frlatoc mj ug ïtfhf6 VVVVVVVVVVV l. ¶Cfs jcj`trfgjs mj ug ug hashf ïtfhf tajgjg co hasho `ogtamom mj jgjrkèo6 jgjrkèo6 VVVVVVVVV `. ¶@uïgtfs gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo pujmjg tjgjr tjgjr cfs ïtfhfs6 VVVVVVVVVVVVV m. ¶@uïgtfs sulgavjcjs mj jgjrkèo pujmjg tjgjr cfs ïtfhfs6 VVVVVVVVVVVVV j. ¶@ðhf sj ccoho jc jstomf jg jc `uoc tfmfs cfs jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf ïtfhf sj jg`ujgtrog jg cfs gavjcjs hïs lodfs mj jgjrkèo6 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV <.
@fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj `uomrf `fg co `ogtamom hïxaho mj jcj`trfgjs quj `oljg jg `omo gavjc mj jgjrkèo mj ug ïtfhf. Gavjc ?
@ogtamom hï hïxaho mj jc jcj`trfgjs quj cj cj `o `oljg oc gavjc
< 0 =
O`tavamom <.
Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf.
?. Lusquj jg su tolco pjraðma`o `uïc js jc gôhjrf otðha`f mj cfs sakuajgtjs jcjhjgtfs4
Bjcaf (Bj)
Hokgjsaf (Hk)
Lfrf (L)
Cujkf, frmjgj cfs jcj`trfgjs mj `omo jcjhjgtf jg jc sakuajgtj `uomrf, sjkôg co `opo`amom hïxaho quj o`jpto `omo gavjc. Ujo jc jdjhpcf4 Jc ïtfhf mjc jcjhjgtf cataf tajgj ug gôhjrf otðha`f mj 0, pfr cf togtf, tajgj 0 jcj`trfgjs. Jcjhjgtf Cataf Bjcaf Hokgjsaf Lfrf
?:2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
@ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs Gavjc ? Gavjc < Gavjc 0 < ?
]ftoc mj jcj`trfgjs 0
O`tavamom 0.
Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs. @opo`amom mj ogïcasas. Co quèha`o mj cfs eujkfs orta`aocjs
]fmfs bjhfs vastf eujkfs orta`aocjs, jspj`aochjgtj murogtj ockugos jstos `fhf co Gf`bjlujgo f jc Oÿf Gujvf. ^jrf, ¶`ðhf sj prfmu`jg cfs eujkfs orta`aocjs6 Cfs eujkfs orta`aocjs or ta`aocjs caljrog trjs efrhos mj jgjrkèo4 j gjrkèo4 sfgamf, cuz y `ocfr. Co pðcvfro js ugf mj cfs agkrjmajgtjs mj cfs eujkfs orta`aocjs, `uyo eug`aðg js ahpucsor y bo`jr jxpcftor, kjgjrogmf jc eujrtj sfgamf quj cfs `oro`tjrazo. Cfs `fcfrjs mj cfs eujkfs orta`aocjs sj fltajgjg o portar mj jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs hjtïca`fs. ^fr jdjhpcf, cos cu`js ozucjs sj prfmu`jg `fg `fhpujstfs mj `flrj (@u), cos vjrmjs `fg `fhpujstfs mj loraf (Lo) f cos rfdos `fg socjs mj cataf (Ca). Jstfs `fcfrjs sj pujmjg prfmu`ar mj mfs efrhos4 o) Ag`ogmjs`jg`ao, quj js cuz prfmu`amo pfr `ocfr. ^oro ^oro jccf, sj `ocajgtog mavjrsos socjs mj cfs cf s jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs, quj prfmu`jg lraccf. l) Cuhagas`jg`ao. Jstj tapf mj cuz sj prfmu`j `uogmf cfs jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf olsfrljg jgjrkèo. Cfs jcj`trfgjs sj jx`atog (poso o ug gavjc hïs octf mj jgjrkèo), vfcvaágmfsj agjstolcjs. @uogmf rjkrjsog o su jstomf losoc (gfrhoc), caljrog jgjrkèo jg efrho mj cuz (eftðg). Jc `fcfr mj co cuz quj jhatjg, mjpjgmj mj co jgjrkèo mjc eftðg mj `omo jcjhjgtf. Co `ogtamom mj jgjrkèo caljromo vorèo mj jcjhjgtf o jcjhjgtf, y sj `oro`tjrazo pfr ugo cfgkatum mj fgmo porta`ucor mj cuz. Omoptomf mj4 bttp4//www.zfgojmu.`fh/eujkfs-orta`aocjs.bthc
@fg sus pocolros, jxpcaquj `ðhf sj prfmu`jg cfs `fcf rjs mj cfs eujkfs orta`aocjs, o portar mj cfs gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo mj cfs jcj`trfgjs mj cfs ïtfhfs4
Kcfsoraf jx`cusaðg4 \j`bozor, quator o ockuajg f ockf mj ug cukor. eèsa`o `uïgta`o4 Js ugo roho mj co eèsa`o quj jstumao co hotjrao o js`ocos tog pjqujÿos, quj gf sj pujmj vjr o sahpcj vasto. gôhjrf `uïgta`f4 Pfg vocfrjs guhára`fs quj rjprjsjgtog `oro`tjrèsta`os mj cfs jcj`trfgjs mj cfs ïtfhfs, `fhf jc tohoÿf, co efrho jspo`aoc, co frajgto`aðg y jc hfvahajgtf. @ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo 1
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\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
Amjgta`f cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f [fceogk Jrgst ^ouca. Amjgta`f `ðhf sj jg`ujgtrog mastraluamfs cfs jcj`trfgjs jg ug ïtfhf. Amjgta`f cfs gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo quj tajgj ug ïtfhf. \jco`afgf cfs `fg`jptfs mj gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo j afg. Opca`f cf oprjgmamf, flsjrvogmf cfs soctfs mj cfs jcj`trfgjs jg ug jspj`trf mj cuz, o trovás mj ug jxpjrahjgtf.
Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhportar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
?> Co tolco pjraðma`o y cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 Mhatra Hjmjcáyjv Hjmjcáyjv.. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. Jxpjrahjgtogmf `fg jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs mj co tolco pjraðma`o.
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Amjgta`or cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f Mhatra Hjmjcáyjv.
Amjgta`or cos opca`o`afgjs mj co tolco pjraðma`o jg jc jstumaf mj co hotjrao.
Mjgar `fg sus pocolros quá js ug jcjhjgtf quèha`f, osf`aïgmfcf oc `fg`jptf mj ïtfhf.. ïtfhf
\jocazor ug jxpjrahjgtf o trovás mjc `uoc flsjrvj cos maejrjg`aos jg cos prfpajmomjs mj ockugfs jcjhjgtfs mj co tolco pjraðma`o.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?>
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¡^oro `fhjgzor!
Mhatra Hjgmjcáyjv
Mhatra Hjgmjcáyjv
?5<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Euj ug `ajgtèea`f rusf quj go`að jg Paljrao, \usao jg ?20=. Pj cj otraluyj co `rjo`aðg mj co prahjro tolco pjraðma`o, quj js ug sastjho mj `cosaea`o`aðg mj cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs. Ác frmjgð cfs jcjhjgtfs jg frmjg `rj`ajgtj rjspj`tf o su hoso otðha`o y flsjrvð flsjr vð quj bolèo prfpajmomjs quj sj rjpjtèog pjraðma`ohjgtj. Mj jstj hfmf, okrupð o cfs jcjhjgtfs jg ugo hasho eohacao f pjrafmf jg co tolco.
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. Cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs @fhf vahfs jg co sjhogo 0, cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs goturocjs sfg cos sustog`aos lïsa`os. Jstïg efrhomfs pfr ug sfcf tapf mj ïtfhfs y gf sj pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjr jg sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs. Ma`bf jg ftros pocolros, `omo tapf mj ïtfhf quj jxastj, js ug jcjhjgtf. ^fr jdjhpcf, tfmfs cfs ïtfhfs mj sfmaf tajgjg fg`j jcj`trfgjs, prftfgjs y gjutrfgjs, pfr cf quj su gôhjrf otðha`f js akuoc o ??. Gagkôg ftrf jcjhjgtf tajgj jsto `oro`tjrèsta`o.
\j`ujrmj4 jc \j`ujrmj4 jc gôhjrf otðha`f js co `ogtamom mj prftfgjs y jcj`trfgjs quj tajgj ug ïtfhf. @fhf ug ïtfhf js jcá`tra`ohjgtj gjutrf, co `ogtamom mj prftfgjs js akuoc o co mj cfs jcj`trfgjs.
Cfs jcjhjgtfs jstïg rjprjsjgtomfs pfr sèhlfcfs. Co prahjr cjtro mjc sèhlfcf sèhlfcfs. Co sajhprj js hoyôs`uco, hoyôs`uco, y co sjkugmo, hagôs`uco. Pa sfcf tajgj ugo ugo cjtro, vo vo jg hoyôs`uco. Jstfs sèhlfcfs sfg olrjvao`afgjs mj cfs gfhlrjs, quj pujmjg jstor frakagomfs jg maejrjgtjs amafhos. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc sèhlfcf mjc `flrj js @u, pfrquj prfvajgj mjc cotèg `upruh, f jc mjc tugkstjgf quj js [, vajgj mjc ocjhïg wfceroh. Ockugfs jcjhjgtfs y sus sèhlfcfs4 Jcjhjgtf Pfmaf @floctf @orlfgf Ocuhagaf ^coto
Pèhlfcf Go @f @ Oc Ok
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?>
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Jg co goturocjzo jxastjg hïs mj ?>> jcjhjgtfs ?>> jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs y sj jg`ujgtrog jg maejrjgtjs jstomfs. Co hoyfr portj sfg sðcamfs, `fhf jc `flrj (@u). Ftrfs sfg cèquamfs `fhf jc hjr`uraf (Bk). Q ftrfs sfg kosjfsfs `fhf jc bjcaf (Bj).
@u
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@urafsamomjs mj cfs jcjhjgtfs Jc jcjhjgtf hïs olugmogtj jg jc ugavjrsf js jc bamrðkjgf. Jg jc Pastjho Pfcor,, cfs jcjhjgtfs hïs olugmogtjs sfg jc bamrðkjgf y jc bjcaf. Pfcor Cfs jcjhjgtfs hïs olugmogtjs jg jc pcogjto ]ajrro sfg jc fxèkjgf, jc saca`af y jc ocuhagaf. ¶Mðgmj vjhfs cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs jg gujstro vamo maorao6
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Ockugfs jdjhpcfs mj co prjsjg`ao mj jcjhjgtfs jg gujstro vamo maorao sfg4 Jc tatogaf, jc `rfhf y jc `floctf sj usog jg co hjma`ago `fhf ahpcogtjs mj `omjro. Jc ôfr sj utacazo jg trotohajgtfs mjgtocjs. Jc frf y co pcoto sj usog jg dfyjrèo. Jc `cfrf sj jhpcjo `fhf mjsagej`togtj. Jc bajrrf bajrrf y jc zag` sfg hotjraocjs mj `fgstru``aðg. Jc `flrj y jc jstoÿf sj jg`ujgtrog jg cfs sastjhos jcá`tra`fs. Jc `raptðg y jc gjðg sj usog jg cïhporos y cu`js.
Cfs jcjhjgtfs jg jc `ujrpf buhogf Jc 11% mjc `ujrpf buhogf jstï efrhomf pfr fxèkjgf, `orlfgf j bamrðkjgf, prag`apochjgtj, y gatrðkjgf, `oc`af y eðsefrf. Pag jhlorkf, jxastjg ftrfs jcjhjgtfs quj, ougquj gf sfg tog olugmogtjs, sfg gj`jsorafs poro jc lujg eug`afgohajgtf mjc frkogashf y poro co socum. Cfs hagjrocjs sfg jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs gj`jsorafs poro jc eug`afgohajgtf mjc `ujrpf. Pj `cosa`og `fhf4 jcjhjgtfs quj gj`jsatohfs jg ugo `ogtamom hoyfr ?. Ho`rfjcjhjgtfs4 Ho`rfjcjhjgtfs4 jcjhjgtfs mj ?>> hacakrohfs maorafs. ^fr jdjhpcf4 `oc`af, pftosaf y sfmaf. jcjhjgtfs quj gj`jsatohfs jg `ogtamomjs hjgfrjs <. Ha`rfjcjhjgtfs4 Ha`rfjcjhjgtfs4 jcjhjgtfs mj ?>> hacakrohfs oc mèo. ^fr jdjhpcf4 bajrrf, ôfr, ôfr, y yfmf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?>
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Jdjhpcfs mj eug`afgjs mj cfs ho`rf y ha`rfjcjhjgtfs4
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc eðsefrf js ugf mj cfs `fhpfgjgtjs mj cfs bujsfs y majgtjs.
Kro`aos oc sfmaf y oc pftosaf pujmjg eug`afgor gujstrfs sastjhos gjrvafsf y hus`ucor. hus`ucor.
Jc `oc`af js ug `fhpfgjgtj mj cfs bujsfs y `ortècokfs, oyumo o co `fokuco`aðg mj co sogkrj.
Jc zag` oyumo o co `a`otrazo`aðg y oc `rj`ahajgtf mj cfs bujsfs.
Jc `floctf efrho portj mj co vatohago L?<, quj sarvj poro co efrho`aðg mj kcðlucfs rfdfs.
Cos hjdfrjs eujgtjs mj hagjrocjs sfg cos erutos y cos vjrmuros.
<. Co tolco pjraðma`o Co tolco pjraðma`o js ugo bjrrohajgto mj co quèha`o quj `cosa`o y okrupo cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs sjkôg jc frmjg `rj`ajgtj mj su gôhjrf otðha`f. otðha`f. Jg co tolco pjraðma`o sj jg`ujgtrog cfs gfhlrjs, sèhlfcfs y ockugos `oro`tjrèsta`os mj cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs. ¶_uá agefrho`aðg `fgtajgj co tolco pjraðma`o6 Jxastjg tolcos pjraðma`os mjsmj huy sahpcjs bosto `fhpcjdos, mj o`ujrmf `fg co agefrho`aðg quj tajgjg. Ockugos `oro`tjrèsta`os mj cfs jcjhjgtfs quj `fgtajgjg sfg4 gôhjrf otðha`f, pjsf otðha`f, mjgsamom, pugtf mj eusaðg y mj jlucca`aðg, jcj`trfgjkotavamom, jstru`turo jcj`trðga`o, jt`.
Jg co tolco pjraðma`o, cfs jcjhjgtfs jstïg frmjgomfs mj o`ujrmf o sus `oro`tjrèsta`os. Ockugfs jdjhpcfs sfg4 @cosa`o`aðg mj cfs jcjhjgtfs jg hjtocjs, gf hjtocjs f hjtocfamjs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?>
?5;
Frmjg mj jcj`trfgjkotavamom.
Jdjr`a`af ? Ztacazogmf co tolco pjraðma`o mj co sakuajgtj pïkago, js`ralo jc gfhlrj mj cfs jcjhjgtfs rjprjsjgtomfs pfr cfs sakuajgtjs sèhlfcfs4 Pg
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Jdjr`a`af < @fcfrjj cfs jcjhjgtfs mj co tolco pjraðma`o, sjkôg co sakuajgtj `covj4 Jstomf Kosjs Cèquamfs Pagt Pa gtát áta` a`fs fs Pðcamfs
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Gôhjrf otðha`f mjc jcjhjgtf ?, <, ; o ?>, ?; o ?2, 05, :=, 25 2>, 0: =0,, ?>= =0 ?>= o ??2 ??2,, 5?, 5?, 10 o ?>0 ?>0 ]fmfs cfs rjstogtjs
@fcfr \fdf Ozuc Ohoraccf @oeá
@opo`amom quj tajgj ug ïtfhf poro otrojr cfs jcj`trfgjs mj ftrf ïtfhf, `uogmf efrhog portj mj ug `fhpujstf.
?52
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Jxpjrahjgtogmf Jxpjrahjgtog mf `fg jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs mj co tolco pjraðma`o Agtrfmu``aðg @fhf vahfs ogtjrafrhjgtj, cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs tajgjg maejrjgtjs prfpajmomjs. Jg jstj jxpjrahjgtf vjrjhfs `ðhf rjo``afgog trjs fldjtfs bj`bfs mj mastagtfs jcjhjgtfs `fg ug ï`amf (vagokrj).
¶_uá hotjraocjs gj`jsato6 ]rjs fldjtfs pjqujÿfs y pcogfs (`fhf ugo hfgjmo, pfr jdjhpcf)4 ugf mj `flrj, ftrf mj frf f pcoto y ftrf mj ocuhagaf, vagokrj y sjrvaccjto mj popjc.
^rf`jmahajgtf
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Jg ug pcotf pcogf, `fcfquj ugo sjrvaccjto mj popjc jhpopomo jg vagokrj.
@fcfquj cfs trjs fldjtfs sflrj co sjrvaccjto, mj hogjro quj co portj agejrafr jstá jg `fgto`tf `fg jc vagokrj sag qujmor suhjrkamfs, pujs co supjrafr mjlj qujmor jg `fgto`tf `fg jc oarj.
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
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Oc mèo sakuajgtj, flsjrvj cfs trjs fldjtfs.
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Ogftj sus flsjrvo`afgjs4 Fldjtf
Flsjr vo`afgjs
@flrj
Frf f pcoto
Ocuhagaf
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\jspfgmo4
o. ¶\jo``afgorfg mj akuoc efrho cfs trjs fldjtfs6
l. ¶^fr quá `rjj quj rjo``afgorfg rjo``afgorfg akuoc/maejrjgtj6
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?>
?;?
\jsuhjg Cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs goturocjs sfg cos sustog`aos lïsa`os. Jstïg efrhomfs pfr ug sfcf tapf mj ïtfhfs y gf sj pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjr jg sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs. Ma`bf jg ftros pocolros, `omo tapf mj ïtfhf quj jxastj, js ug jcjhjgtf. Jc gôhjrf otðha`f js otðha`f js co `ogtamom mj prftfgjs y jcj`trfgjs quj tajgj ug ïtfhf. Cfs jcjhjgtfs jstïg rjprjsjgtomfs pfr sèhlfcfs. sèhlfcfs. Co Co prahjro cjtro mjc sèhlfcf sajhprj js hoyôs`uco, y co sjkugmo, hagôs`uco. Pa sfcf tajgj ugo cjtro, vo vo jg hoyôs`uco. Jstfs sèhlfcfs sfg olrjvao`afgjs mj cfs gfhlrjs, quj pujmjg prfvjgar mj maejrjgtjs amafhos. Co tolco pjraðma`o js pjraðma`o js ugo bjrrohajgto mj co quèha`o quj `cosa`o y okrupo cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs, sjkôg jc frmjg `rj`ajgtj mj su gôhjrf otðha`f. Jg co tolco pjraðma`o sj jg`ujgtrog cfs gfhlrjs, sèhlfcfs y ockugos `oro`tjrèsta`os mj cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs.
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... @fhpcjhjgtj sus `fgf`ahajgtfs sflrj cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs. O trovás mj jsto tolco pjraðma`o agtjro`tavo, pujmj `fgf`jr cos prfpajmomjs quèha`os y opca`o`afgjs jg co vamo maorao mj tfmfs cfs jcjhjgtfs. Pfcohjgtj boko `ca` sflrj `omo jcjhjgtf y ¡castf! bttp4//www.cjggtj`b.js/pjrafma`o/tolco-pjrafma`o.bth
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?.
Mjhujstrj cf oprjgmamf.
?. @fg co oyumo mj su tolco pjraðma`o, js`ralo js`ralo jc gfhlrj mj cfs sakuajgtjs jcjhjgtfs. @o VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ^ VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV A
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
Ca VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV G VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV B VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV \l VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV Os VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV Pa VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV Or VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
<. @fg co oyumo mj su tolco pjraðma`o, js`ralo js`ralo jc sèhlfcf mj cfs sakuajgtjs jcjhjgtfs.
0.
Gjðg
VVVVVVV
Pfmaf
VVVVVVV
^cotagf
VVVVVVV
Hfcalmjgf
VVVVVVV
^fcfgaf
VVVVVVV
\omaf
VVVVVVV
@cfrf
VVVVVVV
Fxèkjgf
VVVVVVV
Lfrf
VVVVVVV
Rjgðg
VVVVVVV
Tag`
VVVVVVV
@fg co oyumo mj su tolco pjraðma`o, js`ralo jc gôhjrf otðha`f mj cfs sakuajgtjs jcjhjgtfs. @orlfgf
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
^ftosaf
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
Ecôfr
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
^coto
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
Frf
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
Bamrðkjgf
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
Uogomaf
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
Kjrhogaf
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
Ostotf
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
^cutfgaf
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?>
?;0
O`tavamom <.
Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf.
?. Js`ralo trjs utacamomjs mj cfs jcjhjgtfs jg su vamo maorao4
o. l. `. <. ¶@uïgtfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs jxastjg jg co goturocjzo6 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 0. Js`ralo `fg sus pocolros, ¶`uïc js co utacamom mj co tolco pjraðma`o6
=. Mjgo `fg sus pocolros quá js ug jcjhjgtf quèha`f, osf`aïgmfcf oc `fg`jptf mj ïtfhf.
O`tavamom 0.
Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs. @fhprjgsaðg cj`tfro y `opo`amom mj ogïcasas.
\joca`j co sakuajgtj cj`turo, y cujkf rjspfgmo cos prjkugtos. Cos pcogtos jstïg efrhomos jg su hoyfrèo, pfr trjs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs4 jc `orlfgf, jc fxèkjgf y jc bamrðkjgf. Cfs prahjrfs mfs sfg fltjgamfs o trovás mj oarj, hajgtros quj jc bamrðkjgf sj fltajgj o portar mjc okuo mj ccuvao f mj rajkf. Pag jhlorkf, oc akuoc quj jg jc sjr buhogf, cos pcogtos gj`jsatog mj ftrfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs poro su eug`afgohajgtf y mjsorrfccf, quj sfg cfs hagjrocjs fltjgamfs o trovás mjc sujcf, y quj sj jg`ujgtrog maspfgalcjs jg efrho mj ogafgjs y `otafgjs. ^oro jccf, `ujgtog `fg ug sastjho mj roè`js quj cjs oyumo o olsfrljrcfs. Ockugfs ho`rfjcjhjgtfs gj`jsorafs poro co sulsastjg`ao mj cos pcogtos sfg4 gatrðkjgf, eðsefrf, pftosaf, `oc`af, hokgjsaf y ozuerj. Ftrfs jcjhjgtfs quj sj gj`jsatog jg hjgfrjs `ogtamomjs, ccohomfs ha`rfjcjhjgtfs, pjrf quj sfg eugmohjgtocjs poro cos pcogtos sfg4 bajrrf, hogkogjsf, lfrf, hfcalmjgf, `flrj, zag` y `cfrf. Jg ockugfs `osfs, cfs sujcfs sfg pflrjs jg jstfs gutrajgtjs, pfr cf `uoc js gj`jsoraf okrjkor olfgfs y ejrtacazogtjs, sflrj tfmf jg jc `osf mj co okra`ucturo. Omoptomf mj4 Agefokrf.`fh mj4 Agefokrf.`fh (s.e) (s.e).. Jcjhjgtfs mjc sujcf jsjg`aocjs poro cos pcogtos. \j`upjromf jc 0? mj ducaf mj <>?=, mj4 bttp4//www.agefokrf.`fh/olfgfs/jcjhjgtfsVsujcfVjsjg`aocjsVpcogtos.bth
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
\jspfgmo4 ?. ¶_uá sahacatumjs jg`ujgtro jgtrj co eug`aðg mj cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs jg jc `ujrpf buhogf
y jg cos pcogtos6
<. ¶@rjj quj pfmrèohfs `uctavor ocahjgtfs sag co prjsjg`ao mj jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs6 Jxpcaquj su
rjspujsto4
Kcfsoraf jcj`trfgjkotavamom4 Js co `opo`amom quj tajgj ug ïtfhf poro otrojr cfs jcj`trfgjs mj ftrf ïtfhf, jcj`trfgjkotavamom4 Js `uogmf efrhog portj mj ug `fhpujstf. ho`rfjcjhjgtfs4 Pfg cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs quj gj`jsato jc `ujrpf buhogf poro su lujg ho`rfjcjhjgtfs4 eug`afgohajgtf jg `ogtamomjs hoyfrjs mj ?>> hacakrohfs maorafs. ha`rfjcjhjgtfs4 Pfg cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs quj gj`jsato jc `ujrpf buhogf poro su lujg ha`rfjcjhjgtfs4 eug`afgohajgtf jg `ogtamomjs hjgfrjs mj ?>> hacakrohfs oc mèo. gôhjrf otðha`f4 Js otðha`f4 Js co `ogtamom mj prftfgjs y jcj`trfgjs quj tajgj ug ïtfhf. tolco pjraðma`o4 Bjrrohajgto pjraðma`o4 Bjrrohajgto mj co quèha`o quj `cosa`o y okrupo cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs, sjkôg jc frmjg `rj`ajgtj mj su gôhjrf otðha`f.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?>
?;:
\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf. . . . r Amjgta`f cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f Mhatra Hjmjcáyjv. o a m u t s Amjgta`f cos opca`o`afgjs mj co tolco pjraðma`o jg jc jstumaf mj co j hotjrao. j m Mjgf `fg has pocolros quá js ug jcjhjgtf quèha`f, osf`aïgmfcf s á oc `fg`jptf mj ïtfhf. u p s \jocazf ug jxpjrahjgtf o trovás mjc `uoc flsjrvf cos maejrjg`aos jg j M cos prfpajmomjs mj ockugfs jcjhjgtfs mj co tolco pjraðma`o.
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhportar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
?;5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
?? Jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 Kacljrt G. Cjwas. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. \jprjsjgtogmf cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao `fg hotjraocjs rj`a`comfs.
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Amjgta`or cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f Kacljrt G. Cjwas.
Mjgar `fg sus pocolros quá js jc gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao y su rjco`aðg `fg co efrho`aðg mj sustog`aos quèha`os.
\jprjsjgtor sahlðca`ohjgtj jc gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao o trovás mj co jstru`turo mj Cjwas y jc hfmjcf hf mjcf otðha`f mj Lfbr.
^fgjr jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, o trovás mj co sahuco`aðg mj ug ïtfhf `fg sus rjspj`tavfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao, utacazogmf hotjraocjs rj`a`comfs f rjutacazomfs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ??
?;;
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
Kacljrt Gjwtfg Cjwas Kacljrt Cjwas euj ug easa`fquèha`f jstomfugamjgsj, quj go`að jg ?2;: y hura ð jg ?1=5. ^fstucð ^fstucð co jstru`turo mj jcj`trðg-pugtf. jcj`trðg-pugtf. (Jstru`turo mj Cjwas.)
Kacljrt Gjwtfg Cjwas
Jgtrj sus prag`apocjs trolodfs mjsto`o jc jstumaf mj cfs jcj`trfgjs hïs jxtjrgfs mj cfs ïtfhfs, cos rjo``afgjs tjrhfmagïha`os?, co efsefrjs`jg`ao<, jgco`js quèha`fs, ï`amfs0 y losjs=, jgtrj ftrfs. Jgug`að co rjkco mjc f`tjtf, quj ma`j quj cfs afgjs mj cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs tajgmjg o `fhpcjtor sus ôctahfs gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo `fg 2 jcj`trfgjs poro omquarar jstolacamom. ]ohlaág sj cj otraluyj jc tárhagf –eftðg‘, quj js co portè`uco hïs jcjhjgtoc mj jgjrkèo cuhèga`o.
¡O trolodor! Js`ralo trjs opfrtjs mj Kacljrt Cjwas oc `ohpf mj co eèsa`o. ?. <. 0.
?
\oho mj co eèsa`o quj jstumao jc jquacalraf mj cfs `fgstatuyjgtjs mj ug sastjho, `fhf co prjsaðg, jc vfcuhjg y co tjhpjroturo.
<
Ejgðhjgf quj f`urrj `uogmf ockugos sustog`aos sustog`aos quèha`os f `ujrpfs olsfrljg jgjrkèo, quj cujkf jhatjg jg efrho mj cuz.
0
Pustog`ao quj o`jpto jcj`trfgjs mj ftrf ïtfhf.
=
Pustog`ao quj `jmj jcj`trfgjs o ftrf ïtfhf.
?;2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. Gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao @uogmf ug ïtfhf tajgj tfmfs sus gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo `fhpcjtohjgtj ccjgfs mj jcj`trfgjs (ag`cuamf jc ôctahf), js jstolcj y gf rjo``afgo `fg ftrfs ïtfhfs.
Pag jhlorkf, co hoyfrèo mj ïtfhfs tajgjg ag`fhpcjtf su ôctahf gavjc mj jgjrkèo, cf quj cfs bo`j agjstolcjs y, pfr togtf, eï`achjgtj sj `fhlagog `fg ftrfs ïtfhfs, efrhogmf `fhpujstfs.
^fr togtf, jc gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao js vocjg`ao js co `ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs quj jstïg jg jc gavjc mj jgjrkèo hïs jxtjrgf mj ug ïtfhf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ??
?;1
^fr jdjhpcf, jc ïtfhf mj sfmaf tajgj ?? jcj`trfgjs. Pa cfs frmjgohfs sjkôg co tolco mj co `ogtamom hïxaho mj jcj`trfgjs quj `oljg jg `omo gavjc jgjrkáta`f, tjgjhfs cf sakuajgtj4
Gavjc
@ogtamom hïxaho mj jcj`trfgjs quj cj `oljg
? < 0 ]ftoc
< 2 ?2
Jcj`trfgjs mjc ïtfhf mj sfmaf < 2 ? ??
@fhf pfmjhfs flsjrvor, jc ïtfhf mj sfmaf tajgj mfs mj sus gavjcjs `fhpcjtohjgtj ccjgfs (? y <). ^jrf su ôctahf gavjc jstï ag`fhpcjtf, pfrquj sfcf tajgj ug jcj`trðg, pfr cf quj sj ma`j quj jc gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao mjc sfmaf js ?.
Jdjr`a`af ? ?. Jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros, ¶quá js jc gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao6 vocjg`ao6
<. Jc gôhjrf otðha`f mjc fxèkjgf js f`bf (2). Agmaquj `uïgtfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao tajgj4
Cfs ccohomfs kosjs gflcjs sfg gflcjs sfg jcjhjgtfs quj tajgjg su gavjc mj jgjrkèo hïs jxtjrgf `fhpcjtohjgtj ccjgf, pfr cf quj sfg jstolcjs y su gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao js `jrf. Pj ccohog gflcjs, pujs `osa gf sj `fhlagog `fg ftrfs jcjhjgtfs. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc bjcaf (Bj) tajgj mfs jcj`trfgjs quj `fhpcjtog co `opo`amom mjc gavjc ? mj jgjrkèo. Jc gjðg (Gj) tajgj majz jcj`trfgjs. Mfs mj jstfs jcj`trfgjs `fhpcjtog jc prahjr gavjc y f`bf jc sjkugmf, `fg cf `uoc su ôctahf gavjc sj jg`ujgtro `fhpcjtohjgtj ccjgf.
?2>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jg co goturocjzo jxastjg sajtj kosjs gflcjs4 bjcaf (Bj), gjðg (Gj), orkðg (Or), iraptðg (Ir), xjgðg (Rj), romðg (\g) y ugugf`taf (Zuf).
Jc bjcaf js utacazomf poro ccjgor kcflfs.
¶^fr quá js ahpfrtogtj jstumaor co vocjg`ao mj cfs ïtfhfs6 Cfs ïtfhfs kogog f pajrmjg jcj`trfgjs `fgstogtjhjgtj oc ugarsj o ftrfs ïtfhfs, efrhogmf `fhpujstfs. Cfs jcj`trfgjs agvfcu`romfs jg jstos rjo``afgjs sfg cfs mj vocjg`ao. ^fr jdjhpcf, co soc mj hjso (`cfrurf mj sfmaf) js ug `fhpujstf efrhomf pfr ïtfhfs mj `cfrf y sfmaf quj sj otrojg jgtrj sè, o trovás mj jgco`js quèha`fs.
Jdjr`a`af < Jg co sjhogo ; vahfs quá js ug afg. Obfro, sjkôg jc `fg`jptf mj vocjg`ao, rjspfgmo4 ¶`rjj ustjm quj cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao sfg cfs rjspfgsolcjs mj co efrho`aðg mj afgjs6
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ??
?2?
<. Jstru`turo mj Cjwas @uogmf ug ïtfhf tajgj tfmfs sus gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo `fhpcjtohjgtj ccjgfs mj jcj`trfgjs (ag`cuamf jc ôctahf), js jstolcj y gf rjo``afgo `fg ftrfs ïtfhfs. ^oro rjprjsjgtor mj hogjro sjg`acco jc gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao mj ug jcjhjgtf, jc `ajgtè`f Kacljrt Cjwas amjð ug sastjho o trovás mj pugtfs. Jg co rjprjsjgto`aðg mj co jstru`turo mj Cjwas, Cjwas, sj `fcf`o jc sèhlfcf mjc jcjhjgtf rfmjomf mj pugtfs, quj rjprjsjgtog cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao. ^fr jdjhpcf4 Jc sfmaf tajgj ug jcj`trðg mj vocjg`ao, y sj rjprjsjgto osè4
Jc ocuhagaf tajgj trjs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao, y sj rjprjsjgto osè4
Jc fxèkjgf tajgj sajtj jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao, y sj rjprjsjgto osè4
Jdjr`a`af 0 Maludj cos jstru`turos mj Cjwas mj cfs sakuajgtjs jcjhjgtfs4
?2<
Gfhlrj mjc Pè Pèhl hlfc fcf f jcjhjgtf @cfrf @c
Gôhj Gô hjrf rf mj jc jcj` j`tr trfg fgjs js mj vo vocj cjg` g`ao ao Js Jstr tru` u`tu turo ro
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
;
0. \jprjsjgto`aðg \jprjsjgt o`aðg mj cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao sjkôg jc hfmjcf mj Lfbr ^oro eo`acator co `fhprjgsaðg mj cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao, cfs pfmjhfs rjprjsjgtor sjkôg jc hfmjcf mj Lfbr. Jstf gfs sjrvarï poro jgtjgmjr `ðhf sj ugjg maejrjgtjs ïtfhfs poro efrhor hfcá`ucos f `fhpujstfs, tjhos quj vjrjhfs jg cos sakuajgtjs sjhogos. Ujohfs ugfs jdjhpcfs4 ?. Jc ïtfhf mj hokgjsaf (Hk) sj rjprjsjgto osè4
^fmjhfs flsjrvor quj jc ôctahf frlatoc mjc ïtfhf tajgj mfs jcj`trfgjs, quj sfg sus jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao. <. Jc ïtfhf mj gatrðkjgf (G) sj rjprjsjgto osè4
^fmjhfs flsjrvor quj jc ôctahf frlatoc mjc ïtfhf tajgj `ag`f jcj`trfgjs, quj `frrjspfgmjg o cfs jcj`trfgjs j cj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao.
Jdjr`a`af = Maludj cfs hfmjcfs mj Lfbr mj cfs sakuajgtjs jcjhjgtfs y `fcfrjj `fg rfdf cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao. Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf Lfrf
Pèhlfcf
Gôhjrf tftoc mj jcj`trfgjs
Gôhjrf mj jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao
L
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0
Paca`af
Pa
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=
Cataf
Ca
0
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Hfmjcf otðha`f mj Lfbr
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ??
?20
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! \jprjsjgtogmf cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao `fg hotjraocjs rj`a`comfs f rjutacazomfs Agtrfmu``aðg \j`ujrmj quj cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao sfg cfs quj sj jg`ujgtrog jg jc gavjc mj jgjrkèo hïs jxtjrgf mj ug ïtfhf, y sfg cfs rjspfgsolcjs mj quj cfs ïtfhfs rjo``afgjg jgtrj sè. Jg jstj jxpjrahjgtf, rjprjsjgtorjhfs cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao mj trjs jcjhjgtfs, utacazogmf hotjraocjs rj`a`comfs f rjutacazomfs.
Hotjraocjs
•
Mavjrsfs hotjraocjs rj`a`comfs f rjutacazomfs.
^rf`jmahajgtf Lusquj jg co tolco pjraðma`o cfs gôhjrfs otðha`fs y sèhlfcfs mj cfs sakuajgtjs jcjhjgtfs, poro soljr `uïgtfs jcj`trfgjs tajgj `omo ugf4
Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf
Ljracaf
Fxèkjgf
Bamrðkjgf
?2=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Pèhlfcf
Gf. otðha`f
?.
@fgstruyo ugo hoqujto jg co `uoc mjlj `fcf`or co rjprjsjgto`aðg mj cfs ïtfhfs mj cfs trjs jcjhjgtfs. ^oro `fgstruar `omo ïtfhf usj hotjraocjs rj`a`comfs f rjutacazomfs y j`bj o vfcor su ahokago`aðg y `rjotavamom.
<.
O `omo ïtfhf, `fcðqujcj ugo jtaqujto quj amjgtaquj jc sèhlfcf mjc jcjhjgtf rjprjsjgtomf.
0.
Pjÿocj cos portjs mj `omo ïtfhf y cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao.
=.
Ccjvj co hoqujto `fg su frajgtomfr, poro hfgtor ugo jxpfsa`aðg. Pj prjhaorï o cfs jstumaogtjs hïs `rjotavfs.
:.
^ujmj tfhor ugo eftfkroeèo mj su hoqujto y pjkorco oquè, f jgvaorco oc `frrjf4 akjrNakjr. jmu.kt poro jmu.kt poro `fhportarco `fg sus `fhpoÿjrfs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ??
?2:
\jsuhjg Jc gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao js vocjg`ao js co `ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs quj jstïg jg jc gavjc mj jgjrkèo hïs jxtjrgf mj ug ïtfhf. Cfs ïtfhfs kogog f pajrmjg jcj`trfgjs `fgstogtjhjgtj oc ugarsj o ftrfs ïtfhfs, efrhogmf `fhpujstfs. Cfs jcj`trfgjs agvfcu`romfs jg jstos rjo``afgjs sfg cfs mj vocjg`ao. Cfs ccohomfs kosjs gflcjs, gflcjs, sfg jcjhjgtfs quj tajgjg su ôctahf gavjc mj jgjrkèo `fhpcjtohjgtj ccjgf, pfr cf quj sfg jstolcjs y su gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao js `jrf. Pj ccohog gflcjs, pujs `osa gf sj `fhlagog `fg ftrfs jcjhjgtfs. Co jstru`turo mj Cjwas, Cjwas, js ugo rjprjsjgto`aðg jg co `uoc sj utacazog pugtfs ocrjmjmfr mjc sèhlfcf mj ug jcjhjgtf, poro agma`or `uïgtfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao tajgj.
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... @fhpcjhjgtj sus `fgf`ahajgtfs sflrj cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao, o trovás mjc sakuajgtj sataf wjl4 bttp4//www.yfutulj.`fh/wot`b6v8gPBU-e?k?yO @fgfz`o hïs sflrj cfs kosjs gflcjs oquè4 bttp4//jcjhjgtfs.frk.js/kosjs-gflcjs
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?.
Mjhujstrj cf oprjgmamf.
O. Js`ralo U sa co fro`aðg js vjrmomjro f E sa js eocso.
?. @uogmf ug ïtfhf tajgj tfmfs sus gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo ccjgfs js agjstolcj y rjo``afgo `fg ftrfs
jcjhjgtfs. (
)
<. Jc gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao js co `ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs quj jstïg jg jc gavjc mj jgjrkèo hïs
jxtjrgf mj ug ïtfhf. (
)
0. Cfs kosjs gflcjs sfg jcjhjgtfs quj tajgjg su ôctahf gavjc mj jgjrkèo ag`fhpcjtf. (
)
=. Cfs jcj`trfgjs agvfcu`romfs jg cos rjo``afgjs mj ug ïtfhf `fg ftrf, sj ccohog jcj`trfgjs mj
vocjg`ao. (
)
:. Co jstru`turo mj Cjwas js ugo rjprjsjgto`aðg sjg`acco mjc gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao mj ug jcjhjgtf,
jg co `uoc sj utacazog pugtfs. (
?25
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
)
O`tavamom <.
Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf.
j s`ralo jc gfhlrj mj `omo jcjhjgtf `fg co oyumo mj co tolco ?. Flsjrvj cfs sakuajgtjs jsqujhos, js`ralo pjraðma`o. @ujgtj co `ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs mjc ôctahf frlatoc j agmaquj `uïgtfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao tajgjg. Jsqujho
Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf
Gf. mj jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ??
?2;
<. @fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj sakuajgtj `uomrf. Ujo jc jdjhpcf4 Pèhlfcf mjc jcjhjgtf A
Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf Qfmf
Gf. mj jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao ;
G
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Pa
=
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O`tavamom 0.
Jstru`turo mj Cjwas
Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs. @opo`amom mj ogïcasas.
\jsujcvo cfs sakuajgtjs prflcjhos4 O. Jc bjcaf js ug kos gflcj, `fg gôhjrf otðha`f <.
?. Jxpcaquj pfr quá gf tajgj gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao.
?22
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
<. ¶@rjj ustjm quj cfs ïtfhfs mj jstj jcjhjgtf sj `fhlagog eï`achjgtj poro poro efrhor `fhpujstfs6 Jxpcaquj su rjspujsto.
L. Jc `orlfgf tajgj gôhjrf otðha`f 5. ?. Agmaquj `uïc js su gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao y `ðhf cf `oc`ucð.
jcjhj gtf sj `fhlagog eï`achjgtj poro efrhor `fhpujstfs6 <. ¶@rjj ustjm quj cfs ïtfhfs mj jstj jcjhjgtf Jxpcaquj su rjspujsto.
@.
Opca`ogmf jc `fg`jptf mj gôhjrf gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao, jxpcaquj jxpcaquj ugo maejrjg`ao jgtrj jgtrj jc bjcaf bjcaf y jc `orlfgf.
Kcfsoraf ï`amf4 Pustog`ao ï`amf4 Pustog`ao quj o`jpto jcj`trfgjs mj ftrf ïtfhf. losj4 Pustog`ao quj `jmj jcj`trfgjs o ftrf ïtfhf. efsefrjs`jg`ao4 Ejgðhjgf quj f`urrj `uogmf ockugos sustog`aos quèha`os f `ujrpfs olsfrljg jgjrkèo, quj cujkf jhatjg jg efrho mj cuz. tjrhfmagïha`o4 Js co roho mj co eèsa`o quj jstumao jc jquacalraf mj cfs `fgstatuyjgtjs mj ug sastjho, `fhf co prjsaðg, jc vfcuhjg y co tjhpjroturo.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ??
?21
\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
Amjgta`f cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f Kacljrt G. Cjwas. Mjgf `fg has pocolros quá js jc gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao y su rjco`aðg `fg co efrho`aðg mj sustog`aos quèha`os. \jprjsjgtf sahlðca`ohjgtj jc gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao o trovás mj co jstru`turo mj Cjwas y jc hfmjcf otðha`f mj Lfbr Lfbr.. ^fgkf jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, o trovás mj co sahuco`aðg mj ug ïtfhf `fg sus rjspj`tavfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao, utacazogmf hotjraocjs rj`a`comfs f rjutacazomfs.
Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhportar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
?1>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
?< Jgco`js quèha`fs ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 [octjr Ifssjc. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. Hujstroraf mj hotjraocjs `fg maejrjgtjs tapfs mj jgco`js.
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Amjgta`or cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f [octjr Ifssjc.
\jprjsjgtor ug jgco`j quèha`f, `fgefrhj o co rjkco mjc f`tjtf, hjmaogtj co jstru` turo mj Cjwas y jc hfmjcf otðha`f mj Lfbr L fbr..
Maejrjg`aor jgtrj cfs mastagtfs tapfs mj jgco`js quèha`fs. quèha`fs .
Amjgta`or co ahpfrtog`ao mj cfs jgco`js quèha`fs jg co efrho`aðg mj sustog`aos.
^fgjr jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, amjgta`ogmf maejrjgtjs tapfs mj jgco`js quèha`fs jg hotjraocjs mj co vamo `ftamaogo.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?<
?1?
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
[octjr Ifssjc [octjr Ifssjc euj ug `ajgtèea`f ocjhïg quj go`að jg ?222 y hurað jg ?1:5. Jgtrj sus prag`apocjs opfrtjs jstï jc jstumaf mj co jstolacamom mj cfs jgco`js aðga`fs, quj jstumaorjhfs jsto sjhogo. ^fstucð co tjfrèo mj co jcj`trfvocjg`ao, j cj`trfvocjg`ao, quj js jc gôhjrf mj jcj`trfgjs jc j`trfgjs quj ug ïtfhf pajrmj f kogo `uogmf sj ugj `fg ftrf. [octjr Ifssjc
]ohlaág rjocazð jstumafs sflrj cfs ejgðhjgfs jspj`trfs`ðpa`fs? mj cfs royfs x y co romao`aðg kohho <.
¡O trolodor! Js`ralo ugf mj cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f [octjr Ifssjc.
?
<
Jstumaf mj co jgjrkèo romaogtj quj sj prfmu`j `uogmf agtjro`tôo co hotjrao y co romao`aðg jcj`trfhokgáta`o. Co romao`aðg jcj`trfhokgáta`o js ug tapf mj fgmos quj jstï efrhomo pfr `ohpfs jcá`tra`fs y hokgáta`fs. ]apf mj romao`aðg quj js `opoz mj pjgjtror co hotjrao prfeugmohjgtj, prfeugmohjgtj, sj hujvj o co vjcf`amom mj co cuz y gf g f tajgj `orko jcá`tra`o.
?1<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. Jgco`js quèha`fs Zg jgco`j quèha`f js co eujrzo mj otro``aðg quj jxastj `uogmf sj ugjg mfs f hïs ïtfhfs poro efrhor `rastocjs f hfcá`ucos. ¶@ðhf f`urrj ug jgco`j quèha`f6
Erj`ujgtjhjgtj jg co goturocjzo cfs ïtfhfs kogog f pajrmjg jcj`trfgjs. Jstf su`jmj pfrquj jg co hoyfrèo mj cfs jcjhjgtfs, sus ïtfhfs gf tajgjg `fhpcjtf su ôctahf gavjc mj jgjrkèo, pfr cf quj mjljg ugarsj o ftrfs poro pfmjr oc`ogzor jstolacamom. Cfs ïtfhfs agjstolcjs pujmjg ugarsj o ftrfs poro lus`or co jstolacamom, o trovás mj maejrjgtjs efrhos4 •
Kogogmf jcj`trfgjs.
•
^jrmajgmf jcj`trfgjs.
•
@fhportajgmf jcj`trfgjs.
6 ¶
@urafsamom4 Co
Cfs jgco`js quèha`fs f`urrjg kro`aos o co ugaðg mj cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao mj mfs ïtfhfs, quj pujmjg sjr4
hoyfrèo mj cfs fldjtfs f sjrjs quj gfs rfmjog jstï efrhomo pfr jcjhjgtfs ugamfs o trovás mj jgco`js quèha`fs.
Mjc hashf jcjhjgtf, `fhf ugo hfcá`uco mjc fxèkjgf quj rjsparohfs, quj jstï efrhomo pfr mfs ïtfhfs mj fxèkjgf, ugamfs o trovás mj ug jgco`j quèha`f.
Mj maejrjgtjs jcjhjgtfs, `fhf ugo hfcá`uco mj okuo, quj jstï efrhomo pfr mfs hfcá`ucos mj bamrðkjgf y ugo mj fxèkjgf, ugamos o trovás mj ug jgco`j quèha`f.
Jdjr`a`af ? Mjgo `fg sus pocolros ¶quá js ug jgco`j quèha`f6
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?<
?10
<. Co rjkco mjc f`tjtf Co rjkco mjc f`tjtf ma`j quj `uogmf ug ïtfhf sj ugj o ftrf ïtfhf, kogo, pajrmj f `fhportj jcj`trfgjs poro efrhor ugo jstru`turo jstolcj `fhf co mj ug kos gflcj. \j`ujrmj quj cfs kosjs gflcjs tajgjg f`bf jcj`trfgjs `olocjs jg jc ôctahf frlatoc mjc gavjc mj jgjrkèo hïs jxtjrgf,, pfr jsf sj ccoho rjkco mj jxtjrgf f`tjtf.. Co ôga`o jx`jp`aðg js jc bjcaf, f`tjtf `uyf gôhjrf otðha`f js mfs, pfr cf quj sfcf tajgj mfs jcj`trfgjs. Pag jhlorkf, tohlaág `uhpcj `fg jsto rjkco, pujs tajgj `oloc su prahjr gavjc mj jgjrkèo, quj o`jpto `fhf hïxahf mfs jcj`trfgjs.
Jdjr`a`af < Jg cfs sakuajgtjs jsqujhos, amjgtaquj quá ïtfhfs `uhpcjg `fg co cjy mjc f`tjtf. Ztaca`j su tolco pjraðma`o poro jg`fgtror jc gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf y su gôhjrf otðha`f. Jc rjstf mj agefrho`aðg ccágjco `fgefrhj cf quj bo oprjgmamf.
Jsqujho Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf Gf. otðha`f Gf. mj jcj`trfgjs Gf. mj jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao @uhpcj `fg co rjkco mjc f`tjtf (sè-gf)
?1=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
0. ]apfs mj jgco`js quèha`fs 0.? Jgco`js aðga`fs Jxastjg vorafs tapfs mj jgco`js quèha`fs. Gfsftrfs jstumaorjhfs mfs4 aðga`fs y `fvocjgtjs. Zg jgco`j aðga`f js jc quj sj mo jgtrj ug ïtfhf oc o c quj cj –sflrog‘ jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao poro `uhpcar `fg co cjy mjc f`tjtf, y ftrf ïtfhf oc quj cj –eoctog‘. @uogmf sj ugjg, ohlfs ïtfhfs efrhog afgjs quj `uhpcjg `fg co cjy mjc f`tjtf y sfg jstolcjs. Jc ïtfhf quj mfgo jcj`trfgjs sj `fgvajrtj jg ug `otaðg, `otaðg , `fg `orko pfsatavo9 hajgtros quj jc ïtfhf quj rj`alj jcj`trfgjs sj `fgvajrtj jg ug ogaðg, ogaðg, `fg `orko gjkotavo. Ohlfs ïtfhfs sj ugjg pfr co otro``aðg mj cos `orkos fpujstos, efrhogmf ug jgco`j aðga`f.
Kjgjrochjgtj, cfs jcjhjgtfs hjtïca`fs pajrmjg jcj`trfgjs y sj `fhlagog `fg jcjhjgtfs gf hjtïca`fs, quj cfs kogog. ^fr cf togtf, cfs hjtocjs sj trogsefrhog jg `otafgjs y cfs gf hjtocjs, jg ogafgjs. Cfs ïtfhfs quj sj ugjg o trovás mj jgco`js aðga`fs tajgjg maejrjgtj jcj`trfgjkotavamom0. Cfs gf hjtocjs tajgjg octo jcj`trfgjkotavamom y otrojg o cfs hjtocjs, quj tajgjg lodo. \jposogmf4
Js`ralo `fg sus pocolros quá js ug afg4
0
@opo`amom quj tajgj ug ïtfhf poro otrojr o ftrf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?<
?1:
Jdjhpcfs mj jgco`js aðga`fs4 Gfhlrj `fhôg
Gfhlrj quèha`f
Eðrhuco quèha`o
Jcjhjgtfs quj cf efrhog
Zsfs
Po c
@cfrurf mj sfmaf
Go@c
Pfmaf y `cfrf
Ocahjgto`aðg.
@o c
Ðxamf mj `oc`af @oF
@oc`af y fxèkjgf
@fgstru``aðg.
@orlfgotf mj `oc`af
@orlfgotf mj `oc`af
@oc`af, `orlfgf y Js ug `fhfxèkjgf pfgjgtj mj cfs bujsfs jg gujstrf `ujrpf.
@o@F0
@oro`tjrèsta`os mj cfs `fhpujstfs aðga`fs4 •
Pfg `rastocjs sðcamfs jstolcjs.
•
Hu`bfs sfg sfculcjs jg okuo.
•
•
]ajgjg octfs pugtfs mj eusaðg y mj jlucca`aðg. Jg jstomf sðcamf gf sfg lujgfs `fgmu`tfrjs mj jcj`tra`amom, pjrf sè `uogmf sj masujcvjg jg okuo.
0.< Jgco`js `fvocjgtjs Jg ug jgco`j `fvocjgtj, cfs ïtfhfs quj sj ugjg `fhportjg jcj`trfgjs poro oc`ogzor co jstru`turo mj ug kos gflcj, f sjo, poro `fhpcjtor jc gôhjrf mj jcj`trfgjs jg su gavjc mj jgjrkèo hïs jxtjrgf, sjkôg co rjkco mjc f`tjtf. Kjgjrochjgtj sj mo jgtrj jcjhjgtfs gf hjtïca`fs. Jstj tapf mj jgco`js sj mo jgtrj ïtfhfs quj tajgjg co hasho f porj`amo jcj`trfgjkotavamom. Jg jc `osf mj jstfs jgco`js, ohlfs ïtfhfs tajgmjg o otrojrsj jgtrj sè, y pfr jccf, `fhportjg sus jcj`trfgjs.
?15
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Cfs ïtfhfs quj sj ugjg o trovás mj jgco`js `fvocjgtjs sj `fhpfrtog `fhf ugo sfco portè`uco. Oc ugarsj mfs ïtfhfs hjmaogtj jgco`js `fvocjgtjs, sj jgtrjcozog sus guljs jcj`trðga`os u frlatocjs, pfr cf quj gf sj pujmjg sjporor eï`achjgtj. ¶Jxastjg jgco`js `fvocjgtjs jg gujstrf `ujrpf6 Zgo hfcá`uco js jc `fgdugtf mj mfs f hïs ïtfhfs, akuocjs f maejrjgtjs, ugamfs hjmaogtj jgco`js `fvocjgtjs. Cos lafhfcá`ucos sfg ug tapf mj hfcá`ucos quj `fgstatuyjg o cfs sjrjs vavfs. Jc `ujrpf buhogf jstï efrhomf pfr hu`bos lafhfcá`ucos, `fhf4 `orlfbamrotfs (kcô`amfs), cèpamfs (krosos), prftjègos, jgzahos, jt`. @oro`tjrèsta`oss mj cfs `fhpujstfs `fvocjgtjs4 @oro`tjrèsta`o
Jxastjg maejrjgtjs tapfs mj `fhpujstfs `fvocjgtjs4 •
Cfs quj efrhog hfcá`ucos4 ^ujmjg sjr sðcamfs, cèquamfs f kosjfsfs. Pfg hocfs `fgmu`tfrjs mj `ocfr y jcj`tra`amom. Pu pugtf mj eusaðg y jlucca`aðg sfg rjcotavohjgtj lodfs.
•
Cfs quj efrhog `rastocjs4 Pfg sðcamfs. Pfg agsfculcjs. Pu pugtf mj eusaðg y jlucca`aðg js octf.
Jdjr`a`af 0 Js`ralo co maejrjg`ao jgtrj ug jgco`j aðga`f y ug `fvocjgtj4
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?<
?1;
0.0 \jprjsjgto`aðg mj jgco`js aðga`fs y `fvocjgtjs hjmaogtj co jstru`turo mj Cjwas y jc hfmjcf mj Lfbr ^oro pfmjr `fhprjgmjr hïs eï`achjgtj cfs jgco`js quèha`fs, cfs pfmjhfs rjprjsjgtor utacazogmf jc hfmjcf otðha`f mj Lfbr Lf br f co jstru`turo mj Cjwas, quj jstumaohfs jg co sjhogo ogtjrafr. O `fgtaguo`aðg, vjrjhfs ockugfs jdjhpcfs. Jgco`js aðga`fs
Jc `cfrurf mj sfmaf jstï efrhomf pfr co ugaðg mj ug ïtfhf mj `cfrf y ugf mj sfmaf. Jc `cfrf tajgj sajtj jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao, hajgtros quj jc sfmaf tajgj ugf. \j`ujrmj quj jstfs ïtfhfs gf `uhpcjg `fg co rjkco mjc f`tjtf.
Jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao
Oc ugarsj, jc sfmaf mfgo ug jcj`trðg oc `cfrf, efrhïgmfsj ug `otaðg mj sfmaf y ug ogaðg mj `cfrf, quajg rj`alj jc jcj`trðg.
Ohlfs afgjs obfro sfg jstolcjs, `uhpcjg `fg co rjkco mjc f`tjtf y pjrhogj`jg ugamfs pfr co otro``aðg mj sus `orkos fpujstos. Jgco`js `fvocjgtjs
Jc hjtogf jstï efrhomf pfr ug ïtfhf mj `orlfgf y `uotrf mj bamrðkjgf. Jc `orlfgf tajgj `uotrf jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao, hajgtros quj `omo ïtfhf mj bamrðkjgf tajgj ugf. Jstfs ïtfhfs gf `uhpcjg `fg co rjkco mjc f`tjtf.
?12
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Oc ugarsj, `omo jcj`trðg mj vocjg`ao mj cfs `uotrf ïtfhfs mj bamrðkjgf sj `fhportj `fg cfs `uotrf jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao mjc `orlfgf, `uhpcajgmf `fg co rjkco mjc f`tjtf.
Jdjr`a`af = O `fgtaguo`aðg, sj prjsjgtog maejrjgtjs jstru`turos mj Cjwas. Jg jc jspo`af jg lcog`f, js`ralo sa sj troto mj ug jgco`j aðga`f f ug `fvocjgtj. ?.
Okuo
<.
@cfrurf mj hokgjsaf
0.
Maðxamf mj `orlfgf
=.
Hfcá`uco mj fxèkjgf
:.
Ï`amf `cfrbèmra`f
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?<
?11
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Hujstroraf mj hotjraocjs `fg maejrjgtjs tapfs mj jgco`js Agtrfmu``aðg @fhf vahfs `fg ogtjraframom, jxastjg vorafs tapfs mj jgco`js quèha`fs, jgtrj cfs `uocjs sj jg`ujgtrog cfs aðga`fs y cfs `fvocjgtjs. O `fgtaguo`aðg, ustjm jcolfrorï ug hujstroraf `fg ugo sustog`ao quj sj efrho o portar mj ug jgco`j aðga`f (soc mj hjso) y ftro sustog`ao quj sj efrho o portar mj jgco`js `fvocjgtjs (ozô`or).
¶_uá hotjraocjs gj`jsato6 •
Poc.
•
Ozô`or.
•
•
@ortðg u ftrf hotjraoc murf poro efrhor co losj mj ugo hoqujto. Bfdos mj popjc rjutacazomos f popjc mj ug pjraðma`f.
•
Cïpaz.
•
@royfgjs f hor`omfrjs.
•
]adjros.
•
Kfho.
•
@agto ombjsavo.
•
\j`frtjs.
<>>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
^rf`jmahajgtf4
?
Orhj su hujstroraf `fg ugo losj mj `ortðg u ftrf hotjraoc murf, quj pujmj efrror `fg popjc. ^rjejralcjhjgtj rjutaca`j `ortðg y co portj mj otrïs mj bfdos quj yo boyo usomf, f usj popjc mj ug pjraðma`f. Boko ugo jtaqujto `fg jstfs hotjraocjs, y pákujco jg co losj. Ag`cuyo su gfhlrj, krupf y ej`bo.
<
@fcfquj ugo hujstro mj soc mj hjso jg ugo lfcso (rjôsj cos lfcsos pcïsta`os), y pákujco jg su hujstroraf. Olodf, js`ralo `fg ug hor`omfr su eðrhuco quèha`o4
Go@c y su gfhlrj quèha`f4 `cfrurf mj sfmaf
0
\joca`j cf hashf `fg jc ozô`or, tfhogmf jg `ujgto quj su eðrhuco quèha`o js
@5B?
=
:
^oro ohlos sustog`aos (soc y ozô`or)4 o.
Js`ralo quá tapf mj jgco`j tajgjg sus ïtfhfs (aðga`f f `fvocjgtj).
l.
^jkuj `ag`f rj`frtjs mj hotjraocjs (f ocahjgtfs) quj `fgtjgkog `omo `fhpujstf.
^rjsjgtj jc hujstroraf o su frajgtomfr y `fhpïrtocf jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?<
<>?
\jsuhjg Jgco`j quèha`f
Js co eujrzo mj otro``aðg quj jxastj `uogmf sj ugjg mfs f hïs ïtfhfs poro efrhor `rastocjs f hfcá`ucos. ^ujmj sjr mj maejrjgtjs tapfs4
Jgco`j aðga`f
Jgco`j `fvocjgtj
]apf mj jgco`j quj sj mo `uogmf ug ïtfhf mfgo jcj`trfgjs y ftrf cf rj`alj, efrhogmf afgjs ugamfs pfr co otro``aðg mj cos `orkos jcá`tra`os fpujstos (pfsatavo y gjkotavo).
]apf mj jgco`j jg jc `uoc cfs ïtfhfs sj ugjg, `fhportajgmf sus jcj`trfgjs.
Co rjkco mjc f`tjtf ma`j quj `uogmf ug ïtfhf sj ugj o ftrf, kogo, pajrmj f `fhportj jcj`trfgjs poro efrhor ugo jstru`turo jstolcj `fhf co mj ug kos gflcj, jg cfs `uocjs jc frlatoc hïs jxtjrgf mj su ôctahf gavjc mj jgjrkèo tajgj f`bf jcj`trfgjs `olocjs.
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... @fhpcjhjgtj sus `fgf`ahajgtfs sflrj cfs tapfs mj jgco`js. Lusquj jc sakuajgtj cagi, y govjkuj jg cos `ag`f pjstoÿos supjrafrjs mj co pïkago wjl poro `fgf`jr cfs maejrjgtjs tapfs mj jgco`js, flsjrvj cfs hfmjcfs agtjro`tavfs y `fhpcjtj cos o`tavamomjs. Jg cfs hfmjcfs agtjro`tavfs mjc jgco`j aðga`f y `fvocjgtj, `fcfquj jc hfusj sflrj ugf mj cfs ïtfhfs, prjsafgj y orrïstrjcf bo`ao jc ftrf, poro vjr `ðhf sj ugjg. ^ujmj prjsafgor jc lftðg –m –mjsjgcozor‘ jsjgcozor‘ poro vfcvjr o vjr cfs mfs ïtfhfs frakagocjs, ogtjs mj ugarsj. bttp4//`fg`ursf.`ga`j.hj`.js/`ga`j<>>:/10Vaga`ao`afgVagtjro`tavoVhotjrao/`ursf/hotjraocjs/jgco`js/ jgco`js?.bth
<><
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?. O.
Mjhujstrj cf oprjgmamf.
Pulroyj co rjspujsto `frrj`to4 ?. Cfs jgco`js quèha`fs pujmjg efrhorsj o portar mj4 o. l. `. m.
Kogor jcj`trfgjs. ^jrmjr jcj`trfgjs. @fhportar jcj`trfgjs. ]fmos sfg `frrj`tos.
<. Cos sakuajgtjs sfg `oro`tjrèsta`os mj cfs jgco`js aðga`fs, jx`jptf4 o. l. `. m.
Zgf mj cfs ïtfhfs `jmj su jcj`trðg mj vocjg`ao, efrhïgmfsj ug `otaðg. Zgf mj cfs ïtfhfs kogo ug jcj`trðg, efrhïgmfsj ug ogaðg. Cfs ïtfhfs quj sj ugjg, `fhportjg sus jcj`trfgjs. Efrhog ôga`ohjgtj `rastocjs sðcamfs jstolcjs.
0. @uïc mj cos sakuajgtjs orho`afgjs gf `frrjspfgmj `frrjspfgmj o cfs prag`apafs mj co rjkco mjc mjc f`tjtf4 o.
Oc ugarsj mfs ïtfhfs efrhog ugo jstru`turo agjstolcj.
l.
Cfs kosjs gflcjs `uhpcjg `fg co rjkco mjc f`tjtf.
`.
Jc ôctahf frlatoc mj cfs ïtfhfs quj sj ugjg `fhpcjtog cfs f`bf jcj`trfgjs j cj`trfgjs quj `oljg jg su ôctahf gavjc mj jgjrkèo.
m.
Cfs jcjhjgtfs quj tajgjg ug jcj`trðg jg su ôctahf gavjc mj jgjrkèo gf `uhpcjg `fg co rjkco mjc f`tjtf.
L. @fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj jsqujho4
@fhf pfr jdjhpcf, co soc f `cfrurf mj sfmaf. Cfs jgco`js pujmjg sjr4
@fhf pfr jdjhpcf, co hfcá`uco mj okuo.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?<
<>0
O`tavamom <.
Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf.
?.
Jgco`js `fvocjgtjs4
Agstru``afgjs4 Flsjrvj cfs sakuajgtjs jsqujhos quj rjprjsjgtog ïtfhfs. @omo ugf tajgj jc Agstru``afgjs4 sèhlfcf mjc jcjhjgtf oc quj `frrjspfgmj.
o.
Jg co cègjo jg lcog`f js`ralo jc gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf, `fg co oyumo mj su tolco pjraðma`o.
l.
Jcolfrj co jstru`turo mj Cjwas, mj o`ujrmf `fg cos `fhlago`afgjs quj sj agma`og. •
@fhlago`aðg mj mfs ïtfhfs mjc jcjhjgtf O, `fg ug ïtfhf mjc jcjhjgtf L. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
•
@fhlago`aðg mj mfs ïtfhfs mjc jcjhjgtf L. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
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@fhlago`aðg mj mfs hfcá`ucos mjc jcjhjgtf O `fg ugo mjc jcjhjgtf @. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
<.
Jgco`js aðga`fs o.
Pa `fhlagohfs ug ïtfhf mj pftosaf (I), quj tajgj ug jcj`trðg mj vocjg`ao, `fg ug ïtfhf mj lrfhf (Lr), quj tajgj sajtj jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao, rjsucto ugo sustog`ao ccohomo lrfhurf mj pftosaf (ILr).
@fhpcjtj cfs jcj`trfgjs mjc pftosaf y mjc lrfhf jg co sakuajgtj jstru`turo mj Cjwas, quj rjprjsjgto co efrho`aðg mj lrfhurf mj pftosaf.
<>=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Agmaquj `uïc js jc `otaðg y `uïc js jc ogaðg. @otaðg4 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVV Ogaðg4 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
O`tavamom 0.
Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs.
@fhprjgsaðg cj`tfro. Agstru``afgjs4 \joca`j co sakuajgtj cj`turo, y cujkf rjspfgmo cos prjkugtos mj `fhprjsaðg cj`tfro. @orlfbamrotfs f kcô`amfs
Cfs `orlfbamrotfs f kcô`amfs sfg hfcá`ucos frkïga`os `fhpujstos prag`apochjgtj pfr `orlfgf j bamrðkjgf, y jg hjgfr `ogtamom fxèkjgf. ]ajgjg jgco`js quèha`fs `fvocjgtjs, quj sfg maeè`acjs mj rfhpjr y tajgjg hu`bo jgjrkèo, quj sj caljro `uogmf jstfs jgco`js sj rfhpjg. Cfs sjrjs buhogfs ag`cuahfs jg gujstro ocahjgto`aðg ugo krog vorajmom mj kcô`amfs, `fhf pfr jdjhpcf, co kcu`fso (ozô`or), co co`tfso (prjsjgtj jg co cj`bj), jc ochamðg (prjsjgtj jg jc orrfz y jg cos popos), jgtrj ftrfs. Murogtj co makjstaðg, cfs jgco`js mj cfs kcô`amfs sj rfhpjg, prfpfr`afgïgmfgfs jgjrkèo. ^ortj mj jsto jgjrkèo js ocho`jgomo jg gujstrf `ujrpf, y ftro portj js utacazomo jg gujstros o`tavamomjs maoraos, `fhf hfvjrgfs, rjsparor, rjsparor, makjrar, jt`. Omoptomf mj4 Hfgfkroeèos.`fh
\jspfgmo4 ?.
¶_uá tapf mj jgco`js quèha`fs tajgjg cfs `orlfbamrotfs6
<.
¶_uá eug`aðg tajgjg cfs `orlfbamrotfs jg gujstro vamo maorao6
0.
¶@ðhf fltjgjhfs jgjrkèo o portar mj cfs `orlfbamrotfs6
Kcfsoraf jcj`trfgjkotavamom4 @opo`amom quj tajgj ug ïtfhf poro otrojr o ftrf. jspj`trfs`fpèo4 Jstumaf mj co jgjrkèo romaogtj quj sj prfmu`j `uogmf agtjro`tôo co hotjrao y co
romao`aðg jcj`trfhokgáta`o.
romao`aðg jcj`trfhokgáta`o4 ]apf mj fgmos quj jstï efrhomo pfr `ohpfs jcá`tra`fs y hokgáta`fs. romao`aðg kohho4 ]apf mj romao`aðg quj js `opoz mj pjgjtror co hotjrao prfeugmohjgtj, sj hujvj
o co vjcf`amom mj co cuz y gf tajgj `orko jcá`tra`o.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?<
<>:
\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
Amjgta`f cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f [octjr Ifssjc. \jprjsjgtf ug jgco`j quèha`f, `fgefrhj o co rjkco mjc f`tjtf, hjmaogtj co jstru`turo mj Cjwas y jc hfmjcf otðha`f mj Lfbr. Maejrjg`af jgtrj cfs mastagtfs tapfs mj jgco`js quèha`fs. Amjgta`f co ahpfrtog`ao mj cfs jgco`js quèha`fs jg co efrho`aðg mj sustog`aos. ^fgkf jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, amjgta`ogmf maejrjgtjs tapfs mj jgco`js quèha`fs jg hotjraocjs mj co vamo `ftamaogo.
Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhportar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
<>5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
?0 \jo``afgjs quèha`os ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 Jc eug`afgohajgtf mj ug hftfr mj `fhlustaðg agtjrgo. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. @ðhf agor ug kcflf sag oarj .
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Amjgta`or rjo``afgjs quèha`os jg su jgtfrgf.
\j`fgf`jr cfs maejrjgtjs tapfs mj rjo``afgjs quèha`os.
Amjgta`or cfs eo`tfrjs quj oej`tog co vjcf`amom mj rjo``aðg .
^fgjr jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, jxpjrahjgtogmf ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o `fg hotjrao-
cjs `osjrfs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?0
<>;
¡^oro `fhjgzor! Jc eug`afgohajgtf mj ug hftfr mj `fhlustaðg agtjrgo
6 ¶
Kro`aos o cfs hjmafs mj trogspfrtj `fhf outfhðvacjs, hftf`a`cjtos, ovafgjs, trjgjs, lor`fs, `ohafgjs, lusjs, jt`., quj utacazog hftfrjs mj `fhlustaðg agtjrgo poro su eug`afgohajgtf, cos pjrsfgos pfmjhfs trogspfrtorgfs mj ug comf o ftrf.
@urafsamom4
Jc hftfr mj `fhlustaðg
agtjrgo mj kosfcago
euj pjrej``afgomf o portar mjc hftfr mj kos pfr jc agkjgajrf ocjhïg Gaifcous Oukust
Fttf jg ?2;5. ?2;5. Ác euj jc prahjrf jg pfgjr jg prï`ta`o jstj tapf mj hftfr, y su agvjg`aðg
js co losj mj cfs hftfrjs mj cfs outfhðvacjs
hfmjrgfs.
Gaifcous Oukust Fttf
Co `fhlustaðg js ug tapf mj rjo``aðg quèha`o jg co `uoc cfs `fhpujstfs quj jstïg efrhomfs mj `orlfgf (@), bamrðkjgf (B) y fxèkjgf (F) ormjg jg jc oarj. Murogtj jsto rjo``aðg, sj `fgsuhj jc fxèkjgf y sj caljro maðxamf mj `orlfgf y okuo. Zg hftfr mj `fhlustaðg agtjrgo js ugo hïquago quj utacazo ugo rjo``aðg mj `fhlustaðg (jgjrkèo quèha`o? ) poro kjgjror jgjrkèo hj`ïga`o<. Jxastjg vorafs tapfs mj hftfrjs, `fhf pfr jdjhpcf, jc hftfr mj `uotrf tajhpfs. Zg hftfr mj `uotrf tajhpfs js ugo hïquago quj hjz`co fxèkjgf `fg ug `fhlustalcj, `fhf jc maásjc, co kosfcago f jc jtogfc, pfr jdjhpcf. Jstfs `fhpujstfs sj hjz`cog jg ug jspo`af quj sj ccoho –`ïhoro mj `fhlustaðg‘, mfgmj f`urrj ugo rjo``aðg mj `fhlustaðg. Co jgjrkèo jg efrho mj –`baspo‘ quj sj kjgjro pfr co `fhlustaðg js co quj prfmu`j jc hfvahajgtf mj cfs vjbè`ucfs.
?
Jgjrkèo quj sj prfmu`j o trovás mj cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os.
<
Jgjrkèo quj prfmu`jg cfs fldjtfs f `ujrpfs `fg hoso oc ccjvor o `olf ug jseujrzf f trolodf. trolodf.
<>2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Ujohfs `ðhf eug`afgo ug hftfr mj `uotrf ` uotrf tajhpfs. Zg hftfr mj `uotrf tajhpfs trolodo jg `uotrf eosjs, quj f`urrjg jg hacásahos mj sjkugmfs. •
^rahjro eosj4 omhasaðg. Pj olrj co vïcvuco mj omhasaðg, lodo jc pastðg 0 y jg jc `acagmrf sj hjz`co jc `fhlustalcj `fg jc fxèkjgf, prfvjgajgtj
mjc oarj.
•
•
Pjkugmo eosj4 `fhprjsaðg. Pj `ajrro co vïcvuco mj omhasaðg, sulj jc pastðg y co hjz`co mj fxèkjgf y `fhlustalcj sj `fhprahj.
]jr`jro eosj4 jxpogsaðg. @uogmf sj opca`o co hïxaho prjsaðg, sj prfmu`j co rjo``aðg mj `fhlustaðg, kjgjrogmf ugo –`baspo‘ –`baspo‘ f jxpcfsaðg.
•
@uorto eosj4 js`opj. Co vïcvuco mj js`opj sj olrj y jc pastðg sulj, caljrogmf cfs kosjs prfmu`amfs pfr co jxpcfsaðg.
Jstos eosjs sj rjpatjg ugo y ftro vjz.
?. Omhasaðg
<. @fhprjsaðg
0. @fhlustaðg- =. Js`opj Jxpogsaðg
¡O trolodor! Jcolfrj ug castomf mj o`tavamomjs mj su vamo maorao, quj pujmj rjocazor kro`aos o co agvjg`aðg mjc hftfr
mj `fhlustaðg agtjrgo.
0
^ortj mj ug hftfr, quj trogsefrho co jgjrkèo caljromo pfr cfs kosjs prfmu`tf mj co `fhlustaðg jg hfvahajgtf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?0
<>1
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. \jo``aðg quèha`o @fhf vahfs jg co sjhogo =, co hotjrao pujmj suerar `ohlafs eèsa`fs f quèha`fs.
6 ¶
@urafsamom4 Jc
hjtolfcashf
js jc `fgdugtf
mj rjo``afgjs
quèha`os jg jc `ujrpf buhogf.
Jc hjtogf y jc maðxamf mj `orlfgf sfg mfs prfmu`tfs mjc hjtolfcashf, jc prahjr prfmu`tf mj co makjstaðg y jc sjkugmf, mj co
rjsparo`aðg.
Jsto sjhogo jstumaorjhfs cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os, quj sfg cos rjspfgsolcjs mj cfs `ohlafs quèha`fs. Zgo rjo``aðg quèha`o js ug prf`jsf o trovás mjc
`uoc ugo f hïs sustog`aos sj trogsefrhog jg ftros `fg prfpajmomjs mastagtos. \jo``aðg quèha`o4 rjo`tavf + rjo`tavf î prfmu`tf/s
Zg rjo`tavf js ugo sustog`ao quj rjo``afgo `fg ftro poro prfmu`ar ugo gujvo
sustog`ao ccohomo prfmu`tf. Cfs prfmu`tfs tajgjg prfpajmomjs tftochjgtj maejrjgtjs o cos mj cfs rjo`tavfs quj cjs majrfg frakjg. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc fxèkjgf sj `fhlago `fg jc bamrðkjgf poro efrhor jc okuo.
Fxèkjgf (F) + bamrðkjgf (B) \jo`tavfs
î
okuo (B
Jg jstj `osf, cfs rjo`tavfs sfg kosjfsfs, pjrf co gujvo sustog`ao (prfmu`tf) js cèquamo.
Murogtj cos rjo``afgjs, cfs jgco`js quèha`fs sj rfhpjg y sj efrhog gujvfs. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc hjtogf rjo``afgo `fg mfs hfcá`ucos mj fxèkjgf, efrhogmf maðxamf mj `orlfgf y mfs hfcá`ucos mj okuo4 @B= + <><î @F< + < B<> @fhf pfmjhfs vjr, cfs rjo`tavfs sfg `fhpujstfs efrhomfs pfr cfs jcjhjgtfs `orlfgf (@), bamrðkjgf (B) y fxèkjgf (F). ^jrf sa flsjrvohfs cfs prfmu`tfs gfs mohfs `ujgto mj quj tohlaág jstïg efrhomfs pfr cfs hashf s jcjhjgtfs.
Jgtfg`js, murogtj ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o, quèha`o , cfs ïtfhfs gf `ohlaog, sagf quj sj rjfrkogazog, `ohlaogmf co efrho jg co quj sj ugjg.
>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
<. Jgjrkèo mj rjo``aðg Murogtj cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os sj pujmj olsfrljr f kjgjror jgjrkèo. @uogmf sj rfhpjg cfs jgco`js mj cfs rjo`tavfs sj olsfrlj jgjrkèo, hajgtros quj `uogmf sj efrhog cfs jgco`js mj cfs prfmu`tfs, sj caljro jgjrkèo. @fg losj jg jstj `ratjraf, cos rjo``afgjs sj `cosa`og jg4 jxftárha`os y jgmftárha`os. jxftárha`o s sfg cos quj caljrog jgjrkèo jg efrho mj `ocfr, cuz Cos rjo``afgjs jxftárha`os y ftrfs tapfs.
Jgjrkèo caljromo
\jo`tavfs
^rfmu`tfs
^fr jdjhpcf, `uogmf gfs hfvjhfs, gujstrfs hôs`ucfs trolodog `fgtroyágmfsj y rjcodïgmfsj, caljrogmf jgjrkèo. Js pfr jccf quj `uogmf bo`jhfs jdjr`a`af sjgtahfs `ocfr.
Ftrf jdjhpcf js `uogmf qujhohfs ug `fbjtj f ug vfc`og`atf, quj caljrog jgjrkèo jg efrho mj cuz, `ocfr f ruamf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?0
?
Cos rjo``afgjs jgmftárha`os sfg cos quj gj`jsatog f olsfrljg jgjrkèo.
Pj olsfrlj jgjrkèo
\jo`tavfs
^rfmu`tfs
^fr jdjhpcf4 `uogmf sumohfs, jc okuo mjc sumfr sj jvopfro kro`aos oc `ocfr quj kjgjro gujstro pajc,
oyumïgmfgfs o rjerjs`or gujstrf
`ujrpf. ^oro quj jc okuo mjc sumfr posj mj jstomf cèquamf o kosjfsf, js gj`jsorao jgjrkèo jg efrho mj `ocfr.
Kcu`fso
Ftrf
jdjhpcf
js
co
Fxèkjgf
eftfsègtjsas,
prf`jsf hjmaogtj jc `uoc cos pcogtos
Jgjrkèo
olsfrljg co jgjrkèo mjc sfc y co trogsefrhog jg sustog`aos gutratavos, `fhf co kcu`fso=. Maðxamf mj `orlfgf
Okuo
Jdjr`a`af ? Js`ralo ug jdjhpcf mj rjo``aðg jgmftárha`o y ugf mj rjo``aðg jxftárha`o quj f`urro jg su `oso f jg su trolodf4 Jxftárha`o4 Jgmftárha`o4 =
Js ug tapf mj `orlfbamrotf (kcô`amf) sahpcj, efrhomf pfr sjas ïtfhfs mj `orlfgf, mf`j mj bamrðkjgf y sjas mj fxèkjgf. Js `fgf`amf `fhf ug tapf mj ozô`or quj jstï prjsjgtj jg tfmfs cfs sjrjs vavfs y su eug`aðg js prfpfr`afgor jgjrkèo.
<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
0. Ujcf`amom mj rjo``aðg Jxastjg rjo``afgjs quèha`os quj sfg huy cjgtos, `fhf `uogmf sj fxamo ug fldjtf mj hjtoc o co agtjhpjraj9 f huy rïpamos, `fhf `uogmf hjz`cohfs okuo hagjroc `fg soc y sj efrho jejrvjs`jg`ao. rjo``aðg sj rjjrj oc tajhpf quj tormog cfs rjo`tavfs jg Co vjcf`amom mj rjo``aðg trogsefrhorsj jg prfmu`tfs. Jxastjg ockugfs eo`tfrjs quj mjtjrhagog quá tog rïpamo f cjgto sjrï ugo
rjo``aðg.
¶Polèo quá6
Co `agáta`o js co roho mj co quèha`o quj jstumao co ropamjz mj ugo rjo``aðg, cfs eo`tfrjs quj cj
oej`tog y su hj`ogashf.
o. Goturocjzo f `oro`tjrèsta`o `oro`tjrèsta`oss mj cfs rjo`tavfs. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc bamrðkjgf js ug kos huy agoholcj. Pj utacazolo ogtjrafrhjgtj poro ccjgor kcflfs oárjfs, pjrf, pfr jc pjcakrf quj rjprjsjgto, jg co o`tuocamom sj utacazo bjcaf, quj js ug kos gf agoholcj.
l. Co tjhpjroturo. O hoyfr tjhpjroturo, hïs vjcf`amom mj rjo``aðg. ^fr jdjhpcf, `uogmf kuormohfs cfs ocahjgtfs jg jc rjerakjromfr jstohfs rjtormogmf su putrjeo``aðg, quj js ug tapf mj rjo``aðg quèha`o. `. Kromf mj mavasaðg mj cfs rjo`tavfs. Hajgtros hïs mavamamos sj jg`ujgtrjg cos portè`ucos mj cfs rjo`tavfs, boy hoyfr supjr`aj mj `fgto`tf poro quj rjo``afgjg. ^fr jdjhpcf, js hïs rïpamf qujhor ugfs trfzfs mj f`ftj, quj ug
ïrlfc mj pagf `fhpcjtf.
m. @fg`jgtro`aðg mj cfs cfs rjo`tavfs. rjo`tavfs.
Hajgtros hïs `fg`jgtromf sjo
ug rjo`tavf, sakga`o quj tajgj hïs ïtfhfs f hfcá`ucos poro rjo``afgor. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc `cfrf mj usf `osjrf sj utacazo macuamf,
pujs `uogmf sj uso `fg`jgtromf pujmj `ousor rjo``afgjs moÿagos o co socum.
j. @otocazomfrjs. @otocazomfrjs. Cfs `otocazomfrjs sfg sustog`aos quèha`os quj oyumog o quj ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o f`urro. ^fr jdjhpcf, cos jgzahos sfg hfcá`ucos quj oyumog o co makjstaðg, `fhf co popoègo, quj
sj jg`ujgtro jg co popoyo.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?0
0
=. ]apfs mj rjo``afgjs quèha`os
Jg jsto sj``aðg jstumaorjhfs ockugfs tapfs mj rjo``afgjs quèha`os. \jo``aðg mj sègtjsas. Js `uogmf mfs f hïs sustog`aos sj ugjg poro efrhor ugo gujvo sustog`ao hïs `fhpcjdo. O + L î OL ^fr jdjhpcf, murogtj jc prf`jsf mj makjstaðg, gujstrf `ujrpf prfmu`j ï`amf `cfrbèmra`f (B@c), o portar mj afgjs mj bamrðkjgf (B) y `cfrf (@c). B+ + @c- î B@c
\jo``aðg mj mjs`fhpfsa`aðg. Js `uogmf ugo sustog`ao sj mjs`fhpfgj poro efrhor mfs f hïs sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs. OL î O + L ^fr jdjhpcf, jc kca`ðkjgf js ug tapf mj `orlfbamrotf: corkf quj sj ocho`jgo jg gujstrfs hôs`ucfs j bèkomf. @uogmf jc gavjc mj ozô`or (kcu`fso) mj co sogkrj lodo, jc kca`ðkjgf sj mjs`fhpfgj jg kcu`fso, quj sfg hfcá`ucos hïs sahpcjs, poro jstolacazor ma`bf gavjc. \jo``aðg mj mjspcozohajgtf f sahpcj sustatu`aðg. @uogmf ugo sustog`ao sahpcj rjo``afgo `fg ugo `fhpujsto, y rjjhpcozo ugf mj sus `fhpfgjgtjs. O + L@ î O@ + L ^fr jdjhpcf, oc `fhlagorsj jc zag` `fg ï`amf `cfrbèmra`f, jc zag` rjjhpcozo oc bamrðkjgf4 Tg + Tg + < B@c
î
Tg@c< + B<
\jo``aðg mj mflcj mjspcozohajgtf f mflcj sustatu`aðg. @uogmf mfs sustog`aos maejrjgtjs rjo``afgog j agtjr`ohlaog jcjhjgtfs jgtrj sè, frakagogmf gujvos
sustog`aos.
OL + @M îOM + L@ ^fr jdjhpcf, `uogmf jc bamrðxamf mj sfmaf rjo``afgo `fg ï`amf `cfrbèmra`f efrho `cfrurf mj sfmaf y okuo.
GoFB + B@c î Go@c + B
Jdjr`a`af < Jguhjrj cfs tapfs mj rjo``afgjs quèha`os4
:
]ohlaág ccohomfs kcô`amfs. Pfg hfcá`ucos quj sj jg`ujgtrog jg cfs sjrjs vavfs, quj jstïg efrhomos pfr `orlfgf, bamrðkjgf y fxèkjgf.
=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! @ðhf agecor ug kcflf sag oarj Agtrfmu``aðg @fhf vahfs `fg ogtjraframom, ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o js ug prf`jsf o trovás mjc `uoc ugo f hïs h ïs
sustog`aos sj trogsefrhog jg ftros `fg prfpajmomjs mastagtos.
^fmjhfs flsjrvor `uogmf f`urrj ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o, sa oc hjz`cor mfs rjo`tavfs sj prfmu`jg kosjs, jejrvjs`jg`ao, `ohlafs mj `fcfr, jhasaðg mj cuz, `ohlafs mj tjhpjroturo, jt`. O `fgtaguo`aðg, jxpjrahjgtorjhfs ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o jg co `uoc ugf mj cfs rjo`tavfs js cèquamf y jc ftrf js sðcamf, y oc hjz`corsj kjgjrog ug prfmu`tf kosjfsf, `uyo efrho`aðg sj flsjrvo o portar mj jejrvjs`jg`ao.
¶_uá hotjraocjs gj`jsato6 •
Hjmao tozo mj vagokrj.
•
Lftjcco pcïsta`o rjusomo f rj`a`como mj hjmaf catrf.
•
Kcflf.
•
Mfs `u`boromos mj la`orlfgotf.
•
Jhlumf.
^rf`jmahajgtf
? hjmaf catrf. < 0 = rjsuctomfs.
Okrjkuj hjmao tozo mj vagokrj mjgtrf mj ugo lftjcco pcïsta`o rjusomo f rj`a`como mj @fcfquj jc jhlumf o ug kcflf y okrákujcj mfs `u`boromos mj la`orlfgotf. Agsjrtj jc kcflf jg co lfquacco mj co lftjcco. Mjdj `ojr jc la`orlfgotf. Flsjrvj quá su`jmj `fg jc kcflf y `fg jc vagokrj quj jstï jg co lftjcco y ogftj sus
?
<
0
la`orlfgotf mj sfmaf
vagokrj
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?0
= ¶_uá su`jmj `fg jc kcflf6
¶_uá su`jmj jg co lftjcco6
Jxpca`o`aðg Jc la`orlfgotf rjo``afgo `fg jc vagokrj, efrhogmf cfs sakuajgtjs prfmu`tfs4 okuo, o`jtotf mj sfmaf y maðxamf mj `orlfgf, quj js ug kos. Co efrho`aðg mjc kos (maðxamf mj `orlfgf) sj flsjrvo `fhf ugo jejrvjs`jg`ao. Jc maðxamf mj `orlfgf js quajg ago jc kcflf.
Flsjrvo`afgjs
\jsuhjg quèha` o js ug prf`jsf o trovás mjc `uoc ugo f hïs sustog`aos sj trogsefrhog jg Zgo rjo``aðg quèha`o ftros `fg prfpajmomjs mastagtos. Murogtj ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o, cfs ïtfhfs gf `ohlaog, sagf quj sj rjfrkogazog, `ohlaogmf co efrho jg co quj sj ugjg.
\jo``aðg quèha`o4 rjo`tavf + rjo`tavfî prfmu`tf/s rjo`tavf js js ugo sustog`ao quj rjo``afgo `fg ftro, poro prfmu`ar ugo gujvo sustog`ao, ccohomo Zg rjo`tavf prfmu`tf. Cfs prfmu`tfs tajgjg prfpajmomjs tftochjgtj maejrjgtjs o cos mj cfs rjo`tavfs quj cjs prfmu`tf. majrfg frakjg.
5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Murogtj cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os sj pujmj olsfrljr f caljror jgjrkèo.
•
Cos rjo``afgjs jxftárha`os sfg cos quj caljrog jgjrkèo.
•
Cos rjo``afgjs jgmftárha`os sfg jgmftárha`os sfg cos quj gj`jsatog f olsfrljg jgjrkèo.
Co vjcf`amom mj rjo``aðg sj rjo``aðg sj rjjrj oc tajhpf quj tormog cfs rjo`tavfs jg trogsefrhorsj jg prfmu`tfs. Mjpjgmj mj vorafs eo`tfrjs4 goturocjzo f `oro`tjrèsta`os mj cfs rjo`tavfs, tjhpjroturo, kromf mj mavasaðg mj cfs rjo`tavfs, `fg`jgtro`aðg mj cfs rjo`tavfs y `otocazomfrjs.
]apfs mj rjo``afgjs \jo``aðg mj sègtjsas
Mfs f hïs sustog`aos sj ugjg poro
O + L î OL
efrhor ugo gujvo sustog`ao hïs `fhpcjdo. \jo``aðg mj mjs`fhpfsa`aðg \jo``aðg mj mjspcozohajgtf f sahpcj sustatu`aðg \jo``aðg mj mflcj mjspcozohajgtf f mflcj sustatu`aðg
Zgo sustog`ao sj mjs`fhpfgj poro OL î O + L efrhor mfs f hïs sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs. Zgo sustog`ao sahpcj rjo``afgo `fg ugo O + L@ î O@ + L `fhpujsto, y rjjhpcozo ugf mj sus
`fhpfgjgtjs. Mfs sustog`aos maejrjgtjs rjo``afgog j agtjr`ohlaog jcjhjgtfs jgtrj sè, frakagogmf gujvos sustog`aos.
OL + @M î OM + L@
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... ^oro `fgf`jr hïs sflrj cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os quj f`urrjg jg gujstrf jgtfrgf, vasatj jc sakuajgtj
sataf4
bttp4//`fg`ursf.`ga`j.hj`.js/`ga`j<>>:/0:VcosVrjo``afgjsVquaha`os/`ursf/crqVrj.bthc ^oro `fgf`jr hïs sflrj `ðhf oej`to co tjhpjroturo o ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o vjo co sakuajgtj ogaho`aðg4 bttp4//www.easa`o-quaha`o-sj`ugmorao-lo`baccjrot bttp4//www.easa`o-quaha`o-sj`ugm orao-lo`baccjrotf.js/ogaho`afgjs-ecosb-agt f.js/ogaho`afgjs-ecosb-agtjro`tavos/quaha jro`tavos/quaha`o/ `o/ `agjta`oVquaha`oVeo`tfrVtjhpjroturo.bth
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?0
;
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?.
Js`ralo `fg sus pocolros co mjeaga`aðg mj cfs sakuajgtjs `fg`jptfs4
o. \jo``aðg quèha`o4 l. \jo`tavf4 `. ^rfmu`tf4 m. Ujcf`amom mj rjo``aðg4
?. Js`ralo cfs `ag`f eo`tfrjs quj oej`tog ugo vjcf`amom mj rjo``aðg4
o. l. `. m. j.
O`tavamom <.
Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf.
?. Jg jc sakuajgtj maokroho, sjÿocj `uïcjs sfg cfs rjo`tavfs y `uïc jc prfmu`tf mj ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o4 \jo`tavfs
O+L
î
OL
^rfmu`tf
<. Js`ralo quá tapf mj rjo``aðg rjprjsjgtog cfs sakuajgtjs maokrohos4 OL + @M î OM + L@ OL î O + L O + L@ î O@ + L O + L î OL
2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
0. Mj cos sakuajgtjs acustro`afgjs, agmaquj `uïcjs sfg rjo``afgjs jxftárha`os y `uïcjs jgmftárha`os.
=. Mj cos sakuajgtjs o`tavamomjs quj mjsorrfccohfs mjsorrfccohfs jg gujstro vamo vamo `ftamaogo, agmaquj `uïc js prfmu`tf mj ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o4 @uogmf `fhjhfs `bf`fcotj, jc `ujrpf prfmu`j hu`bo jgjrkèo. @uogmf utacazohfs mjtjrkjgtj f prfmu`tfs mj cahpajzo quj jcahagog f trogsefrhog cos sustog`aos quj jgsu`aog f hog`bog. @uogmf tjgjhfs o`amjz jstfho`oc, y tfhohfs ug hjma`ohjgtf poro gjutrocazor jsto o`amjz. @uogmf bo`jhfs ugo olfgjro `fg rjstfs mj `fhamo mj co `oso, y sj trogsefrho jg olf -
gf poro cos pcogtos.
@uogmf tjgjhfs quj `ohlaor ug `ogmomf pfrquj sj fxamo. @uogmf `f`agohfs pjs`omf `rumf `fg dukf mj cahðg poro prjporor ug `jva`bj. @uogmf j`bohfs sfso `ïusta`o o ug sogatoraf, poro mjsbo`jr ug fldjtf quj cf topo. @uogmf utacazohfs socjs hagjrocjs jejrvjs`jgtjs poro ocavaor jc mfcfr mj jstðhokf. @uogmf rjsparohfs, agbocohfs fxèkjgf y jxbocohfs maðxamf mj `orlfgf, quj js prf -
mu`tf mjc hjtolfcashf mjc `ujrpf.
@uogmf sj prfmu`j buhf gjkrf oc qujhor ugo bfdo mj popjc.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?0
1
O`tavamom 0.
Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs.
@fhprjgsaðg cj`tfro, `opo`amom mj ogïcasas y osf`ao`aðg mj `fg`jptfs. Cjo jc sakuajgtj tjxtf, y rjspfgmo co prjkugto. Co ejrhjgto`aðg Co ejrhjgto`aðg js ug prf`jsf quj f`urrj kro`aos o ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o prfmu`amo o portar mj ockugos jgzahos ccohomos ejrhjgtfs, quj sfg jcolfromos pfr frkogashfs ha`rfs`ðpa`fs `fhf hfbfs, lo`tjraos y cjvomuros. Jstfs ha`rffrkogashfs sj ocahjgtog mj ozô`orjs sahpcjs (`fhf co kcu`fso y co eru`tfso) quj trogsefrhog jg maðxamf mj `orlfgf y ftrfs prfmu`tfs. Jsto rjo``aðg tajgj hu`bos opca`o`afgjs poro co eolra`o`aðg mj ocahjgtfs. ^fr jdjhpcf, poro jcolfror pog sj gj`jsato cjvomuro, quj js ug bfgkf quj sj ocahjgto mj ozô`orjs (prjsjgtjs jg co borago). Co hoso mj pog –ouhjgto‘ su tohoÿf kro`aos o co cjvomuro quj, `fhf prfmu`tf mj ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o, kjgjro maðxamf mj `orlfgf jg efrho mj lurludos. Murogtj co prfmu``aðg mj `jrvjzo y vagf, tohlaág sj utacazog cjvomuros quj trogsefrhog cfs ozô`orjs jg oc`fbfc. Jg jstj `osf, sj mjgfhago ejrhjgto`aðg oc`fbðca`o. @uogmf sj eolra`og cfs qujsfs sj pujmjg utacazor ugos lo`tjraos ccohomos Co`tflo`accus quj prfmu`jg jgzahos quj `fgvajrtjg cfs ozô`orjs mj co cj`bj jg ï`amf cï`ta`f. Jstj ï`amf js eugmohjgtoc poro co efrho`aðg mjc –`uodf‘, –`uodf‘, quj js co losj co jcolfro`aðg mj cfs qujsfs. ?.
¶_uá ahpfrtog`ao tajgjg cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os jg gujstro ocahjgto`aðg6
<.
Jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros quá js jc prf`jsf mj ejrhjgto`aðg4
<<>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
0. Js`ralo jc gfhlrj mj trjs ocahjgtfs quj sj prfmu`jg kro`aos o co ejrhjgto`aðg4
?. <. 0.
Kcfsoraf `orlfbamrotf4 ]ohlaág `orlfbamrotf4 ] ohlaág ccohomfs kcô`amfs. Pfg hfcá`ucos quj sj jg`ujgtrog jg cfs sjrjs vavfs, quj jstïg efrhomos pfr `orlfgf, bamrðkjgf y fxèkjgf. jgjrkèo hj`ïga`o4 Js hj`ïga`o4 Js co jgjrkèo quj prfmu`jg cfs fldjtfs f `ujrpfs `fg hoso oc ccjvor o `olf ug jseujrzf f trolodf. jgjrkèo quèha`o4 Js co jgjrkèo quj sj prfmu`j o trovás mj cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os. kcu`fso4 Js ug tapf mj `orlfbamrotf (kcô`amf) sahpcj, efrhomf pfr sjas ïtfhfs mj `orlfgf, mf`j mj kcu`fso4 Js bamrðkjgf y sjas mj fxèkjgf. Js `fgf`amf `fhf ug tapf mj ozô`or quj jstï prjsjgtj jg tfmfs cfs sjrjs vavfs y su eug`aðg js prfpfr`afgor jgjrkèo. pastðg4 ^ortj mj ug hftfr pastðg4 ^ortj hf tfr,, quj trogsefrho co jgjrkèo caljromo pfr cfs kosjs prfmu`tf mj co `fhlustaðg jg hfvahajgtf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?0
<
\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
Amjgta`f rjo``afgjs quèha`os jg ha jgtfrgf. \j`fgfz`f cfs maejrjgtjs tapfs mj rjo``afgjs quèha`os. Amjgta`f cfs eo`tfrjs quj oej`tog co vjcf`amom mj rjo``aðg. ^fgkf jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, jxpjrahjgtogmf ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o `fg hotjraocjs `osjrfs.
Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhportar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
<<<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
?=
@fhpujstfs quèha`fs ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 Horaf Hfcago. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. ]rohpo j`fcðka`o poro otropor hfsquatfs.
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Amjgta`or cfs opfrtjs mjc prjhaf Gfljc jg _uèha`o, jc `ajgtè`f hjxa`ogf Horaf Hfcago.
Mjgar `fg sus pocolros quá js ug `fhpujstf quèha`f, rjco`afgïgmfcf `fg cfs `fg`jptfs mj ïtfhf y jcjhjgtf.
Amjgta`or fldjtfs f hotjraocjs mj su vamo `ftamaogo quj sjog `fhpujstfs quèha`fs.
^fgjr jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, rjocazogmf ug jxpjrahjgtf `fg ug `fhpujstf quèha`f.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?=
<<0
¡^oro `fhjgzor! Horaf Hfcago Horaf Hfcago js ug `ajgtèea`f hjxa`ogf quj kogð jc ^rjhaf Gfljc jg _uèha`o jg ?11: pfr jc mjs`ulrahajgtf mjc okudjrf jg co `opo mj fzfgf, dugtf `fg ftrfs mfs `ajgtèea`fs4 Pbjrwffm \ fwcogm y ^ouc @rutzjg.
Horaf Hfcago
Mjsmj huy pjqujÿf hfstrð agtjrás pfr cos `ajg`aos. Pj kromuð mj agkjgajrf quèha`f jg co Zgavjrsamom Go`afgoc Outðgfho mj Háxa`f jg ?15:. Cujkf jstumað jg co Zgavjrsamom mj Eralurkf (Ocjhogao) y fltuvf su mf`tfromf jg eèsa`o y quèha`o mj co Zgavjrsamom mj Ljrijcjy jg @ocaefrgao, Jstomfs Zgamfs. \jocazð mavjrsfs jstumafs, jgtrj cfs `uocjs mjsto`o jc mj ockugos portè`ucos quèha`os ccohomos `cfrfecufrf`orlfgfs (@E@), quj sj caljrog jg co othðsejro y quj sfg prfmu`amos pfr ockugos agmustraos. Mjs`ulrað quj `uogmf jstos sustog`aos sj mjs`fhpfgjg jg ïtfhfs, mjstruyjg jc fzfgf. Jg jsj jgtfg`js gf sj solèo quá ahpo`tf tjgèo jstf sflrj jc hjmaf ohlajgtj. Hfcago, jg `fgdugtf `fg \fwcogm, mjsorrfccorfg, jgtfg`js, co tjfrèo mj co rjmu``aðg mj co `opo mj fzfgf (quj prftjkj oc pcogjto ]ajrro mj cfs royfs uctrovafcjto mjc Pfc) pfr jc usf mj @E@. Omoptomf mj4 bttp4//www.`fgto`tf bttp4//www.`fgto`tfhokozagj.`fh/hor hokozagj.`fh/horafhfcago>1<;.bth#.Z-d?o afhfcago>1<;.bth#.Z-d?oc2kCAZ c2kCAZ y
bttp4//maocfkf.ukr.js/`fgtjgamfs/gfljc/gl-hfcago.bth
¡O trolodor! \jspfgmo cos sakuajgtjs prjkugtos. ?.
¶^fr `uïc mjs`ulrahajgtf Horaf Hfcago kogð jc ^rjhaf Gfljc mj _uèha`o jg ?11:6
<.
¶_uá ahpca`o`afgjs tajgj jstj mjs`ulrahajgtf jg jc `uamomf mj gujstrf pcogjto ]ajrro6
<<=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. @fhpujstfs quèha`fs O gujstrf ocrjmjmfr jxastjg haccfgjs mj `fhpujstfs quèha`fs. Jc okuo y jc vagokrj sfg ug jdjhpcf mj jccf. Cfs dolfgjs, co kosfcago y cfs pjreuhjs sfg jdjhpcfs mj hotjraocjs quj usohfs jg gujstro vamo maorao, y quj jstïg efrhomfs pfr `fhpujstfs quèha`fs. Cfs `fhpujstfs quèha`fs sfg quèha`fs sfg sustog`aos efrhomos pfr mfs f hïs jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs.
¶6
¶Polèo quá6 quá6 Co Zgaðg Agtjrgo`afgoc mj _uèha`o ^uro y Opca`omo (AZ^O@) js co outframom quj ma`to cos rjkcos mj gfhjg`coturo mj cfs `fhpujstfs
quèha`fs.
Cfs ïtfhfs mj cfs `fhpujstfs jstïg ugamfs ugfs o ftrfs pfr hjmaf mj jgco`js quj, `fhf vahfs jg co sjhogo ?<, pujmjg sjr `fvocjgtjs f aðga`fs. ^oro pfmjr gfhlror mj efrho frmjgomo o cfs hacjs mj `fhpujstfs quj jxastjg jg co goturocjzo y cfs sagtáta`fs `rjomfs pfr jc sjr buhogf, jxastj co gfhjg`coturo,, quj js ug `fgdugtf mj gfhjg`coturo mj rjkcos quj sj usog usog poro mor ug ug sfcf gfhlrj y js`ralar ugo sfco eðrhuco o `omo sustog`ao quèha`o.
\jposf Js`ralo `uïc js co maejrjg`ao jgtrj ug jgco`j `fvocjgtj y ug jgco`j aðga`f
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?=
<<:
Jxastjg maejrjgtjs tapfs mj `fhpujstfs quèha`fs. ^fr jdjhpcf4 •
Cfs `fhpujstfs lagorafs, lagorafs, quj jstïg efrhomfs pfr mfs jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc B
sfg4 mjsagej`togtj, lcogqujomfr lcogqujomfr..
•
•
Cfs `fhpujstfs tjrgorafs, tjrgorafs, quj jstïg efrhomfs pfr trjs jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc @o@F0 (`orlfgotf mj `oc`af). Jg jstj `osf, jstï efrhomf pfr `oc`af (@o), `orlfgf (@) y fxèkjgf (F). Pj uso `fhf supcjhjgtf mj `oc`af y `fhf ogtaï`amf. Js `fhpfgjgtj mj co `ïs`oro mj bujvfs.
Cfs `fhpujstfs `uotjrgorafs jstïg efrhomfs pfr `uotrf jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc la`orlfgotf mj sfmaf (GoB@F 0), quj jstï efrhomf pfr sfmaf (Go), bamrðkjgf (B), `orlfgf (@) y fxèkjgf (F). Pj uso jg rjpfstjrèo y tajgj opca`o`afgjs hjma`agocjs.
Jdjr`a`af ? Js`ralo `fg sus pocolros quá js ug `fhpujstf quèha`f y su maejrjg`ao `fg ug jcjhjgtf quèha`f.
<<5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
?.? @fhpujstfs frkïga`fs Cfs `fhpujstfs frkïga`fs sfg frkïga`fs sfg ug tapf mj `fhpujstfs efrhomfs pfr `orlfgf pfr hjmaf mj jgco`js `fvocjgtjs `orlfgf-`orlfgf y/f `orlfgf-bamrðkjgf. ]ohlaág pujmjg `fgtjgjr ftrfs jcjhjgtfs `fhf fxèkjgf, ozuerj, lfrf, gatrðkjgf, jt`.
^fr jdjhpcf4 Gfhlrj mjc `fhpujstf
Eðrhuco
^rfpogf
@0B2
Ï`amf o`áta`f (vagokrj)
@
Kcu`fso (ozô`or)
@5B?
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?=
<<;
¶6
Cfs `fhpujstfs frkïga`fs sj jg`ujgtrog prjsjgtjs jg tfmfs cfs sjrjs vavfs. ^fr jdjhpcf, co eru`tfso, quj js ug tapf mj ozô`or quj sj jg`ujgtro jg cfs vjkjtocjs, co hajc y cos erutos `fhf hogzogos, hogkfs, pcïtogfs f gorogdos. Eru`tfso eðrhuco cagjoc
¶Polèo quá6
Co quèha`o frkïga`o js co roho mj co quèha`o quj jstumao cfs `fhpujstfs efrhomfs pfr `orlfgf y sus rjo``afgjs..
¶Jxastjg `fhpujstfs frkïga`fs jg gujstrf `ujrpf6 Gujstrf `ujrpf jstï efrhomf pfr aggamom mj `fhpujstfs frkïga`fs, `fhf cos
prftjègos?, cfs cèpamfs< (krosos), cfs `orlfbamrotfs 0 (kcô`amfs), cfs ï`amfs gu`cja`fs= quj efrhog jc OMG : y cos jgzahos 5, jt` Cfs bamrf`orlurfs; tohlaág sfg `fhpujstfs frkïga`fs. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc pjtrðcjf y sus mjravomfs (kosfcago, maásjc, jt`.). ]ohlaág jxastjg `fhpujstfs frkïga`fs or ta`aocjs, `rjomfs pfr jc sjr buhogf, `fhf cfs pcïsta`fs, mjtjrkjgtjs, `fcfrogtjs, lros sagtáta`os, pagturos,
pjsta`amos2, jt`.
Jdjr`a`af < Mj cfs sakuajgtjs `fhpujstfs, agmaquj `uïcjs sfg frkïga`fs y `uïcjs gf. B
@
@5B2F5 (ï`amf os`ðrla`f f vatohago @) VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV IFB (bamrðxamf mj pftosaf) VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV GoLr (lrfhurf (lrfhurf mj sfmaf) VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
?
<
Hfcá`ucos corkos efrhomos mj ohagfï`amfs. Zg ohagfï`amf js ug tapf mj hfcá`uco frkïga`o efrhomo pfr ug krupf ohagf (-GB <) y ug krupf `orlfxacf (-@FFB). @fgdugtf mj sustog`aos krosfsos goturocjs `fhf `fhf cfs o`jatjs y cos krosos.
0
@fhpujstf frkïga`f quj jstï efrhomf pfr `orlfgf, fxèkjgf j bamrðkjgf. bamrðkjgf.
=
Hfcá`uco mj krog tohoÿf efrhomo mj gu`cjðtamfs, quj jstï prjsjgtj jg tfmos cos `ácucos `ácucos vavos, `fhf jc OMG. Zg gu`cjðtamf js ug tapf mj hfcá`uco frkïga`o quj jstï efrhomo pfr ug `orlfbamrotf (ozô`or) sahpcj mj `ag`f `orlfgfs, gatrðkjgf y ug krupf quj `fgtajgj eðsefrf, o trovás mj ug jgco`j `fvocjgtj.
:
Ï`amf mjsfxarralfgu`cáa`f. Js ug tapf mj ï`amf quj sj jg`ujgtro jg jc gô`cjf mj cos `ácucos, quj `fgtajgj co agefrho`aðg kjgáta`o mj ug agmavamuf y js jc jg`orkomf mj bjrjmor jsto agefrho`aðg.
5
Js ugo hfcá`uco mj prftjègo quj eug`afgo `fhf `otocazomfr jg cos cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os.
;
@fhpujstf frkïga`f efrhomf efrhomf pfr bamrðkjgf y `orlfgf.
2
Pustog`ao quj jcahago jcahago f rjpjcj pcokos. pcokos.
<<2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
?.<. @fhpujstfs agfrkïga`fs Cfs `fhpujstfs agfrkïga`fs agfrkïga`fs sfg oqujccfs `fhpujstfs `uyf `fhpfgjgtj prag`apoc js `uocquajr jcjhjgtf maejrjgtj oc `orlfgf. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc okuo (B
Ðxamfs4 sfg `fhpujstfs lagorafs quj sj efrhog mj co ugaðg mj ug jcjhjgtf hïs fxèkjgf. Jcjhjgtf
`fhpujstfs
agfrkïga`fs jg gujstrf `ujrpf6 Jc ohfgèo`f (GB0)
+ Fxèkjgf 8 Ðxamf
js prfmu`amf
pfr cos `ácucos, jspj`aochjgtj
jg cfs agtjstagfs, bèkomf y raÿfgjs. Co hoyfr portj sj utacazo poro prfmu`ar urjo1, quj
Jdjhpcf4 @F< o Maðxamf mj `orlfgf
js ug prfmu`tf mj mjsj`bf mjc
Bamrurfs4 sfg `fhpujstfs lagorafs Bamrurfs4 quj sj efrhog mj co ugaðg mj ug jcjhjgtf hïs bamrðkjgf. Jcjhjgtf
hjtolfcashf.
+ Bamrðkjgf 8 Bamrurf
Jdjhpcf4 @oB< o bamrurf mj `oc`af Pocjs lagoraos4 sfg `fhpujstfs lagorafs efrhomfs jgtrj ug hjtoc (`otaðg pfsatavf) y ug gf hjtoc (ogaðg gjkotavf). Hjtoc
+ Gf hjtoc 8 Poc lagorao
Jdjhpcf4 Go@A o @cfrurf mj sfmaf
Jdjr`a`af 0 Js`ralo co maejrjg`ao jgtrj ug `fhpujstf frkïga`f y ugf agfrkïga`f.
?
Hfcá`ucos corkos efrhomos mj ohagfï`amfs. Zg ohagfï`amf js ug tapf mj hfcá`uco frkïga`o efrhomo pfr ug krupf ohagf (-GB <) y ug krupf `orlfxacf (-@FFB).
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?=
<<1
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! ]rohpo ]r ohpo j`fcðka`o j`fcðka`o poro otropor hfsquatfs. hfsquatfs. Agtrfmu``aðg Jc maðxamf mj `orlfgf (@F <) js ug `fhpujstf efrhomf pfr `orlfgf hïs fxèkjgf. Jstj kos efrho portj mj cfs `fhpfgjgtjs mjc oarj, y sj prfmu`j mjgtrf mj gujstrf `ujrpf `fhf prfmu`tf mj mjsj`bf murogtj jc hjtolfcashf9 cf jcahagohfs o trovás mj co rjsparo`aðg `uogmf jxbocohfs. Jg jstj jxpjrahjgtf, prfmu`arjhfs @F < y cf utacazorjhfs poro `fgstruar ugo trohpo poro otropor hfsquatfs.
¶_uá hotjraocjs gj`jsato6 •
? krohf mj cjvomuro.
•
= `u`boromos mj ozô`or hfrjgo.
•
<>> hc mj okuo.
•
Zg mflcj catrf pcïsta`f vo`èf, covomf y sj`f.
•
@ortucago, tjco, pcïsta`f f popjc gjkrf.
•
@agto ombjsavo.
•
Jstueo.
•
Fcco.
^rf`jmahajgtf ?. @frtj co lftjcco lftjcco mj pcïsta`f, dustf ogtjs mj quj jhpaj`j o omjckozor bo`ao jc `ujccf mj co lftjcco. Kuormj cos mfs pajzos. <. Jg ugo fcco, `ocajgtj jc okuo y
okrjkuj jc ozô`or. Mjdj jgeraor.
0. J`bj jc okuo `fg ozô`or jg co portj
mj olodf mj co lftjcco pcïsta`o.
<0>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
=. Okrjkuj co cjvomuro sag hjz`cor.
:. @fcfquj co portj supjrafr mj co lftjcco mj efrho agvjrtamo, `fhf sa eujro ug jhlumf, y osjkôrjco `fg `agto ombjsavo.
5. Efrrj tfmo co lftjcco pcïsta`o `fg co
`ortucago, tjco, pcïsta`f f popjc gjkrf. Gf efrror co portj supjrafr.
;. @fcfquj co trohpo trohpo mjgtrf mj co `oso, prjejralcjhjgtj jg ug rag`ðg fs`urf9 f jg jc potaf, `fckomo o co sfhlro.
2. Mfs sjhogos hïs tormj, rjtarj rjtarj co `fljrturo gjkro, mjsorhj co lftjcco y flsjrvj quá boy omjgtrf.
Jxpca`o`aðg Co rjo``aðg mjc ozô`or y co cjvomuro prfmu`j maðxamf mj `orlfgf, quj otroj o cfs hfsquatfs, pfr cf quj qujmog otropomfs mjgtrf mj co lftjcco, pujs gf pujmjg socar kro`aos oc jhlumf quj `fgstruahfs `fg co lftjcco.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?=
<0?
\jsuhjg Cfs `fhpujstfs quèha`fs sfg quèha`fs sfg sustog`aos efrhomos pfr mfs f hïs jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs. Ockugfs jdjhpcfs mj `fhpujstfs quèha`fs sfg4 @fhpujstfs lagorafs @fhpujstfs tjrgorafs @fhp @f hpuj ujst stfs fs `u `uot otjr jrgo gora rafs fs
Jstïg efrhomfs pfr mfs jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs. Jstïg efrhomfs pfr trjs jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs. Jstï Js tïgg ef efrh rhom omfs fs pf pfrr `u `uot otrf rf jc jcjh jhjg jgtf tfss ma maej ejrrjg jgtj tjs. s.
Co gfhjg`coturo gfhjg`coturo js js ug `fgdugtf mj rjkcos quj sj usog poro mor ug sfcf gfhlrj y js`ralar ugo sfco eðrhuco o `omo `fhpujstf quèha`f. Cfs `fhpujstfs frkïga`fs sfg ug tapf mj `fhpujstfs
efrhomfs pfr `orlfgf o trovás mj jgco`js `fvocjgtjs `orlfgf-`orlfgf y/f `orlfgf-bamrðkjgf. ]ohlaág pujmjg `fgtjgjr ftrfs
Cfs `fhpujstfs agfrkïga`fs sfg oqujccfs `fhpujstfs
`uyf `fhpfgjgtj prag`apoc js `uocquajr jcjhjgtf maejrjgtj oc `orlfgf.
jcjhjgtfs `fhf fxèkjgf, ozuerj, lfrf, gatrðkjgf, jt`.
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... ^oro ohpcaor hïs sus `fgf`ahajgtfs sflrj `fhpujstfs quèha`fs, vjo jc sakuajgtj vamjf4 bttp4//www.yfutulj.`fh/wot`b6v8vlR@tw>;mm2
<0<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?. Mjhujstrj cf oprjgmamf. O.
Mjgo `fg sus pocolros cfs sakuajgtjs tárhagfs4
@fhpujstf quèha`f4 @fhpujstf frkïga`f4 @fhpujstf agfrkïga`f4
O`tavamom <. Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf. O.
L.
Mj co sakuajgtj casto mj sustog`aos, sulroyj `uïcjs sfg `fhpujstfs4 F<
G<
TgPF=
@B0FB
@B=
BLr
GoFB
GoBPF=
Hk (FB)<
Oc<(PaF0)0
Mj co casto ogtjrafr ogtjrafr,, js`ralo `uïcjs sfg `fhpujstfs frkïga`fs y `uïcjs agfrkïga`fs. @fhpujstfs frkïga`fs
@fhpujstfs agfrkïga`fs
@. Mj co casto mjc ag`asf O, agmaquj agmaquj `uïcjs sfg `fhpujstfs lagorafs, tjrgorafs tjrgorafs y `uotjrgorafs. @fhpujstfs lagorafs
@fhpujstfs tjrgorafs
@fhpujstfs `uotjrgorafs
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?=
<00
O`tavamom 0. Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs.
?.
@fhprjsaðg cj`tfro, opca`o`aðg mj `fg`jptfs jg co vamo `ftamaogo.
\joca`j co sakuajgtj cj`turo, y cujkf rjspfgmo cos prjkugtos4
Jc jej`tf agvjrgomjrf Co vamo jg gujstrf pcogjto mjpjgmj mj co jgjrkèo quj prfvajgj mjc sfc. Co romao`aðg quj jhatj jc sfc poso pfr co othðsejro, ccjko o co supjr`aj mjc pcogjto, y cujkf js arromaomo mj vujcto oc jspo`af jxtjrafr jg efrho mj `ocfr. Pag jhlorkf, co hoyfrèo mj jstj `ocfr js olsfrlamf pfr cfs ccohomfs kosjs mj jej`tf agvjrgomjrf, quj cf rjtajgjg murogtj ug tajhpf, pfr cf quj oyumog o hogtjgjr co tjhpjroturo mjc pcogjto. O jstf sj cj `fgf`j `fhf jej`tf agvjrgomjrf, quj js ug ejgðhjgf gfrhoc mj co ]ajrro. Cfs kosjs mj jej`tf agvjrgomjrf efrhog portj mj cfs `fhpfgjgtjs mj co othðsejro mjc pcogjto. Cfs hïs ahpfrtogtjs sfg4 vopfr mj okuo (B
<0=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
\jspfgmo4 o.
¶Jg co cj`turo cfkrð mjtj`tor `fhpujstfs quèha`fs6 ¶@uïcjs6
l.
Js`ralo `uïc js co ahpfrtog`ao mj cfs kosjs `fg jej`tf agvjrgomjrf, jg gavjcjs gfrhocjs.
`.
Js`ralo ugo o`tavamom `fg co `uoc ustjm pujmj `fgtraluar o jvator co `fgtohago`aðg mjc oarj.
Kcfsoraf ï`amf gu`cja`f4 Hfcá`uco mj krog tohoÿf efrhomo mj gu`cjðtamfs, y quj jstï prjsjgtj jg tfmos cos `ácucos vavos, `fhf jc OMG. OMG4 Ï`amf mjsfxarralfgu`cáa`f. Js ug tapf mj ï`amf quj sj jg`ujgtro jg jc gô`cjf mj cos `ácucos, quj `fgtajgj co agefrho`aðg kjgáta`o mj ug agmavamuf y js jc jg`orkomf mj bjrjmor jsto agefrho`aðg. ohagfï`amf4 Js ug tapf mj hfcá`uco frkïga`o efrhomo pfr ug krupf ohagf (-GB <) y ug krupf `orlfxacf (-@FFB). `orlfbamrotf4 @fhpujstf frkïga`f quj jstï efrhomf pfr `orlfgf, fxèkjgf j bamrðkjgf. jgzaho4 Js ugo hfcá`uco mj prftjègo quj eug`afgo `fhf `otocazomfr jg cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os. bamrf`orlurf4 @fhpujstf frkïga`f efrhomf pfr bamrðkjgf y `orlfgf. cèpamf4 @fgdugtf cèpamf4 @fgdugtf mj sustog`aos krosfsos goturocjs `fhf cfs o`jatjs y cos krosos. gu`cjðtamf4 Js ug tapf mj hfcá`uco frkïga`o quj jstï efrhomo pfr ug `orlfbamrotf (ozô`or) sahpcj mj `ag`f `orlfgfs, gatrðkjgf y ug krupf quj `fgtajgj eðsefrf, o trovás mj ug jgco`j `fvocjgtj. pjsta`amo4 Pustog`ao quj jcahago f rjpjcj pcokos. prftjègo4 Pfg hfcá`ucos corkos efrhomos mj ohagfï`amfs. urjo4 @fhpujstf quèha`f quj js jc prag`apoc prfmu`tf mjc hjtolfcashf mj prftjègos, pfr cf quj sj jg`ujgtro olugmogtjhjgtj jg co frago y jg cos bj`js. Pu eðrhuco quèha`o js @F(GB <).
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?=
<0:
\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
Amjgta`f cfs opfrtjs mjc prjhaf Gfljc jg _uèha`o, jc `ajgtè`f hjxa`ogf Horaf Hfcago. Mjgf `fg has pocolros quá js ug `fhpujstf quèha`f, rjco`afgïgmfcf `fg cfs `fg`jptfs mj ïtfhf y jcjhjgtf. Amjgta`f fldjtfs f hotjraocjs mj co vamo `ftamaogo quj sjog `fhpujstfs quèha`fs. ^fgkf jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, rjocazogmf ug jxpjrahjgtf `fg `f g ug `fhpujstf quèha`f.
Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhportar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
<05
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
?: Pustog`aos puros y hjz`cos ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 Cuas Ejmjra`f Cjcfar Cjcfar.. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. Lurludos mj `fcfr `fcfr..
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Amjgta`or cfs opfrtjs mjc prahjr cotagfohjra`ogf jg kogor ug ^rjhaf Gfljc mj _uèha`o, jc `ajgtè`f Cuas Cjcfar Cjcfar..
Maejrjg`aor,, sjkôg sus `oro`tjrèsta`os, jgtrj ugo sustog`ao puro y ugo hjz`co. Maejrjg`aor
^rfpfr`afgor jdjhpcfs mj sustog`aos puros y hjz`cos mj su jgtfrgf .
^fgjr jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, rjocazogmf ug jxpjrahjgtf `fg hjz`cos.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?:
<0;
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
Cuas Ejmjra`f Cjcfar Cuas Ejmjra`f Cjcfar, mj pomrjs orkjgtagfs, go`að jg ^orès, Erog`ao, jg ?1>5 y o cfs mfs oÿfs sj humð o Orkjgtago. Pj kromuð mj hjma`ago mj co Zgavjrsamom mj Lujgfs Oarjs y sj mjma`ð o co agvjstako`aðg `ajgtè`o. Euj jc prahjr aljrfohjra`ogf jg rj`alar ug ^rjhaf Gfljc mj _uèha`o pfr jc mjs`ulrahajgtf mjc rfc quj `uhpcjg cfs gu`cjðtamfs ? jg jc hjtolfcashf mj cfs `orlfbamrotfs <. Cuas Ejmjra`f Cjcfar
Pu tjsas mf`tfroc euj sflrj co eug`aðg mj cos kcïgmucos suprorrjgocjs 0 jg jc hjtolfcashf mj cfs `orlfbamrotfs, o portar mj cf `uoc sj agtjrjsð jg co lafquèha`o. \jocazð jstumafs sflrj jc hjtolfcashf mjc oc`fbfc, co bapjrtjgsaðg ortjraoc =, co efrho`aðg mjc ï`amf `ètra`f :, co fxamo`aðg mj cfs ï`amfs krosfs 5, cos kca`fprftjègos;, co jgejrhjmom ccohomo koco`tfsjhao 2, jgtrj ftrfs. ^jrf su mjs`ulrahajgtf hïs ahpfrtogtj euj jc jstumaf mj `ðhf cfs ocahjgtfs sj trogsefrhog jg ozô`orjs, quj cujkf jc `ujrpf utacazo `fhf jgjrkèo. O cos trogsefrho`afgjs mj co co`tfso (ug tapf mj ozô`or) jg sus `fhpfgjgtjs sj cj `fgf`j `fhf –jc `ohagf mj Cjcfar‘, jg su bfgfr. Jstf cj ccjvð o fltjgjr jc ^rjhaf Gfljc jg ?1;>. Pj `fgsamjro quj cfs trolodfs mj Cjcfar sfg pafgjrfs jg jc ïrjo mj co lafquèha`o y bog `fgtraluamf o rjocazor ovog`js ahpfrtogtjs jg jc `ohpf mj co hjma`ago.
Omoptomf mj4 bttp4//www.okj bttp4//www.okjg`aojcvakao.`fh.or/cjcfar g`aojcvakao.`fh.or/cjcfar.bth .bth y bttp4//maocfkf.ukr.js/`fgtjgamfs/gfljc/gl-cjcfar bttp4//maocfkf.ukr .js/`fgtjgamfs/gfljc/gl-cjcfar.bth .bth
?
<
]apf mj hfcá`uco frkïga`o quj jstï jstï efrhomo pfr ug `orlfbamrotf `orlfbamrotf (ozô`or) sahpcj mj `ag`f `orlfgfs gatrðkjgf y ug krupf quj `fgtajgj eðsefrf, o trovás mj ug jgco`j `fvocjgtj. @fhpujstf frkïga`f frkïga`f quj jstï efrhomf efrhomf pfr `orlfgf, `orlfgf, fxèkjgf j bamrðkjgf. bamrðkjgf.
0
Kcïgmucos quj sj jg`ujgtrog jg jc jxtrjhf supjrafr mj cfs raÿfgjs, raÿfgjs, quj sj`rjtog bfrhfgos quj oyumog o rjspfgmjr rjspfgmjr oc jstrás.
=
^rjsaðg octo.
:
]apf mj ï`amf frkïga`f, quj sj jg`ujgtro jg hu`bos erutos, jspj`aochjgtj jspj`aochjgtj jg cfs `ètra`fs `fhf jc cahðg y co gorogdo. Pu eðrhuco js4 @5B2F;.
5
]apf mj hfcá`uco agsfculcj jg okuo quj jstï prjsjgtj prjsjgtj jg cfs sjrjs sjrjs vavfs, quj jstï `fhpujsto `fhpujsto pfr `orlfgf j bamrðkjgf, prag`apochjgtj, y ugo `omjgo mj ugafgjs mj bamrðkjgf y fxèkjgf.
;
]apf mj prftjègo quj jstï osf`aomo `fg ozô`orjs.
2
Jgejrhjmom bjrjmatorao, bjrjmatorao, jg co `uoc cos pjrsfgos gf tfcjrog tfcjrog co cj`bj.
<02
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Zgamom mj kcu`fso Zgamom mj koco`tfso
Co`tfso
6 ¶
¶Polèo quá6 Co lafquèha`o js co roho mj co quèha`o quj jstumao co `fhpfsa`aðg quèha`o mj cfs sjrjs vavfs.
¡O trolodor! Jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros pfr quá jc `ajgtè`f Cuas Ejmjra`f Cjcfar kogð jc ^rjhaf Gfljc mj _uèha`o jg ?1;>.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?:
<01
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. Pustog`aos puros Co hotjrao jstï efrhomo pfr ïtfhfs, quj pujmjg okruporsj efrhogmf hfcá`ucos. Zgo hfcá`uco js co ugaðg mj mfs f hïs ïtfhfs, quj pujmjg sjr mjc hashf jcjhjgtf f mj maejrjgtjs jcjhjgtfs. ^fr jdjhpcf, jg co othðsejro, jc fxèkjgf sj jg`ujgtro jg efrho mj hfcá`uco hfcá `uco F< (mfs ïtfhfs mj fxèkjgf ugamfs jgtrj sè), pjrf jc okuo sj prjsjgto jg efrho mj hfcá`ucos B
Jcjhjgtfs
Hfcá`uco mj okuo
Bamrðkjgf
Fxèkjgf
Zgo sustog`ao puro js oqujcco quj jstï efrhomo pfr ïtfhfs f hfcá`ucos akuocjs. ]ajgj prfpajmomjs jspj`è`os quj co `oro`tjrazog y co mastagkujg mj ftros. Gf sj pujmj sjporor jg `fhpfgjgtjs hïs sahpcjs pfr hjmafs eèsa`fs. Pu `fhpfsa`aðg js do y mjgamo. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc okuo puro sajhprj js ag`fcfro, agfmfro j agsèpamo.
<=>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Zgo sustog`ao puro pujmj sjr ug jcjhjgtf f ug `fhpujstf4 Pustog`aos puros
@fhpujstfs
Jcjhjgtfs
(sustog`aos sahpcjs) Pfg sustog`aos quj jstïg efrhomos pfr ug sfcf tapf mj ïtfhfs. Gf pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjrsj jg sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs. Pj rjprjsjgtog hjmaogtj sèhlfcfs.
Pfg sustog`aos quj jstïg efrhomos pfr mfs f hïs jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs, quj efrhog hfcá`ucos. Jstos hfcá`ucos sajhprj sfg akuocjs. Pj pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjr o trovás mj hjmafs quèha`fs. Pj rjprjsjgtog hjmaogtj eðrhucos1.
^fr jdjhpcf4 jc popjc ocuhagaf, quj jstï efrhomf sfcf pfr ïtfhfs mj ocuhagaf.
^fr jdjhpcf4 jc ljgzfotf mj sfmaf, quj jstï efrhomf sfcf pfr hfcá`ucos @5B:@F
Jdjr`a`af ? Mjc sakuajgtj castomf mj sustog`aos, agmaquj `uïcjs sfg jcjhjgtfs y `uïcjs hfcá`ucos.
1
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@0B2 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
@B=
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
B
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@F
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVV
GB=
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
\jprjsjgto`aðg \jprj sjgto`aðg sahlðca`o y lrjvj mj cfs jcjhjgtfs quj efrhog ug `fhpujstf y jc gô hjrf mj ïtfhfs mj `omo jcjhjgtf quj `fgtajgj.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?:
<=?
<. Hjz`cos @fgtroraf o cf quj f`urrj `fg ugo sustog`ao puro, `uyo `fhpfsa`aðg js do, jg ugo hjz`co co `fhpfsa`aðg vorèo. Zgo hjz`co js co `fhlago`aðg mj mfs f hïs sustog`aos jg co `uoc co `fhpfsa`aðg js voraolcj, pujs `omo sustog`ao `fgsjrvo sus `oro`tjrèsta`os y gf sj `fhlagog quèha`ohjgtj ugos `fg ftros. ^fr jdjhpcf, ugo cahfgomo jstï efrhomo pfr maejrjgtjs `fhpfgjgtjs4 dukf mj cahðg, okuo y ozô`or. @omo `fhpfgjgtj tajgj mastagtos `oro`tjrèsta`os. Jsto hjz`co pujmj voraor mjpjgmajgmf mj gujstrf kustf, sa co qujrjhfs hïs ï`amo (cj okrjkohfs hïs dukf mj cahðg) f hïs muc`j (cj okrjkohfs hïs ozô`or), pjrf sajhprj sakuj sajgmf cahfgomo.
Cos hjz`cos pujmjg sjpororsj o trovás mj hjmafs eèsa`fs, `fhf co ctro`aðg ?>, co mjstaco`aðg?? f jc tohazomf?<, jgtrj ftrfs. ^rf`jsf hjmaogtj jc `uoc sj pujmj sjporor ug sðcamf quj sj jg`ujgtro hjz`comf `fg ug cèquamf, o trovás mj hotjraocjs pfrfsfs. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc j`fctrf quj vahfs jg co sjhogo <. ?? ]á`ga`o quj sj uso poro sjporor cèquamfs mj ugo hjz`co cèquamo. ^oro jccf, sj jvopfro `omo cèquamf o`frmj o su pugtf mj jlucca`aðg y jc vopfr sj `fgmjgso, fltjgajgmf `omo cèquamf pfr sjporomf. ?>
?<
Hátfmf mj sjporo`aðg quj `fgsastj jg posor ugo hjz`co mj sðcamfs o trovás mj u g tohaz (hocco). ^fr jdjhpcf, `uogmf ug ocloÿac `ajrgj orjgo y mjdo `ojr ` ojr cfs krogfs hïs pjqujÿfs, hajgtros rjtajgj cfs hïs krogmjs.
<=<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
¶Jxastjg hjz`cos jg gujstrf `ujrpf6 Co sogkrj js ugo hjz`co mj `ácucos (kcðlucfs rfdfs, kcðlucfs lcog`fs y pcoqujtos) y pcosho, quj o su vjz, `fgtajgj gutrajgtjs, sustog`aos mj mjsj`bf mj cos `ácucos, okuo, prftjègos, kosjs, ohagfï`amfs, socjs, bfrhfgos, jgzahos, ogta`ujrpfs, socjs hagjrocjs, jt`.
Jc ï`amf kïstra`f js ugo hjz`co mj okuo, ï`amf `cfrbèmra`f (B@c) y jgzahos makjstavos. Co socavo js ugo hjz`co mj okuo, prftjègos, hfcá`ucos frkïga`os, jgzahos, afgjs, jt`.
Ftrfs jdjhpcfs mj hjz`cos jg gujstro vamo `ftamaogo sfg4 cj`bj, hoyfgjso, pagturos, hogtjquacco, toc`f, sfpo, `bohpô, `oeá, jgsocomo mj erutos, okuos kosjfsos, jt`.
Jdjr`a`af < Pjkôg jc `fg`jptf mj hjz`co, jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros pfr quá co sogkrj sj `fgsamjro `fhf ugo hjz`co.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?:
<=0
<.?. Hjz`cos bfhfkágjos Cos hjz`cos bfhfkágjos sfg oqujccos jg cos quj gf sj mastagkujg sus
`fhpfgjgtjs. ]fmo ]fmo co hjz`co sj vj akuoc, pujs su oporajg`ao y `fhpfsa`aðg js ugaefrhj. Pj jg`ujgtro jg ugo sfco eosj. ^fr jdjhpcf4 Hjz`cos cèquamos
Hjz`cos kosjfsos
Jc `oeá `fg cj`bj quj tfhohfs Jc oarj js ugo hjz`co mj jg co hoÿogo js ug jdjhpcf mj kosjs, quj tajgj co sakuajgtj hjz`co cèquamo. cèquamo. Pu `fhpfsa`aðg y `fhpfsa`aðg4 oporajg`ao js ugaefrhj. ;2% mj gatrðkjgf (G)
Ftrf jdjhpcf js jc `cfrf quj usohfs poro mjsagej`tor jg gujstrf % mj fxèkjgf (F) bfkor.. Js ugo hjz`co mj ug `fhbfkor ?% mj kosjs gflcjs pujstf ccohomf bapf`cfratf mj sfmaf (GoF@c) macuamf jg okuo. ?% mj ftrfs kosjs, `fhf jc maðxamf mj `orlfgf (@F <)
Hjz`cos sðcamos
Cos ocjo`afgjs sfg jdjhpcfs mj hjz`cos sðcamos. Zgo ocjo`aðg js ug hotjraoc hjtïca`f `fhpujstf pfr mfs f hïs jcjhjgtfs.
^fr jdjhpcf, co hfgjmo mj ug `jgtovf js ugo ocjo`aðg mj 12: hacásahfs mj ocuhagaf y ?: hacásahfs mj hokgjsaf.
]ohlaág pujmj boljr hjz`cos mj ug sðcamf jg ug cèquamf, `fhf `uogmf masfcvjhfs ozô`or jg okuo9 mj ug kos jg ug cèquamf, `fhf jc maðxamf mj `orlfgf quj sj jg`ujgtro jg ug okuo kosjfso9 f mj ug cèquamf jg ug sðcamf, `fhf jc hjr`uraf jg pcoto (ccohomo ohockoho, utacazomo jg fmfgtfcfkèo ?0).
Jdjr`a`af 0 Js`ralo ug jdjhpcf mj hjz`co bfhfkágjo quj ustjm utaca`j f `fho jg su vamo maorao.
?0
\oho mj co hjma`ago quj jstumao, prjvajgj y troto jgejrhjmomjs mjgtocjs y mj co lf`o y ðrkogfs osf`aomfs.
<==
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
<.<. Hjz`cos bjtjrfkágjos Jg cos hjz`cos bjtjrfkágjos sè sj mastagkujg sus `fhpfgjgtjs. Pj pujmjg
flsjrvor `fhf eosjs.
^fr jdjhpcf, `uogmf hjz`cohfs okuo y o`jatj pfmjhfs flsjrvor mfs eosjs.
Ockugfs jdjhpcfs mj hjz`cos bjtjrfkágjos sfg4 jgsocomo, cj`bj `fg `jrjoc, sfpo mj vjrmuros, pjpaïg, kjcotago `fg erutos, tajrro olfgomo, jt`átjro.
Jdjr`a`af = ?.
Js`ralo ug jdjhpcf mj hjz`co bjtjrfkágjo quj ustjm utaca`j f `fho jg su vamo maorao.
<.
Jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros ugo sahacatum y ugo maejrjg`ao jgtrj ugo hjz`co bfhfkágjo y ugo bjtjrfkágjo. Pahacatum4 Maejrjg`ao4
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?:
<=:
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Lurludos mj `fcfr Agtrfmu``aðg @fhf vahfs jg jsto sjhogo, o gujstrf ocrjmjmfr jxastjg hu`bfs jdjhpcfs mj hjz`cos, quj pujmjg sjr bfhfkágjos `uogmf sus `fhpfgjgtjs gf sj cfkrog mastagkuar o sahpcj vasto pujs efrhog ugo sfco eosj, f bjtjrfkágjos `uogmf sj mastagkujg eï`achjgtj sus `fhpfgjgtjs f cos eosjs quj efrhog. Jg jstj jxpjrahjgtf prjpororï ugo hjz`co j agma`orï sa js bfhfkágjo f bjtjrfkágjo, sjkôg sus `oro`tjrèsta`os.
¶_uá hotjraocjs gj`jsato6
•
Zgo tozo mj okuo.
•
Zgo lftjcco mj pcïsta`f mj hjmaf catrf rjutacazomo f rj`a`como.
•
Zg jhlumf.
•
Zg `uortf mj tozo mj o`jatj.
•
•
@fcfrogtj. ^ujmj usor ug `fcfrogtj mj `f`ago orta`aoc, or ta`aoc, tagto mj copa`jrf f ug `fcfrogtj goturoc, `fhf jc dukf `fg`jgtromf mj rjhfco`bo. ]ohlaág pujmj prjporor su `fcfrogtj macuyjgmf ug rjerjs`f jg pfcvf (mj uvo f erjso, pfr jdjhpcf) jg ug pf`f mj okuo. Mfs postaccos jejrvjs`jgtjs.
^rf`jmahajgtf ?.
@fg co oyumo mj ug jhlumf okrjkuj ugo tozo mj okuo o ugo lftjcco mj pcïsta`f rjutacazomo f rj`a`como.
<.
Okrjkuj ug `uortf mj tozo mj o`jatj.
0.
Ogftj4 ¶_uá su`jmj oc hjz`cor jc okuo y jc o`jatj6 ¶_uá tapf mj hjz`co sj efrho6
<=5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
=.
Okrjkuj ugos kftos mjc `fcfrogtj.
:.
Okrjkuj ugo o ugo cos postaccos jejrvjs`jgtjs. Gf topor co lftjcco.
5.
Ogftj sus flsjrvo`afgjs.
;.
Agmaquj quá tapf mj hjz`co rjsuctð mjc jxpjrahjgtf.
Jxpca`o`aðg
Jc okuo y jc o`jatj sj flsjrvog jg mfs eosjs. Co eosj supjrafr `frrjspfgmj oc o`jatj, quj js hjgfs mjgsf9 hajgtros quj co eosj agejrafr `frrjspfgmj oc okuo, quj js hïs mjgso. Pag jhlorkf, jc `fcfrogtj sè js sfculcj jg okuo, y sj hjz`co `fg jcco. @uogmf okrjkohfs cos postaccos jejrvjs`jgtjs, tohlaág sj hjz`cog `fg jc okuo. Co rjo``aðg mjc okuo `fg cos postaccos jejrvjs`jgtjs (quj jstïg bj`bos mj la`orlfgotf mj sfmaf) efrho ug kos (maðxamf mj `orlfgf) quj jhpajzo o sular jg efrho mj lurludos. @uogmf cos lurludos ccjkog bosto orralo, caljrog jc kos y jc okuo rjkrjso bosto olodf, qujmogmf gujvohjgtj jc o`jatj jg co eosj supjrafr pfr sjr hjgfs mjgsf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?:
<=;
\jsuhjg Pustog`aos puros
Jstïg efrhomos pfr ïtfhfs f hfcá`ucos akuocjs. ]ajgjg prfpajmomjs jspj`è`os quj cos `oro`tjrazog y cos mastagkujg mj ftros. Gf sj pujmjg sjporor jg `fhpfgjgtjs hïs sahpcjs pfr hjmafs eèsa`fs. Pu `fhpfsa`aðg js do y mjgamo.
Jcjhjgtfs
@fhpujstfs
(sustog`aos sahpcjs)
Pfg sustog`aos quj jstïg efrhomos pfr mfs f hïs jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs, quj efrhog hfcá`ucos. Jstos hfcá`ucos sajhprj sfg akuocjs. Pj pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjr o trovás mj hjmafs quèha`fs. Pj rjprjsjgtog hjmaogtj eðrhucos.
Pfg sustog`aos quj jstïg efrhomos pfr ug sfcf tapf mj ïtfhfs. Gf pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjrsj jg sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs. Pj rjprjsjgtog hjmaogtj sèhlfcfs.
Zgo hjz`co js co `fhlago`aðg mj mfs f hïs sustog`aos jg co `uoc co `fhpfsa`aðg js voraolcj, pujs `omo sustog`ao `fgsjrvo sus `oro`tjrèsta`os y gf sj `fhlagog quèha`ohjgtj ugos `fg ftros.
Cos hjz`cos bfhfkágjos sfg oqujccos
jg cos quj gf sj mastagkujg sus `fhpfgjgtjs. ]fmo ]fmo co hjz`co sj vj akuoc, pujs su oporajg`ao y `fhpfsa`aðg js ugaefrhj. Pj jg`ujgtro jg ugo sfco eosj.
Jg cos hjz`cos bjtjrfkágjos bjtjrfkágjos sè sj
mastagkujg sus `fhpfgjgtjs. Pj pujmjg flsjrvor `fhf eosjs.
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... \jposj sflrj jcjhjgtfs `fhpujstfs y prfeugma`j sflrj jc tjho mj hjz`cos jg jc sakuajgtj vamjf4 bttp4//www.yfutulj.`fh/wot`b6v8c2] bttp4//www.y futulj.`fh/wot`b6v8c2]pLTIOzMw pLTIOzMw ^oro ugo ohpcao mjs`rap`aðg mjc trolodf mj Cuas Cjcfar, jc `ajgtè`f mj co sjhogo, vasatj jc sakuajgtj sataf wjl4 bttp4//maocfkf.ukr bttp4//maocfkf.ukr.js/`fgtjgamfs/gfljc/gl-cjcfar .js/`fgtjgamfs/gfljc/gl-cjcfar.bth .bth
<=2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?. ?.
Mjhujstrj cf oprjgmamf.
Js`ralo `fg sus pocolros cfs sakuajgtjs `fg`jptfs4 Pustog`ao puro4 Hjz`co4 Js`ralo co maejrjg`ao jgtrj cfs sakuajgtjs `fg`jptfs4 o. Pustog`ao puro y hjz`co.
l. Jcjhjgtf y ug `fhpujstf.
`. Hjz`co bfhfkágjo y ugo bjtjrfkágjo.
O`tavamom <. ?.
Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf.
Mj cos sakuajgtjs acustro`afgjs, agmaquj `uïcjs sfg hjz`cos bfhfkágjos y `uïcjs sfg bjtjrfkágjos4
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?:
<=1
<.
Mj cos sakuajgtjs sustog`aos quèha`os, horquj `fg ugo x jg co `osacco `frrjspfgmajgtj, sjkôg sjog jcjhjgtfs f `fhpujstfs4 Gfhlrj mj co sustog`ao
Eðrhuco
@cfrurf mj eðsefrf (U)
^@c:
Orkðg
Or
Puceotf mj `flrj (AA)
@uPF=
Bamrðkjgf
B
Gatrðkjgf
G
Ljg`jgf
@5B5
^jrhogkogotf mj pftosaf
IHgF=
Hfcá`uco mj gatrðkjgf
G<
Ï`amf suceôra`f
B
Fxèkjgf
F
O`tavamom 0.
Jcjhjgtf
@fhpujstf
Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs.
@fhprjsaðg cj`tfro, opca`o`aðg mj `fg`jptfs jg co vamo `ftamaogo. Boko co sakuajgtj cj`turo, y rjspfgmo o cos prjkugtos. Co frago
Co frago js ug cèquamf trogsporjgtj f ohoraccjgtf, prfmu`tf mj mjsj`bf mj gujstrf hjtolfcashf. Js prfmu`amo pfr gujstrfs raÿfgjs y jcahagomo o trovás mj gujstrf sastjho jx`rjtfr. Jstï efrhomo pfr okuo, jg co `uoc jstïg masujctos sustog`aos `fhf soc y urjo. Maoraohjgtj jx`rjtohfs oprfxahomohjgtj ?.: catrfs mj frago. Co eug`aðg mj co frago js co jcahago`aðg mj prfmu`tfs mj mjsj`bf f tðxa`fs mj gujstrf `ujrpf. Pu `fhpfsa`aðg jspj`è`o js co sakuajgtj4 1:% mj okuo <% mj socjs hagjrocjs
0% mj `fhpujstfs frkïga`fs @fgf`jr co `fhpfsa`aðg gfrhoc mj co frago js mj utacamom poro co mjtj``aðg mj jgejrhjmomjs. ^fr jdjhpcf, co prjsjg`ao mj kcu`fso (ozô`or) jg co frago js ug agma`otavf mj quj co pjrsfgo pomj`j maoljtjs. Ftrf jdjhpcf js co prjsjg`ao mj lo`tjraos, cf `uoc agma`o co prjsjg`ao mj ugo agej``aðg, yo quj co frago js jstárac gfrhochjgtj. Q ug ôctahf jdjhpcf js co prjsjg`ao mj sogkrj, cf `uoc pujmj agma`or ockôg prflcjho jg cfs raÿfgjs f jg cos vèos uragoraos, `fhf agoho`aðg mj co vjdako, `ïg`jr mj cfs raÿfgjs, agsu`ajg`ao rjgoc, pfr hjg`afgor ockugfs jdjhpcfs.
<:>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
\jspfgmo4 ?.
¶Co frago js ugo hjz`co bfhfkágjo f bjtjrfkágjo6 Jxpcaquj su rjspujsto4
<.
¶@uïc js co eug`aðg mj co frago jg jc `ujrpf6
0.
¶@ðhf pujmj oyumor jc jstumaf mj co `fhpfsa`aðg mj ugo sustog`ao jg co socum buhogo, tfhogmf jc jdjhpcf mj co cj`turo6
Kcfsoraf ï`amf `ètra`f4 Js ug tapf mj ï`amf frkïga`f, quj sj jg`ujgtro jg hu`bos erutos, jspj`aochjgtj jg cfs `ètra`fs `fhf jc cahðg y co gorogdo. Pu eðrhuco js4 @ 5B2F;. ï`amf krosf4 Js ug tapf mj hfcá`uco agsfculcj jg okuo quj jstï prjsjgtj jg cfs sjrjs vavfs, quj jstï
`fhpujsto pfr `orlfgf j bamrðkjgf, prag`apochjgtj, y ugo `omjgo ` omjgo mj ugafgjs mj bamrðkjgf y fxèkjgf.
`orlfbamrotf4 @fhpujstf frkïga`f quj jstï efrhomf pfr `orlfgf, fxèkjgf j bamrðkjgf. mjstaco`aðg4 Js ugo tá`ga`o quj sj uso poro sjporor cèquamfs mj ugo hjz`co cèquamo. @omo cèquamf sj
jvopfro o`frmj o su pugtf mj jlucca`aðg y jc vopfr sj `fgmjgso, fltjgajgmf `omo cèquamf pfr sjporomf.
Js ug prf`jsf hjmaogtj jc `uoc sj pujmj sjporor ug sðcamf quj sj jg`ujgtro hjz`comf hj z`comf `fg ug cèquamf, o trovás mj hotjraocjs pfrfsfs, `fhf co pajmro pðhjz.
ectro`aðg4
eðrhuco quèha`o4 Js ugo rjprjsjgto`aðg sahlðca`o y lrjvj mj cfs jcjhjgtfs quj efrhog ug `fhpujstf
y jc gôhjrf mj ïtfhfs mj `omo jcjhjgtf quj `fgtajgj.
koco`tfsjhao4 Jgejrhjmom bjrjmatorao, jg co `uoc cos pjrsfgos gf tfcjrog co cj`bj. kcïgmucos suprorrjgocjs4 Pfg mfs kcïgmucos quj sj jg`ujgtrog jg jc jxtrjhf supjrafr mj cfs cf s raÿfgjs,
quj sj`rjtog bfrhfgos quj oyumog o rjspfgmjr oc jstrás.
kca`fprftjègo4 Js ug tapf mj prftjègo quj jstï osf`aomo `fg ozô`orjs. bapjrtjgsaðg ortjraoc4 ^rjsaðg octo. gu`cjðtamf4 Js ug tapf mj hfcá`uco frkïga`o quj jstï efrhomo pfr ug `orlfbamrotf (ozô`or) sahpcj
mj `ag`f `orlfgfs, gatrðkjgf y ug krupf quj `fgtajgj eðsefrf, o trovás mj ug jgco`j `fvocjgtj.
fmfgtfcfkèo4 \oho mj co hjma`ago quj jstumao, prjvajgj y troto jgejrhjmomjs mjgtocjs y mj co lf`o
y ðrkogfs osf`aomfs.
tohazomf4 Js ug hátfmf mj sjporo`aðg quj `fgsastj jg posor ugo hjz`co mj sðcamfs o trovás mj ug
tohaz (hocco).
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?:
<:?
\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
Amjgta`f cfs opfrtjs mjc prahjr cotagfohjra`ogf jg kogor ug prjhaf Gfljc, jc `ajgtè`f Cuas Cjcfar. Maejrjg`af, sjkôg sus `oro`tjrèsta`os, jgtrj ugo sustog`ao puro y ugo hjz`co. ^rfpfr`afgf jdjhpcfs mj sustog`aos puros y hjz`cos mj ha jgtfrgf. ^fgkf jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, rjocazogmf ug jxpjrahjgtf `fg `f g hjz`cos.
Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhportar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
<:<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
?5 Co quèha`o jg gujstrf `ujrpf y jg jg co co vamo vamo ¶_uá jg`fgtrorï jsto sjhogo6 @orcfs Jmhugmf \fcz Osturaos. Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs. Co quèha`o quj gfs rfmjo.
Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
Amjgta`or cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f kuotjhoctj`f @orcfs Jmhugmf \fcz Osturaos.
Amjgta`or cfs `fhpfgjgtjs quèha`fs mjc `ujrpf buhogf y cfs prf`jsfs quèha`fs quj f`urrjg.
Amjgta`or satuo`afgjs mj su jgtfrgf y mj co vamo `ftamaogo jg mfgmj agtjrvjgko co quèha`o.
^fgjr jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, amjgta`ogmf sustog`aos quèha`os mj su jgtfrgf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?5
<:0
¡^oro `fhjgzor! @orcfs Jmhugmf \fcz Osturaos Pj kromuð `fhf agkjgajrf quèha`f mj co Zgavjrsamom mj Pog @orcfs mj Kuotjhoco, tajgj ugo hojstrèo jg agkjgajrèo quèha`o, `fg jspj`aocazo`aðg jg tjrhfmagïha`o?.
@orcfs Jmhugmf \fcz Osturaos
Pj `fgsamjro `fhf ugf mj cfs pafgjrfs mj cos tj`gfcfkèos cahpaos < jg Kuotjhoco. Pus agvjstako`afgjs jg jc ïrjo mj co laftj`gfcfkèo 0 sj `fgsamjrog `fhf ugo krog `fgtralu`aðg o co buhogamom. Zgf mj sus opfrtjs hïs rjcjvogtjs js jc jstumaf mjc vocfr okrjkomf mj cfs sulprfmu`tfs mj co `oÿo mj ozô`or, `fhf co prfmu``aðg mj ï`amf cï`ta`f = y jtogfc:. Mjgtrf mj sus agvjstako`afgjs sj jg`ujgtro jc jhpcjf mj `fhpfst 5 `fhf sfpfrtj mj pcokua`amos ; lafcðka`fs, jstumafs pfst `fsj`bo y prf`jsohajgtf hègahf mj erutos, prf`jsohajgtf mjc `oeá, jxtro``aðg mj o`jatj mj `f`f erjs`f, prf`jsohajgtf mj sjhacco mj ockfmðg poro prfmu`ar o`jatj y prftjègo, prfmu``aðg mj vagf y vagokrj o portar mj erutos trfpa`ocjs, oprfvj`bohajgtf mj mjspjrma`afs sðcamfs, prfmu``aðg mj lafkïs 2, jgtrj ftros. Kogð co Hjmocco mj @ajg`ao y ]j`gfcfkèo mjc oÿf <>>>, jg jc ïrjo mj agkjgajrèo y tj`gfcfkèo, ftfrkomo pfr jc @fgkrjsf mj co \jpôlca`o y jc @fgsjdf Go`afgoc mj @ajg`ao y ]j`gfcfkèo (@FG@Q]).
¡O trolodor! ?.
? <
Js`ralo jc opfrtj quj hïs cj boyo ccohomf co otjg`aðg mjc `ajgtè`f @orcfs \fcz. Jxpcaquj pfr quá cj ccohð co otjg`aðg4
\oho mj co eèsa`o quj jstumao jc jquacalraf jquaca lraf mj cfs `fgstatuyjgtjs mj ug sastjho, `fhf co prjsaðg, jc vfcuhjg y co tjhpjroturo. ]j`gfcfkèos quj gf `fgtohagog jc hjmaf ohlajgtj. ohlajgtj.
0
laftj`gfcfkèo4 ïrjo mj jstumaf quj utacazo sjrjs vavfs poro jc mjsorrfccf mjsorrfccf tj`gfcðka`f jg cfs hjma`ohjgtfs, co okra`ucturo, co hjma`ago, jt`.
=
@fhpujstf quèha`f mj eðrhuco @0B5F0.
:
@fhpujstf quèha`f quj tohlaág sj `fgf`j `fhf oc`fbfc jtèca`f. Pu eðrhuco js4 @
.
5
]apf mj olfgf frkïga`f jg jc `uoc sj oprfvj`bog oprfvj`bog cfs rjsamufs vjkjtocjs vjkjtocjs y ogahocjs, osa `fhf hagjrocjs. hagjrocjs.
;
@fsustog`ao quj jcahago cos pcokos pcokos quj oej`tog cfs `uctavfs.
2
Kos `fhlustalcj quj sj kjgjro goturochjgtj goturochjgtj f sj prfmu`j o trovás trovás mj co mjkromo`aðg mj hotjrao hotjrao frkïga`o. Jsto efðrhomf pfr hjtogf (@B =), maðxamf mj `orlfgf (@> <) y ftrfs kosjs.
<:=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ?. Co quèha`o quèha`o jg gujstrf `ujrpf @fhf vahfs jg co sjhogo :, tfmo co hotjrao jstï efrhomo pfr ïtfhfs. Cfs sjrjs buhogfs gf sfhfs co jx`jp`aðg. Co losj mj gujstrf `ujrpf jstï `fgefrhomo pfr `uotrf jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs prag`apocjs4
Fxèkjgf (5:%) @orlfgf (?1%) Bamrðkjgf (?>%) Gatrðkjgf (0%)
6 ¶
¶Polèo quá co `fhpfsa`aðg
quèha`o mj cfs hôs`ucfs js
okuo, prftjègos, cèpamfs, vatohagos, hagjrocjs y `orlfbamrotfs6
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?5
<::
Jstfs jcjhjgtfs sfg cfs prag`apocjs `fhpfgjgtjs mj cos lafhfcá`ucos, quj sfg sj rjs vavfs. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc okuo, cos cfs `fhpujstfs quèha`fs prjsjgtjs jg cfs sjrjs socjs hagjrocjs, cfs `orlfbamrotfs, cfs cèpamfs, cos prftjègos y cfs ï`amfs gu`cja`fs. Cos lafhfcá`ucos efrhog portj mj cos `ácucos, quj o su vjz `fgstatuyjg tjdamfs, ðrkogfs y gochjgtj, sastjhos.
^jrf jxastjg ftrfs jcjhjgtfs quj tohlaág efrhog portj mj gujstrf `ujrpf, `fhf jc eðsefrf y jc `oc`af (quj efrhog portj mj cfs bujsfs) f jc bajrrf (quj efrho portj mj co sogkrj). Co mj`ajg`ao mj ockugfs jcjhjgtfs `ouso prflcjhos f jgejrhjmomjs jg gujstrf `ujrpf. ^fr jdjhpcf4 Jcjhjgtf Bajrrf
Jdjhpcf mj ug prflcjho f jgejrhjmom quj `ouso su mj`ajg`ao
@rfhf Qfmf
Ogjhao Hoco hjhfrao Maoljtjs Fljsamom
Pjcjgaf
Jgejrhjmomjs mj co pajc
Hokgjsaf
Jdjr`a`af ? Frmjgj cfs sakuajgtjs `fgstatuyjgtjs mjc `ujrpf buhogf, mjsmj jc hïs lïsa`f bosto jc hïs `fhpcjdf4 `f hpcjdf4 tjdamf - ïtfhf - sastjho - `ácuco - `ujrpf buhogf - lafhfcá`uco - ðrkogf
<:5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jg gujstrf `ujrpf tohlaág jxastjg rjo``afgjs quèha`os `fhf co makjstaðg y co rjsparo`aðg. Oc `fgdugtf mj rjo``afgjs quèha`os quj f`urrjg jg jc `ujrpf sj ccoho hjtolfcashf.
Ockugfs jdjhpcfs mj `fhpujstfs quèha`fs y rjo``afgjs quèha`os jg gujstrf `ujrpf sfg4 • Mjspuás mjc jdjr`a`af f`urrjg f`urrjg rjo``afgjs rjo``afgjs quèha`os quj prfmu`jg jgmfrgos, quj sfg `fhpujstfs quèha`fs quj lragmog sjgso`aðg mj lajgjstor lajgjstor.. • Cos bfrhfgos sfg cfs hjgsodjrfs quèha`fs mjc `ujrpf buhogf. Pj frakagog jg cos kcïgmucos jgmf`ragos 1 y vaodog o trovás mj co sogkrj bo`ao cos `ácucos. Agtjrvajgjg jg prf`jsfs `fhf `rj`ahajgtf, mjsorrfccf, hjtolfcashf, rjprfmu``aðg, usf y ocho`jgohajgtf mj jgjrkèo, jt`. Zg jdjhpcf js co omrjgocago, quj prjporo oc `ujrpf poro cu`bor f buar ogtj ugo satuo`aðg mj pjcakrf. • Cos jgzahos sfg hfcá`ucos quj oyumog o `otocazor?> cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os
mjc `ujrpf. ^fr jdjhpcf, co jgzaho ohacoso oyumo o mjkromor cos hfcá`ucos mj prftjègos quj `fgsuhahfs jg cfs ocahjgtfs, jg hfcá`ucos hïs pjqujÿos quj sè pujmjg sjr olsfrlamos pfr jc sastjho makjstavf.
• Gujstrf `ujrpf tajgj ugo sjraj mj mjejgsos lafquèha`os, quj gfs oyumog o jvator agej``afgjs prfmu`amos pfr ha`rffrkogashfs. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc dukf kïstra`f (efrhomf prag`apochjgtj pfr okuo, ï`amf `cfrbèmra`f y jgzahos makjstavos) prftjkj jc jstðhokf mj cfs ha`rflafs prjsjgtjs jg cfs ocahjgtfs.
Jdjr`a`af < Js`ralo `fg sus pocolros, ¶`uïc js co ahpfrtog`ao mj cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os jg jc eug`afgohajgtf mj gujstrf `ujrpf6
1 ?>
@fgdugtf mj `ácucos quj caljrog bfrhfgos o trovás mj co sogkrj, bo`ao maejrjgtjs ðrkogfs mjc `ujrpf. O`jcjror, ouhjgtor co vjcf`amom.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?5
<:;
<. Co quèha`o quèha`o jg jg gujstro gujstro vamo maorao Jg jstj sjhjstrj gfs bjhfs jgef`omf jg jc jstumaf mj co jstru`turo y trogsefrho`afgjs mj co hotjrao, o trovás mj co quèha`o. Jc sjkugmf sjhjstrj gfs jgef`orjhfs jg jc jstumaf mj co hotjrao o trovás mj co eèsa`o, quj js co `ajg`ao quj jstumao co hotjrao, co jgjrkèo y cos cjyjs quj hfma`og su jstomf y hfvahajgtf, sag octjror su goturocjzo. ]fmf cf quj gfs rfmjo, ag`cuamfs gfsftrfs hashfs, jstohfs efrhomfs pfr jcjhjgtfs y `fhpujstfs quèha`fs. O `fgtaguo`aðg, gorrorjhfs ugo bastfrao jg co `uoc arjhfs amjgta`ogmf co opca`o`aðg mj co quèha`o jg gujstro vamo `ftamaogo. Co eohacao Kfgzïcjz Pftfd
Co eohacao Kfgzïcjz Pftfd jstï efrhomo pfr mfg Hogujc, jc popï9 mfÿo Ogo, co hohï9 y sus mfs badfs, Pusogo y Kolrajc. Jg ugo hoÿogo `uocquajro, co eohacao Kfgzïcjz Pftfd sj cjvogto pugtuochjgtj o cos 54>> oh, kro`aos oc `ogtf mj su koccf quj, `fhf tfmfs cfs sjrjs vavfs, jstï efrhomf mj ïtfhfs quj, o su vjz, efrhog lafhfcá`ucos.
Oc cjvogtorsj, cfs badfs sj loÿog, utacazogmf okuo, quj js `fhpujstf quèha`f efrhomf pfr hfcá`ucos B
Jdjr`a`af 0 Mj o`ujrmf `fg jsto prahjro portj mj co cj`turo, js`ralo mfs jcjhjgtfs, mfs `fhpujstfs y ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o4 Jcjhjgtfs4 @fhpujstfs4 \jo``aðg quèha`o4
<:2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Mfÿo Ogo yo bo prjporomf jc mjsoyugf. Js huy `uamomfso mj lragmor o su eohacao ugo majto locog`jomo, quj `fgtjgko `orlfbamrotfs, prftjègos, krosos, vatohagos y hagjrocjs. Jstfs sfg jcjhjgtfs f `fhpujstfs quèha`fs quj jc `ujrpf hjtolfcazo poro trogsefrhorcfs jg gutrajgtjs y jgjrkèo. ^fr jdjhpcf, jg jc mjsoyugf prjporo eradfc, quj opfrto prftjègos y gutrajgtjs `fhf jc `oc`af (@o), eðsefrf (^), bajrrf (Ej), `orlfbamrotfs, hokgjsaf (Hk) y zag` (Tg), jgtrj ftrfs. Pozfgo jc eradfc `fg soc, quj js ug ug `fhpujstf efrhomf pfr + `otafgjs mj sfmaf (Go ) y ogafgjs mj `cfrf (@c -), ugamfs o trovás mj ug jgco`j aðga`f. ]ohlaág cf o`fhpoÿo mj tfrtaccos, quj sfg prjporomos o trovás mjc prf`jsf mj gaxtohocazo`aðg, quj js ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o quj f`urrj oc okrjkor `oc (bamðxamf mj `oc`af) o co hoso mj hoèz, poro eo`acator su prf`jsohajgtf y bo`jr hïs makjralcjs cos prftjègos y co gao`ago quj sj jg`ujgtrog jg jc hoèz. Co gao`ago (vatohago L0) oyumo oc eug`afgohajgtf mjc sastjho makjstavf, tjkuhjgtoraf y gjrvafsf. Pu eðrhuco quèha`o js4 @5B:GF<. ]ohlaág prjporo ag`oporago, quj js ugo hjz`co bfhfkágjo huy gutratavo. Oc gocazor su mjsoyugf, cfs badfs sj covog cfs majgtjs `fg posto mjgtoc, `uyf `fhpfgjgtj prag`apoc js jc ôfr (E) jg efrho mjc `fhpujstf GoE (ufrurf mj sfmaf), quj oyumo o efrtocj`jr jc jshoctj mj cfs majgtjs.
Cujkf mjc mjsoyugf, cfs gaÿfs sj pfgjg su ugaefrhj poro ar oc `fcjkaf, quj jstï bj`bf mj ugo hjz`co mj lros goturocjs (`fhf jc ockfmðg) y sagtáta`os (bj`bos pfr jc sjr buhogf o trovás mj prf`jsfs quèha`fs, `fhf jc gycfg). ]ohlaág vastjg sus zopotfs mj `ujrf, eolra`omfs o portar mjc prf`jsf mj `urtamf ??, jg jc `uoc sj utacazog prfmu`tfs `fhf socjs mj `rfhf (@r) f ocuhagaf (Oc), poro morcj rjsastjg`ao y jxalacamom.
Jdjr`a`af = Mj o`ujrmf `fg jsto sjkugmo portj mj co cj`turo, js`ralo mfs afgjs, mfs `fhpujstfs quèha`fs y ugo opca`o`aðg mj co quèha`o jg co vamo maorao. Afgjs4 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV @fhpujstfs quèha`fs4 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV Opca`o`aðg mj co quèha`o4 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
??
^rf`jsf hjmaogtj jc `uoc sj utacazog mavjrsfs `fhpujstfs y rjo``afgjs quèha`os, poro jvator quj sj pumro jc `ujrf y osè, pujmo sjr prf`jsomf poro eolra`or mavjrsfs ortè`ucfs mj ` ujrf .
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?5
<:1
@uogmf jstïg castfs, mfg Hogujc ccjvo o sus badfs y o mfÿo Ogo, quajg trolodo `fhf hojstro, o co js`ujco. ^oro jccf utacazog su `orrf, quj eug`afgo kro`aos oc prf`jsf mj `fhlustaðg, quj js ug tapf mj rjo``aðg quèha`o. Cujkf, mfg Hogujc vo o su trolodf, mfgmj supjrvaso jc usf mj ejrtacazogtjs quèha`fs poro jc `uctavf mj bfrtocazos, `uyfs prag`apocjs agkrjmajgtjs sfg jc gatrðkjgf, jc eðsefrf y jc pftosaf (G, ^, ^, I) y sfg utacazomfs pfr cos pcogtos, dugtf `fg ftrfs gutrajgtjs, jc okuo, co cuz sfcor y jc oarj poro rjocazor ug prf`jsf ccohomf eftfsègtjsas, quj js ug tapf mj rjo``aðg quèha`o o trovás mj co `uoc prfmu`jg jgjrkèo y gutrajgtjs. Ác solj quj, ougquj cfs ejrtacazogtjs sfg huy ahpfrtogtjs poro jc `rj`ahajgtf mj cfs `uctavfs, sj mjlj sjr `uamomfsf jg su opca`o`aðg, pujs jg jx`jsf prfvf`og `fgtohago`aðg, jspj`aochjgtj mjc okuo. ^fr jdjhpcf, pujmjg `fgtohagor jc okuo sultjrrïgjo pfr co prjsjg`ao mj gatrotfs (-GF0), cf quj prfvf`o quj yo gf sjo opto poro jc `fgsuhf buhogf. Oc socar mj co js`ujco, mfÿo Ogo ccjvo o cfs gaÿfs o co `oso, mfgmj rjocazog sus torjos. O Pusogo cj bog mjdomf `fhf torjo co jcolfro`aðg mj ugo hoqujto sflrj jc sastjho sfcor. ^rf`uro utacazor hotjraocjs lafmjkromolcjs (quj sj mjkromog y gf `fgtohagog jc hjmaf ohlajgtj), `fhf jc `ortðg. Jvato usor hotjraocjs `fhf jc murfpfrt y cfs pcïsta`fs, pujs tormog hu`bf tajhpf jg mjkromorsj, y sj o`uhucog `fhf losuro, `fgtohagogmf cfs sujcfs. ^fr jdjhpcf, jc murfpfrt js ug hotjraoc orta`aoc, or ta`aoc, `rjomf pfr jc sjr buhogf o portar ?< mj bamrf`orlurfs . Murogtj co eolra`o`aðg mj ockugfs prfmu`tfs mj murfpfrt sj jhatjg `cfrfufrf`orlfgfs (@E@) o co othðsejro, `ousogmf `fgtohago`aðg mjc oarj.
Jdjr`a`af : Ockugos sustog`aos quèha`os sfg moÿagos oc hjmaf ohlajgtj y, pfr togtf, oej`tog o tfmfs cfs sjrjs vavfs, ag`cuamf jc sjr buhogf. Jxpcaquj `ðhf sj pujmj jvator jstj prflcjho.
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@fhpujstf frkïga`f efrhomf pfr bamrðkjgf y `orlfgf .
<5>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Kolrajc, pfr su portj, mjlj rjocazor ug trolodf sflrj `ajg`aos goturocjs, mfgmj mjlj jxpca`or cos `oro`tjrèsta`os mj cfs ïtfhfs. ^oro jccf, utacazo su `fhputomfro, `uyf `bap jstï bj`bf mj saca`af (Pa). Oc gocazor, cf ahprahj jg popjc rj`a`comf poro gf mjspjrma`aor popjc gujvf, yo quj js ug hotjraoc bj`bf mj `jcucfso (quj sj fltajgj mj cfs ïrlfcjs), quj sj trogsefrho o trovás mj prf`jsfs hj`ïga`fs f quèha`fs. ^fr jdjhpcf, poro sjporor co `jcucfso mj ugo roho mj ïrlfc, sj utacazog `fhpujstfs quèha`fs `fhf co sfmo `ïusta`o (GoFB) y poro lcogqujorco sj okrjkog `fhpujstfs `fhf jc maðxamf mj `cfrf (@cF <) y fxèkjgf. Oc gocazor co tormj ccjko mfg Hogujc, y tfmfs dugtfs `jgog y vjg ug rotf su tjcjvasaðg mj pogtocco pcosho (bj`bo mj kosjs gflcjs `fhf jc bjcaf, jc gjðg y jc orkðg). Mfÿo Ogo `fhað hu`bf murogtj co `jgo, pfr cf quj mjlj tfhor ug hjma`ohjgtf quj cj ocavaj co o`amjz jstfho`oc, quj jstï jcolfromf mj sustog`aos quèha`os `fhf jc ï`amf o`jtacsoca`èca`f (osparago) (@ 1B2F=), jc la`orlfgotf mj sfmaf (GoB@F0) y jc ï`amf `ètra`f (@ 5B2F;), quj rjo``afgog quèha`ohjgtj `fg cfs ï`amfs mjc jstðhokf, gjutrocazïgmfcfs. O cos ?>4>> ph tfmfs sj o`ujstog, jg jspjro mj quj jc sakuajgtj mèo sjo tog prfmu`tavf `fhf jc mj bfy.
Jdjr`a`af 5 Jg jsto portj mj co cj`turo, amjgtaquj ugo lujgo prï`ta`o poro jc `uamomf mjc hjmaf ohlajgtj.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?5
<5?
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Co quèha`o quj gfs rfmjo Agtrfmu``aðg @fhf jstumaohfs jsto sjhogo, tfmf cf quj gfs rfmjo js quèha`o. O gujstrf ocrjmjmfr jxastjg aggamom mj sustog`aos quèha`os goturocjs y orta`aocjs, quj `fgtraluyjg o gujstro vamo maorao. Jg jsto prï`ta`o ustjm amjgta`orï mj quá jstïg bj`bfs ockugfs prfmu`tfs quj utacazo `ftamaogohjgtj, y opca`orï cf quj bo oprjgmamf sflrj quèha`o.
¶_uá hotjraocjs gj`jsato6 •
]rjs prfmu`tfs `fhjr`aocjs `fg jtaqujto quj jspj`aquj sus `fhpfgjgtjs quèha`fs, quj pujmjg jstor jgtrj cos sakuajgtjs `otjkfrèos4 bakajgj pjrsfgoc, cahpajzo mjc bfkor, ocahjgtf f ljlamo, `uctavf f `fsj`bo, tj`gfcfkèo, agmustrao f hjma`ohjgtf.
^rf`jmahajgtf4 ?. Jcado trjs prfmu`tfs `fhjr`aocjs jg cos sakuajgtjs `otjkfrèos4 bakajgj pjrsfgoc, cahpajzo
mjc bfkor, bfkor, ocahjgtf f ljlamo, `uctavf f `fsj`bo, tj`gfcfkèo, agmustrao f hjma`ohjgtf.
<. Ogftj jc gfhlrj mj cfs prfmu`tfs quj jcakað. 0. Cjo co jtaqujto mjc prfmu`tf j amjgtaquj sus agkrjmajgtjs. =. Js`ralo tfmos cos sustog`aos quèha`os quj pujmo amjgta`or jg co jtaqujto (jcjhjgtfs,
`fhpujstfs, hjz`cos, jt`.). Pa sfg hu`bfs, ogftj sfcf `ag`f.
^rfmu`tf ?.
<.
0.
<5<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Agkrjmajgtjs
\jsuhjg Jc `ujrpf buhogf jstï `fgefrhomf pfr ïtfhfs, quj efrhog lafhfcá`ucos. Cos lafhfcá`ucos sfg cfs `fhpujstfs quèha`fs prjsjgtjs
jg cfs sjrjs vavfs y efrhog portj mj cos `ácucos, quj o su vjz `fgstatuyjg tjdamfs, ðrkogfs y gochjgtj, sastjhos. Co losj mj gujstrf `ujrpf jstï `fgefrhomo pfr `uotrf jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs prag`apocjs4 fxèkjgf, `orlfgf, bamrðkjgf y gatrðkjgf.
Oc `fgdugtf mj rjo``afgjs quèha`os quj f`urrjg jg jc `ujrpf sj ccoho hjtolfcashf.
Co quèha`o tajgj opca`o`afgjs jg gujstro vamo maorao, `fhf pfr jdjhpcf4 Bakajgj pjrsfgoc (okuo, dolðg,
`bohpô, posto mj majgtjs). Jcolfro`aðg mj prfmu`tfs y hotjraocjs mj usf mfhásta`f
Okra`ucturo
(ejrtacazogtjs).
(tjcjvasfrjs, rjcfdjs, `fhputomfros).
Ocahjgto`aðg y gutra`aðg
(jcjhjgtfs y `fhpujstfs gutratavfs, prjporo`aðg mj ocahjgtfs, ljlamos).
]rogspfrtj (eug`afgohajgtf
Ujstahjgto (lros
mj hjmafs mj trogspfrtj o trovás mj hftfrjs mj `fhlustaðg).
goturocjs y orta`aocjs).
Hotjraoc mj f`ago f js`fcor (popjc, `ortðg). @oczomf (`ujrf).
Hjma`ohjgtfs
(osparago, ogtaï`amfs).
Cfs sjrjs buhogfs mjljhfs utacazor rjspfgsolcjhjgtj cos opca`o`afgjs mj co quèha`o jg gujstrf maoraf vavar, vavar, poro jvator co `fgtohago`aðg mjc pcogjto.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?5
<50
Agvjstakuj jg co rjm... @fgfz`o hïs sflrj cfs frèkjgjs mj co quèha`o, su bastfrao y `ðhf co opca`ohfs jg co vamo maorao o`tuoc, o trovás mjc sakuajgtj vamjf4 ^ortj ?4 bttp4//www bttp4//www.yfutulj.`fh/wot`b6v8fhQTzmg^h]A .yfutulj.`fh/wot`b6v8fhQTzmg^h]A ^ortj <4 bttp4//www bttp4//www.yfutulj.`fh/wot`b6v8wiL?Pu1ufui .yfutulj.`fh/wot`b6v8wiL?Pu1ufui
Outf`fgtrfc O`tavamom ?.
Mjhujstrj cf oprjgmamf.
?. @fg sus pocolros, mjgo cfs sakuajgtjs sakuajgtjs tárhagfs4 _uèha`o4 Lafhfcá`uco4 Hjtolfcashf4 _uá sfg cos opca`o`afgjs mj co quèha`o jg co vamo maorao4cf4
O`tavamom <. ?.
Opcaquj cf oprjgmamf.
Js`ralo ug jdjhpcf mj co utacamom mj co quèha`o jg su vamo `ftamaogo (`oso, trolodf, eohacao, jt`.), jg cfs sakuajgtjs ospj`tfs4 Ospj`tf
^rfmu`tfs y hotjraocjs mj usf mfhásta`f Bakajgj pjrsfgoc Okra`ucturo Ocahjgto`aðg y gutra`aðg ]rogspfrtj Ujstahjgto Hjma`ohjgtfs
Hotjraoc mj f`ago f js`fcor
<5=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jdjhpcf
O`tavamom 0.
Mjsorrfccj gujvos bolacamomjs.
@fhprjgsaðg cj`tfro, `opo`amom mj ogïcasas y osf`ao`aðg mj `fg`jptfs Cjo jc sakuajgtj ortè`ucf, y jxpcaquj `fg sus pocolros `ðhf ockugos sustog`aos quèha`os pujmjg sjr moÿagos o co socum buhogo. @uamomf `fg cf quj boy ocrjmjmfr Ockugos sustog`aos quèha`os quj boy jg jc jgtfrgf pujmjg ccjkor o sjr eo`tfrjs poro quj ugo hudjr mjsorrfccj `ïg`jr mj hoho, sjkôg jstolcj`j ugo agvjstako`aðg rj`ajgtj pulca`omo jg co rjvasto Jgvarfghjgtoc Bjoctb ^jrspj`tavjs.
Cos hudjrjs mj <> oÿfs jg omjcogtj omjcogtj mjljg bo`jrsj ugo outfjvocuo`aðg hohorao y omjhïs ug jxohjg `cèga`f mj cfs sjgfs, oc hjgfs ugo vjz oc oÿf. Jc `ïg`jr mj hoho js co sjkugmo `ouso mj hfrtocamom pfr jstj hoc jg cos hudjrjs jstomfugamjgsjs, `fg => hac eoccj`ahajgtfs jstahomfs jg jc <>?= y <0< hac 5;> gujvfs `osfs maokgfsta`omfs, sjkôg jc Agstatutf Go`afgoc mjc @ïg`jr mj jstj poès. Jg Kuotjhoco, jstj pomj`ahajgtf js jc sjkugmf jg ag`amjg`ao mj cos hudjrjs kuotjhoctj`os4 oc oÿf sfg rjpfrtomfs ;>> `osfs gujvfs y 0:> hujrtjs. Bosto jc hfhjgtf, pf`o otjg`aðg sj cj bo momf o cos sustog`aos quj boy jg jc ohlajgtj y quj porj`jg ahpjr`jptalcjs poro jc fdf buhogf, pjrf quj pujmjg tjgjr ug rajskf ahpo`togtj poro co socum. Jg rajskf
–]fmos co hudjrjs jstïg jxpujstos o sustog`aos quèha`os quj pfmrèog ouhjgtor jc rajskf mj `ïg`jr mj hoho, pjrf cohjgtolcjhjgtj jstj vèg`ucf js ohpcaohjgtj akgfromf‘, `fhjgtð Ducao Lrfmy, marj`tfro kjgjroc mjc Pacjgt Ppragk Agstatutj y `foutfro mjc jstumaf quj ogocazð y jstolcj`að ugo casto mj ?; prfmu`tfs o cfs quj jstuvajrfg jxpujstfs `ajrtfs ogahocjs, o cfs `uocjs sj cjs amjgta`orfg tuhfrjs jg cos kcïgmucos hohoraos. Jstj jej`tf, sjÿocog cfs jxpjrtfs, oej`to mj akuoc hogjro o cos pjrsfgos. Pj troto mj prfmu`tfs `og`jrèkjgfs prjsjgtjs jg co goeto, jc kosðcjf y ftros sustog`aos quj jhogog mj cfs vjbè`ucfs, osè `fhf akgèeukfs ”prftj`tfrjs `fgtro jc eujkf”9 sfcvjgtjs, `frrfsavfs mj pagturos y mjravomfs mj mjsagej`togtjs quj sj jhpcjog poro jc trotohajgtf mjc okuo pftolcj, jgtrj ftrfs. –Jsto agvjstako`aðg ferj`j jcjhjgtfs poro prjvjgar jc `ïg`jr mj hoho, j amjgta`o prfmu`tfs quèha`fs prafratorafs o cfs `uocjs cos hudjrjs jstïg hïs o hjgumf jxpujstos, y hujstro tohlaág `ðhf `fgtrfcor jsto jxpfsa`aðg‘, jxpca`ð jc háma`f \utbogg \umjc, marj`tfr mj co agvjstako`aðg jg jc agstatutf Pacjgt Ppragk mj Gjwtfg, Hosso`busjtts, `foutfr mjc jstumaf4 ]fhomf mj4 bttp4//www.pr bttp4//www.prjgsocalrj.`fh/vamo/@uamomf jgsocalrj.`fh/vamo/@uamomf-ocrjmjmfrV>V?? -ocrjmjmfrV>V??0;=25<1>.bth 0;=25<1>.bthcc
\jspfgmo4 Jstj ortè`ucf jdjhpca`o quj ockugos sustog`aos quèha`os pujmjg sjr moÿagos poro co socum
buhogo. Jxpcaquj `ðhf js quj o trovás mj jstumafs `ajgtè`fs sj bo ccjkomf o jsto `fg`cusaðg.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?5
<5:
Kcfsoraf ï`amf cï`ta`f4 @fhpujstf quèha`f mj eðrhuco @ 0B5F0. lafkïs4 Js ug kos `fhlustalcj quj sj kjgjro goturochjgtj f sj prfmu`j o trovás mj co mjkromo`aðg
mj hotjrao frkïga`o. Jstï efrhomf pfr hjtogf (@B =), maðxamf mj `orlfgf (@F <) y ftrfs kosjs.
laftj`gfcfkèo4 Js ug ïrjo mj jstumaf quj utacazo sjrjs vavfs poro jc mjsorrfccf tj`gfcðka`f jg cfs
hjma`ohjgtfs, co okra`ucturo, co hjma`ago, jt`.
`otocazor4 O`jcjror O`jcjror,, ouhjgtor co vjcf`amom. `fhpfst4 Js ug tapf mj olfgf frkïga`f jg jc `uoc sj oprfvj`bog cfs rjsamufs vjkjtocjs y ogahocjs, osè `fhf hagjrocjs. `urtamf4 Js ug prf`jsf hjmaogtj jc `uoc sj utacazog mavjrsfs `fhpujstfs y rjo``afgjs quèha`os, poro
jvator quj sj pumro jc `ujrf y osè, pujmo sjr prf`jsomf poro eolra`or mavjrsfs ortè`ucfs mj `ujrf.
jtogfc4 @fhpujstf quèha`f quj tohlaág sj `fgf`j `fhf oc`fbfc jtèca`f. Pu eðrhuco js4 @
sogkrj, bo`ao maejrjgtjs ðrkogfs mjc `ujrpf.
bamrf`orlurf4 @fhpujstf frkïga`f efrhomf pfr bamrðkjgf y `orlfgf. pcokua`amo4 Pustog`ao quj jcahago cos pcokos quj oej`tog cfs `uctavfs. tj`gfcfkèos cahpaos4 Pfg tfmos cos tj`gfcfkèos quj gf `fgtohagog jc hjmaf ohlajgtj. tjrhfmagïha`o4 Js co roho mj co eèsa`o quj jstumao jc jquacalraf mj cfs `fgstatuyjgtjs mj ug sastjho,
`fhf co prjsaðg, jc vfcuhjg y co tjhpjroturo.
\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
<55
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
Amjgta`f cfs opfrtjs mjc `ajgtè`f kuotjhoctj`f @orcfs Jmhugmf \fcz Osturaos.
Amjgta`f cfs `fhpfgjgtjs quèha`fs mjc `ujrpf buhogf y cfs prf`jsfs quèha`fs quj f`urrjg. Amjgta`f satuo`afgjs mj ha jgtfrgf y mj co vamo `ftamaogo jg mfgmj agtjrvjgko co quèha`o. ^fgkf jg prï`ta`o cf oprjgmamf, amjgta`ogmf sustog`aos quèha`os mj ha jgtfrgf.
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
?;
\jposf mj co sjhogo 2 o ?5 Jsto sjhogo cfkrorï4
\jposor cfs `fgtjgamfs mj co sjhogo 2 o ?5.
\jsfcvjr cfs jdjr`a`afs mj rjposf poro jvocuorsj jg co prahjro prujlo por`aoc.
^rjpororsj lajg poro co prujlo mj jvocuo`aðg.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?;
<5;
¶@ðhf sjrï co prujlo mj jvocuo`aðg6 Co prujlo jvocôo cfs hashfs `fgtjgamfs y mj co hasho hogjro quj cf bjhfs rjocazomf o cf corkf mj jstos sjhogos mj jstumaf. Jg co prujlo jg`fgtrorï4 •
Maejrjgtjs jdjr`a`afs quj jvocôog co `fhprjsaðg mj cfs tjhos mj co sjhogo 1 o co ?5. Jstfs jdjr`a`afs sjrïg sjhjdogtjs o cfs quj ustjm bo rjsujctf `omo sjhogo y jg `omo outf`fgtrfc. Pj cj pjmarï4
\jspfgmjr prjkugtos.
Pulroyor co rjspujsto `frrj`to.
Amjgta`or portjs sjÿocomos.
@fhpcjtor jsqujhos.
Ogocazor gfta`aos y `osfs.
Huy ahpfrtogtj4 @omo sjraj mj co prujlo `fgtajgj agstru``afgjs jxo`tos mj cf quj mjlj rjocazor jg `omo oportomf, osè `fhf co vocfro`aðg osakgomo. Cjo cos agstru``afgjs y osjkôrjsj mj boljrcos `fhprjgmamf lajg. ]jgko jg `ujgto quj jg co prujlo sj vocfrog ftros bolacamomjs, omjhïs mj cfs `fgtjgamfs4 •
Co rjmo``aðg `coro y sag eoctos mj frtfkroeèo.
•
Co cahpajzo y jc frmjg poro trolodor.
•
Co prfeugmamom mj sus ogïcasas.
•
Cos amjos gfvjmfsos quj prfpfgko.
Pa ustjm sj prjporo `fg tajhpf y mjma`o`aðg, co prujlo gf cj tfhorï pfr sfrprjso. @fhprujlj quj sus outf`fgtrfcjs jstág lajg bj`bfs, rjoca`j cfs jdjr`a`afs mj jstj rjposf y rjvasj cfs `fgtjgamfs mj cos sjhogos mj jstumaf. Pa mjspuás mj jstumaor y rjsfcvjr jc outf`fgtrfc oôg cj qujmog mumos, lusquj oyumo, rj`ujrmj quj toghlaág pujmj `fgsuctorcos o su tutfr o mastog`ao.
<52
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Mastralu`aðg mj cfs jcj`trfgjs jg cfs ïtfhfs Cfs jcj`trfgjs sj jg`ujgtrog karogmf ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf mj ug ïtfhf jg rjkafgjs mfgmj js hïs prflolcj jg`fgtrorcfs, o cos `uocjs sj cjs ccoho frlatocjs. Jg `omo frlatoc `olj ug hïxahf mj < jcj`trfgjs. Cfs jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf gf tajgjg co hasho `ogtamom mj jgjrkèo, pfr cf quj sj okrupog jg gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo, quj sj `cosa`og mjc ? oc ;. Jc gavjc ? js jc hïs `jr`ogf oc gô`cjf, hajgtros quj jc gavjc ; js jc hïs ocjdomf. Cfs gavjcjs sj mavamjg jg sulgavjcjs, ccohomfs s, p, m y e. Cfs ïtfhfs quj tajgjg tfmfs sus jcj`trfgjs jg cf s gavjcjs hïs lodfs mj jgjrkèo sj ma`j quj jstïg jg jstomf losoc. ^jrf cfs jcj`trfgjs pujmjg soctor mj ug gavjc o ftrf, caljrogmf jgjrkèo, y jg jstj pugtf sj cjs `fgf`j `fhf jcj`trfgjs jg jstomf jx`atomf.
@ogtamom hïxaho mj jcj`trfgjs quj cj `oljg o `omo gavjc mj jgjrkèo Gavjc
Pulgavjcjs
Gôhjrf mj frlatocjs
@ogtamom hïxaho mj jcj`trfgjs quj cj `oljg oc gavjc
? <
? sulgavjc s ? sulgavjc s
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0
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;
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@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?;
<51
Jdjr`a`af ? \jspfgmo cos sakuajgtjs prjkugtos4 ?. ¶_uá js ug frlatoc6
<. ¶@uïgtfs gavjcjs mj jgjrkèo pujmj tjgjr ug ïtfhf6
` uotrf sulgavjcjs mj jgjrkèo4 0. Js`ralo jc gfhlrj mj cfs `uotrf
=. Js`ralo co maejrjg`ao jgtrj ug ïtfhf jg jstomf losoc y ugf jg jstomf jx`atomf.
Jdjr`a`af < @fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj jsqujho, js`ralajgmf jc gôhjrf mj gavjc y co `ogtamom hïxaho mj jcj`trfgjs quj o`jpto. Ujo jc jdjhpcf4
<;>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jdjr`a`af 0 Lusquj jg su tolco pjraðma`o `uïc js jc gôhjrf otðha`f mj cfs sakuajgtjs jcjhjgtfs4 Ecôfr (E)
Ljracaf (Lj)
Pfmaf (Go)
Cujkf, frmjgj cfs jcj`trfgjs mj `omo jcjhjgtf jg jc sakuajgtj `uomrf, sjkôg co `opo`amom hïxaho quj o`jpto `omo gavjc. Ujo jc jdjhpcf4 Jc ïtfhf mjc jcjhjgtf `oc`af tajgj ug gôhjrf otðha`f mj <>, pfr cf togtf, tajgj <> jcj`trfgjs.
Jcjhjgtf @oc`af Ecôfr
@ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs Gavjc ? Gavjc < Gavjc 0 <
2
?>
]ftoc mj jcj`trfgjs <>
Ljracaf Pfmaf
Co tolco pjraðma`o y cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs Cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs goturocjs sfg cos sustog`aos lïsa`os. Jstïg efrhomfs pfr ug sfcf tapf mj ïtfhfs y gf sj pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjr jg sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs. Ma`bf jg ftros pocolros, `omo tapf mj ïtfhf quj jxastj, js ug jcjhjgtf. Jc gôhjrf otðha`f js co `ogtamom mj prftfgjs y jcj`trfgjs quj tajgj ug ïtfhf. Cfs jcjhjgtfs jstïg rjprjsjgtomfs pfr sèhlfcfs. Co prahjr cjtro mjc sèhlfcf sajhprj js hoyôs`uco, y co sjkugmo, hagôs`uco. Pa sðcf tajgj ugo cjtro, vo vo jg hoyôs`uco. Jstfs sèhlfcfs sfg olrjvao`afgjs olrjvao`afgjs mj cfs gfhlrjs, quj pujmjg jstor frakagomfs jg maejrjgtjs amafhos. Co tolco pjraðma`o js ugo bjrrohajgto mj co quèha`o quj `cosa`o y okrupo cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs, sjkôg jc frmjg `rj`ajgtj mj su gôhjrf otðha`f. Jg co tolco pjraðma`o sj jg`ujgtrog cfs gfhlrjs, sèhlfcfs y ockugos `oro`tjrèsta`os mj cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?;
<;?
Jdjr`a`af = Pulroyj co rjspujsto `frrj`to4 ?. Cos sakuajgtjs sfg `oro`tjrèsta`os mj ug jcjhjgtf quèha`f, jx`jptf4 •
Jstïg efrhomfs pfr ug sfcf tapf mj ïtfhfs.
•
Pj pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjr jg sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs.
•
Pfg sustog`aos lïsa`os.
•
Pj rjprjsjgto o trovás mj ug sèhlfcf.
<. Pfg jdjhpcfs mj jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs, jx`jptf4 •
Gatrðkjgf
•
@oc`af
•
Maðxamf mj `orlfgf
•
^ftosaf
0. Co sakuajgtj `frrjspfgmj `frrjspfgmj o co mjga`aðg mj gôhjrf otðha`f4 •
@ogtamom mj gjutrfgjs mj ug ïtfhf.
•
@ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf.
•
@ogtamom mj prftfgjs y jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf.
•
@ogtamom mj gjutrfgjs y jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf.
Jdjr`a`af : Js`ralo jc gfhlrj mj `ag`f fldjtfs o su ocrjmjmfr quj jstág efrhomfs pfr ockôg jcjhjgtf quèha`f. ?. <. 0. =. :.
<;<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jdjr`a`af 5 @fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj `uomrf, js`ralajgmf jc gfhlrj f sèhlfcf mj cfs sakuajgtjs jcjhjgtfs4
Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf
Pèhlfcf
@orlfgf
Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf
Pèhlfcf
Ozuerj Be
Qfmf
U @floctf
Gj Bamrðkjgf
Ej ^ftosaf
Jdjr`a`af ; Cjo jc sakuajgtj ortè`ucf, y rjspfgmo cos sakuajgtjs prjkugtos4
Co ]ajrro sj jstï qujmogmf sag bjcaf @ajgtè`fs bog mjtjrhagomf quj jg ugfs <: f 0> oÿfs, jc pcogjto ]ajrro pfmrèo qujmorsj sag bjcaf. Jstj jcjhjgtf sj `oro`tjrazo pfr sjr jc sjkugmf hïs cakjrf mjc Zgavjrsf, tajgj jc hjgfr pugtf mj jlucca`aðg mj tfmfs cfs kosjs y sfcf pujmj posor o jstomf sðcamf sa sj cj opca`o ugo
krog prjsaðg. Jc Pfc prfmu`j maoraohjgtj bjcaf o trovás mj prf`jsfs goturocjs, pjrf jg co ]ajrro jxastjg huy pf`os rjsjrvos jg cos rf`os, quj sj jstïg okftogmf. @fhf gf sj pujmj eolra`or orta`aochjgtj, sðcf sj fltajgj `fhf ug sulprfmu`tf mj co jxtro``aðg mj kos goturoc. Jc bjcaf tajgj maejrjgtjs opca`o`afgjs jg co agmustrao. Pj utacazo, jgtrj ftros `fsos, poro jc jgeraohajgtf mj hotjraocjs o tjhpjroturos huy lodos. ^fr jdjhpcf, cfs oporotfs mj rjsfgog`ao hokgáta`o quj sj usog poro maokgfsta`or jgejrhjmomjs, sj jgerèog `fg bjcaf. ^oro jvator quj cos rjsjrvos mj jstj ahpfrtogtj jcjhjgtf sj okftjg, cfs jxpjrtfs bog prfpujstf co `opturo y rj`a`codj mj jstj kos murogtj cfs prf`jsfs agmustraocjs mj jxtro``aðg mj kos goturoc y pjtrðcjf. Omoptomf mj4 LL@ @ajg`ao
¶Mj quá jcjhjgtf quèha`f troto jc ortè`ucf6 Hjg`afgj mfs `oro`tjrèsta`os mj jstj jcjhjgtf4 Hjg`afgj jc prag`apoc usf mj jstj jcjhjgtf4 Lusquj jc sèhlfcf mj jstj jcjhjgtf jg co tolco pjraðma`o y js`rèlocf4
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?;
<;0
Jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao Jc gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao js co `ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs quj jstïg jg jc gavjc mj jgjrkèo hïs jxtjrgf mj ug ïtfhf. Cfs ïtfhfs kogog f pajrmjg jcj`trfgjs `fgstogtjhjgtj oc ugarsj o ftrfs ïtfhfs, efrhogmf `fhpujstfs. Cfs jcj`trfgjs agvfcu`romfs jg jstos rjo``afgjs sfg cfs mj vocjg`ao. Cfs ccohomfs kosjs gflcjs sfg jcjhjgtfs quj tajgjg su ôctahf gavjc mj jgjrkèo `fhpcjtohjgtj ccjgf, pfr cf quj sfg jstolcjs y su gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao js `jrf. Pj ccohog gflcjs, pujs `osa gf sj `fhlagog `fg ftrfs jcjhjgtfs. Co jstru`turo mj Cjwas js ugo rjprjsjgto`aðg jg co `uoc sj utacazog pugtfs ocrjmjmfr mjc sèhlfcf mj ug jcjhjgtf poro agma`or `uïgtfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao tajgj.
Jdjr`a`af 2 Flsjrvj cfs sakuajgtjs jsqujhos, js`ralo jc gfhlrj mj `omo jcjhjgtf `fg co oyumo mj co tolco pjraðma`o. @ujgtj co `ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs mjc ôctahf frlatoc j agmaquj `uïgtfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao tajgjg.
Jsqujho
<;=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf
Gf. mj jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao
Jdjr`a`af 1 @fhpcjtj jc sakuajgtj `uomrf. Ujo jc jdjhpcf4
Pèhlfcf mjc jcjhjgtf
Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf
Gf. mj jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao
A
Qfmf
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@cfrf
;
Oc
O c u ha g a f
0
Go
Pfmaf
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E
E cô f r
;
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=
Jstru`turo mj Cjwas
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?;
<;:
Jdjr`a`af ?> Flsjrvj cfs sakuajgtjs ïtfhfs, quj `frrjspfgmjg o kosjs gflcjs.
?. Jxpcaquj pfr quá jc gôhjrf mj vocjg`ao mj cfs kosjs gflcjs js `jrf.
<. ¶Jstfs jcjhjgtfs sj `fhlagog eï`achjgtj `fg ftrfs poro efrhor `fhpujstfs6 Jxpcaquj su rjspujsto.
Jgco`js quèha`fs Jgco`j quèha`f Js co eujrzo mj otro``aðg quj jxastj `uogmf sj ugjg mfs f hïs ïtfhfs poro efrhor `rastocjs f hfcá`ucos. ^ujmj sjr mj maejrjgtjs tapfs4
Jgco`j aðga`f ]apf mj jgco`j quj sj mo `uogmf ug ïtfhf mfgo jcj`trfgjs y ftrf cf rj`alj, efrhogmf afgjs ugamfs pfr co otro``aðg mj cos `orkos jcá`tra`os fpujstos (pfsatavo y gjkotavo).
Jgco`j `fvocjgtj ]apf mj jgco`j jg jc `uoc cfs ïtfhfs sj ugjg, `fhportajgmf sus jcj`trfgjs.
Co rjkco mjc f`tjtf ma`j quj `uogmf ug ïtfhf sj ugj o ftrf, kogo, pajrmj f `fhportj jcj`trfgjs poro efrhor ugo jstru`turo jstolcj `fhf co mj ug kos gflcj, jg cfs `uocjs jc frlatoc hïs jxtjrgf mj su ôctahf gavjc mj jgjrkèo tajgj f`bf jcj`trfgjs `olocjs.
<;5
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jdjr`a`af ?? Flsjrvj cfs sakuajgtjs jsqujhos j agmaquj `uïc `frrjspfgmj o ug jgco`j aðga`f y `uïc o ug `fvocjgtj4 = ïtfhfs mj bamrðkjgf ? ïtfhf mj `orlfgf
Hfcá`uco mj hjtogf
jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao mjc bamrðkjgf jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao mj `orlfgf
? ïtfhf mj cataf
? ïtfhf mj ôfr
? `otaðg mj cataf y ? ogaðg mj ôfr ugamfs pfr otro``aðg mj `orkos fpujstos
Jdjr`a`af ?< Jg cfs sakuajgtjs jsqujhos, amjgtaquj quá ïtfhfs `uhpcjg `fg co cjy mjc f`tjtf. Ztaca`j su tolco pjraðma`o `fhf oyumo.
Jsqujho Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf Gf. otðha`f Gf. mj jcj`trfgjs Gf. mj jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao @uhpcj `fg co rjkco mjc f`tjtf (sa-gf)
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?;
<;;
Jdjr`a`af ?0 Jcolfrj co jstru`turo mj Cjwas mj co rjo``aðg quj f`urrj jgtrj ug ïtfhf mj sfmaf (Go) y ugf mj `cfrf (@c) poro efrhor `cfrurf mj sfmaf (Go@c). Oyômjsj `fg jc hfmjcf otðha`f mj ohlfs jcjhjgtfs poro soljr `uïgtfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao mjlj rjprjsjgtor.
Go + @c 8 Go @c
\jo``afgjs quèha`os Zgo rjo``aðg quèha`o js ug prf`jsf o trovás mjc `uoc ugo f hïs sustog`aos sj trogsefrhog jg ftros `fg prfpajmomjs mastagtos. Murogtj ugo rjo``aðg quèha`o, cfs ïtfhfs gf `ohlaog, sagf quj sj rjfrkogazog, `ohlaogmf co efrho jg co quj sj ugjg.
\jo``aðg quèha`o4 rjo`tavf + rjo`tavf î prfmu`tf/s Zg rjo`tavf js ugo sustog`ao quj rjo``afgo `fg ftro, poro prfmu`ar ugo gujvo sustog`ao, ccohomo prfmu`tf. Cfs prfmu`tfs tajgjg prfpajmomjs tftochjgtj maejrjgtjs o cos mj cfs rjo`tavfs quj cjs majrfg frakjg. Murogtj cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os sj pujmj olsfrljr f caljror jgjrkèo. Cos rjo``afgjs jxftárha`os sfg cos quj caljrog jgjrkèo. Cos rjo``afgjs jgmftárha`os sfg cos quj gj`jsatog f olsfrljg jgjrkèo. Co vjcf`amom mj rjo``aðg sj rjjrj oc tajhpf quj tormog cfs rjo`tavfs jg trogsefrhorsj jg prfmu`tfs. Mjpjgmj mj vorafs eo`tfrjs4 goturocjzo f `oro`tjrèsta`os mj cfs rjo`tavfs, tjhpjroturo, kromf mj mavasaðg mj cfs rjo`tavfs, `fg`jgtro`aðg mj cfs rjo`tavfs y `otocazomfrjs.
]apfs mj rjo``afgjs \jo``aðg mj sègtjsas
Mfs f hïs sustog`aos sj ugjg poro efrhor ugo gujvo sustog`ao hïs `fhpcjdo.
O + L î OL
\jo``aðg mj mjs`fhpfsa`aðg
Zgo sustog`ao sj mjs`fhpfgj poro efrefrhor mfs f hïs sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs.
OL î O + L
\jo``aðg mj mjspcozohajgtf f sahpcj sustatu`aðg
Zgo sustog`ao sahpcj rjo``afgo `fg ugo `fhpujsto, y rjjhpcozo ugf mj sus `fhpfgjgtjs. Mfs sustog`aos maejrjgtjs rjo``afgog j agtjr`ohlaog jcjhjgtfs jgtrj sè, frakagogmf gujvos sustog`aos.
O + L@ î O@ + L
\jo``aðg mj mflcj mjspcozohajgtf f mflcj sustatu`aðg
<;2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
OL + @M î OM + L@
Jdjr`a`af ?= Cjo cfs sakuajgtjs jdjhpcfs mj rjo``afgjs, j agmaquj mj quá tapf sfg4 @uogmf sj ugj ug ïtfhf mj sfmaf y ug ïtfhf mj `cfrf, efrhog ug `fhpujstf ccohomf `cfrurf mj sfmaf. Jc okuo js ug `fhpujstf quj pujmj mavamarsj jg ïtfhfs mj bamrðkjgf y mj fxèkjgf. Zg ïtfhf mj bajrrf sj pujmj ugar oc `fhpujstf suceotf mj `flrj, `f lrj, poro efrhor suceotf mj bajrrf y ug ïtfhf mj `flrj. Jc `fhpujstf gatrotf mj pcoto sj ugj oc `fhpujstf `cfrurf mj sfmaf, poro efrhor cfs `fhpujstfs `cfrurf mj pcoto y gatrotf mj sfmaf.
Go + @c î Go@c (O + L î OL)
Ej + @uPF= î EjPF=+ @u (O + L@ î O@ + L)
OkGF0 +Go@c î Ok@c + GoGF0 (OL + @M î OM + L@)
Jdjr`a`af ?: \joca`j co sakuajgtj cj`turo y rjspfgmo cos prjkugtos4
Jc okuo pujmj o`jcjror cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os Zg krupf mj `ajgtè`fs mjs`ulrað quj okrjkor okuo jg pjqujÿos `ogtamomjs, pujmj o`jcjror ockugos rjo``afgjs quèha`os mfgmj jc bamrðkjgf js ugf mj cfs rjo`tavfs, `fhf co bamrfkjgo`aðg y co bamrfkjgðcasas. Jstos rjo``afgjs sfg utacazomos jg sj`tfrjs agmustraocjs `fhf jc mjc pjtrðcjf, ocahjgtfs, okra`ucturo y hjma`ohjgtfs. Jg jstos agmustraos, sj utacazog `otocazomfrjs poro ouhjgtor co vjcf`amom mj cos rjo``afgjs, yo quj jstj ospj`tf js huy ahpfrtogtj poro co prfmu``aðg. Pjkôg jstj jstumaf, jc okuo eug`afgo `fhf `otocazomfr, pujs bo`j quj jc bamrðkjgf sj maeugmo ?>,>>> laccfgjs mj vj`js hïs rïpamf jg ðxamfs mj hjtocjs. Omoptomf mj4 `ajg`aopcus.`fh, Jurfpo^rjss bttp4//www.jurfpoprjss.js/`ajg`ao/gfta` bttp4//www.jurfpoprjss.js/`ajg`ao/gfta`ao-okuo-pujmj ao-okuo-pujmj-o`jcjror-rjo``afgjs-q o`jcjror -rjo``afgjs-quaha`os-<>?<>:?; uaha`os-<>?<>:?;<>>>00.bth <>>>00.bthc
?. Js`ralo jc gfhlrj gfhlrj mjc rjo`tavf quj hjg`afgo jsto cj`turo.
<. Js`ralo jc gfhlrj mjc `otocazomfr quj hjg`afgo jsto cj`turo, j agmaquj quá rjco`aðg rjco`aðg tajgj `fg co vjcf`amom mj rjo``aðg.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?;
<;1
Jdjr`a`af ?5 ?. @fhpcjtj cfs sakuajgtjs jsqujhos4\jo``aðg quèha`o
\jo``aðg quèha`o4 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV + VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV î VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV <. Eo`tfrjs quj oej`tog co vjcf`amom mj ugo rjo``aðg4
Eo`tfrjs quj oej`tog co vjcf`amom mj ugo rjo``aðg
Jdjr`a`af ?; Mj cfs sakuajgtjs maludfs, agmaquj `uïcjs `frrjspfgmjg o rjo``afgjs jxftárha`os, y `uïcjs o jgmftárha`os.
<2>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
@fhpujstfs quèha`fs Cfs `fhpujstfs quèha`fs sfg sustog`aos efrhomos pfr mfs f hïs jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs. Ockugfs jdjhpcfs mj `fhpujstfs quèha`fs sfg4
@fhpujstfs lagorafs @fhpujstfs tjrgorafs @fhp @f hpuj ujst stfs fs `u `uot otjr jrgo gora rafs fs
Jstïg efrhomfs pfr mfs jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs. Jstïg efrhomfs pfr trjs jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs. Jstï Js tïg g ef efrh rhom omfs fs pf pfrr `u `uot otrrf jc jcjh jhjg jgtf tfss ma maej ejrj rjgt gtjs js..
Co gfhjg`coturo js ug `fgdugtf mj rjkcos quj sj usog poro mor ug sfcf gfhlrj y js`ralar ugo sfco eðrhuco o `omo `fhpujstf quèha`f. @cosae`o`aðg @cosae`o`að g mj cfs `fhpujstfs
Cfs `fhpujstfs frkïga`fs sfg ug tapf mj `fhpujstfs efrhomfs pfr `orlfgf o trovás mj jgco`js `fvocjgtjs `orlfgf-`orlfgf y/f `orlfgf-bamrðkjgf. ]ohlaág pujmjg `fgtjgjr ftrfs jcjhjgtfs `fhf fxèkjgf, ozuerj, lfrf, gatrðkjgf, jt`.
Cfs `fhpujstfs agfrkïga`fs sfg oqujccfs `fhpujstfs `uyf `fhpfgjgtj prag`apoc js `uocquajr jcjhjgtf maejrjgtj oc `orlfgf.
Jdjr`a`af ?; \jspfgmo4 ?. ¶_uá js ug `fhpujstf quèha`f6
<. ¶_uá maejrjg`ao jxastj jgtrj ug `fhpujstf frkïga`f y ugf agfrkïga`f6 agfrkïga`f6
0. ¶^oro quá sarvj co gfhjg`coturo6
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?;
<2?
Jdjr`a`af ?1 O. Mj co sakuajgtj casto mj sustog`aos, sulroyj sulroyj `uïcjs sfg `fhpujstfs4 B
@c I
B<
Ej
@B0
B
L. Mj co casto ogtjrafr, ogtjrafr, js`ralo `uïcjs sfg `fhpujstfs frkïga`fs y `uïcjs `uïcjs agfrkïga`fs.
@fhpujstfs frkïga`fs
@fhpujstfs agfrkïga`fs
@. Mj co casto mjc ag`asf L, agmaquá `uïcjs sfg `fhpujstfs lagorafs, tjrgorafs y `uotjrgorafs.
@fhpujstfs lagorafs
@fhpujstfs tjrgorafs
Jdjr`a`af <> Cjo mj gujvf jc `fgtjgamf mj co sjhogo ?= y rjspfgmo. ¶Jxastjg `fhpujstfs quèha`fs jg gujstrf `ujrpf6
<2<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
@fhpujstfs `uotjrgorafs
Pustog`aos puros y hjz`cos Pustog`aos puros Jstïg efrhomos pfr ïtfhfs f hfcá`ucos akuocjs. ]ajgjg prfpajmomjs jspj`è`os quj cos `oro`tjrazog y cos mastagkujg mj ftros. Gf sj pujmjg sjporor jg `fhpfgjgtjs hïs sahpcjs pfr hjmafs eèsa`fs. Pu `fhpfsa`aðg js do y mjgamo.
Jcjhjgtfs (sustog`aos sahpcjs) Pfg sustog`aos quj jstïg efrhomos pfr ug sfcf tapf mj ïtfhfs. Gf pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjrsj jg sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs. Pj rjprjsjgtog hjmaogtj sèhlfcfs.
@fhpujstfs Pfg sustog`aos quj jstïg efrhomos pfr mfs f hïs jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs, quj efrhog hfcá`ucos. Jstos hfcá`ucos sajhprj sfg akuocjs. Pj pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjr o trovás mj hjmafs quèha`fs. Pj rjprjsjgtog hjmaogtj eðrhucos.
Zgo hjz`co js co `fhlago`aðg mj mfs f hïs sustog`aos jg co `uoc co `fhpfsa`aðg js voraolcj, pujs `omo sustog`ao `fgsjrvo sus `oro`tjrèsta`os y gf sj `fhlagog quèha`ohjgtj ugos `fg ftros.
Cos hjz`cos bfhfkágjos sfg oqujccos jg cos quj gf sj mastagkujg sus `fhpfgjgtjs. ]fmo co hjz`co sj vj akuoc, pujs su oporajg`ao y `fhpfsa`aðg js ugaefrhj. Pj jg`ujgtro jg ugo sfco eosj.
Jg cos hjz`cos bjtjrfkágjos sè sj mastagkujg sus `fhpfgjgtjs. Pj pujmjg flsjrvor `fhf eosjs.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?;
<20
Jdjr`a`af Mj cfs sakuajgtjs maludfs, agmaquj `uïcjs sfg hjz`cos bfhfkágjos y `uïcjs bjtjrfkágjos.
Jdjr`a`af << Mj cos sakuajgtjs sustog`aos quèha`os, horquj `fg ugo x jg co `osacco `frrjspfgmajgtj, sjkôg sjog jcjhjgtfs f `fhpujstfs4
Gfhlrj mj co sustog`ao
Eðrhuco
La`orlfgotf mj sfmaf (la`orlfgotf)
GoB@F0
^coto
Ok
^jrð ^j rðxam xamf f mj bamrðkjg bamrðkjgf f (okuo (okuo fxakjgo fxakjgomo) mo) B
B
Bajrrf
Ej
@cfrurf mj sfmaf (soc mj hjso)
Go@c
Kcu`fso (ozô`or)
@5B?
Hfcá`uco mj fxèkjgf
F<
Oc`fbfc jtèca`f (oc`fbfc)
@
Frf
Ou
<2=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jcjhjgtf
@fhpujstf
Jdjr`a`af <0 Mj cfs `fhpujstfs f jcjhjgtfs ogtjrafrjs, agmaquj `ag`f quj ustjm `fgfz`o y ug jdjhpcf mj ug usf f opca`o`aðg quj ustjm cjs má.
Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf f `fhpujstf
Zsf f opca`o`aðg
Co quèha`o jg gujstrf `ujrpf y jg co vamo maorao Jc `ujrpf buhogf jstï `fgefrhomf pfr ïtfhfs, quj efrhog lafhfcá`ucos. Cos lafhfcá`ucos sfg cfs `fhpujstfs quèha`fs prjsjgtjs jg cfs sjrjs vavfs y efrhog portj mj cos `ácucos, quj o su vjz `fgstatuyjg tjdamfs, ðrkogfs y gochjgtj, sastjhos. Co losj mj gujstrf `ujrpf jstï `fgefrhomo pfr `uotrf jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs prag`apocjs4 fxèkjgf, `orlfgf, bamrðkjgf y gatrðkjgf. Jc `fgdugtf mj rjo``afgjs quèha`os quj f`urrjg jg jc `ujrpf sj ccoho hjtolfcashf. Co quèha`o tajgj opca`o`afgjs jg gujstro vamo maorao, `fhf pfr jdjhpcf4
Jcolfro`aðg mj prfmu`tfs y hotjraocjs mj usf mfhásta`f (tjcjvasfrjs, rjcfdjs, `fhputomfros).
@oczomf (`ujrf).
Bakajgj pjrsfgoc (okuo, dolðg, `bohpô, posto mj majgtjs).
Okra`ucturo (ejrtacazogtjs)
Ocahjgto`aðg y gutra`aðg (jcjhjgtfs y
]rogspfrtj (eug`afgohajgtf
`fhpujstfs gutratavfs, prjporo`aðg mj ocahjgtfs, ljlamos).
mj hjmafs mj trogspfrtj o trovás mj hftfrjs mj `fhlustaðg).
Ujstahjgto (lros goturocjs y orta`aocjs).
Hotjraoc mj fe`ago f js`fcor (popjc, `ortðg).
Hjma`ohjgtfs (osparago, ogtaï`amfs).
Cfs sjrjs buhogfs mjljhfs utacazor rjspfgsolcjhjgtj cos opca`o`afgjs mj co quèha`o jg gujstrf maoraf vavar,, poro jvator co `fgtohago`aðg mjc pcogjto vavar @ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?;
<2:
Jdjr`a`af <= Maludj ugo R sflrj cfs maludfs quj `frrjspfgmjg o opca`o`afgjs mj co quèha`o jg co vamo maorao mj cos pjrsfgos.
<25
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
Jdjr`a`af <: Mj cos sakuajgtjs portjs mjc `ujrpf buhogf, agmaquj `uïcjs jstïg efrhomos pfr jcjhjgtfs f `fhpujstfs quèha`fs. Pogkrj
Lrozf
@oljccf
Zÿos
Bujsfs
@oljzo
Hôs`ucfs
^ aj s
Pocavo
Frago
Jdjr`a`af <5 Mjgo `fg sus pocolros cfs sakuajgtjs tárhagfs. ?. Lafhfcá`uco4
<. Hjtolfcashf4
Jdjr`a`af <; Ougquj tfmf jstï bj`bf mj hotjrao, y pfr togtf mj jcjhjgtfs y `fhpujstfs quèha`fs, jxastjg ockugfs quj sfg moÿagfs o co socum buhogo f oc ohlajgtj. Js`ralo ugo prfpujsto mj `ðhf jc sjr buhogf sj pujmj ljgj`aor mj co quèha`o, pjrf `uamogmf co socum buhogo y jc hjmaf ohlajgtj.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Pjhogo ?;
<2;
\jvasj su oprjgmazodj Horquj `fg ug `bjquj . . . r o a m u t s j j m s á u p s j M
co `osacco quj hjdfr agmaquj su rjgmahajgtf.
jg cfkromf prf`jsf
gf cfkromf
\jposf cfs `fgtjgamfs mj co sjhogo 1 o ?5.
\jsujcvf cfs jdjr`a`afs mj rjposf poro jvocuorhj jg co prujlo.
Hj sajgtf lajg prjporomf f prjporomo poro co prujlo mj jvocuo`aðg.
Frajgto`afgjs sflrj co prujlo por`aoc Qo jstï castf poro su prujlo mj @ajg`aos Goturocjs. Cj prjsjgtohfs cos ôctahos rj`fhjgmo`afgjs quj pujmjg oyumorcj o co bfro mjc jxohjg.
•
•
Oc rj`alar co prujlo, y ogtjs mj jhpjzor o rjsfcvjrco, js`ralo jg co portj supjrafr su gfhlrj, gôhjrf mj `orgá, gôhjrf mj `jgtrf y ej`bo. Cjo otjgtohjgtj cos agstru``afgjs ogtjs mj `fgtjstor. `fgtjstor. Pa tajgj mumos, `fgsuctj `f gsuctj o su frajgtomfro u frajgtomfr vfcugtoraf.
¡Ïgahf! Jc rjsuctomf mj su jxohjg sjrï jc prfmu`tf mj su jseujrzf.
<22
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
@covjs
@ajg`aos Goturocjs Goturocjs ∜ ∜ @covjs @covjs @ajg`aos
<21
Pjhogo ?
Pjhogo <
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
¡O trolodor! ?. Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor, pjrf sj rjsuhjg osè4
¡O trolodor! voraor. Zg jdjhpcf pfmrèo sjr4 Jc ?. Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor.
Cos gujvos jstru`turos quèha`os mj pcogtos j agvjrtjlromfs horagfs mjs`ulajrtos pfr jc Mr. @ðlor, tajgjg pftjg`aoc poro sjr utacazomos jg jc trotohajgtf mj jgejrhjmomjs `fhf `ïg`jr y UAB.
j`feactrf js ugo hogjro j`fcðka`o, j`fgðha`o, jea`oz y mj eï`ac `fhprjgsaðg poro puraea`or okuo, quj jstï oc oc`og`j mj cfs kuotjhoctj`fs, ag`cusf mj cfs hïs gj`jsatomfs mj cos ïrjos rurocjs. Kro`aos oc j`feactrf sj pujmjg prjvjgar jgejrhjmomjs kostrfagtjstagocjs, sj `fgtraluyj oc `uamomf mjc hjmaf ohlajgtj, y o co j`fgfhèo eohacaor.
<. _uèha`o.
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Jdjr`a`af ? voraor.. ?. Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor
Jdjr`a`af < ?. Pfg cos `ajg`aos quj quj jstumaog co goturocjzo. Jc `fg`fg`jptf tohlaág pujmj ag`cuar4 Pfg portj mj cos `ajg`aos eï`ta`os, quj jstumaog bj`bfs y fldjtfs rjocjs y utacazog jc hátfmf `ajgtè`f. F lajg4 Pfg cos `ajg`aos quj jstumaog, mjs`raljg, `fhporog y frmjgog cfs ejgðhjgfs mj co goturocjzo. Jdjhpcfs4 _uèha`o, eèsa`o, ostrfgfhèo, kjfcfkèo f lafcfkèo.
Jdjr`a`af 0 ?. Cos rjspujstos pujmjg sjr voraomos.
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Cos frjs sj taÿjg mjc `fcfr mj co táhpjro quj sj uta cazð, yo quj jc toccf olsfrlj jc okuo `fg `fcfrogtj, y cf trogspfrto o tfmfs cfs ðrkogfs mj co pcogto. @fhf cfs pátocfs mj cos cos frjs sfg sfg lcog`fs, sj sj oprj`ao jc `ohlaf mj `fcfr. Lftïga`o.
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Jdjr`a`af ? ?. ^frquj utacazð co jxpjrahjgto`aðg poro `fhprflor su bapðtjsas, y poro mjs`ortor orho`afgjs mj ftrfs `ajgtè`fs quj gf jstolog `fhprflomos
Jdjr`a`af < ?. ^frquj utacazð co jxpjrahjgto`aðg poro `fhprflor su bapðtjsas, y poro mjs`ortor orho`afgjs mj ftrfs `ajgtè`fs quj gf jstolog `fhprflomos
Jdjr`a`af 0 ?. Zgo tjfrèo js ugo jxpca`o`aðg, amjo f orho`aðg sfsf lrj ug ejgðhjgf quj sj loso jg ug krog gôhjrf mj flsjrvo`afgjs, agefrho`aðg y jxpjrahjgto`aðg. ^ujmjg sjr `fhprflomos, ohpcaomos f rjefrhucomos `fg gujvfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs, jxpjrahjgtfs u flsjrvo`afgjs. Jg `ohlaf ugo cjy js ugo orho`aðg vjra `olcj, mjhfstromo `ajgtè`ohjgtj, mj opca`o`aðg ugavjrsoc y sj `fgsamjro `fhf ugo –vjrmom olsfcuto‘.
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Pjkugmf posf mjc hátfmf `ajgtèe`f4 Bapðtjsas4 Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor. ^fr jdjhpcf4 jc eorfc quj jstï `fhpcjtohjgtj efrromf sj opokorï ogtjs, pujs jc fxèkjgf sj o`olorï ogtjs y sag fxèkjgf gf boy `fhlustaðg. @uortf posf mjc hátfmf `ajgtèe`f4 @fg`cusaðg4 Cos
rjspujstos pujmjg voraor, mjpjgmajgmf mj co bapðtjsas pcogtjomo. ^fr jdjhpcf4 Mjspuás mj co jxpjrahjgto`aðg sj `fhprflð quj sag fxèkjgf gf boy `fhlustaðg, pfr cf quj cos vjcomfros `fg hjgfs fxèkjgf, sj opokog ogtjs.
<1>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju Ztotcïg
Pjhogo 0
Pjhogo =
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
¡O trolodor!
¡O trolodor!
?. Jc Mr. Hjmrogf bo rjocazomf jstumafs sflrj co `fhpfsa`aðg `fhpfsa`a ðg mj co cj`bj, poro prfmu`ar hogtjquacco hïs suovj y socumolcj poro jc `fgsuhf buhogf. .
?. Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor, pjrf pujmj sjr oc kugo mj cos sakuajgtjs4 sakuajgtjs4 Ijg Cfu Cfu @ostaccf agvjgtð agvjgtð ug cjÿf j`fcðka`f ccohomf Hr. Eujkf, quj oyumo o `fgsjrvor jc hjmaf ohlajgtj, pujs jstï bj`bf mj hotjraocjs mj mjsj`bf mj homjro, oyumo o jvator co mjefrjsto`aðg, pujs sj jvato usor cjÿo y oyumo o pjrsfgos `fg `fg ocjrkao oc oc buhf, yo quj jstj jstj tapf mj cjÿf ormj rïpamohjgtj y gf prfmu`j buhf
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Jdjr`a`af ? ?. Co rjspujsto pujmj sjr `uocquajr fldjtf f sjr jxas-
tjgtj jg jc pcogjto ]ajrro f jg jc Zgavjrsf.
Jdjr`a`af < ?. Ozô`or4 trogsporjgtj, fcfr y solfr muc`j, sag lraccf, mj tjxturo sðcamo krogucfso.
<. Bajrrf4 `fcfr kras hjtïca`f, fcfr y solfr hjtïca`f `oro`tjrèsta`f,, `fg lraccf, mj tjxturo muro. `oro`tjrèsta`f
0. Uagokrj4 `fcfr ohoraccjgtf, fcfr y solfr ï`amf `oro`tjrèsta`f, cèquamf. Gf sj mjs`ralj lraccf ga tjxturo, pujs jsos prfpajmomjs prfpajmomjs sfg sfg poro sðcamfs sðcamfs y jc vagokrj js cèquamf.
Jdjr`a`af 0 o) Jc `orlðg js ug hotjraoc pfrfsf. ^rfpajmom kjg-
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Jdjr`a`af ? ?. cèquamf <. sðcamf 0. kosjfsf =. pcosho
Jdjr`a`af < ?.
@uogmf pfmohfs ugo pcogto mj `oeá4 mavasalacamom
<.
@uogmf jstarohfs ug bucj poro ohorrohfs jc `o`o ljccf4 jcosta`amom
0.
@uogmf mflcohfs ug ocohlrj poro `fgstruar ug kog`bf4 jxalacamom
=.
@uogmf `bf`og mfs `orrfs, prfvf`ogmf quj `oh`ohlajg mj marj``aðg4 hfvacamom
jroc. l)
Jc ocuhagaf js ug hjtoc huy hocjolcj. ^rfpajmom eèsa`o.
`)
Jc oc`fbfc js ug cèquamf huy agoholcj. ^rfpajmom quèha`o.
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao!
Jdjr`a`af 0
Jc frmjg mj cos `opos js jc sakuajgtj4 hajc, okuo, o`jatj.
cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Oc so`or co lftjcco mjc `fgkjcomfr, sj pujmj flsjrvor quj jc bajcf sflrjposo co hor`o quj sj bazf jg co lftjcco `uogmf jstolo ccjgo mj okuo. ¶_uá tapf mj `ohlaf (eèsa`f f quèha`f) f`urrj jg jc okuo oc jgeraorsj6 Eèsa`f
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ @covjs
<1?
Pjhogo :
Pjhogo 5
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs ¡^oro `fhjgzor! Jdjr`a`af ? ]ajgj =.
Jdjr`a`af < Jc hfmjcf mj ]bfhsfg pfstuco quj cfs jcj`trfgjs sj jg`ujgtrog mjgtrf mj ugo jsejro pfsatavo y quj jstïg jg rjpfsf9 hajgtros quj jc hfmjcf mj Lfbr jxpca`o quj cfs jcj`trfgjs jstïg jg hfvahajgtf, karogmf ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf.
Jdjr`a`af 0 Jc hfmjcf mj ]bfhsfg pfstuco quj cfs jcj`trfgjs sj jg`ujgtrog mjgtrf mj ugo jsejro pfsatavo y quj jstïg jg rjpfsf9 hajgtros quj jc hfmjcf mj Lfbr jxpca`o quj cfs jcj`trfgjs jstïg jg hfvahajgtf, karogmf ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf.
¡O trolodor! ?. Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor, pjrf ug jdjhpcf pfmrèo sjr quj cfs gujvfs mjs`ulrahajgtfs sj bog rjocazomf kro`aos oc agvjgtf mj oporotfs j agstruhjgtfs, quj bog pjrhatamf flsjrvor hïs mj `jr`o o cfs ïtfhfs y rjocazor jxpjrahjgtfs poro `fgf`jr su jstru`turo.
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Jdjr`a`af ? o. ^rftfgjs8 <1
Jcj`trfgjs8 <1
l. ^rftfgjs8?< Jcj`trfgjs8?< Gjutrfgjs8 O-T8 <=-?<8 ?<
Jdjr`a`af < Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor, pjrf mjlj hogtjgjrsj jc sakuajgtj `fg`jptf4 portè`ucos sulotðha`os `fg `orko pfsatavo, quj efrhog efrhog portj mjc gô`cjf mj ug ïtfhf.
Jdjr`a`af 0
ag`frrj`tf
`frrj`tf
Jxpca`o`aðg4 mfs jcj`trfgjs gf pujmjg jstor jg jc hashf cukor, oc hashf tajhpf.
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Jc ïtfhf jstï efrhomf pfr ug gô`cjf, quj js pfsatavf y `fg`jgtro co hoyfr `ogtamom mj hoso, rfmjomf pfr ugo `frtjzo mfgmj karog cfs jcj`trfgjs jg jspo`af hoyfrhjgtj vo`èf. Pjkôg su jxpjrahjgtf, \utbjefrm flsjrvð quj ockugos portè`ucos `bf`olog `fgtro pugtfs mjgsfs, quj sfg cfs gô`cjfs mj cfs ïtfhfs. ^fr ftrf comf, flsjrvð quj ockugos portè`ucos sjkuèog mj corkf, cf quj cj ccjvð o `fg`cuar quj bolèo krogmjs jspo`afs vo`èfs, quj `frrjspfgmjg o cos guljs mfgmj sj hujvjg cfs jcj`trfgjs.
<1<
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju Ztotcïg
Pjhogo ;
Pjhogo 2
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
Jdjr`a`af ?
¡O trolodor! ?. eï`ta`o ?. Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor, jg jc `osf quj co <. eï`ta`o rjspujsto sjo pfsatavo. Jg jc `osf quj co rjspujsto 0. eï`ta`o sjo gjkotavo tohlaág pujmj voraor, pjrf ug jdjhpcf =. efrhoc sjrèo jc sakuajgtj4 cfs royfs R pujmjg sjr ôtacjs poro mjtj`tor ero`turos, jgejrhjmomjs, tuhfrjs f poro trotor prflcjhos mjgtoc js.
Jdjr`a`af < Efrhocjs
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
o
Hotjhïta`o, cðka`o
Jdjr`a`af ? @ajg`aos
?5 :
R
?: R 0
?5 2
R
?: R :
Pf`aocjs oogtrfpfcfkèo, psa`fcfkèo Eï`ta`os
Goturocjsoquèha`o, eèsa`o, ostrfgfhèo
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor, mjpjgmajgmf mj cfs fl - Jdjr`a`af 0 djtfs quj utaca`jg. utaca`jg.. ?. co Jmom Hfmjrgo <. o y l sfg `frrj`tos 0. eès`o =. o yl sfg `frrj`tos :. suldjtavfs
Jdjr`a`af = ?. Hátfmf `ajgtèea`f <. Cjy 0. ]jfrèo Jdjr`a`af : ?. Flsjrvo`aðg4 `uogmf
mjtj`tohfs f jxohagohfs ockôg ejgðhjgf goturoc o trovás mj gujstrfs sjgtamfs f mj ockôg agstruhjgtf.
0. Jxpjrahjgto`aðg4 `fg-
sastj jg co rjocazo`aðg mj jxpjrahjgtfs f prujlos poro vjra`or co bapðtjsas.
<. Bapðtjsas4 js ugo
supfsa`aðg quj sj bo`j poro agtjgtor mjs`ralar f jxpca`or ockôg ejgðhjgf.
=. @fg`cusaðg4 `fg
cfs rjsuctomfs mj co jxpjrahjgto`aðg, sj orho, rj`bozo f hfma`o co bapðtjsas.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ @covjs
<10
Jdjr`a`af 5
Jdjr`a`af ?> Flsjrvo`aðg4 \fljrt If`b euj ug `ajgtè`f ?. pcosho ocjhïg (?2=0-?1?>) quj jstumað hjma`ago y rjocazð <. cèquamf jstumafs sflrj cos agej``afgjs jg cos bjramos, mïgmfsj 0. kosjfsf `ujgto mj quj ockugos jrog `ousomos pfr lo`tjraos. =. sðcamf Bapðtjsas4 Polajgmf jgtfg`js, quj cos lo`tjraos pu -
jmjg `ousor jgejrhjmomjs, jgejrhjmomjs, pjgsð quj ug tapf mj jccos pfmrèo sjr co `ouso mj co jgejrhjmo jgejrhjmom m mj co tuljr`ucfsas, pfr cf quj mj`amað jxpjrahjgtor poro mjhfstrorcf.
Jxpjrahjgto`aðg4 ^oro jccf, fltuvf hujstros mj agag -
mavamufs jgejrhfs, oascð co lo`tjrao y co agf`ucð o oga hocjs jxpjrahjgtocjs, flsjrvogmf quj mjsorrfccolog co jgejrhjmom. @fg`cusaðg4 Mj jsto hogjro `fg`cuyð, `fg losj `ajgtè`ajgtè-
`o, quj co `ouso mj co tuljr`ucfsas jro ugo lo`tjrao ccocco homo lo`acf tuljr`ucfsf ( Hy`flo`tjrauh tuljr`ucfsas ).
Jdjr`a`af ; ?. `fhpujsto <. sahpcj Jdjr`a`af 2 Co hotjrao js tfmf oqujccf quj tajgj hoso y f`upo ug cukor jg jc jspo`af. jspo`af. Co ugamom hïs pjqujÿo pjqujÿo j agmavasagmavas alcj quj efrho co hotjrao sj ccoho ïtfhf . Cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs sfg cos sustog`aos lïsa`os efrhomos pfr ug sfcf tapf mj ïtfhfs y gf sj pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjr jg sustog`aos hïs sahpcjs .
Jdjr`a`af ?? Jstomf
Efrho
Ufcuhjg
Pðcamf
Mjgamo
Mjgamf Cfs ïtfhfs jstïg frmjgomfs y sj hujvjg pf`f. Mjgamf Cfs ïtfhfs sj jg`ujgtrog ockf `jr`ogfs y sj hujvjg calrjcalrjhjgtj. ]fhog jc Cfs ïtfhfs jstïg vfcuhjg huy sjporomfs y mjc rjsj hujvjg agmjagmj`apajgtj pjgmajgtjhjgtj. quj cfs `fgtajgj ]fhog jc Cfs ïtfhfs vfcuhjg pajrmjg mjc rjjcj`trfgjs pfr jc `apajgtj jej`tf mj octos quj cfs tjhpjroturos `fgtajgj y prjsaðg, cfs `uocjs sj hujvjg calrj y rïpamohjgtj, caljrogmf jgjrkèo.
Cèquamf ]fhog co efrho mjc rj`apajgtj quj cfs `fgtajgj Kos]fhog co jfsf efrho mjc rj`apajgtj quj cfs `fgtajgj ^cosho
Agmjgamo
Jdjr`a`af 1 >.
_uèha`o
?. <. 0. =. :. 5. ;. 2.
Kjgjroc Eèsa`o _uèha`o _uèha`o Eèsa`o Kjgjroc Eèsa`o Eèsa`o Kjgjroc Eèsa`o Kjgjroc Eèsa`o
1.
?>. ??. ?<.
<1=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju Ztotcïg
@oro`tjrèsta`os mj sus ïtfhfs
Jdjr`a`af ?< >. Eèsa`f
?. _uèha`f <. Eèsa`f
0. Eèsa`f =. _uèha`f :. _uèha`f
Jdjr`a`af ?0
Jcj`trðg o ` a g ð r t ` j c j j l u G
Gjutrðg
Gô`cjf ^rftðg
Jdjr`a`af ?= ?. pfsaavo (+) <. gjutro (>) 0. gjkotavo (-)
Jdjr`a`af ?1
j-
g
Jdjr`a`af ?: Co tjfrèo otðha`o ma`j quj tfmo co hotjrao jstï `fh pujsto pfr portè`ucos pjqujÿos j agmavasalcjs ccohomos ïtfhfs.
Jdjr`a`af ?5 ?. Hfmjco otðha`f <. Hfmjco lfbr 0. Hfmjcf \utbjefrm =. Hfmjcf Moctfg :. Hfmjcf Pfhhjrejcm 5. hfmjcf ]bfhsfg ;. Hfmjcf mj P`brfmagkjr
p+ Jdjr`a`af <> ?. ogaðg <. @otafgjs4 Oc+0, Go+, @o+< y Ej+< Ogafgjs4 @c- y ^F=-0
Jdjr`a`af ?; Jcjhjgtf quèha`f
Gôhjrf otðha`f (T)
Gôhjrf hïsa`f (O)
Gôhjrf mj prftfgjs
Gôhjrf mj jcj`trfgjs
Gôhjrf mj gjutrfgjs
Gatrðkjgf (G)
;
?=
;
;
;
Ecôfr (E)
1
?1
1
1
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@floctf (@f)
<;
:1
<;
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0. asðtfpfs =. afgazo`aðg :. Jg quj tajgjg jc hashf gôhjrf otðha`f, pjrf hoso maejrjgtj (pfrquj tajgjg maejrjgtj `ogtamom mj gjutrfgjs).
Jdjr`a`af Ïtfhf O 2 prftfgjs 1 gjutrfgjs
Ïtfhf L 2 prftfgjs ?> gjutrfgjs
Ïtfhf @ 1 prftfgjs ?> gjutrfgjs
Jdjr`a`af << Bfrazfgtocjs4
Jdjr`a`af ?2 ?. Jcj`trfgjs <. Gjutrfgjs 0. Gjutrfgjs =. o y l sfg `frrj`tos :. Jcj`trfgjs
?. afgazo`aðg <. ogaðg 0. `otaðg Ujrta`ocjs4
?. asðtfpfs <. aðg
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ @covjs
<1:
Pjhogo 1
Pjhogo ?>
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
¡O trolodor!
Jdjr`a`af ? Pg jstoÿf
^ eðsefrf
Lo loraf
E ôfr
Hg hogkogjsf
Ph sohoraf
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs
A yfmf
[ tugkstjgf
Os orsága`f
Jdjr`a`af ? ]ajgj :.
Jdjr`a`af <
Js jc prag`apaf quj ma`j quj cfs jcj`trfgjs quj sj jg`ujgtrog jg ug hashf frlatoc gf pujmjg sjr akuocjs, y gf pujmjg f`upor jc hashf cukor oc hashf tajhpf.
Jstomf
Gôhjrf otðha`f mjc
@fcfr
jcjhjgtf
Kosjs
?, <, ; o ?>, ?; o ?2, 05, :=, 25
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Cèquamfs
2>, 0:
Ozuc
Pagtá`fs =0, ?>= o ??2, 5?, 10 o ?> ?>0
Ohoraccf
Pðcamfs
@oeá
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¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! Jdjr`a`af < o. Gf. ?. ^frquj jc gô`cjf gf jdjr`j togto eujrzo mj otro``aðg l. Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor, pjrf co amjo `jgtroc jg cfs jcj`trfgjs hïs ocjdomfs (mj cfs ôctahfs gavjcjs js4 pfrquj tfmfs cfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs tajgjg mj jgjrkèo), `fhf cf bo`j `fg cfs jcj`trfgjs jcj`trfgj s quj tajgj hïs `jr`o, quj sfg cfs mj cfs prahjrfs gavjcjs. <. Cfs jcj`trfgjs jg jstomf jx`atomf rjo``afgog hïs eï`achjgtj `fg ftrfs ïtfhfs, `fhf jg jc `osf mj cfs afgjs, quj kogog f pajrmjg jcj`trfgjs murogtj jstos rjo``afgjs. 0. Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor, pjrf co amjo `jgtroc js quj ug gavjc mj jgjrkèo js ugo `opo mfgmj sj satôog cfs jcj`trfgjs, mjpjgmajgmf mj co `ogtamom mj jgjrkèo quj tjgkog.
Jdjr`a`af 0 Jc ïtfhf mj ôfr tajgj 1 jcj`trfgjs.
Gavjc
@ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs
Gavjc ? Gavjc < Gavjc 0
< ;
]ftoc
1
<15
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju Ztotcïg
maejrjgtjs `oro`tjrèsta`os, quj cjs sfg prfpaos9 f pfrquj cfs jcjhjgtfs jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs rjo``afgog mj efrho efrho maejrjgtj, pujs tajgjg mastagtos `oro`tjrèsta`os.
Pjhogo ?? ¡^oro `fhjgzor! ¡O trolodor! Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor mjgtrf mj cos sakuajgtjs fp`afgjs4 pfstucð co jstru`turo mj jcj`trðg-pugtf (Jstru`turo mj Cjwas), jgug`að co rjkco mjc f`tjtf, sj cj otraluyj jc tárhagf –eftðg‘. ]ohlaág pujmjg `fgtjstor ockugo mj cos sakuajgtjs fp`afgjs4 jstumað cfs jcj`trfgjs hïs jxtjrgfs mj cfs ïtfhfs, jstumað cos rjo``afgjs tjrhfmagïha`os, jstumað co efsefrjs`jg`ao, jstumað cfs jgco`js quèha`fs, jstumaf cfs ï`amfs y cos losjs.
Jdjr`a`af 0 Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf
Pèhl Pè hlfc fcf f
Gôhj Gô hjrrf mj Jstru`turo jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao
@cfrf
@c
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P
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Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Jdjr`a`af ? ?. Js co `ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs quj jstïg jg jc gavjc mj jgjrkèo hïs jxtjrgf mj ug ïtfhf.
<. Jc gôhjrf otðha`f mjc fxèkjgf js 2. Agmaquj `uïgtfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao tajgj4 sjas (5)
Jdjr`a`af < Pè, pujs cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao sfg cfs quj jstïg jg jc gavjc mj jgjrkèo hïs jxtjrgf mj ug ïtfhf. @fhf sj jg`ujgtrog cjdogfs oc gô`cjf, tajgjg o rjo``afgor `fg ftrfs ïtfhfs. Jg jc `osf mj cfs afgjs, quj sfg ïtfhfs quj bog kogomf f pjrmamf jcj`trfgjs, sè sfg cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao cfs quj agtjrvajgjg jg su efrho`aðg. Zg `otaðg pajrmj sus jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao oc `jmjrcfs o ftrf ïtfhf, pfr jccf tajgjg `orko pfsatavo. Zg ogaðg kogo cfs jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao mj ftrf ïtfhf, pfr jccf tajgjg `orko gjkotavo .
Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf
Pèhlfcf
Gf. otðha`f
Ljracaf Fxèkjgf Bamrðkjgf
Lj F B
= 2 ?
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao!
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ @covjs
<1;
Pjhogo ?< ¡^oro `fhjgzor! ¡O trolodor! ^ujmjg sjr mfs rjspujstos4 opfrtjs jg jc jstumaf mj co jstolacamom mj jgco`js aðga`fs f pfstucð co tjfrèo mj co jcj`trfvocjg`ao. ]ohlaág pfmrèog rjspfgmjr quj rjocazð jstumafs sflrj cfs ejgðhjgfs jspj`trfs`ðpa`fs mj cfs royfs x y co romao`aðg kohho.
Jdjr`a`af = Okuo4 @fvocjgtj ?. @cfrurf mj hokgjsaf4 Aðga`f <. Maðxamf mj `orlfgf4 @fvocjgtj 0. Hfcá`uco mj fxèkjgf4 @fvocjgtj =. :. Ï`amf `cfrbèmra`f4 @fvocjgtj
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Jdjr`a`af ? Js co eujrzo mj otro``aðg quj jxastj `uogmf sj ugjg mfs f hïs ïtfhfs poro efrhor `rastocjs f hfcá`ucos.
Jdjr`a`af <
Jsqujho Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf Gf. otðha`f Gf. mj jcj`trfgjs Gf. mj jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao @uhpcj `fg co rjkco mjc f`tjtf
@orlfgf
Orkðg
Gjðg
^ftosaf
Pfmaf
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Jdjr`a`af 0 Jg ug jgco`j aðga`f ug ïtfhf mfgo ug jcj`trðg mj vocjg`ao (efrhïgmfsj ug `otaðg `fg `orko pfsatavo)9 o ftrf ïtfhf quj cf rj`alj, pfr cf quj sj efrho ug ogaðg `fg `orko gjkotavo. Ohlfs afgjs sj hogtajgjg dugtfs pfr co otro``aðg jgtrj cos mfs `orkos fpujstos (pfsatavo y gjkotavo). Jg `ohlaf, jg ug jgco`j `fvocjgtj, gf sj kogog ga sj pajrmjg jcj`trfgjs, sagf quj sj `fhportjg jgtrj cfs ïtfhfs.
<12
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju Ztotcïg
Pjhogo ?0
Pjhogo ?=
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
¡^oro `fhjgzor!
¡O trolodor!
¡O trolodor!
Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor, pjrf jstïg rjco`afgomos `fg cfs hjmafs mj trogspfrtj. ^fr jdjhpcf4 ar o trolodor trolodor,, ar oc háma`f, vaodor, jt`.
?.
^fr jc mjsorrfccf mj co tjfrèo mj co rjmu``aðg mj co `opo mj fzfgf o `ouso mj ugos sustog`aos ccohomos `cfrfufrf`orlfgfs `cfrfufrf`orlfgfs (@E@) quj cos agmustraos caljrog o co othðsejro.
<.
Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor, pjrf co amjo `jgtroc js co sakuajgtj4 `fgf`jr quj cfs `cfrfufrf`orlfgfs (@E@) sfg sustog`aos `fgtohagogtjs pujmj `fg`fg traluar oc `uamomf mjc ohlajgtj, yo quj sj pujmjg jstolcj`jr gfrhos y cjyjs poro jvator f rjmu`ar su jhasaðg.
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Jdjr`a`af ? Murogtj cfs `ohlafs eèsa`fs, gf sj octjro co jstru`turo ga `fhpfsa`aðg `fhpfsa`að g mj co hotjrao, hajgtros quj jg cfs quèha`fs sè..
Jdjr`a`af < Mj sègtjsas, mj mjs`fhpfsa`aðg, mj mjspcozohajgtf f sahpcj sustatu`aðg y mj mflcj mjspcozohajgtf f mflcj sustatu`aðg.
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao! ¶_uá su`jmj `fg jc kcflf6 Pj ago, pujs sj ccjgo mj maðxamf mj `orlfgf, quj js ug kos.
¶_uá su`jmj jg co lftjcco6 Pj flsjrvo co rjo``aðg mjc la`orlfgotf `fg jc vagokrj, `fhf ugo jejrvjs`jg` jejrvjs`jg`ao, ao, quj js `uogmf sj jstï efrhogmf jc prfmu`tf mj co rjo``aðg4 maðxamf mj `orlfgf (kos).
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Jdjr`a`af ? Zg `fhpujstf quèha`f jstï efrhomf pfr mfs f hïs jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs. Pu maejrjg`ao js quj ug jcjhjgtf jstï efrhomf pfr ug sfcf tapf mj ïtfhfs, y `fhf ug `fhpujstf js ug `fgdugtf mj mfs f hïs jcjhjgtfs maejrjgtjs, jstï efrhomf pfr mfs f hïs tapfs mj ïtfhfs
maejrjgtjs.
Jdjr`a`af < B
Jdjr`a`af 0 Zg `fhpujstf frkïga`f jstï efrhomf pfr `orlfgf prag`apochjgtj, hajgtros quj jc prag`apochjgtj, jc `fhpfgjgtj `fhpfgjgtj prag`apoc mj cfs `fhpujstfs agfrkïga`fs, js `uocquajr jcjhjgtf maejrjgtj oc `orlfgf.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ @covjs
<11
Pjhogo ?: ¡^oro `fhjgzor!
¡O co `ajg`ao pfr co jxpjrajg`ao!
¡O trolodor!
?.
Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor, pjrf co amjo prag`apoc js quj mjs`ulrað `ðhf cfs ocahjgtfs sj trogsefrhog jg <. ozô`orjs, o trovás mjc hjtolfcashf hjtolfcashf,, quj cujkf jc `ujrpf 0. utacazo `fhf eujgtj mj jgjrkèo. F lajg, pujmj sjr4 mjs`ulrað jc rfc mj ugos sustog`aos ccohomos gu`cjðtamfs jg jc hjtolfcashf mj cfs `orlfbamrotfs. Jstf tajgj ahpfrtog`ao pfrquj bo `fgtraluamf o rjocazor ovog`js =. ahpfrtogtjs jg jc `ohpf mj co hjma`ago.
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Jdjr`a`af ? G< @
hfcá`uco jcjhjgtf
G @0B2
jcjhjgtf hfcá`uco
@B= B
hfcá`uco jcjhjgtf
@F GB=
hfcá`uco hfcá`uco
Jdjr`a`af < Co sogkrj sj `fgsamjro ugo hjz`co pujs, ougquj sj vj `fhf ug cèquamf rfdf ugaefrhj, jstï efrhomo pfr maejrjgtjs `fhpfgjgtjs, pfr jdjhpcf tajgj `ácucos, pcosho y ftros ftros sustog`aos.
Jdjr`a`af 0 ?.
Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor.
Jdjr`a`af = ?.
Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor .
<.
Pahacatum4 ^ujmjg rjspfgmjr ockugo mj cos sakuajgtjs fp`afgjs4 ohlos sfg hjz`cos, tajgjg ugo `fhpfsa`aðg voraolcj, tfmos cos sustog`aos quj cos efrhog `fgsjrvog sus `oro`tjrèsta`os, tfmos cos sustog`aos quj cos efrhog gf sj `fhlagog quèha`ohjgtj.
Maejrjg`ao4 tfmo ugo hjz`co bfhfkágjo sj vj akuoc, gf sj mastagkujg sus `fhpfgjgtjs, su oporajg`ao y `fhpfsa`aðg js ugaefrhj, sfcf efrho ugo eosj. Jg cos hjz`cos bjtjrfkágjos bjtjrfkágjos sè sj mastagkujg sus `fhpfgjgtjs, sj pujmjg flsjrvor voraos eosjs.
0>>
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju Ztotcïg
Pj efrhog efrhog mfs eosjs. Orralo, Orralo, sj vj jc o`jatj y olodf jc okuo. Bjtjrfkágjo. Co postacco jhpjzorï jhpjzorï o bo`jr jejrvjs`jg`ao, jejrvjs`jg`ao, y sj flsjrvorïg lurludos mjc `fcfr mjc `fcfrogtj utacazomf, quj sularïg y lodorïg pfr co hjz`co mj okuo y o`jatj. ]ohlaág pfmrèog js`ralar quj jc okuo, jc `fcfrogtj y co postacco jejrvjs`jgtj efrhog ugo hjz`co bfhfkágjo9 pjrf quj jsto hjz`co y jc o`jatj, efrhog ugo hjz`co bjtjrfkágjo, pujs sj flsjrvog mfs eosjs.
Pjhogo ?5 ¡^oro `fhjgzor!
@fhpujstfs quèha`fs4
¡O trolodor!
Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor jgtrj cos sakuajgtjs4 `orlfbamrotfs, prftjègos, krosos, vatohagos, hagjrocjs, soc, bamrðxamf mj `oc`af, gao`ago (vatohago L0), ufrurf mj sfmaf (GoE), socjs mj `rfhf f ocuhagaf.
Co rjspujsto pujmj voraor jgtrj cos sakuajgtjs fp`afgjs4 pafgjrf mj tj`gfcfkèos cahpaos, laftj`gfcfk laftj`gfcfkèo, èo, vocfr okrjkomf mj cfs sulprfmu`tfs mj co `oÿo mj ozô`or. F lajg, cos sakuajgtjs4 jhpcjf mj `fhpfst `fhf sfpfrtj mj pcokua`amos lafcðka`fs, jstumafs pfst `fsj`bo y Opca`o`aðg mj co quèha`o4 prf`jsohajgtf prf`jsoha jgtf hègahf mj erutos, prf`jsoha prf`jsohajgtf jgtf mjc `oeá, jxtro``aðg mj o`jatj mj `f`f erjs`f, prf`jsohajgtf Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor jgtrj cos sakuajgtjs4 mj sjhacco mj ockfmðg poro prfmu`ar o`jatj y prftjègo, ocahjgto`aðg (eradfc, soc, tfrtacco, ag`oporago), bakajgj (`jpaccorsj cfs majgtjs), vjstahjgto (ugaefrhjs) prfmu``aðg mj vagf y vagokrj o portar mj erutos trfpa`ocjs, pjrsfgoc (`jpaccorsj y `oczomf (zopotfs). (zopotf s). oprfvj`bohajgtf mj mjspjrma`afs sðcamfs, prfmu``aðg mj lafkïs, jgtrj ftros.
Jdjr`a`af :
Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor.
Jc hugmf mj cos `ajg`aos goturocjs Jdjr`a`af ? Ïtfhf î lafhfcá`uco î `ácuco î tjdamfî ðrkogf sastjho î `ujrpf buhogf
î
Jdjr`a`af <
Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor. Ockugos rjspujstos pfmrèog sjr4 utacazogmf rjspfgsolcjh rjspfgsolcjhjgtj jgtj cos sustog`aos quèha`os, usïgmfcos `fg hfmjro`aðg, gf utacazogmf (jg su cukor, utacazor sustog`aos ohakolcjs `fg jc hjmaf ohlajgtj), jgtrj ftros.
Jdjr`a`af 5 Zsf mj popjc rj`a`comf.
os rjspujstos pujmjg voraor, pjrf co amjo `jgtroc js quj tfmfs cfs prf`jsfs vatocjs mjc `ujrpf sfg f tajgjg quj vjr `fg rjo``afgjs quèha`os (hjtolfcashf). Kro`aos o cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os pfmjhfs vavar. Kro`aos o cos rjo``afgjs quèha`os gujstrf `ujrpf eug`afgo.
Jdjr`a`af 0 Jcjhjgtfs4 Cos rjspujstos pujmjg sjr cos sakuajgtjs4 bamrðkjgf (B), fxèkjgf (F), sfmaf (Go), pftosaf (I), sjcjgaf (P), ozuerj (P).
@fhpujstfs4 Cos rjspujstos pujmjg sjr cos sakuajgtjs4 okuo (B
\jo``aðg quèha`o4 sopfga`o`aðg.
Jdjr`a`af = Afgjs4 @otaðg mj sfmaf (Go + ) y ogaðg mj `cfrf (@c )
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ @covjs
0>?
Pjhogo ?; Jdjr`a`af ?
Jdjr`a`af =
?. Pfg cos rjkafgjs mj cfs ïtfhfs mfgmj js hïs pfsalcj jg`fgtror o cfs jcj`trfgjs, quj karog ocrjmjmfr mjc gô`cjf.
?.
<. Pajtj
Cos sakuajgtjs sfg `oro`tjrèsta`os mj ug jcjhjgtf quèha`f, jx`jptf4 o. Jstïg efrhomfs pfr ug sfcf tapf mj mj ïtfhfs
0. s, p, m y e.
l. Pj pujmjg pujmjg mjs`fhpfgjr mjs`fhpfgjr jg sustog`aos sustog`aos hïs hïs sahpcjs
=. Cfs ïtfhfs quj tajgjg tfmfs sus jcj`trfgjs jg cfs
`. Pfg sustog`aos sustog`aos lïsa`os lïsa`os
gavjcjs hïs lodfs mj jgjrkèo sj ma`j quj jstïg jg jstomf losoc. ^jrf `uogmf cfs jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf soctog mj ug gavjc o ftrf, caljrogmf jgjrkèo, sj ma`j quj jstïg jg jstomf jx`atomf.
m. Pj rjprjsjgto o trovás mj ug sèhlfcf <. Pfg jdjhpcfs mj jcjhjgtfs quèha`fs, quèha`fs, jx`jptf4 jx`jptf4 o. Gatrðkjgf
Jdjr`a`af <
l. @oc`af `. Maðxamf mj `orlfgf m. ^ftosaf 0. Co sakuajgtj sakuajgtj `frrjspfgmj `frrjspfgmj o co mjga`aðg mj gôhjrf otðha`f4 o. @ogtamom mj gjutrfgjs mj ug ïtfhf l. @ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf `. @ogtamom mj prftfgjs y jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf m. @ogtamom mj gjutrfgjs gjutrfgjs y jcj`trfgjs mj ug ïtfhf
Jdjr`a`af 0 Jcjhjgtf
@ogtamom mj jcj`trfgjs Gavjc Gavjc Gavjc ? < 0
@oc`af Ecôfr Ljracaf Pfmaf
0><
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju Ztotcïg
< < < <
2 ; < 2
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]ftoc mj jcj`trfgjs
<> 1 = ??
Jdjr`a`af : Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor.
Jdjr`a`af 5 Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf
Pèhlfcf
@orlfgf Boegaf Qfmf Gjðg Bamrðkjgf
@ Be A Gj B
Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf
Ozuerj Uogomaf @floctf Bajrrf ^ftosaf
Pèhlfcf
P U @f Ej I
Jdjr`a`af ; o. ¶ Bjcaf. ^fmrèo sjr ockugo mj cos sakuajgtjs4 js jc sjkugmf hïs cakjrf mjc Zgavjrsf, tajgj jc hjgfr pugtf mj jlucca`aðg mj tfmfs cfs kosjs, sðcf pujmj posor o jstomf sðcamf sa sj cj opca`o ugo krog prjsaðg. l.
`.
@fhf jgeraomfr mj maejrjgtjs hotjraocjs.
m.
Bj
Jdjr`a`af 2 Jsqujho
Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf
Gf. mj jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao
Ozuerj
5
Ljracaf
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Bamrðkjgf
?
Eðsefrf
:
Hokgjsaf
<
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ @covjs
0>0
Jdjr`a`af 1
Pèhlfcf mjc jcjhjgtf
Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf
Gf. mj jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao
A
Qfmf
;
@c
@cfrf
;
Oc
Ocuhagaf
0
Go
Pfmaf
?
E
Ecôfr
;
@
@orlfgf
=
Jdjr`a`af ?> ?. Jg jc `osf mjc Bjcaf, quj sðcf tajgj mfs jcj`trfgjs, f`upog jc prahjr frlatoc, oc quj sfcf cj `oljg mfs jcj`trfgjs `fhf hïxahf. Jg jc `osf mjc Gjðg, quj tajgj majz ïtfhfs, jc prahjr gavjc tajgj < jcj`trfgjs (quj js su `opo`amom hïxaho) y jc sjkugmf 2 (quj js su `opo`amom hïxaho). <. Gf, pujs cfs jcj`trfgjs jcj`trfgjs mj sus frlatocjs sj jg`ujgtrog jg`ujgtrog –`olocjs‘ y pfr cf togtf cj lragmog jstolacamom oc ïtfhf. ^fr jc `fgtroraf, cfs ïtfhfs quj tajgjg jcj`trfgjs mj vocjg`ao, pfr cf quj sus frlatocjs gf jstïg `olocjs, tajgmjg o rjo``afgor eï`achjgtj `fg ftrfs ïtfhfs.
0>=
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju Ztotcïg
Jstru`turo mj Cjwas
Jdjr`a`af ?? ?. @fvocjgtj. <. Aðga`f
Jdjr`a`af ?<
Jsqujho
Gfhlrj mjc jcjhjgtf Gf. otðha`f Gf. mj jcj`trfgjs Gf. mj jcj`trfgjs mj vovocjg`ao @uhpcj `fg co rjkco mjc f`tjtf (sa-gf)
Ljracaf
Gjðg
Fxèkjgf
Paca`af
Hokgjsaf
= =
?> ?>
2 2
?= ?=
?< ?<
<
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5
=
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sè
gf
gf
gf
Jdjr`a`af ?0 Pfmaf
`cfrf
`cfrurf mj sfmaf
Jdjr`a`af ?=
@uogmf sj ugj ug ïtfhf mj sfmaf y ug ïtfhf mj `cfrf, efrhog ug `fh`fh pujstf ccohomf `cfrurf mj sfmaf. Jc okuo js ug `fhpujstf quj pujmj mavamarsj jg ïtfhfs mj bamrðkjgf y mj fxèkjgf. Zg ïtfhf mj bajrrf sj pujmj ugar oc `fhpujstf suceotf mj `flrj, poro efrefrhor suceotf mj bajrrf y ug ïtfhf mj `flrj. Jc `fhpujstf gatrotf mj pcoto sj ugj oc `fhpujstf `cfrurf mj sfmaf, poro efrefrhor cfs `fhpujstfs `cfrurf mj pcoto y gatrotf mj sfmaf.
Go + @c î Go@c
\jo``aðg mj sègtjsas
(O + L î OL)
(OL î O + L) Ej + @uPF= î EjPF=+ @u
(O + L@ î O@ + L) OkGF0 +Go@c î Ok@c + GoGF0
\jo``aðg mj mjs`fhpfsa`aðg \jo``aðg mj mjspcozohajgtf f sahpcj sustatu`aðg \jo``aðg mj mflcj mjspcozohajgtf f mflcj sustatu`aðg
(OL + @M î OM + L@)
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ @covjs
0>:
Jdjr`a`af ?1
Jdjr`a`af ?:
o. B
IFB
l. okuo
@F<
Jdjr`a`af ?5
B< \jo``aðg quèha`o
\jo``aðg quèha`o4 rjo`tavf + rjo`tavf
@B0 prfmu`tf/s
@c
Eo`tfrjs quj oej`tog co vjcf`amom mj ugo rjo``aðg
Goturocjzo f `oro`tjrèsta`oro`tjrèsta`os mj cfs rjo`tavfs
]jhpjroturo
I
Kromf mj mavasaðg mj cfs rjo`tavfs
l. @fhpujstf @fhp ujstfss frkï frkïga`fs ga`fs @fhp @fhpujstf ujstfss agfr agfrkïga` kïga`fs fs
@fg`jgtro`aðg mj cfs rjo`tavfs
@fhpujstfs lagorafs
Jgmftárha`o Jxftárha`o Jxftárha`o
Jgmftárha`o
Jdjr`a`af ?2
@F<, @B0, B
mfs
f
hïs
jcjhjgtfs
maejrjgtjs.
l. Cfs `fhpujstfs frkïga`fs sfg ug tapf mj `fhpujstfs
@o@F0, B
@fhpujstfs `uotjrgorafs
I
Pè. ]fmf gujstrf `ujrpf jstï efrhomf pfr jjhjgtfs f `fhpujstfs.
Jdjr`a`af
efrhomfs pfr `orlfgf `orlfg f o trovás mj jgco`js `fvocjgtjs `orlfgf-`orlfgf y/f `orlfgf-bamrðkjgf. Cfs `fhpujstfs agfrkïga`fs sfg oqujccfs `fhpujstfs `uyf `fhpfgjgtj prag`apoc js `uocquajr jcjhjgtf maejrjgtj oc `orlfgf.
o. Bfhfkágjo
`. ^oro mor ug sfcf gfhlrj y js`ralar ugo sfco eðrhuco
m. Bjtjrfkágjo
o `omo `fhpujstf quèha`f jxastjgtj.
0>5
@fhpujstfs tjrgorafs
Jdjr`a`af <>
o. Cfs `fhpujstfs quèha`fs sfg sustog`aos efrpfr
B
`.
Jdjr`a`af ?;
homos
@F<, @B0, @o@F0
@otocazomfrjs
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju Ztotcïg
l. Bjtjrfkágjo `. Bfhfkágjo
Jdjr`a`af <<
Gfhlrj mj co sustog`ao
Eðrhuco
La`orlfgotf mj sfmaf (la`orlfgotf) ^coto ^jrðxamf mj bamrðkjgf (okuo fxakjgomo) Okuo Bajrrf @cfrurf mj sfmaf (soc mj hjso) Kcu`fso (ozô`or) Hfcá`uco mj fxèkjgf Oc`fbfc jtèca`f (oc`fbfc) Frf
GoB@F0 Ok B
Jcjhjgtf
@fhpujstf
x x x x x x x x x x
Jdjr`a`af <0 Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor.
Jdjr`a`af <= ]fmfs.
Jdjr`a`af <:
R R R R R
Pogkrj @oljccf Bujsfs Hôs`ucfs Pocavo
R R R R R
Lrozf Zÿos @oljzo ^ aj s Frago
Jdjr`a`af <5 o. Lafhfcá`uco4 Cos lafhfcá`ucos sfg cfs `fhpujstfs quèha`fs prjsjgtjs jg cfs sjrjs vavfs y efrhog portj mj cos `ácucos, quj o su vjz `fgstatuyjg tjdamfs, ðrkogfs y gochjgtj, sastjhos.
l. Hjtolfcashf4 @fgdugtf mj rjo``afgjs quèha`os quj f`urrjg jg jc `ujrpf.
Jdjr`a`af <; Cos rjspujstos pujmjg voraor. ^fr jdjhpcf, bo`jr usf rjspfgsolcj mj cfs prfmu`tfs quèha`fs, utacazor ftros fp`afgjs quj gf sjog moÿagos, jt`.
@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ @covjs
0>;
Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhportar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
0>2
AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju Ztotcïg
Lalcafkroeèo Lurgs, \. (?115). Eugmohjgtfs mj quèha`o. Háxa`f4 ^rjgta`j-Bocc Baspogfohjra`ogo, P.O. @oloccjrfs, K. (<>>1). Jc hugmf mj co quèha`o. Kuotjhoco4 Jmatfro mj ]jxtfs, ]jxtfs, P.O. AKJ\. (<>?0). @ajg`aos goturocjs 2, ?0). _uèha`o A. :tf lo`baccjrotf, Krupf ]o`ogï, prahjr sjhjstrj. Kuotjhoco4 Agstatutf Kuotjhoctj`f mj Jmu`o`aðg \omafeðga`o.
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@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Lalcafkroeèo
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju
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@ajg`aos Goturocjs ∜ Lalcafkroeèo
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Gftos4 Js`ralo oquè sus agquajtumjs, mjs`ulrahajgtfs f mumos poro `fhpor tar jg jc `èr`ucf mj jstumaf.
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AKJ\ ∜ To`ucju