Local Government Code Reviewer

Law on Local Government

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Lambda Epsilon Xi – DVOREF College of Law

LAW ON LOCAL GOVERNMENT Introduction A. Constitution Constitutional al Basis -- Article Article X, 1987 Constitu Constitution tion B. Innovations Innovations in the the law on local local governments governments introduced introduced b the the !ocal "overnment Code o# 1991 (1) Devolution Devolution of basic services (e.g. (e.g. health, health, environment, environment, etc.) to LGUs; (2) Increase of financial financial resources resources available to LGUs; LGUs; (3) Devolution Devolution of resonsibilit! resonsibilit! for enforcement enforcement of certain certain regulator! regulator! o"ers (e.g. (e.g. reclassification reclassification of agricultural agricultural lan#s); ($) Legal infrastructure infrastructure for for articiation articiation of %G&s %G&s an# '&s '&s in the rocess of of governance

C. $##ecti $##ectivi vit t % !"C &ecs. &ecs. '(d), '(d), '*+ var#one v. &*L +ecretar! of ealth v. -

Book I: General Provisions I !asic "rinciples 1. he Code% Code% olic olic and Alicati lication on (1) !ocal government, decentrali/ation, decentrali/ati on, autonom

Local a#tonom$% power of LGUs to decide for themselves on certain matters without need for clearance or approval by the national government

Decentrali&ation% devolution of national administration (not power) from the national government to the LGUs

Deconcentration%ow of autonomy from the national government towards regional agencies

Devol#tion% power and

act by which the national government confers authority upon the various LGUs to perform specic functions and responsibilities ( LGC Sec. 17) 17 ) the transfer of power and authority from the National Government to LGUs to enable them to perform perform specic functions and responsibilities ( Art. ( Art. 24, IRR of the LGC) LGC)

Di'erentiate decentrali&ation of administration from decentrali&ation of power Decentralization Decentralization of Administration Administration

Decentralization Decentralization of Power

Delegation b! the central

-b#ication of olitical o"er in


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government of a#ministrative a#ministrative o"ers to olitical sub#ivisions in or#er to broa#en the base of government governme nt o"er. (Limbona v. Mangelin) Mangelin)

favor of LGUs #eclare# to be autonomous. In this case, the autonomous government is free to chart its o"n #estin! an# shae its future "ith minimum intervention from central authorities. (Limbona (Limbona v. Mangelin) Mangelin)

Local government units

-utonomous regions

(0) Consultations !"C &ec. 0(c)%

It is li/e"ise the olic! of the +tate to re0uire all national agencies an# offices to con#uct erio#ic consultations "ith aroriate LGUs, %G&s an# '&s, an# other concerne# sectors of the communit! before an! roect or rogram is imlemente# in their resective uris#ictions.

!"C &ec. 0+%

Duty of National Government Agencies in the Maintenance of Ecological alance. It shall be the #ut! of ever! national agenc! or G& authorie# or involve# in the lanning an# imlementation of an! roect or rogram that ma! cause     

ollution; climatic change; #eletion of non4rene"able resources; loss of cro lan#, rangelan#, or forest cover; an# e5tinction of animal or lant secies

to consult "ith the LGUs, %G&s, an# other sectors concerne# an# e5lain  



!"C &ec. 07%

the goals an# obectives of the roect or rogram; its imact uon the eole an# the communit! in terms of environmental or ecological balance; an# the measures that "ill be un#erta/en to revent or minimie the a#verse effects thereof.

%o roect or rogram shall be imlemente# b! government authorities unless (1) the consultation consultations s mentione# mentione# above are comlie# "ith; an# (2) rior aroval aroval of the sanggunian sanggunian concerne# concerne# is obtaine#.

Note! "ccu#ants in areas where such #ro$ects are to be im#lemented shall not be evicted unless a##ro#riate relocation sites have been #rovided% #rovided% in accordance accordance with the the &onstitution. &onstitution.

Commen Comment t

!emor !emorand andum um Circ Circula ularr No" #$ #$ (%&&') (%&&') pro provid vides es that that all all oces and employees of national government agencies and oces including GCCs must strictly comply with the LGC provisions on consultation" *owever+ there are are no penalties for such breach" ,uestion is what are the


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remedies of the LGC if the consultation re-uirements are not complied with. (*) &coe o# alication 6he LG shall al! to all rovinces, cities, municialities, baranga!s, an# other olitical sub#ivisions as ma! be create# b! la", an#, to the e5tent herein rovi#e#, to officials, offices, or agencies of the national government. (LG& 'ec. () () 2erger o# administrative regions 



-#ministrative regions are mere grouings of contiguous rovinces for a#ministrative uroses, not for olitical reresentation. ( &hiongbian v. "rbos) 7hile the o"er to merge a#ministrative regions is not e5ressl! rovi#e# for in the onstitution, it is a o"er "hich has tra#itionall! been lo#ge# "ith the 'resi#ent to facilitate the e5ercise of the o"er of general suervision of local governments. ( Abbas v. &"MELE& )

(') 3ules o# interretation Provision on power of LGU:

Liberall! interrete# in its favor. In case of #oubt, an! 0uestion thereon shall be resolve# in favor of #evolution of o"ers an# of the LGU. -n! fair an# reasonable #oubt as to the e5istence of the o"er shall be interrete# in favor of the LGU concerne#.

Tax ordinance / revenue measure: onstrue# strictl! against the enacting LGU, an# liberall! in favor of the ta5a!er. Tax exemption, incentive, onstrue# strictl! against the erson relief granted pursuant to LGC: claiming it. General welfare provisions:

Liberall! interrete# to give more o"er to LGUs in accelerating economic #eveloment an# ugra#ing the 0ualit! of life for eole in the communit!.

Where there is a controvers arising under the LGC and there is no applica!le legal provision or "urisprudence:

ustoms an# tra#itions in the lace "here the controvers! ta/es lace ma! be resorte# to.

0. "eneral ower and Attributes (1) Creation o# !"4s

()o ma$ create* divide* merge* abolis)* or s#bstantiall$ alter bo#ndaries of LG+s, ongress +angguniang 'anglungso# or 'anlala"igan

 rovince, cit! or municialit!  baranga!8 8Note! )ecommendation of sangguniang bayan is necessary . (LG 39:)


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In both instances, there must be a lebiscite calle# for the urose in the olitical unit or units #irectl! affecte#.  *his is to #revent gerrmandering +i.e.% the #ractice of creating legislative districts to favor a #articular candidate or #arty, and the creation or abolition of units for #urely #olitical #ur#oses.<

87here a lebiscite "as hel# "ith its rincial subect being the conversion of the municialit! of *an#alu!ong into a highl!4urbanie# cit! an# the matter of searate #istrict reresentation being merel! ancillar! thereto, the +ureme ourt hel# that the e5clusion of the inhabitants of +an =uan ( who belonged to the same congressional district as Mandaluyong ) from the lebiscite "as roer. (*obias v. Abalos)

Notes •

•

•

In the creation of baranga!s, there is no minimum re0uirement for area an# income. >ut for all the other LGU?s, there are stan#ar#s rescribe#. 6he creation of LGU?s is a urel! legislative act. &7@A, LGU?s create# b! the e5ecutive shall continue to e5ist b! virtue of LG $$2 (#). ( cf. Munici#ality of 'an Narciso v. Mendez ) 7hen the in0uir! is focuse# on the legal e5istence of a bo#! olitic, the action is reserve# to the +tate in a rocee#ing for -uo warranto or an! other #irect rocee#ing. It must be brought in the name of the Aeublic of the 'hiliines an# commence# b! the +ol4Gen or the fiscal "hen #irecte# b! the 'resi#ent of the 'hiliines, an# it must be timel! raise#. ( Munici#ality of 'an Narciso v. Mendez )

Can a statute lend color of validit to an attempted organi#ation of a municipalit despite the fact that such statute is su!se$uentl declared unconstitutional% In the absence of another vali# statute to give color of authorit! to its creation, the organiation of the municialit! un#er such unconstitutional statute is invali#, an# the municialit! cannot be consi#ere# as a de facto cororation. In the case of Munici#ality of Malabang v. enito , the +ureme ourt hel# that & 39B (creating the municialit! of >alabagan out of the barrios C sitios of *alabang, Lanao #el +ur) "as unconstitutional. 6he mere fact that >alabagan "as organie# at a time "hen the statute ha# not been invali#ate# coul# not ma/e it a de facto cororation, as, in#een#entl! of the alicable -#ministrative o#e rovisions, there "as no other vali# statute to give color of authorit! to its creation. o"ever, even though the municialit! of >alabagan coul# not be consi#ere# a de facto cororation, this #i# not mean that the acts #one b! it in the e5ercise of its cororate o"er "ere a nullit!. 6he ourt ointe# out that the e5istence of & 39B "as an oerative fact "hich coul# not ustl! be ignore#. 6hus, the invali#ation of the & "oul# not unsettle the acts #one in reliance of the vali#it! of the creation of the municialit!. (0) olitical and cororate nature o# !"45s

Di'erentiate t)e political nat#re and corporate nat#re of LG+s P"L*&AL / G"0E)NMEN*AL +ec. 1:, LG

'olitical sub#ivision of national government

&")P")A*E / M1N&PAL ororate entit! reresenting inhabitants of its territor!


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Li#asan v. &*L

Instrumentalit! of the +tate in carr!ing out the functions of government

-genc! of communit! in a#ministration of local affairs

6orio v. ontanilla

-#ministering o"ers of the state, an# romotion of the ublic "elfare

5ercising o"ers for the secial benefit an# a#vantage of the communit!

Liabilit! of LGU to 3 r# ersons

LGU cannot be hel# liable

an be hel# liable e3 contractu or e3 delicto

N"*E! *his must be related to Art. 2( of the Local Government &ode. Liabilit! of LGU?s agents F officers

E3ce#tions (1) If statute rovi#es other"ise; (2) % 219E

%o liabilit! rovi#e# that #uties "ere erforme# honestl! an# in goo# faith, an# the! #i# not act "antonl! or maliciousl! (*orio v. 4ontanilla)

)es#ondeat su#erior

E-amples of governmental activities%    

Aegulations against fire, #isease; 'reservation of ublic eace; *aintenance of municial risons; stablishment of schools, ost4offices, etc. (*orio v. 4ontanilla% citing Mendoza v. de Leon )

E-amples of proprietar$ . corporate activities%          

*unicial "ater"or/s; +laughterhouses; *ar/ets; +tables; >athing establishments; 7harves; erries; isheries; *aintenance of ar/s, golf courses, cemeteries, airorts (*orio v. 4ontanilla% citing Mendoza v. de Leon ) ol#ing of a to"n fiesta (*orio v. 4ontanilla)

Notes 

'ublic mar/ets are subect to the LGU?s suervision an# control. 6heir closure or conversion into rivate mar/ets must follo" the roce#ures lai# #o"n b! la". 6hus, "here the o"er to establish an# maintain ublic mar/ets is grante# to the *unicial >oar#, the local chief e5ecutive cannot unilaterall! "ith#ra" it from use as a ublic mar/et "ithout the aroval of the >oar#. ( &ruz v. &A)

(*) "eneral 6el#are

()at powers do LG+s )ave #nder t)e general welfare cla#se of t)e LGC, (1) 'o"ers e5ressl! grante# to the LGU; (2) 6hose o"ers necessaril! imlie# therefrom; (3) 'o"ers necessar!, aroriate, or inci#ental for its efficient an# effective governance; an#


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($) 6hose o"ers "hich are essential to the romotion of the general "elfare. (LG +ec. 1B)

()at d#ties do LG+s )ave #nder t)e general welfare cla#se, 7ithin their resective territorial uris#ictions, LGUs shall ensure an# suort, among other things         

'reservation an# enrichment of culture; 'romotion of health an# safet!; nhancement of the right of the eole to a balance# ecolog!; Develoment of aroriate an# self4reliant scientific an# technological caabilities; Imrovement of ublic morals; nhancement of economic roserit! an# social ustice; 'romotion of full emlo!ment among their resi#ents; *aintenance of eace an# or#er; an# 'reservation of the comfort an# convenience of their inhabitants.

()at are t)e / branc)es of t)e general welfare cla#se, (1) 6hose or#inances F resolutions necessar! to carr! into effect an# #ischarge o"ers an# #uties conferre# uon the municial council b! la"; an# (2) 6hose or#inances F resolutions necessar! an# roer to rovi#e for the health an# safet!, romote the roserit!, imrove the morals, eace, goo# or#er, comfort, an# convenience of the municialit! an# the inhabitants thereof, an# for the rotection of roert! therein. (1.'. v. 'alaveria)

Ordinances . acts deemed #ltra vires and void% 

-n or#inance imosing a ca#aver transfer fee "hich is a!able "henever a ca#aver, reviousl! interre# in a burial lace, is remove# therefrom for transfer to a rivate cemeter! in aloocan it!, an# "hich is #istinct from the burial fee (0iray v. &ity of &aloocan )



-n or#inance re0uiring entities selling a#mission tic/ets to movies, ublic e5hibitions, games, contests, or other erformances to charge onl! half4rice for chil#ren bet"een 412 !ears ol# ( alacuit v. &4 of Agusan del Norte )



Leasing of ublic laa to ven#ors ( 0illanueva v. &astaneda)

Ordinances . acts deemed valid #nder t)e general welfare cla#se% 

- municial or#inance rescribing the onification an# classification of merchan#ise an# foo#stuff sol# in the ublic mar/et ( Ebona v. Munici#ality of Daet )



- roclamation reserving certain arcels of the ublic #omain situate# in *alabon for street "i#ening an# ar/ing sace uroses ( )e#ublic v. Gonzales)



-n or#inance rohibiting the la!ing of games such as #anguingue% o/er % #aris5#aris (an# other games of chance) on #a!s not +un#a!s or legal holi#a!s (1.'. v. 'alaveria)



on#emnation an# #emolition of buil#ings foun# to be in a #angerous or ruinous con#ition "ithin the authorit! rovi#e# for b! municial or#inances (&hua 6uat v. &A)


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Lambda Epsilon Xi – DVOREF College of Law 

- resolution confirming F ratif!ing a >urial -ssistance 'rogram e5ten#ing financial assistance to bereave# families ( inay v. Domingo)



- oning or#inance "hich #eclares an area as a commercial one an# regulates the location of funeral homes therein ( Patalinghug v. &A)

Notes 

6o constitute ublic use, the ublic in general shoul# have e0ual or common rights to use the lan# or facilit! involve# on the same terms, ho"ever limite# in number the eole "ho can actuall! themselves of it at a given time. ( )e#ublic v. Gonzales% citing various cases)



6he number of users is not the !ar#stic/ in #etermining "hether roert! is roerl! reserve# for ublic use or ublic benefit. ( )e#ublic v. Gonzales,

0batement of n#isances Comment

/ecs" 001 and 0#2 of the LGC grant the /angguniang 3ayan and /angguniang 4anlungsod+ respectively+ the power to 5declare+ prevent or abate any nuisance"6 7he provisions of the Code do not ma8e a distinction between nuisance per se and nuisance per accidens+ thus creating a presumption that LGUs can abate all 8inds of nuisances without need of a 9udicial order" *owever+ the 9urisprudence holds that LGUs can abate e:tra9udicially only nuisances per se" *ow should this discrepancy be reconciled.

Study carefully the followin!    

7he Civil Code provisions regarding nuisances; 7echnology ?evelopers+ @nc" v" C> (parts % A $) Laguna La8e ?evelopment >uthority v" C>

() Basic &ervices and acilities

()at are t)e basic services and facilities w)ic) LG+s m#st provide to t)eir constit#ents, &'(')G'*

M1N&PAL*7

P)"0N&E

&*7

-griculture an# fisher! e5tension an# on4site research services an# facilities

-gricultural e5tension an# on4site research services an# facilities; organiation of farmers an# fishermen?s cooeratives

+ee municialit! an# rovince

ealth services

+ame; health centers an# clinics

ealth services, inclu#ing hositals an# tertiar! health services


+ocial "elfare services

+ame

+ame, inclu#ing rebel returnees an# evacuees, relief oerations, oulation #ev?t services


General h!giene an# sanitation

+ame


+oli# "aste collection

+oli# "aste #isosal s!stem or


-gricultural suort services


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Lambda Epsilon Xi – DVOREF College of Law environmental management s!stem Hatarungang ambaranga!

%-

*aintenance of roa#s, bri#ges an# "ater sul! s!stems

Aoa#s, bri#ges, communal irrigation, artesian "ells, #rainage, floo# control

Infrastructure facilities (e.g. laa multi4urose hall)

*unicial buil#ings, cultural centers, ublic ar/s

Information an# rea#ing center

Information services, ta5 an# mar/eting information s!stems, an# ublic librar!

+atellite or ublic mar/et

'ublic mar/ets, slaughterhouses Imlementation of communit!4base# forestr! roects

+ee municialit! an# rovince +imilar to those for municialit!



Ugra#ing an# mo#erniation of ta5 information an# collection services


+ee municialit! an# rovince nforcement of forestr! la"s, limite# to communit!4base# forestr! roects, ollution control la", small4scale mining la", mini4h!#roelectric roects for local uroses


+chool buil#ings


'ublic cemeter!


6ourism facilities

'olice, fire stations, ail

6ourism #eveloment an# romotion rograms


+ame


In#ustrial research an# #eveloment services


Lo"4cost housing an# other mass #"ellings


Investment suort services


Inter4municial telecommunication services

-#e0uate communication an# transortation facilities

1ow s)all t)ese basic services and facilities be f#nded, rom the share of LGUs in the rocee#s of national ta5es an# other local revenues an# fun#ing suort from the national government, its instrumentalities an# G&s "hich are tas/e# b! la" to establish an# maintain such services or facilities. (LG& 'ec. 89 +g,, (') ower to "enerate 3evenue

()at are t)e powers granted to LG+s #nder 2ec 34 of t)e LGC,


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Un#er this rovision, LGUs have the o"er an# authorit! to (1) establish an organiation that shall be resonsible for the efficient an# effective imlementation of their #eveloment lans, rogram obectives an# riorities; (2) create their o"n sources of revenue an# to lev! ta5es, fees, an# charges "hich shall accrue e5clusivel! for their use an# #isosition an# "hich shall be retaine# b! them; (3) have a ust share in national ta5es "hich shall be automaticall! an# #irectl! release# to them "ithout nee# of an! further action; ($) have an e0uitable share in the rocee#s from the utiliation an# #eveloment of the national "ealth an# resources "ithin their resective territorial uris#ictions inclu#ing sharing the same "ith the inhabitants b! "a! of #irect benefits; (:) ac0uire, #evelo, lease, encumber, alienate, or other"ise #isose of real or ersonal roert! hel# b! them in their rorietar! caacit! an# to al! their resources an# assets for ro#uctive, #evelomental, or "elfare uroses, in the e5ercise or furtherance of their governmental or rorietar! o"ers an# functions an# thereb! ensure their #eveloment into self4reliant communities an# active articiants in the attainment of national goals. (+) $minent omain

()at are t)e re5#isites for t)e e-ercise of eminent domain b$ LG+s, (1) 5ercise# b! the chief e5ecutive; (2) 'ursuant to an or#inance; (3) or ublic use, or urose, or "elfare for the benefit of the oor an# the lan#less; ($) Uon a!ment of ust comensation (base# on the fair mar/et value at the time of the ta/ing, not at the time of a!ment); (:) @ali# an# #efinite offer ha# reviousl! been ma#e to the o"ner, an# such offer "as not accete#. (LG +ec. 1E) (7) 3eclassi#ication o# lands

()at are t)e re5#isites for valid reclassi6cation of lands b$ LG+s, (1) 6he LGU must be either a cit! or municialit!; (2) 'ublic hearings are con#ucte# for the urose; (3) 6he sanggunian asses an or#inance authoriing the reclassification of agricultural lan#s an# rovi#es for the manner of their utiliation an# #isosition; ($) 6he urose for reclassification is either (a) 6he lan# has cease# to be economicall! feasible an# soun# for agricultural uroses as #etermine# b! the D-; or (b) 6he lan# shall have substantiall! greater economic value for resi#ential, commercial, or in#ustrial uroses, as #etermine# b! the sanggunian concerne#. (:) 6he reclassification #oes not e5cee# the follo"ing limits at the time of the assage of the or#inance 6ighly urbanized and inde#endent com#onent cities!

1: of total agricultural lan# area


10


&om#onent cities% 8st to :rd class munici#alities!

1J

(th to ; th class munici#alities!

:

E3ce#tion 7hen the LGU is authorie# b! the 'resi#ent "hen ublic interest so re0uires an# uon recommen#ation of the %D-. (B) omliance "ith the re0uirements of national government agencies 

omrehensive Lan# Use 'lan arove# b! the LUA> (in the case of rovinces, highl! urbanie# cities, in#een#ent comonent cities an# the cities an# municialities of *.*.) or the +angguniang 'anlala"igan (in the case of comonent cities an# municialities);



ertification from the local LUA> secif!ing the total area of one# agricultural lan#s in the LGU concerne# base# on the arove# omrehensive Lan# Use 'lan or Koning &r#inance rior to the alication for conversion;



ertification from the %ational Irrigation -#ministration that the area to be reclassifie# is not covere# un#er 'res. -.&. 2J, series of 1EE2;



ertification from the D-A in#icating that such lan#s are not #istribute# or covere# b! a %otice of @aluation un#er -A'; an#



ertification from D%A that the area alie# for reclassification has been classifie# as alienable an# #isosable, an# is not nee#e# for forestr! uroses in case the area alie# for falls "ithin ublic lan#s. (-& 3B3, +ec. 1> (:))

Di'erentiate reclassi6cation* land #se conversion* and &oning

Definition

)eclassification

Land 1se &onversion

-ct of secif!ing ho" agricultural lan# shall be utilie# for non4 agricultural uses such as resi#ential, in#ustrial, commercial as embo4 #ie# in the lan# use lan subect to the re0uire4 ments an# roce#ure for conversion. It also inclu#es the reversion of non4agricultural lan#s to agricultural use. (=oint LUA>, D-A, D-, DILG *emo4ircular, s. 1EE:)

-ct or rocess of changing the current use of a iece of agricultural lan# into some other use (+ec. 2, -& 3B3)

Delineation of a cit! F municialit! into functional ones "here onl! secifie# lan# uses are allo"e#. It #irects an# regulates the use of all lan#s in the communit! in accor#ance "ith an arove# or a#ote# lan# use lan for the cit! F municialit!.

'ocialized housing! refers to housing rograms an# roects covering houses an# lots or homelots onl! un#erta/en b! the government or the rivate sector for the un#errivilege# an# homeless citiens "hich shall inclu#e sites an# services #eveloments, long4term financing, liberalie# terms on interest a!ments, an# such other benefits in accor#ance "ith A- 2E.

()at are t)e priorities in t)e ac5#isition of lands for sociali&ed )o#sing,


11


(1) 6hose o"ne# b! the Government or an! of its sub#ivisions, instrumentalities, or agencies, inclu#ing G&s an# their subsi#iaries; (2) -lienable lan#s of the ublic #omain; (3) Unregistere# or aban#one# an# i#le lan#s; ($) 6hose "ithin the #eclare# -reas for 'riorit! Develoment, Konal imrovement sites, an# +lum Imrovement an# Aesettlement 'rogram sites "hich have not !et been ac0uire#; (:) >LI++ sites "hich have not !et been ac0uire#; an# (B) 'rivatel!4o"ne# lan#s. (A- 2E, +ec. E) 6hus, in the case of 4ilstream nternational v. &A "here rivate lan#s "ere subecte# to e5roriation rocee#ings for socialie# housing "ithout rior resort to the ac0uisition of other lan#s, the +ureme ourt hel# that the roert! o"ner?s right to #ue rocess "as violate# an# set asi#e the e5roriation or#er accor#ingl!. (8) Closure and oening o# roads

()at are t)e re5#irements for a valid permanent clos#re, ()at are t)e re5#irements for valid temporar$ clos#re, (9) Cororate owers

()at are t)e re5#isites for entering into a contact b$ t)e LG+, 72ec //c8 Di'erentiate p#blic from private . patrimonial propert$ (1) Authorit to :egotiate and &ecure "rants (11) !iabilit #or amages

Di'erentiate between s#abilit$ and liabilit$ Can t)e doctrine of estoppel be applied against m#nicipal corporations, Governmental v proprietar$ f#nctions *. Intergovernmental relations between national government and !"45s (1) $;ecutive &uervision

()at is t)e power of t)e "resident over LG+9s, General suervision, to ensure that the acts of LGUs are "ithin the scoe of their rescribe# o"ers an# functions. (-rt. , +ec. $, 1E9 onstitution)  Direct

suervisor! authorit! over rovinces, highl! urbanie# cities, an# in#een#ent comonent cities  +uervision over comonent cities an# municialities through rovinces  +uervision over baranga!s through cit! an# municialit! (LG +ec. 2:)


12


-lso, the 'resi#ent ma! #irect the aroriate national agenc! to rovi#e financial, technical, or other forms of assistance to an LGU uon its (the LGU?s) re0uest. (LG +ec. 2:c)

Di'erentiate between control and s#pervision &ontrol 'o"er of an officer to alter or mo#if! or nullif! or set asi#e "hat a subor#inate officer ha# #one in the erformance of his #uties an# to substitute the u#gment of the former for that of the latter (Mondano v. 'ilvosa,

'u#ervision &verseeing or the o"er or authorit! of an officer to see that subor#inate officers erform their #uties. If the latter fail or neglect to fulfill them, the former ma! ta/e such action or ste as rescribe# b! la" to ma/e them erform these #uties. (Mondano v. 'ilvosa,

What is the nature of the power of the +ecretar of ustice to review the constitutionalit or legalit of tax ordinances and revenue measures% 6he o"er grante# b! +ec. 19 of the Local Government o#e to the +ecretar! of =ustice to revie" the constitutionalit! or legalit! of ta5 or#inances an# revenue measures is a mere act of suervision an# not of control. 6he +ecretar! of =ustice is not ermitte# to submitte# his o"n u#gment for the u#gment of the local government that enacte# the measure. ( Drilon v. Lim)

()at is t)e doctrine of 5#ali6ed political agenc$, -ll e5ecutive an# a#ministrative organiations are a#uncts of the 5ecutive Deartment, the hea#s of the various e5ecutive #eartments are assistants an# agents of the hief 5ecutive, an#, e5cet in cases "here the hief 5ecutive is re0uire# b! the onstitution or la" to act in erson on the e5igencies of the situation #eman# that he act ersonall!, the multifarious e5ecutive an# a#ministrative functions of the hief 5ecutive are erforme# b! an# through the e5ecutive #eartments, an# the acts of the +ecretaries of such #eartments, erforme# an# romulgate# in the regular course of business, are, unless, #isarove# or rerobate# b! the hief 5ecutive resumtivel! the acts of the hief 5ecutive. (De Leon v. &ar#io% as -uoted in &ar#io v. E3ecutive 'ecretary ) (0) 3elations with hiliine :ational olice

()at is t)e e-tent of operational s#pervision and control of local c)ief e-ec#tives over t)e ")ilippine :ational "olice, 'A&@I%I-L G&@A%&A 

+hall choose the rovincial #irector from a list of 3 eligibles recommen#e# b! the '%' regional #irector;



hairman of the rovincial eace an# or#er council; shall oversee the imlementation of the rovincial ublic safet! lan (A- BE:, +ec. :1 (a))



Deutie# agent of the %ational 'olice ommission in his uris#iction. -s such, he can insect olice forces an# units, con#uct au#it, an# e5ercise other functions as authorie# b! the ommission. (A- 9::1, +ec. B$) =N"*E! 1nless reversed by the President% this de#utation may be sus#ended or withdrawn by the National Police &ommission% u#on consultation with the #rovincial governor and congressman concerned% for any of the following grounds!


13


+a, 4re-uent unauthorized absences> +b, Abuse of authority> +c, Providing material su##ort to criminal elements> or +d, Engaging in acts inimical to national security or which negate the effectiveness of the #eace and order cam#aign. 1#on good cause shown% the President may% directly or through the &ommission% motu #ro#rio restore such de#utation withdrawn. +)A ?@@8% 'ec. ;@,

I6M -%D *U%II'-L *-M&A+ 

+hall e5ercise oerational suervision an# control8 over '%' units in their resective uris#ictions, e5cet #uring the 3J4#a! erio# imme#iatel! rece#ing an# follo"ing an! national, local or baranga! elections. (A- BE: +ec. :1 (b), as amen#e# b! A- 9::1) = the #ower to direct% su#erintend% and oversee the day5to5day functions of #olice investigation of crime% crime #revention activities% and traffic control in accordance with the rules and regulations #romulgated by the National Police &ommission. t liewise includes the #ower to em#loy and de#loy units or elements of the PNP.



hairman of local eace an# or#er council; shall #evelo an# establish an integrate# area F communit! ublic safet! lant embracing riorities of action an# rogram thrusts for imlementation b! the local '%' stations;



ave the #ut! to sonsor erio#ic seminars for members of the '%' assigne# to #etaile# in his LGU in or#er to u#ate them regar#ing local or#inances an# legislations;



ave the o"er to imose, after #ue notice an# summar! hearings, #iscilinar! enalties for minor offenses8 committe# b! members of the '%' assigne# to their resective uris#ictions = "ffenses #unishable by withholding of #rivileges% restriction to s#ecified limits% sus#ension or forfeiture of salary% or any combination thereof for a #eriod of 8;5:B days. +)A ;C9@% 'ec. (8 +a, +2,,



ave the authorit! to choose the hief of 'olice from a list of : eligibles recommen#e# b! the rovincial olice #irector;



*a! recommen# the recall or reassignment of the hief of 'olice "hen, in the ercetion of the local eace an# or#er council, such hief of 'olice has been ineffective in combating crime or maintaining eace an# or#er in the cit! or municialit!



ave the authorit! to recommen# to the rovincial #irector the transfer, reassignment, or #etail of '%' members outsi#e of their resective cit! or to"n resi#ences;



ave the authorit! to recommen# the aointment of ne" members of the '%' to be assigne# to their resective cities from a list of eligibles reviousl! screene# b! the eace an# or#er council or municialities



ave control an# suervision over anti4gambling oerations (A- BE:, +ec. :1 (b) ($), as amen#e# b! A- 9::1)



Deutie# agents of the %ational 'olice ommission(%-'&L&*) in his uris#iction. -s such, the! can insect olice forces an# units,


14


con#uct au#it, an# e5ercise other functions as authorie# b! the ommission. (A- 9::1, +ec. B$) =1nless reversed by the President% this de#utation may be sus#ended or withdrawn by the NAP"L&"M% u#on consultation with the #rovincial governor and congressman concerned% for any of the following grounds! +a, 4re-uent unauthorized absences> +b, Abuse of authority> +c, Providing material su##ort to criminal elements> or +d, Engaging in acts inimical to national security or which negate the effectiveness of the #eace and order cam#aign. 1#on good cause shown% the President may% directly or through the &ommission% motu #ro#rio restore such de#utation withdrawn. +)A ?@@8% 'ec. ;@,

-s the deputi#ation of municipal and cit maors as agents of the )'P.LC. a usurpation of the power of control of the )'P.LC. over the P)P% %o. 6here is no usuration of the o"er of control of the %-'&L&* un#er +ection :1 of A- BE: because un#er this ver! same rovision, it is clear that the local e5ecutives are onl! acting as reresentatives of the %-'&L&*. -s such #euties, the! are ans"erable to the %-'&L&* for their actions in the e5ercise of their functions un#er that section. 6hus, unless counterman#e# b! the %-'&L&*, their acts are vali# an# bin#ing as acts of the %-'&L&*. 6he same hol#ing is true "ith resect to the contention on the oerational suervision an# control e5ercise# b! the local officials. 6hese officials "oul# siml! be acting as reresentatives. (&ar#io v. E3ecutive 'ecretary ) (*) Inter-!ocal "overnment 3elations

()at is t)e nat#re of t)e relations)ip of t)e province and t)e cities and m#nicipalities wit)in its territorial ;#risdiction, &om#onent cities / munici#alities!

6ighly urbanized cities nde#endent com#onent cities!

'rovince, through the governor, shall ensure that the cit! F municialit! acts "ithin the scoe of its rescribe# o"ers an# functions.

In#een#ent of the rovince.

Review of E-ec#tive Orders 7LGC 2ec <=8 Governor!

&s romulgate# b! comonent cit! or municial ma!or "ithin his uris#iction

&ity / Munici#al Mayor!

&s romulgate# b! the unong baranga! "ithin his uris#iction

Notes! •

•

oies of the &s must be for"ar#e# to the roer revie"ing authorit! "ithin 3 #a!s from their issuance. In all instances of revie", the local chief e5ecutive concerne# shall ensure that such &s are "ithin the o"ers grante# b! la" an# in conformit! "ith rovincial, cit! or municial or#inances.


15

Lambda Epsilon Xi – DVOREF College of Law •

If the revie"ing authorit! fails to act on sai# &s "ithin 3J #a!s after their submission, the! shall be #eeme# consistent "ith la" an# therefore vali#.

() 3elations with eoles5 and :ongovernmental
II Elective O>cials A. >uali#ications ()at are t)e 5#ali6cations for elective local o>cials, (1) 'hiliine citien ( Note! not necessarily natural5born); (2) Aegistere# voter in the baranga!, municialit!, cit!, or rovince, or #istrict (in case of member of sangguniang anlala"igan, anglungso# or ba!an); (3) Aesi#ent of area for at least 1 !ear imme#iatel! rece#ing the #a! of the election; ($) -ble to rea# an# "rite iliino or an! other local language or #ialect (:) omliance "ith age re0uirement +a, Governor 0ice5governor Member of sangguniang #anlalawigan Mayor 0ice5mayor Member of sangguniang #anglungsod of highly urbanized cities

N N N N N N N

-t least 23 !ears ol# on election #a!

+b, Mayor / 0ice5mayor of inde#endent com#onent N cities% com#onent cities or munici#alities N


+c, Member of sangguniang #anglungsod or bayan N Punong barangay% member of sangguniang N barangay


+d, &andidates for sangguniang abataan

-t least 1: !ears ol# but not more than 21 !ears ol# on election #a!

B. is=uali#ications ()at are t)e gro#nds for dis5#ali6cation #nder t)e Local Government Code, (1) hose sentenced b #inal ?udgment #or an o##ense involving moral turitude or #or an o##ense unishable b one (1) ear or more o# imrisonment, within two (0) ears a#ter serving sentence (!"C &ec.  (a))@ 

-s a general rule, crimes mala in se involve moral turitu#e, "hile crimes mala #rohibita #o not. In the final anal!sis, ho"ever, "hether or not a crime involves moral turitu#e is ultimatel! a 0uestion of fact an# fre0uentl! #een#s on all the circumstances surroun#ing the violation of a statute. ( Dela *orre v. &"MELE& )



encing is a crime involving moral turitu#e actual /no"le#ge b! the OfenceO of the fact that roert! receive# is stolen #isla!s the same #egree of malicious #erivation of onePs rightful roert! as that "hich animate# the robber! or theft "hich, b! their ver! nature, are crimes of moral turitu#e. ( Dela *orre v. &"MELE& )



'robation onl! susen#s the e5ecution of the sentence. It #oes not susen# the alicabilit! of the #is0ualification. ( Dela *orre v. &"MELE& )


16


(0) hose removed #rom o##ice as a result o# an administrative case (!"C &ec. (b))@ 

6o be vali#, a #ecision in a#ministrative cases involving local elective officials ren#ere# b! the +anggunian must  (a) be in "riting; (b) state the facts an# the la" on "hich it "as base#; an# (c) be signe# b! the members ta/ing art in the #ecision. ( Malinao v. )eyes)



7here an a#ministrative case file# against an elective local official is not #eci#e# before the e5iration of his term of office, his subse0uent reelection oerates as a con#onation of his revious miscon#uct an# he cannot be remove#. ( Aguinaldo v. 'antos)



7here a #eut! sheriff "as #ismisse# from the service uon conviction for serious miscon#uct an# "as barre# from reinstatement to an! osition in national or local government, it "as hel# that such bar onl! alie# to aointive ositions. e "as not #is0ualifie# from running for an elective osition. ( Grego v. &"MELE& )

Comment /ee the case of Beyes v" C!
Dual citienshi as contemlate# un#er this rovision an# the onstitution refers to #ual allegiance. onse0uentl!, ersons "ith mere #ual citienshi #o not fall un#er the #is0ualification. (Mercado v. Manzano)



6he filing of a certificate of can#i#ac! suffices as a renunciation of -merican (foreign) citienshi an# effectivel! removes an! #is0ualification a can#i#ate ma! have as a #ual citien. (Mercado v. Manzano)

(') ugitives #rom ?ustice in criminal or nonolitical cases here or abroad (!"C &ec.  (e))@ 

-rt. 3 of the IAA of the LG is an inor#inate an# un#ue circumscrition of the la" to the e5tent that it confines the term Ofugitive from usticeO to refer onl! to a erson (the fugitive) O"ho has been convicte# b! final u#gment.O ( Mar-uez v. &"MELE& )



6he term Ofugitive from usticeO inclu#es not onl! those "ho flee after conviction to avoi# unishment, but li/e"ise those "ho, after being charge#, flee to avoi# rosecution. ()odriguez v. &"MELE& )



6he intent to eva#e is the comelling factor that animates onePs flight from a articular uris#iction. -n# obviousl!, there can onl! be an intent to eva#e rosecution or unishment "here there is /no"le#ge b! the fleeing subect of an alrea#! institute# in#ictment, or of a romulgate# u#gment of conviction. Intent to eva#e on the art of a can#i#ate must therefore be establishe# b! roof that there has alrea#! been a conviction, or at least a charge ha# been file#, at the time of flight. ()odriguez v. &"MELE& )

(+) ermanent residents in a #oreign countr or those who have ac=uired the right to reside abroad and continue to avail o# the same right a#ter the e##ectivit o# the !ocal "overnment Code (!"C &ec.  (#))@ 

+ec. B9 of the &mnibus lection o#e (>' 991) rovi#es that O any #erson who is a #ermanent resident of or an immigrant to a foreign country shall not be


17


-ualified to run for an elective office under such &ode unless said #erson has waived his status as #ermanent resident or immigrant of a foreign country in accordance with the residence re-uirement #rovided for in the election laws. (7) he insane or #eeble-minded (!"C &ec.  (g))@ (8)
@ote4bu!ing is a groun# for #is0ualification un#er +ec. B9 of the &mnibus lection o#e (>' 991).



@ote4bu!ing has its criminal an# electoral asects. Its criminal asect to #etermine the guilt or innocence of the accuse# cannot be the subect of summar! hearing. o"ever, its electoral asect to ascertain "hether the offen#er shoul# be #is0ualifie# from office can be #etermine# in an a#ministrative rocee#ing that is summar! in character. ( Nolasco v. &"MELE& )

+b, 0oluntary renunciation +Dima#oro v. Mitra, +c, 'ervice for : consecutive terms in the same #osition +LG& 'ec. (: +b,, 

6he term limit for elective local officials must be ta/en to refer to the right to be electe# as "ell as the right to serve in the same elective osition. onse0uentl!, it is not enough that an in#ivi#ual has serve# 3 consecutive terms in an elective local office. e must also have been electe# to the same osition for the same number of times before the #is0ualification can al!. (or$a v. &"MELE& )

()at are t)e e'ects of t)e 6ling of a dis5#ali6cation case, 



-n! can#i#ate "ho has been #eclare# b! final u#gment to be #is0ualifie# shall not be vote# for, an# the votes cast for him shall not be counte#. If for an! reason a can#i#ate is not #eclare# b! final u#gment before an election to be #is0ualifie# an# he is vote# for an# receives the "inning number of votes in such election, the ourt or &*L shall continue "ith the trial an# hearing of the action, in0uir! or rotest an#, uon motion of the comlainant or an! intervenor, ma! #uring the en#enc! thereof or#er the susension of the roclamation of such can#i#ate "henever the evi#ence of his guilt is strong. ()A ;;(;% 'ec. ; )

C. $lection Cases involving local elective o##icials% rocedures Aeal o! decisions o! COMELEC 6he fact that #ecisions, final or#ers or rulings of the &*L in contests involving elective municial an# baranga! offices are final, e5ecutor! an# not aealable, #oes not reclu#e a recourse to the +ureme ourt b! "a! of a secial civil action of certiorari. ( Galido v. &"MELE& )

E"ecution endin# aeal in election cases

()at are t)e recogni&ed ?good reasons? for e-ec#tion pending appeal in election cases, (1) ublic interest involve# or the "ill of the electorate; (2) shortness of the remaining ortion of the term of the conteste# office; an# (3) length of time that the election contest has been en#ing.


18


()amas v. &"MELE& ) - combination of t"o or more of these reasons "ill suffice to grant e5ecution en#ing aeal. Note! 6he filing of a bon# #oes not constitute a goo# reason. o"ever, the trial court ma! re0uire the filing of a bon# as a con#ition for the issuance of a correson#ing "rit of e5ecution to ans"er for the a!ment of #amages "hich the aggrieve# art! ma! suffer b! reason of the e5ecution en#ing aeal.

$%ter& li&it !or elective o'cials 6he term limit for elective local officials must be ta/en to refer to the right to be electe# as "ell as the right to serve in the same elective osition. onse0uentl!, it is not enough that an in#ivi#ual has serve# 3 consecutive terms in an elective local office. e must also have been electe# to the same osition for the same number of times before the #is0ualification can al!. (or$a v. &"MELE& )

. acancies and successions ()en does a permanent vacanc$ arise, 2e5#ence for a#tomatic s#ccession @emporar$ vacancies Leaves of absence $. !ocal legislation ()o e-ercises local legislative power, LG+

'rovince it! *unicialit! >aranga!

Local legislative power +angguniang 'anlala"igan +angguniang 'anlungso# +angguniang >a!an +angguniang >aranga!

"residing O>cer 

@ice4Governor it! @ice4*a!or *unicial @ice4*a!or 'unong >aranga!

8 6he resi#ing officer shall vote onl! to brea/ a tie. (LG& 'ec. (C +a,,

Veto power b$ local c)ief e-ec#tive Dho may veto

Governor, cit! ma!or or municial ma!or (LG +ec. :: (a));

Dhat may be vetoed

-n! or#inance of the sangguniang anlala"igan, anlungso#, or ba!an in its entiret!; -n! articular item or items8 of an • •

•

-roriations or#inance; &r#inance or resolution a#oting a local #eveloment lan an# ublic investment rogram; &r#inance #irecting the a!ment or mone! or creating liabilit!.

8n this case% the veto shall not affect the item /s not ob$ected to.

Grounds

6he or#inance is ultra vires or reu#icial to the ublic


19


"elfare.

()at are t)e tests of a valid ordinance, (1) (2) (3) ($) (:) (B)

It must not contravene the constitution or an! statute; It must not be unfair or oressive; It must not be artial or #iscriminator!; It must not rohibit but ma! regulate tra#e; It must be general an# consistent "ith ublic olic!; It must not be unreasonable. (Magta$as v. Pryce Pro#erties> *atel v. Munici#ality of 0irac,

Di'erentiate an ordinance from a resol#tion "rdinance

)esolution

%ature

La"

*erel! a #eclaration of the sentiment or oinion of a la"ma/ing bo#! on a secific matter

'ermanence

General an# ermanent

6emorar! in nature

%ee# for 3r# rea#ingQ

Ae0uires a 3r# rea#ing

Does not re0uire a 3r# rea#ing, unless #eci#e# other"ise b! a maorit! of all the +anggunian members

(cf. Munici#ality of Parana-ue v. 0.M. )ealty &or#. )

. udicial intervention ". iscilinar actions Di'erentiate preventive s#spension of elective local government o>cials #nder t)e Local Government Code and #nder t)e Omb#dsman 0ct 7R0 ABB=8% Local Government Code 0(' 12345

.m!udsman 'ct 0(' 31145

Groun#s

7hen evi#ence of guilt is strong, an# given the gravit! of the offense, there is great robabilit! that the continuance in office of the reson#ent coul# influence the "itnesses or ose a threat to the safet! an# integrit! of the recor#s an# other evi#ence. ('ec. ;:)

7hen evi#ence of guilt is strong, an# (a) the charge against such officer or emlo!ee involves #ishonest!, oression or grave miscon#uct or neglect in the erformance of #ut!; (b) the charges "oul# "arrant removal from the service; or (c) the reson#entPs continue# sta! in office ma! reu#ice the case file# against him. ('ec. 2()

7ho ma! imose

'resi#ent, governor, or ma!or, as the case ma! be

&mbu#sman or his Deut!

Length of susension

*a5imum of BJ #a!s for an! single reventive susension

Until case is terminate# b! &ffice of &mbu#sman, but not more than B months

If several a#ministrative cases are file#, susension shall not be more than EJ #a!s "ithin a single !ear on the same groun# or groun#s e5isting an# /no"n at the time of

E3ce#tion 7hen the #ela! in the #isosition of the case b! the &mbu#sman is #ue to the fault, negligence or etition of the


20


the first susension.

reson#ent, in "hich case the erio# of such #ela! shall not be counte# in comuting the erio# of susension.

Di'erentiate between preventive s#spension and s#spension as a penalt$ Notes on sus#ension as a #enalty! 

annot e5cee# the une5ire# term of the reson#ent or a erio# of B months for ever! a#ministrative offense;



+uch enalt! shall not be a bar to the can#i#ac! of the reson#ent so susen#e# as long as he meets the 0ualifications re0uire# for the office

-n! a#ministrative #iscilinar! rocee#ing against reson#ent is abate# if in the meantime he is reelecte#, because his reelection results in a con#onation of "hatever miscon#uct he might have committe# #uring his revious terms. ( Malinao v. )eyes)

()at are t)e gro#nds for disciplinar$ actions, ()at is t)e proced#re for administrative complaints, ()at are t)e re5#isites for t)e validit$ of decisions in administrative complaints rendered b$ t)e pertinent 2angg#nian, (1) 6he #ecision must be in "riting; (2) It must state clearl! an# #istinctl! the facts an# the reasons for such #ecision; (3) It must be signe# b! the members ta/ing art in the #ecision. (Malinao v. )eyes)

Can t)e "resident remove an erring local government o>cial, %o. +ec. BJ of the LG rovi#es that removal can be #one onl! b! or#er of the roer court.

. 3ecall De6nition :at#re !$ w)om e-ercised Gro#nd 1ow initiated Election on Recall E'ectivit$ Limitations I. uman 3esources eveloment Resignations "reventive s#spension of appointive local o>cials ()at are t)e penalties w)ic) a local c)ief e-ec#tive ma$ impose,


21


. ractice o# ro#ession "ractice of profession ()o is a#t)ori&ed b$ law to be co#nsel of LG+9s, (1) 'rovincial fiscal; (2) 'rovincial attorne!; (3) *unicial attorne!

In w)at instances can a private law$er represent t)e LG+, (1) 7hen the municialit! is an a#verse art! in a case involving the rovincial government or another municialit! or cit! "ithin the rovince ( De Guia v. Auditor5 General, *est as to when a local government official can secure the services of #rivate counsel! %ature of the action an# the relief that is sought (-linsug v. A6 >ranch :9)

D. he !ocal Boards

@itle III Ot)er "rovisions applicable to LG+9s A. &ettlement o# Boundar disutes B. !ocal Initiative and 3e#erendum Di'erentiate between initiative and referend#m "roced#re ()at is t)e ;#risdiction of t)e COELEC as regards initiative, Referend#m, Book II( Local Govern&ent Ta"ation

1ow is income de6ned #nder t)e Local Government Code, A. a;ation in "eneral ()at is t)e doctrine of s#premac$ of t)e national government over local governments in t)e conte-t of ta-ation, ()at is t)e r#le concerning ta-ing powers of LG+9s visvis t)e national government, GENE)AL )1LE! 6he ta5ing o"ers of LGU?s cannot e5ten# to the lev! of ta5es, fees an# charges of an! /in# on the %ational government, its agencies an# instrumentalities an# LGU?s. (LG 133) E3ce#tion!

Aeal roert! ta5es (LG 232)

E3ce#tion to e3ce#tion!

(LG 23$)

()at are t)e ta- remedies available to t)e ta-pa$er, A##eal to D" secretary +LG& 8?9,

A##eal to oard of Assessment A##eals +LG& 22;,

Payment under #rotest% with a##eal to AA +LG& 2@2,


22


GA&U%D

Ruestion on constitutionalit! or legalit!

%on4satisfaction "ith action of assessor

'AI&D

7ithin 3J #a!s from effectivit!

7ithin BJ #a!s from #ate of receit of "ritten notice of assessment

B. 3eal roert a;ation "ho #ay le$y real property ta%& (1) 'rovinces; (2) ities; (3) *unicialities "ithin the *etro *anila area (LG 232)

C. !ocal iscal Administration . roert and &ul 2anagement in the !"45s $. Internal 3evenue Allocation Part III( Local Govern&ent )nits

1. he Baranga -. Hatarunga! 'ambaranga! >. +angguniang Habataan

0. he 2unicialit *. he Cit . he rovince '. Aointive !ocal <##icials common to all municialities, cities, and rovinces +. !eagues o# !"4s and elective o##icials Miscellaneous and *inal Provisions

I.

rovisions #or imlementation

II.

ransitor rovisions

III.

Alication o# the code to !"4s in the autonomous regions -. -A** >. -A

I.

he 2etroolitan 2anila eveloment Authorit "hat is the 'urisdiction of the (()A& "hat are the duties of the (()A&

Local Government Code Reviewer

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