LOOK INSIDE CROSS-SECTIONS
TRAINS See inside 10
fascinating
locomotives Smokestack Headlight
Headlight platform
OH BR J
TF148 J66 1995
Superheater
header
n LOOK INSIDE CROSS-SECTIONS
TRAINS »:<
LOOK INSIDE CROSS-SECTIONS
TRAINS WRITTEN BY
MICHAEL JOHNSTONE
ALLSTON BRANCH LIBRARY
CONTENTS A DK PUBLISHING BOOK \v\\
Avdk.com
ROCKET
Art Editor Dorian Spencer Davies
Designer Sharon Grant. Sara Senior Art Editor
Hill
David Gillingwater
C.
C
TF148
Miles
J66 1995
Camela Decaire
U.S. Editor
Production Louise
6-7
J
Project Editor Constance Novis
Senior Editor John
AL BR
Barratt
American edition. 1995
First
468 10 9753 Published in the United States
by
DK
Publishing. Inc..
95 Madison Avenue.
New York. New
York 10016
CRAMPTON 8-9
Copyright £ 1995 Dorling Kindersley Limited. London
reserved under International and Pan-American
All rights
No pan
Copyright Conventions.
may be reproduced,
of this publication
stored in a retrieval system.
or transmitted in any form or by any means. electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the copyright owner. Published in
Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
Library of Congress Cataloging
-
in
-
Publication Data
AMERICAN
4-4-0
10-11
Johnstone. Michael. Trains
by Michael Johnstone: ...[et al.)
p.
—
illustrated
1st
by Richard Chasemore
American
ed.
cm. - (Look inside cross-sections) Includes index.
ISBN 0--894-0319-6 1.
Railroads [1. I.
— —
Juvenile literature.
Railroads
II.
Title.
III.
TFH8J66 625.
1
Trains.]
Chasemore. Richard,
--dc20
ill.
Series.
1995
95-
15135
CIP
AC
Reproduced by Dot Gradations, Essex bound by Proost, Belgium
Printed and
STIRLING "SINGLE' 12-13
Tank engine
ELECTRO-DIESEL
14-15
24-25
HEAVY FREIGHT 16-17
/
18-19
LE SHUTTLE 26-27
PACIFIC
Timeline
20-21
28-29
J
RACK LOCO 22-23
GLOSSARY 30-31
INDEX 32
.
Rocket Thousands of years ago. the ancient greeks made groo\ts in
first
laid
than on rough ground. By the eighteenth century. England network of horse-drawn railroads. But by the nineteenth century. inventors were exploring the possibility of using steam locomotives pulling power. Businessmen wanted a cheaper alternative to horses, and
along
had
rather than horses for
wagon wheels. In the sixteenth century people wooden tracks when they realized that carts ran more easily
stone paths to guide rails
a
steam was the answer Funnel for
The competition
water barrel
group of businessmen decided to build a railroad between Manchester and Liverpool. They couldn't make up their minds whether to use horse-drawn carriages or cars pulled by a steam locomotive. They announced a competition for anyone who could produce a reliable In 1829. a
Hot stuff The Rocket and other steam engines had a firebox in which coal was burned to boil water and produce steam. In the Rocket, hot gases from the
fire passed along tubes through the water in the boiler. Steam rose into a dome and then went along the ain pipes to the cylinders.
engine. Robert
Stephenson
built
and
entered the Rocket,
which won the hands down.
trial
Water barrel
Tender buffer
beam
The winner
On
the rails
gathered to watch the locomotives that had been entered in the Mancl and Liverpool competition. The Rocket
The and
sat
proved
developed. Stephenson adapted the^e and designed grips called chairs to hold the rails in place.
In
October 1829. crowds
that
practical.
an
a
It
steam locomotives were covered 70 miles (112 km) at eed of IS mph (2-4 km h).
In
iron rails were short on stone supports. 1820. longer rails were first
TECHNICAL DATA IN
steam
Max SPEED:
Length of engine: 14 FT 2
Letting off
(4.4 M)
(RAINHILL TRIALS)
Valves on each
29 MPH (46.7 KM/H)
cylinder controlled the amount of steam going in and out. Steam on top of the pistons drove them down, and steam below pushed
Cylinder diameter 8
IN
(20 CM)
Smokestack
them up again. This up-and-down movement drove connecting rods
7 FT 2
IN
and cranks to make the driving wheels turn, and the locomotive go forward or backward.
Weight:
WHEELBASE:
4.25 TONS (4,318 KG)
(2.2 M)
Lock-up
Engineer
Dome
safety valve
Exhaust steam and
Smokestack
smoke
stay
Piston
* Crosshead
and guides
Cylinder
Exhaust steam pipe
Guide bar
i^fc—
from cylinder to
C) .
Boiler
smokestack-
Nameplate
Front boiler
-
stay
Water
inlet
Connecting rod
Liverpool
and Manchester Railway
September 1830.
Member
in
of Parliament for Liverpool,
William Huskisson, stepped into the path of the Rocket. He later died, making
him the
first
railroad accident fatalitv.
Laminated spring
Spoke
Death on the line On the opening day of the the
Crank-
Wooden wheel
Metal
tire
Rail
Crampton Cramptox locomotives are named after the man who designed them, Thomas Crampton (1816-88). In 1842, Crampton went to Belgium and began work on the locomotives that bear his name - engines with great driving wheels set behind the firebox. Seven years later, the Crampton No. 122. built by the French company hours. When England"s J. F. Caile. made the first express journey between Paris and Calais in five was chosen to pull the royal was Crampton that it a visit to France in Queen Victoria made a 1855. train. In all, 320 engines were built to this design, most for use in France and Germany. Safety i
Stoker.
ah e
Ooh
la la!
Crampton locomotives became so popular in France that the expression prendre la
Crampton " became slang Handrail
for a night out.
Wheel cover
A matter of some gravity Something with a high center of gravity
is
more
shake than something with a low likely to
center of gravity.
By
placing large driving wheels
behind the firebox. Crampton could mount the boiler lower than was usual and lower the center of gravity to
make his locomotives run smoothly. Steps to
footplate ^
Tender water, co)inection
Wonderful wheels This Crampton locomotive has a 2-2-2-0 wheel arrangement. This means that it has two pairs of rigid leading wheels, two big driving wheels, and no trailing wheels. This way of
describing steam locomotives
is
called W'hyte notation
n
TECHNICAL DATA FRONT CARRYING WHEELS: 4 FT 5
IN
OVERALL
(1.35 M)
WHEELBASE: 16 FT 3
IN
(5M)
I-'lue
The long boiler In 1841,
Robert Stephenson introduced
a design for a long-boilered locomotive that
made
better use of fire tubes as heating
were not popular France because they shook violently when running at speed on French tracks - until Crampton introduced his locomotives. surfaces. Long-boilered trains
Head-
in
light
Safety-
valve
Steam
to
Blast pipe
cylinder
Smoke box door
Buffer
Smoke box door lever
Revolutionary was a revolution in France. were sabotaged, stations were demolished, and bridges burned. Railroad In 1848 there
Railroads
Rail
Flanged wheel
9
workers demanded that foreign workers leave the country, but French manufacturers continued to make foreign-designed locomotives, and Cramptons were used for more than 40 years to pull the light express trains that linked towns and cities all over northern and eastern France.
American
4-4-0
vital IX OPENING UP THE VAST NORTH and one train more than any other became the American railroad development - the 4-4-0.
The railroad was American workhorse of early
continent,
By 1870, about 85% of all locomotives in the US were 4-4-0s. Most had a distinctive balloon smokestack, designed to catch sparks from the wood fuel they burned. 4-4-0s were built in other countries, but they were so identified with the US that wherever they were built, they were usually called "Americans.**
Light years ahead There were few fenced-off tracks
on
even when they ran through largesized towns. Locomotive manufacturers were quick to fix a massive headlight to the front of each
US
railroads,
locomotive to warn people that a train was coming.
Pilot
(cowcatcher),
Cylinder
Around the bend American engines had to be able to take the sharp turns that were found on many American lines. US engineers developed a bogie truck that could swivel from
tnuk wheel
side to side to enable the engines
spring
to
10
accommodate
twisting tracks.
.
TECHNICAL DATA Ring those bells Bells
were
first fitted
to
Cylinders:
American
15
locomotives in 1835 after the Massachusetts State Legislature passed a law requiring all engines running
through the
state to carry
warning
(381
24
IN X
MM
X
in
619 MM)
bells.
Safety,
valve
Covered engineer's
cab
Stoker
Log/or firebox
Footplate
Tender coupling
Engineer comfort From
the 1840s onward, most American 4-4-0s were fitted with a cab to shelter the engineer
and stoker. In England, when designers put cabs on locomotives, some workers asked for them to be removed because they thought they were effeminate.
The General was the General War, northern soldiers captured the engine and steamed it north for 87.5 miles (140 km). Unfortunately for them, it ran out of fuel and was retaken by Confederate troops who were chasing it in another 4-4-0, the Texas. By that time the General was so hot. all its brass parts had melted.
One
of the most famous 4-4-0s
In 1862. during the
US
Civil
Stirling "single This locomotive was designed by Patrick Stirling, the chief designer of England's Great Northern Railway. It first shunted out of the company's Doncaster factory
Between then and 1893, when the last Stirling went into service, 47 were built, most famous of them being Number 1. Its elegant lines, gleaming paintwork, the and polished brass trim combined to make it one of the most beautiful engines ever. The most noticeable characteristic of these locomotives was the huge 8-ft (2.4-m) driving wheels, which allowed the engines in 1870.
to reach very high speeds.
^w
^r
^Smokestack
Handrail
Smoke
Smoke box door
Smoke box door handle
Vacuum brake connection
Buffer
Bogie truck
frame
On
the rails were first Derby Station in and by the time the
Steel rails laid at
L857,
Stirling
came
they were
in
into service,
general use
rails could not have withstood the weight of
Front carrying
Laminated
die heavy Stirling *-2-_N
wheel
spri)ii>
Iron
12
Safety valve ^
??
TECHNICAL DATA Overall length (engine): 28 FT
1
1
IN
Width:
(8.8 M)
7 FT 5
IN
(2.26 M)
^
m <^=fm Q g£EU& E Xi-i'-riX
^
C£
VgUL-y
Cylinder diameter: 18
IN
Driving wheel diameter:
(457 MM)
8 FT
1
IN
(2.4 M)
Clerestory
Changes in appearance The appearance of the Stirling changed slightly as more were built over the years. The splash guards on the first models were attractively slotted: later Stirlings had them closed in.
Luggage rack
tT~\
~!~
Coupling
hook
Passenger
compartment Flange
Brake shoe
Brake gear rod
Slowing down When the Stirling's
A
matter of some convenience when passengers boarded
Until 1882,
had to stay in the same compartment until the train stopped there was no way to move from one compartment to another. In that year, a train, they
driver pulled the
brake lever, a vacuum was created in the brake pipe. This pushed the brake shoes onto the wheels and brought the train to a halt.
\
Laminated spring
13
cars with a side aisle came into service. At each end of the aisle was a restroom - one for ladies only, the other strictly for gentlemen.
,
Tank engine AS RAILROADS DEVELOPED, SOME LOCOMOTIVE manufacturers recognized a need for an engine specially T designed for short journeys and for pulling light trains. coal These were the first tank engines, locomotives that carried their Dome Whistle, engine the board on casing tanks water supply and
Tank engines were more popular in England and the British Empire than in other parts of the world. The splendid tank engine
shown here
pulledjtrains
Headlight casing Boiler
Boiler,
head
Smokestack
in India.
J-
Water on the side Most tank engines carried their water in
'Headlight
Light-
glass face
bulb
Smoke box
tanks set either of the
in the sides
1
Smoke box
engine or across on top. Because these latter ones
looked a like
door handle.
bit
Smoke box
saddle bags,
door
they were called
saddle tanks.
Front coupling spring Oil
Front coupling
lamp
and
uncoupling
mechanism
o
«
Pilot
(cow-
*J
catcher)
l \
Piston.
Giant tanks Large tank engines
appeared
in
1907
first
when
England's Great Central Railway introduced a three-cylinder 0-8-4. cars. It was used for shunting freight
Front carrying
wheelflange
Piston rod
Rear section of engine
frame
Drawbar
Tanks underground When London's Underground
railroad opened were hauled by 4-4-0 tank engines. To cut down on steam in the tunnels, the engines were fitted with condensers, which turned exhaust steam back into water. in 1863, trains
Driving axle
Main crank pin
15
Heavy freight
i
:..:
states is a big country where big engines have to haul heavy freight and passenger trains over long distances. To do this, the Union Pacific Railroad introduced the remarkable 4-12-2 class in 1926. 4-12-2s had 12 driving
The united
Pennsylvania, an 0-12-0 built in 1863: and although 4-12-2s have long since run out of steam, they stand in the record books as the largest three-cylinder non-articulated engines ever built. The first of the class. Engine 9000. has been lovingly preserved by the southern California chapter of the Railway and Locomotive
wheels
like the earlier
Historical Society for Preservation. Smokestack
Air brake compressor
Smoke box door
Great gear Valve gears are required to coordinate the
movement
of the
valves that allow steam into the cylinders with that of the pistons.
4-12-2
was
fitted
The
with
the British-developed Holcroft Gresley
combination gear to drive the valves of
the middle cylinder.
Cowcatcher
(pilot)
/
Four-wheel leading,
30-in (76-cm)
bogie truck
carrying wheel
16
7
On trial
Birth of a giant After a series of test runs,
Union
The
decided that wanted a non-articulated engine that married pulling
power and speed. More
Pacific
it
Steam dome
first
tested
4-12-2
on
- the 9000 - was
a length of track that
ran over a steep gradient.
tests led to a three-cylinder
When
engine with four leading carrying wheels and two trailing carrying wheels - the 4-12-2.
its
performance was that of an
compared with
articulated 2-8-8-0, the
non-articulated engine
was found to run faster on less fuel.
Sandbox
The biggest The
4-12-2 was not the largest steam engine ever built. That record goes to another Union Pacific metal monster, the articulated Big Boy. An articulated locomotive has two independent sets of driving wheels separated by a pivot.
17
,
Regulator handle
Pressure
The brick arch
Pushing the coal in
gauge
The introduction of very
Like most steam locomotives,
the 4-12-2
areh at It
made
was
demands on
of fireproof bricks
who
the front of the firebox.
acted as a baffle to
heat and cut
By
make
maximum down the quantity
the coals burn of
large locomotives put
fined with an
hea\y
the stokers
shoveled the coal.
many
1913.
large
tenders had steam
at
coal pushers.
smoke produced.
Firebox
Trailing bogie
truck
Going around the bend The engineers who designed
Trailing bogie
the 4-12-2 fitted a device to the
truck axle
front
and
rear driving
wheels
allowed them to move (from side to side). This, along with the two bogie trucks fitted with the earning wheels, enabled the engine to go around bends that were harp as 16 degrees - and
Bogie truck
Trailing bogie
trailing carrying
for a non-articulated engine,
frame
truck
wheel
that
laterally
that
was
a
45-in
very tiyht curve
18
(
114-ctn)
Cross-section of 12-wheeled tender
Water tank
Coal push steam supply pipe
Coal push valve chest
Coal push cylinder
Coal push piston rod
housing
A choice
of tender
The 4-12-2 could be fitted with one of two types of tenders. The one fitted to the prototype 9000 (above) had two sets of six wheels on separate bogie trucks: later 4-12-2 tenders ran on two four-wheeled bogie trucks. The larger one held 18,000 gal (68,250 1) of water and 21 tons (21.5 tonnes) of coal.
Access ladder
Water tank
Rail vs road 4-12-2s were used successfully to pull heavy trains along Union Pacific tracks, but their long, rigid wheelbase limited their working speed. So, when faced with growing competition from road transportation,
Union
replaced them with
Pacific
faster,
heavier engines.
Tender wheel
TECHNICAL DATA Driving wheels:
5FT7
IN (1.7
Total weight: 202 TONS (224,532 KG)
M)
£Z
Top working SPEED: 60 MPH (96 KM/H)
CYLINDERS:
27 X 32
IN
WHEELBASE:
(686 X 813 MM)
27 X 31
52 FT 33
IN
IN
(15.94M)
(686 X 787 MM)
19
.Pacific
\'e)Uilator
Pacific class engines take their name from the
4-6-2 locomotive, built in America for the
first
Missouri Pacific Railroad in 1902. Pacifies were
introduced as a class in Britain in 1922 Nigel Gresley's Al Pacifies
went
when
into service
Northern Railway (later the London and North-Eastern Railway) in 1922.
for the Great
third Al was one of the most famous engines ever - the Flying Scotsman.
The
Gresley
Sir Nigel
Herbert Nigel Gresley
was born
in
Edinburgh
1905 he was appointed in 1876. In
Carriage and
Wagon
Superintendent of the Great Northern Railway. The Al. A3, and A4 Pacifies were famous engines he
designed.
Stoker
Company
livery
Coal bunker
Water scoop inlet
pipe
The Flying Scotsman Great Northern Railway introduced a daily In 1862. the
express to run the
393 miles (633 km) from London to Scotland. Within two years
its
reputation for speed well established.
A
Superheating
was
Superheating increases the temperature and volume makes an engine much more efficient. The technique was pioneered by a German scientist. Wilhelm Schmidt. His fire-tube superheater was fitted to Belgian Railway engines in
relief
locomotive crew on board could run the Pacifies nonstop.
of steam by applying extra heat. This
1901.
20
and bv 1910 was
fitted to
most large locomotives.
Cylinder valve Piston
Working under pressure Al
Pacifies
they went
had a to
boiler pressure of 180 lb/sq in. Shortly after work, Gresley began experimenting with higher
and after a series of trials, a pressure of was set as the standard for Pacific engines. The new series was designated A3 Pacific. In due course, as their boilers wore out, most Al Pacifies were converted to A3s. boiler pressures,
220 lb/sq
21
in
Rack loco Early trains could cope with only the slightest slopes, but in 1830
climb steep grip a rail laid in the
middle of
hills if
a standard
The most common method of running a train up a hill became the rack railroad The rack is the central rail, and it engages a pinion, a toothed wheel railroad.
the underside
fitted to
of the engine.
Abt rack railroads In 1882. Swiss railroad
engineer patented system.
It
Roman Abt his
famous rack
rail
came
eventually
be used by more than ~0°o of all rack railroads. He used to
parallel
toothed
the teeth of
one
rails rail
with opposite
the gaps in the other,
and
a pair of pinions with teeth
staggered to match.
Pushing from behind Some mountain
railroads
have conventional track for part of the run and use rack and pinion for only the
Engineer's
cab
steepest gradients. In this
case the locomotive works
from the front of the train. But on railroads equipped with rack from end to end. the locomotive, with
Brake handwheel
its
brake system, is always placed at the downhill
end of the
train.
Cogged wheels Pinion wheels have teeth
Coupling all
around their edges. As the wheels turn, the teeth slot into the gaps in the rack, literally climbing up it tooth by tooth. effectively pulling the engine up the slope and preventing it from slipping backward.
book
Rear buffer
Ci»uv)itio)ial rail
it it
was suggested was fitted with
^^^^ ^^^^
that a
locomotive could wheels that would
a pair of
^&^
whistle pull
Angled bottom
Fire tubes
If
Car roof.
the seats in the passenger
compartments were
Smokestack
set
parallel to the floor,
the passengers in seats facing downhill
would be thrown
into
the laps of those facing them as the train chugged uphill. To
Boiler
prevent
this,
the seats
are set at angles,
and
the floors of the cars
most mountain
on
railroads
are angled to allow for
the slope.
Angled seat
Wooden paneling
Running board
Give us a brake Braking
mountain
is
especially important
railroad locomotives.
on
As
well as being equipped with standard
locomotive brakes, rack locomotives
have an extra brake on the axle
that
drives the pinion wheel. This
applied
by moving
a
is
handwheel on the
footplate.
Vertical boilers The designers of the first mountain railroad locomotives were faced with the problem that on steep gradients, the fire tubes at the front of the boiler would be tilted so much that the water wouldn't cover them This could cause a boiler to fail and possibly even explode. The problem was eventually solved by building locomotives witn angled boilers.
TECHNICAL DATA Length of car: 13 FT 6
IN
LENGTH OF ENGINE: 17 FT
(9.6 M)
IN
(5.3 M)
£>
^j^ii
u^swp:
yZ=S
-—-U-bftftr*
-IL
Jk
~^[|y'
QQP3DD
Driving axle
•^SBiaP
*iigg^
\\u j' i
Width: 11 FT
23
9
IN
(2.4M)
ENGINE WHEELBASE: 9 FT 2
IN
(2.8 M)
Electro-diesel Electricity was first used to power a train l\ 1842 The first diesel locomotive engines ran 70 years later. Both are more efficient than steam. The class 73 electro-diesel shown here first ran for British Railways in 1962. Diesels
and
electrics
Diesel locomotives use diesel engines to turn the wheels. Electric trains
run on
overhead wire or
electricity
third
rail.
picked up from an
Diesel-electric trains use
diesel engines to generate electricity. This
powers
the motors that turn the wheels. This class 73 uses external electricity its
own where
where available, but generates is no third rail.
there
Route indicatot
Windshield uipers
Yellow at both ends Class 73s are painted yellow at both ends to make them more conspicious to people working on the track
Hand
Bogie
control frame
damper
Quick change Where
telephone
telephone
speaker
Axle box
truck-
brake
wheel
Cab Cab
Electric traction
Keeping in touch
electricity
is
supplied by
live
third rail, it flows to a transformer where it is converted to the required
Intercom sets are standard equipment on class 73s. They allow the engineer
voltage for use in the locomotive.
Cab telephone
and other onboard crew members
The current then flows
radio handset
talk to
radio set
to
each other throughout a journey
24
to traction
motors that turn the wheels.
I
Weight:
Main generator
TECHNICAL DATA
Overall length: 53FT 10
69.8 TONS (70,916.8 KG)
(16.4M)
IN
Turbocharger
case
Max SPEED:
90 MPH (145KM/H)
,
Engineer's control
/l^B panel S-1|B_ Power
^j^R
controller
^====s
- Cab telephone
stand
Main wheel spring (two per wheel)
Traction motor field
Steam vs
diesel-electric and electro-diesel
Diesel-electric
winding
The power pack
trains
work on 675
volts
are ready for use at the turn of a switch.
Class 73s
Steam engines take some time to get started, and their fires must be continually
of
stoked. Electro-diesels require less servicing
generated on the locomotive by a 600-hp diesel engine.
electricity.
On
non-electric
sections the voltage
and
have better acceleration. They also run more smoothly at high speed, which causes less wear.
25
is
Le shuttle IN 1994 THE CHANNEL TUNNEL OPENED BETWEEN FOLKESTONE, in the
south of England, and
northern France. From the start, British and French engineers realized that a new engine was
Overhead
Calais, in
needed
to pull the trains that carry
automobiles through the tunnel. The locomotive that came off the drawing board has to make the journey between France and England 20 times a day, so it is appropriately called Le Shuttle.
driver has four
Metallized
carbon
Pantograph springs
Power
The controls The The
contact wire
main
controls.
selector detennines direction,
Le Shuttle collects power
from an overhead wire.
backward or forward. The power controller is pushed forward to accelerate the train. The main brake controller and direct-air
The current
main transformer. The current
Signaling
eventually reaches the traction
equipment
brake controllers
motors
cubicle
either
stop the
is
carried
first
to a
small transformer, then to the
that turn the wheels.
train.
Windshield
Engi) seer's
cab
Engi) leer's control
panel Headlight
Heavy duty buffer
Coming
Leading bogie
to
a halt
The cabs
Le shuttle
electric
Each Shuttle locomotive has two cabs, a large one at the front extending across the entire width of the engine, and a smaller, auxiliary cab at the back, mainly used for switching operations at low speed.
is
combined (regenerative) and
equipped with
truck
a
mechanical braking system
26
strip
Working together Pantograph upper arm
Channel Tunnel car trains are 2,500 ft (750 m) long and make their journey with a shuttle engine at each end. The engines have to work on gradients and be able to cope with changes in
Auxiliary
Auxiliary cab
cab
,
control desk
Pantograph lower
arm
temperature that range from bitterly cold to hot. If a fault develops in the one of the bogie trucks,
each engine must
able to
work
be
still
effectively. If
an
engine breaks down, the other one
must be able
Air reservoir
to finish the journey.
Transformer
K^
1
^>
^^*
*cs
LW
Rear bogie truck
Primary suspension springs
Battery
Monocoque
charger
body structure
Bogie trucks Le Shuttle has three bogie trucks with independently driven axles. Primary suspension is via pairs of springs. The springs are attached
<£
to a casting
on the bottom of each
TECHNICAL DATA P Width: 9 ft 6
IN
Speed:
Power:
90 MFh
7,500 HP (5.6
Secondary suspension springs
Traction
motor blower Traction motor
27
(145KM/H)
MW)
Length: 72
(2.9 M)
ft
i
in
(22 m)
axle box.
Timeline
1825 Locomotion England
1803 Trevithick's locomotive England Tender carries
In
1825, IT
WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO
coal/water
more than a few miles by train. Within a few decades, railroad track had been laid all over the world. travel
Today's advanced trains thunder along the tracks at speeds undreamed of by railroad pioneers.
—
1860 "American" 4-4-0 US
1851 Crampton 2-2-2-0 France
Huge driving wheel
.
1934
Ml 0000 diesel unit US - one
1938 Mallard 4-6-2 England Steam speed record holder - 126 mph (202 km/h)
Streamlined shape
of the first diesel trains
1970 Electric express locomotive France
1955 General Electric diesel locomotive US
28
1829 Rocket England
1893 Number 999 4-4-0 US
\
vlLi
\Mj
1841 Lord of the Isles England
1930 Chapelon 4-6-2 France
l_1!j
1941 "Big Boy" 4-8-8-4 US -Largest steam locomotive ever built
Huge, articulated chassis
Pantograph picks up overhead wires
electricity from
1990 Bullet train Japan
Rounded, aerodynamic nose helps train reach
high speeds
29
Glossary Air brakes A system that uses
compressed
push
air to
the brake shoes onto the
wheels.
Axle A round metal bar joins a pair of
that
Crosshead
steam-operated device in the tender for pushing coal forward to a point where it can be shoveled
A
directly into the firebox.
cylinder.
device that keeps the
piston rods in line as they
move
in
come from
that
the boiler.
Firebox The metal box
situated
Cog wheel
behind the boiler of a steam locomotive in which
A
the
fire
burns.
that
Ballast
Small pebbles that
make
mountain
Fire stoker
The person who keeps the
railroad.
Crosshead
the base of a railroad
Blast pipe
Cylinder The metal tube into which steam or gas is pushed to make the pistons go backward and forward.
that
collects electric current
in a
from the
steam
locomotive that takes exhaust steam up the smokestack.
fueled in a steam
Flange The extended rim of a wheel that keeps it on the
rail.
Wheel
Flange
hub
Connecting rod
A
Bogie truck The wheeled carriage fitted beneath the end of
B
„je
tn
Dead-man's handle
metal rod that links the
piston to the driving
A
wheels of
power and applying brakes in the event of the engineer becoming ill during a trip.
a locomotive.
Coupling
A
JQgL
live rail in third-
rail electrified tracks.
Boiler The metal drum in a steam locomotive where water is turned into steam.
a locomotive or car.
fire
locomotive.
Collector shoe The metal block
track.
The pipe
Exhaust The unwanted fumes
and
out of the
toothed wheel or pinion connects with the rack laid between the rails of a rack-and-pinion
wheels
together.
up
Coal pusher
A
device for connecting
cars to
device for cutting off
an engine and each Diesel engine
other.
An
engine, fueled by
Cowcatcher
diesel
A
metal grid fitted to the front of a locomotive to
trains either to
engine directly or to drive
Footplate
nudge animals
the electric motors that
The
power
locomotive on which the engineer and stoker stand.
off the
track (technically called
oil.
used
in some power the
the engine.
the pilot).
part of a
steam
Dome Cab The engineer's compartment - where
the
controls are located.
Coupling rods The metal rod that links one wheel of a pair to the
The
other, so that they turn in
valve in
on top of the
locomotive where dry steam is collected and where the steam regulator
unison.
Car A vehicle
part
boiler barrel of a steam
passengers travel. Passenger cars, or coaches, earn- people.
Driving wheels The main wheel of a locomotive turned by
Freight cars carry
the
kinds of things from place to place.
Coupling rod
Crankshaft A metal arm
Carrying wheel A locomotive's guiding.
the
load-bearing wheel.
them
movement
locomotive
chassis
is built.
Freight
is set.
which
all
Frame The foundation or on which a steam
of the
connecting rod.
The goods or cargo on a train.
carried
Gauge The distance between two rails of a railroad track.
of a piston
Electro-diesel engine An engine that can run on
making
both
that transfers
movement
to the wheels,
turn.
electrified
and non-
electrified tracks.
30
Gradient The slope of track.
a railroad
the
Piston rod The rod that connects
Guard The
official in
an English
charge of
the
piston to the crosshead.
train.
Shoe brake
and volume of steam
A
a steam locomotive after
device that stops a turning wheel by pressing a block of
Rack and pinion The toothed track (rack)
Hand brake The means of applying brake blocks to the ;wheels without power
and toothed wheel
assistance.
up and down steep mountains and other
Locomotive
slopes.
wood
to the rim.
or metal
Pinion
engine that makes (its own power to enable >it to move. Locomotives used to be powered by steam, but since
Tank engine An engine that
form a
its
train.
A means
and diesel power have
movement
on the
Live rail L^n electrical conductor for
of trains by
if
there are trains
track ahead, or of
the intention to divert a
transmitting electricity to a
Rail
on
The
third-rail
train to strip
Pantograph A wire frame on top of
another track.
of steel on which
engines were usually used for short runs with
lightweight trains.
Rail
bed
The
layer of material
emitted.
spread over the formation
!an electric train that
on which the
electricity
from cables suspended above the track.
ties
Tender
A
car,
attached to a steam
locomotive, that carries the locomotive's water and fuel, either
Smokestack The metal tube from which steam and smoke is
a train's wheels run.
'electrified tracks.
i
of
Tank
warning or advising the engineer
up
its
water and fuel chassis rather than
in a separate tender.
controlling the
Ithey are
carried
own
on Signals
taken over because
picks
extra heat.
into the correct order to
.the 1930s, electricity
'locomotive
the boiler barrel
Shunting Pushing cars and coaches
cheaper and more efficient.
left
Suspension The springed system between the wheels and frame that absorbs shock caused by running over uneven tracks.
(
!
has
by applying
Shoe brake
(pinion) that pull trains
iAn
it
in
wood
or coal.
Tie
The wooden or concrete strip to which rails are attached.
and
Wheel code (Whyte
track are laid. Also called ballast bed.
notation)
The
Piston
Rolling stock
A metal plug powered
Cars, coaches,
by steam that slides forward and backward
railroad vehicles.
inside a cylinder.
Safety valve The apparatus inside the dome of a steam locomotive from which steam is released if
Valve
steam engines by number
and other
^\%
-'l
pressure inside the \3 boiler becomes too
classification of
of wheels. 4-6-2
Smoke box The compartment
in a
steam locomotive where steam and smoke collect before being sent up the smokestack.
high.
Spark arrester
Sandbox
A box Cylinder Piston
which sand is stored to be fed by pipes onto the rail ahead of the driving wheels to stop them from slipping. in
A
device in the smokestack
from being thrown into the air. to prevent sparks
4-4-0
Superheating Increasing the temperature
31
INDEX A
diesel. 24.
Abt rack
mountain
railroads, 22-23
electric, 24, 26-27,
10-11. 28
28
articulated locomotives,
electro-diesel.
16
track. 8. 10, 19, 22.
N
bells,
types of locomotive
Number
0-8-4, 14
999. 29
0-12-0. 16
O
steam, 6-21, 25
warning, 11
bogie trucks, 10. 20. 27 "Big Boy." 16. 29 boiler. 6. 8. 9.
4-2-2. 12-13 26,
29
4-4-0. 10-11. 28.
23 Flying Scotsman. 20-21
23
4-12-2, 16-19
6. 9.
Pacific class Al. 20-21
U
Pacific class A3, 20-21
brakes. 13. 11. 23. 26
G
brick arch. 18
Pacific class A4. 20
pantograph. 29 Pennsylvania. 16
and Exeter Railway General. 11
Railways class 73
passenger compartments.
Great Central. Railway. 14
Great Northern Railway,
13.
electro-diesel. 12.
24-2^
20
C Caile. J.F..
8
chairs. 6
R
headlights, 10
rack loco. 22-23
heavy
radio handset, 24
16-19
Channel Tunnel. 26 Chapelon 4-6-2. 29
rails. 6. 12.
Huskisson. William, 7
Rocket, 6-7.
steam,
Crampton
warning bells. 11 wheel code. 8, 31 wheels
selector.
L
cranks. 7
31
steam dome, 6 Stephenson. Robert.
Railway,
6,
7
Stirling "Single" no.l. ^
London and North-Eastern
DeWitt Clinton. 29
Railway, 20
Lord of the
Isles,
6.
Stirling. Patrick, 12
Locomotion, 28 locomotives see engines
D
29
9
Acknowledgments Dorling Kindersley would like to
thank the following people
12-13
helped
in the
28
Engine 9000, 16
M M-10000
superheating. 20
book:
suspension, 26
Index by Lynn Bresler
Alan Austin
Gary Biggin diesel.
28
Mallard. 28
32
who
preparation of this
Artworks by:
electric trains. 24, 26-27,
30
pinion. 22. 31
splash guards. 13
Liverpool and Manchester
cylinders. 6, 7
16. 18. 28,
26
side aisle. 13
Le Shuttle. 26-27 7, 17,
driving, 7, 8, 12. 15.
Schmidt. Wilhelm. 20
2-2-2-0. 8-9.
cylinder valves,
carrying, 17, 18, 30
saddle tanks. 14
intercom, 24
Crampton, Thomas. 8
31
29
I
28
7,
W
11. 25
connecting rod, 7 cab. 11. 30
engine
no. 9000. 16-17
valves. 31
coal, 6. 18. 19
coal push. 18. 30
Pacific
valve gear. 17
rack and pinion. 22, 23 freight locomotive.
Union
V
Gresley. Sir Nigel, 20
H
Pacific Railroad, 16,
23
pistons. 7, 31
Bullet train. 29
Union
17. 19
IS British
29
28
4-6-2, 20-21.
firebox, 6, 8, 18. 30
tubes,
28
2-8-8-0, 17
18. 19.
boiler pressure. 21
Bristol
2-2-2-0, 8-9.
overhead wire.
fire
28
Trevithick's locomotive, 28
24-25
B
24, 25
transformer, 24, 26
25
Roman. 11 American 4-4-0. Abt,
rail,
traction motors, 24, 26
Railroad. 20
28
diesel-electric, 24,
railroad. 11
third (live)
Missouri Pacific
engines
tank engines. 14-15
Richard Chasemore
tenders. 18. 19. 31
Hans Jenssen
Texas, 11
Chris Lyon
*"*«
LOOK INSIDE CROSS-SECTIONS
TRAINS See inside 10
fascinating locomotives WHAT is
does a boiler look like inside? • kind of engine pulls cars through the Channel Tunnel?
a tank engine?
•
^
WHICH
c -
:
locomotive had huge driving wheels? • steam locomotive was the largest single unit ever built? • train was the first to be involved in a fatal accident?
HOW do steam locomotives work? • does a hand brake stop a train? • do electric trains pick up current from
a third rail?
Find the answers to these and other fascinating questions in
LOOK INSIDE CROSS-SECTIONS TRAINS
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