AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING E�ec����ic� a�d C�����ica�i�� De��.
��� �������� ���� ���������� ��: P��f. I��ai� Hafe� DR. H���ei� Abd E�A��� E�g. The�d��a Ma�d��h
���� �������: 1�A�� Kha�ed M�ha�ed 2� I��a� A�h�af Fa�ag 3� Mah���d Ga�a� E��dei� Mah���d 4�Me��a��A��ah 4�Me��a��A��ah M�ha�ed Mah���d 5�M���afa Ah�ed H���ei� 6�Na�e� M�h�e� A�i 7�Rehab Sa�ed M�ha�ed 8�Ya��i�e M�ha�ed Ga�a� F��ad
A�������������� We ����d �i�e �� e���e�� ��� dee�e�� g�a�i��de �� ��� g�ad�a�i�� ����ec� ���e��i��� D� . H������ A�� E� A��� A��� a�d ����. ������ H���� f�� �hei� g�ida�ce, c���i����� �a�ie�ce e�c���age�e�� a�d ������� d��i�g �he ����ec�. M��e��e�, i� i� ��� d��� �� �ha�� a�� �he �e�be�� f�� �hei� ge�e���� di�c���i��� a�d e�c���age�e��. I� ha� bee� a g�ea� ��������i�� �� gai� ���� e��e�ie�ce i� �ea� �i�e ����ec��, f�����ed b� �he �����edge �f h�� �� ac��a��� de�ig� a�d a�a���e �ea� ����ec��. F�� �ha� �e �a�� �� �ha�� a�� �he �e���e �h� �ade i� ����ib�e f�� ���de��� �i�e ��.
A�������������� We ����d �i�e �� e���e�� ��� dee�e�� g�a�i��de �� ��� g�ad�a�i�� ����ec� ���e��i��� D� . H������ A�� E� A��� A��� a�d ����. ������ H���� f�� �hei� g�ida�ce, c���i����� �a�ie�ce e�c���age�e�� a�d ������� d��i�g �he ����ec�. M��e��e�, i� i� ��� d��� �� �ha�� a�� �he �e�be�� f�� �hei� ge�e���� di�c���i��� a�d e�c���age�e��. I� ha� bee� a g�ea� ��������i�� �� gai� ���� e��e�ie�ce i� �ea� �i�e ����ec��, f�����ed b� �he �����edge �f h�� �� ac��a��� de�ig� a�d a�a���e �ea� ����ec��. F�� �ha� �e �a�� �� �ha�� a�� �he �e���e �h� �ade i� ����ib�e f�� ���de��� �i�e ��.
A������� The �i�e�e�� ce����a� c�����ica�i��� �ec��� i� �i��e��i�g a h�ge �a��e� �e�e��a�i�� c��bi�ed �i�h a high de�a�d f�� �e� ��bi�e �e��ice� �i�h ���ic� ��a�i�� �e��i�e�e���. Gi�e� �he high c��� �f �e����� i�f�a����c���e i��e���e��� a�d ��ec���� Lice��e�, i� i� e��e��ia� f�� �e����� ��e�a���� �� �a�e i�f���ed deci�i��� �� �e����� de�����e�� �� �a�i�f� �hei� �e�f���a�ce � e�f���a�ce �e��i�e�e��� i� �he ���� c����efficie�� �a�. I� �hi� ����ec�, �e ai� a� de�e���i�g a �e� �e�h�d���g� f�� �adi� �e����� ��a��i�g �ha� �ee�� �he ��ecifica�i��� a�d e�ha�ced fea���e� �f �e�� ge�e�a�i�� OFDMA�ba�ed �adi� acce�� a cce�� �ech����gie� �i�h �a��ic��a� e��ha�i� �� LTE�Ad�a�ced. The ������ed �e�h�d���g� �i�� ca����e ����e� de�ig� c�����e��� ��ch a� ���be� �f �i�e� �eeded i� �he �e����� , �a�e ada��a�i��, �������i��a��fai� ����i��e� �ched��i�g, MIMO ����i��e�i�g� di�e��i�� ��ade�ff�, c���e�a�i�e ba�e ��a�i�� ��a���i��i���, �e�a�i�g a���g ��bi�e ��a�i���, a�d ����i��a�e�ed ce�� de�ig� �i�h fe��� a�d �ic�� ce���. The ���� �c��e �i�� i�����e: ��a�i��ica� ��de�i�g �f i��e�fe�e�ce i� ����i�ce�� OFDMA �e������, de�e����e�� �f di�e��i��i�g a�d �i�� b�dge� a�a���i� ���ced��e� a�d i���e�e��a�i�� �f a ��������e ���fe��i��a� �e����� ��a��i�g ���� c�����i�ed �� LTE�Ad�a�ced
�������� LTE P�a��i�g T���....................................................................................................................... 1 Tea� �e�be��:.............................................. .................................................. ..................... 1 Ac�����edge�e��....................................................... .................................................. ........ 2 Ab���ac� ................................................................................................................................. 3 C���e��� .................................................................................................................................... 4 Cha��e� (1) I����d�c�i�� �� Wi�e�e�� C�����ica�i�� S���e��.......................................... ... 10 1.1
I����d�c�i��:....................................... .................................................. ................... 11
1.2
Wi�e�e�� C�����ica�i�� S���e��: ........................................................... .............. 11
1.2.1
Wi�e�e�� C�����ica�i�� A���ica�i���:..................................................... ...... 12
1.2.2
Ad�a��age� & Di�ad�a��age� �f Wi�e�e�� C�����ica�i��:............................ 12
1.3
M�de� �f T�a���i��i�� i� Wi�e�e�� C�����ica�i�� S���e��: ............................... 13
1.4
D���e� T�a���i��i�� Tech�i��e�: ................................................ ........................... 13
1.4.1
F�e��e�c� Di�i�i�� D���e� (FDD): ................................................ ................... 13
1.4.2
Ti�e Di�i�i�� D���e� (TDD): ................................................. ........................... 14
1.5
M���i��e Acce�� Tech�i��e�: ........................................................ ........................... 14
1.5.1
F�e��e�c� Di�i�i�� M���i��e Acce�� (FDMA): .................................................. 14
1.5.2
Ti�e Di�i�i�� M���i��e Acce�� (TDMA):........................................................... 15
1.5.3
C�de Di�i�i�� M���i��e Acce�� (CDMA): .................................................... ...... 16
1.5.4
O��h�g��a� F�e��e�c� Di�i�i�� M���i��e Acce�� (OFDMA): ............................ 17
1.6
Ce����a� C��ce���: ............................................ .................................................. ...... 17
1.6.1
Ce����a� Te�e�h��e S���e��: ............................................................. .............. 17
1.6.2
F�e��e�c� Re��e: ............................................ ................................................ 18
1.7
S�i�chi�g Te��i����gie�: ..................................................... ................................... 20
1.7.1
Ci�c�i� ��i�chi�g (CS): ................................................... ................................... 20
1.7.2
Pac�e� ��i�chi�g (PS): ................................................... ................................... 20
1.8
Wi�e�e�� T�a���i��i�� P��b�e��:................................................. ........................... 21
1.8.1
Fadi�g: ..................................................... .................................................. ...... 21
1.8.2
Pa�h�����: ................................................. .................................................. ...... 23
1.8.3
Ti�e De�a�: .............................................. .................................................. ...... 24
1.8.4
Ti�e Di��e��i��: .............................................. ................................................ 24
1.8.5
I��e�fe�e�ce: ............................................ .................................................. ...... 24
Cha��e� (2) I����d�c�i�� �� M�bi�e C�����ica�i�� .................................................... ......... 26 2.1
Ea��ie� S���e��: ............................................................ ........................................... 27
2.2
GSM � G��ba� S���e� f�� M�bi�e C�����ica�i��� ................................................ 27
2.2.1
Hi����ica� O�e��ie�: ..................................................... ................................... 27
2.2.3
The M�d��a�i�� Tech�i��e: ................................................. ........................... 30
2.2.4
S���c���e �f a Ti�e����: ........................................................ ........................... 31
2.2.5
Ci�c�i��S�i�ched Da�a T�a���i��i��: ......................................................... ...... 32
2.2.6
Ide��i�� N��be��:............................................ ................................................ 32
2.2.7
Ide��ifica�i�� �f a M�bi�e S�b�c�ibe�: ....................................................... ...... 33
2.3
GPRS (Ge�e�a� �ac�e� �adi� �e��ice�) 2.5G: ...................................................... ...... 33
2.3.1
GPRS �e��ice: ................................................... ................................................ 33
2.3.2
GPRS A�chi�ec���e: ....................................................... ................................... 34
2.4
EDGE (e�ha�ced da�a �a�e� f�� GSM e�����i��) 2.75G:.......................................... 35
2.5
UMTS (3G): ......................................... .................................................. ................... 35
2.5.1
I����d�c�i�� �� U�i�e��a� M�bi�e Te�ec�����ica�i��� S���e�� (UMTS): ..... 35
2.5.2
UMTS Se��ice�: ................................................ ................................................ 38
2.5.3
UMTS A�chi�ec���e O�e��ie�: ........................................................... .............. 38
Cha��e� (3) LTE (L��g Te�� E�����i��).................................................................................... 48 3.1
DRIVERS FOR LTE: ............................................ .................................................. ...... 49
3.2
LTE �ai� �b�ec�i�e�: ................................................ ................................................ 50
3.3
LTE SAE (S���e� A�chi�ec���e E�����i��): ......................................................... ...... 50
3.3.1
The c��e �e�����: ........................................................ ................................... 51
3.3.2
The acce�� �e�����: ..................................................... ................................... 53
3.4
LTE ai� i��e�face: .............................................. .................................................. ...... 54
3.4.1
LTE ai� i��e�face ��i�ci��e�: ............................................................... .............. 57
3.4.2
LTE cha��e�� ����c���e : ....................................................... ........................... 60
3.3.3
Ti�e d��ai� f�a�e ����c���e : ......................................................... .............. 63
3.4.4 LTE d����i�� �h��ica� �e����ce� : .......................................................................... 64 3.4.5
LTE ���i�� �h��ica� �e����ce�: ........................................................... .............. 67
3.4.6
LTE UE ca�abi�i�ie�: ....................................................... ................................... 69
3.5 F�e��e�c� Ba�d� f�� LTE ............................................................. ................................ 69 Cha��e� (4) LTE ��a��i�g ���ce�� ............................................................................................ 71 4.1
P�a��i�g ���ce��: .......................................................... ........................................... 72
4.1.1
P�e���a��i�g: ................................................... ................................................ 72
4.1.2
P�a��i�g: .................................................. .................................................. ...... 72
4.1.3
De�ai�ed P�a��i�g: ........................................................ ................................... 73
4.1.4
Te��i�g a�d ���i�i�a�i��: ..................................................... ........................... 73
4.1.5
C��ce��� a�d Te��i����g�: ............................................................... .............. 73
4.1.6
Li�i�a�i���: ......................................... ....................................................... ...... 75
4.1.7
A������i���: ................................................... ................................................ 75
4.2
Di�e��i��i�g ���ce��: ............................................ ................................................ 75
4 .2.1
C��e�age Di�e��i��i�g (UPLINK): ............................................... ................... 76
4.2.2 DOWNLINK COVERAGE: ..................................................... ................................... 87 4 .2.3 UPLINK CAPACITY: ................................................................................................. 92 4.2.4 DOWNLINK CAPACITY: ....................................................... ................................... 92 Cha��e� (5) I���e�e��a�i�� �f �he ���� .......................................................... ........................ 96 5.1 Ge��i�g ��a��ed �i�h �a�a: ................................................. ............................................. 97 5.1.1 Wha� i� �a�a ?.......................................................................................................... 97 5.1.2 I����d�c�i�� �� �a�a : ................................................. ............................................. 97 5.1.3 Wh� �a�a ? .............................................................................................................. 97 5.1.4 S���e� i���e�e��a�i�� : ....................................................................................... 99 5.1.5 P��g�a� ��a��h��� : ............................................................................................. 100 5.2 I������a�i�e Cha��� ........................................................................................................ 106 5.2.1 Cha�� 1: ................................................................................................................. 106 5.2.2 Cha�� 2: ................................................................................................................. 106 5.2.3 Cha�� 3: ................................................................................................................. 107 5.2.4 Cha�� 4: ................................................................................................................. 108 5.2.5 Cha�� 5: ................................................................................................................. 108 5.2.6 Cha�� 6: ................................................................................................................. 109 5.2.7 Cha�� 7: ................................................................................................................. 109 5.3 F����e W��� ................................................................................................................ 110 5.3.1 I����d�c�i�� �� �he C�a��ifica�i�� a�d Ge�e�a�i�� �f N���U�if��� U�e� Di���ib��i���: ................................................................................................................. 110 5.3.2 SPATIAL BINNING: ................................................................................................ 111 5.3.3 MOMENT OF INERTIA METRIC : ........................................................................... 112 5.3.4 GENERATING NON�UNIFORM USER DIST RIBUTIONS: .......................................... 112 5.3.5 MAPPING BETWEEN THE SCALING FACTOR AND THE MOMENT OF INERTIA METRIC ψ�.................................................. ................................................... ................. 114 5.3.6 U�e� Di���ib��i�� �i�h M���i H��: ........................................................................ 115 5.3.7 C��c���i��: ........................................................................................................... 116
5.4 H�� �� c���a�e be��ee� ��a��i�g ����� ? ................................................................ 116 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... 117 LIST OF REFERENCES ....................................... .................................................. ................. 121
����� �� ������� FIGURE 1.1 MODES OF TRANSMISSION IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS .................................... 13 FIGURE1.2 FREQUENCY DIVISION DUPLEX (FD 1) ............................................................................. 14 FIGURE 1.3 TIME DIVISION DUPLEX (TDD) 1 ................................................................................... 14 FIGURE 1.4 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (FDMA)............................................................ 15 FIGURE 1.5 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA) .................................................. ................... 16 FIGURE 1.6 CDMA ...................................................................................................................... 17 FIGURE 1.7 ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS .................................................... 17 FIGURE 1.8 ILLUSTRATES THE CONCEPT OF CELLULAR FREQUENCY REUSE, WHERE CELLS LABELED WITH THE SAME LETTER USE THE SAME GROUP OF CHANNELS. THE FREQUENCY REUSE PLAN IS OVERLAID UPON A MAP TO INDICATE WHERE DIFFERENT FREQUENCY CHANNELS ARE USED . ........................................ 20
FIGURE 1.9 FADING...................................................................................................................... 22 FIGURE 1.10 FAST FADING ............................................................................................................ 22 FIGURE 1.11 ANTENNA DIVERSITY .................................................................................................. 23 FIGURE 1.12 PATH LOSS ............................................................................................................... 23 FIGURE 2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM. IN THIS FIGURE : ADC, ADMINISTRATION CENTER; NMC, NETWORK MANAGEMENT CENTER; OSI, OPERATOR SYSTEM INTERFACE .......................................................................................................................... 29 FIGURE 2.2 PHASE DIAGRAM FOR THE BIT SEQUENCE 1011011000 FOR GAUSSIAN MINIMUM SHIFT KEYING WITH BGT = 0.3 (SOLID LINE) AND PURE MINIMUM SHIFT KEYING (DASHED LINE) ...........................
31
FIGURE 2.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE BITS OF A NORMAL TRANSMISSION BURST ............................................. 31 FIGURE 2.4 GPRS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE ....................................................................................... 34 FIGURE 2.5 IMT2000 ............................................. .................................................. ................... 36 FIGURE 2.6 IMT�2000 ROAD MAP ................................................................................................. 36 FIGURE 2.7 WCDMA, CDMA ...................................................................................................... 37 FIGURE 2.8 UMTS DEVELOPMENT 3GPP FOUNDATION .................................................. ................... 37 FIGURE 2.9 UMTS ARCHITECTURE. ................................................................................................ 39 FIGURE 2.10 COMPARISON BETWEEN FMDA, TDMA AND CDMA. ............................................. ....... 41 FIGURE 2.11 FREQUENCY REUSE BY USING REUSED DISTANCE.. .......................................................... 41 FIGURE 2.12 SPREAD SPECTRUM................................................... ................................................. 42 FIGURE 2.13 WCDMA SPREAD SPECTRUM ..................................................................................... 43 FIGURE 2.14 RAKE RECEIVER. ........................................................................................................ 43 FIGURE 2.15 CLOSED LOOP POWER CONTROL .................................................................................. 44 FIGURE 2.16 COMPARISON BETWEEN SOFT AND SOFTER HAND OVER. ................................................. 44 FIGURE 2.17 HSPA TARGETS. ....................................................................................................... 46
FIGURE 2.18 COMPARISON BETWEEN UMTS NETWORK STRUCTURE AND HSDPA NETWORK STRUCTURE. 46 FIGURE 3.1 THE INCREASING DEMAND ON MOBILE BROADBAND SERVICES WITH COMPARED TO FIXED BROADBAND SERVICES IN THE PAST FEW YEARS .................................................. ........................ 49
FIGURE 3.2 3GPP RELEASES .......................................................................................................... 50 FIGURE 3.3 LTE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE ....................................................................................... 51 FIGURE 3.4 LTE ACCESS NETWORK ................................................................................................. 53 FIGURE 3.5 RADIO INTERFACE STRUCTURE ....................................................................................... 55 FIGURE 3.6 UL AND DL ACCESS TECHNIQUES.................................................. .................................. 56 FIGURE 3.7 ORTHOGONAL SUBCARRIERS ......................................................................................... 57 FIGURE 3.8 INVERSE FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM (IFFT).................................................. ................... 58 FIGURE 3.9 ADAPTIVE MODULATION .............................................................................................. 58 FIGURE 3.10 ADAPTIVE CODING .................................................................................................... 59 FIGURE 3.11 TX DIVERSITY V 2X2 MIMO .............................................. ......................................... 60 FIGURE 3.12 LTE CHANNEL STRUCTURE .................................................................................... 60 FIGURE 3.13 FDD FRAME STRUCTURE .................................................. ........................................... 63 FIGURE 3.14 TDD FRAME STRUCTURE .................................................. ........................................... 64 FIGURE 3.15 LTE DL PHYSICAL RESOURCES ...................................................................................... 64 FIGURE 3.16 ............................................................................................................................... 65 FIGURE 3.17 MAXIMUM USER DATA RATE ....................................................................................... 66 FIGURE 3.18 MINIMUM USER DATA RATE ........................................................................................ 67 FIGURE 3.19 LTE UL PHYSICAL RESOURCES ...................................................................................... 68 FIGURE 3.20 UL DATA RATE .......................................................................................................... 68 FIGURE 3.21 LTE UE CATEGORIES .................................................................................................. 69 FIGURE 3.22 PAIRED FREQUENCY BANDS DEFINED BY 3GPP FOR LTE ............................................... ... 70 FIGURE 3.23 UNPAIRED FREQUENCY BANDS DEFINED BY 3GPP FOR LTE ............................................. 70 FIGURE 4.1 GENERAL WIRELESS CELLULAR NETWORK PLANNING PROCESS.............................................. 72 FIGURE 4.2 RESOURCE BLOCK DEFINITIONS IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN .................................................. .. 74 FIGURE 4.3 LTE DIMENSIONING PROCESS........................................................................................ 75 FIGURE 4.4 UPLINK CELL THROUGHPUT.................................................. ......................................... 77 FIGURE 4.5 INTERFERING CELL UL BIT RATE PER RB................................................. ......................... 78 FIGURE 4.6 LTE SEMI EMPIRICAL MODEL ........................................................................................ 78 FIGURE 4.7 AVERAGE UPLINK SYSTEM LOAD .................................................................................... 79 FIGURE 4.8 UPLINK INTERFERENCE MARGIN..................................................................................... 80 FIGURE 4.9 DIMENSIONING CELL UL RB THROUGHPUT ..................................................................... 81 FIGURE 4.10 ENODE B RECEIVER SENSITIVITY .................................................. ................................. 82 FIGURE 4.11 UPLINK LINK BUDGET.................................................. ............................................... 83 FIGURE 4.12 UPLINK CELL RANGE .................................................................................................. 86 FIGURE 4.13 SITE�TO�SITE DISTANCE & COVERAGE AREA .................................................................. 87 FIGURE 4.14 DL MAX SIGNAL ATTENUATION ................................................................................... 88 FIGURE 4.15 DL NOISE RISE AT CELL EDGE ...................................................................................... 89 FIGURE 4.16 DOWNLINK CELL EDGE SINR .............................................. ......................................... 90 FIGURE 4.17 DL CELL EDGE THROUGHPUT ...................................................................................... 91 FIGURE 4.18 UPLINK CAPACITY CALCULATION .................................................................................. 92 FIGURE 4.19 DOWNLINK AVERAGE NOISE RISE.................................................. ............................... 93 FIGURE 4.20 DL AVERAGE SINR .................................................................................................... 94
FIGURE 4.21 DOWNLINK CAPACITY CALCULATIONS ........................................................................... 95 FIGURE 5.1 ................................................................................................................................. 99 FIGURE 5.2 RELATION BETWEEN CELL RADIUS AND BASE STATION HEIGHT. ......................................... 106 FIGURE 5.3 RELATION BETWEEN MAXIMUM PATH LOSS AND EQUIPMENT SENSTIVITY........................... 106 FIGURE 5.4 RELATION BETWEEN RX DL SENSITIVTY AND CHANNEL BANDWIDTH .................................. 107 FIGURE 5.5 RELATION BETWEEN DL CELL EDGE THROUGHPUT AND DL NETWORK LOAD ........................ 108 FIGURE 5.6 RELATION BETWEEN MAXMIMUM PATH LOSS AND DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO SITES.............. 108 FIGURE 5.7 RELATION BETWEEN UL CELL THROUGHPUT AND NUMBER OF SUBSCRIBERS PER CELL ........... 109 FIGURE 5.8 RELATION BETWEEN DL CELL EDGE THROUGHPUT AND DISTANCE FROM BASE STATION ........ 109 FIGURE 5.9 Q UANTIZED REPRESENTATION OF CELL ......................................................................... 111 FIGURE 5.10 NON�UNIFORM USER DISTRIBUTION (Β= �10)............................................... ............... 113 FIGURE 5.11 NON�UNIFORM USER DISTRIBUTION (Β = +10) ............................................................ 114 FIGURE 5.12 SCALING VALUE Β TO MOMENT OF INERTIA Ψ MAPPING ................................................. 115 FIGURE 5.13 MOMENT OF INERTIA METRIC VERSUS COVERAGE AND CAPACITY ..................................... 116
����� �� ������ TABLE 1 COMPARISON BETWEEN PS AND CS .................................................................................... 21 TABLE 2 SEMI�EMPIRICAL PARAMETERS FOR UPLINK ......................................................................... 79 TABLE 3 LOG�NORMAL FADING MARGIN ......................................................................................... 84 TABLE 4 LINK BUDGET LOSSES ......................................................................................................... 85 TABLE 5 SEMI �EMPIRICAL PARAMETERS FOR DOWNLINK ................................................................... 91 TABLE 6 RELATION BETWEEN BANDWIDTH AND NUMBER OF RESOURCE BLOCK ..................................... 107
������� (1) ������������ �� �������� ������������� �������
1.1
������������:
M�bi�e c�����ica�i��� ha� bec��e a� e�e��da� c����di��. I� �he �a�� decade�, i� ha� e����ed f��� bei�g a� e��e��i�e �ech����g� f�� a fe� �e�ec�ed i�di�id�a�� �� ��da��� �bi��i���� ����e�� ��ed b� a �a���i�� �f �he ����d�� �����a�i��. F��� �he fi��� e��e�i�e��� �i�h �adi� c�����ica�i�� b� G�g�ie��� Ma�c��i i� �he 1890�, �he ��ad �� ����� ��bi�e �adi� c�����ica�i�� ha� bee� ��i�e ���g. T� ��de���a�d �he c����e� ��bi�e�c�����ica�i�� ����e�� �f ��da�, i� i� i�����a�� �� ��de���a�d �he�e �he� ca�e f��� a�d h�� ce����a� ����e�� ha�e e����ed. The �a�� �f de�e���i�g ��bi�e �ech����gie� ha� a��� cha�ged, f��� bei�g a �a�i��a� �� �egi��a� c��ce��, �� bec��i�g a� i�c�ea�i�g�� c����e� �a�� ��de��a�e� b� g��ba� ��a�da�d��de�e���i�g ��ga�i�a�i��� ��ch a� �he Thi�d Ge�e�a�i�� Pa���e��hi� P���ec� (3GPP) a�d i�����i�g �h���a�d� �f �e���e.
1.2
�������� ������������� �������:
Wi�e�e�� c�����ica�i��� i� ��e �f �he ���� ac�i�e a�ea� �f �ech����g� de�e����e�� �f ��� �i�e. Thi� de�e����e�� i� bei�g d�i�e� ��i�a�i�� b� �he ��a��f���a�i�� �f �ha� ha� bee� �a�ge�� a �edi�� f�� �������i�g ��ice �e�e�h��� i��� a �edi�� f�� �������i�g ��he� �e��ice�, ��ch a� �he ��a���i��i�� �f �ide�, i�age�, �e��, a�d da�a. Th��, �i�i�a� �� �he de�e����e��� i� �i�e �i�e ca�aci�� i� �he 1990�, �he de�a�d f�� �e� �i�e�e�� ca�aci�� i� g���i�g a� a �e�� �a�id �a�e. A��h��gh �he�e a�e, �f c����e, ��i�� a g�ea� �a�� �ech�ica� ���b�e�� �� be ����ed i� �i�e �i�e c�����ica�i���, de�a�d� f�� addi�i��a� �i�e �i�e ca�aci�� ca� be f��fi��ed �a�ge�� �i�h �he addi�i�� �f �e� ��i�a�e i�f�a����c���e, ��ch a� addi�i��a� ���ica� fibe�, ����e��, ��i�che�, a�d �� ��� O� ��e ha�d, �he ��adi�i��a� �e����ce� �ha� ha�e bee� ��ed �� add ca�aci�� �� �i�e�e�� ����e�� a�e �adi� ba�d�id�h a�d ��a���i��e� ���e�. U�f�����a�e��, �he�e ��� �e����ce� a�e a���g �he ���� �e�e�e�� �i�i�ed i� �he de�����e�� �f ��de�� �i�e�e�� �e������. Radi� ba�d�id�h beca��e �f �he �e�� �igh� �i��a�i�� �i�h �ega�d �� ��ef�� �adi� ��ec����, a�d ��a���i��e� ���e� beca��e ��bi�e a�d ��he� ����ab�e �e��ice� �e��i�e �he ��e �f ba��e�� ���e�, �hich i� �i�i�ed. The�e ��� �e����ce� a�e �i���� ��� g���i�g �� i�����i�g a� �a�e� �ha� ca� ������� a��ici�a�ed de�a�d� f�� �i�e�e�� ca�aci��. O� �he ��he� ha�d, ��e �e����ce �ha� i� g���i�g a� a �e�� �a�id �a�e i� �ha� �f ���ce��i�g ���e�. M���e�� La�, ��hich a��e��� a d��b�i�g �f ���ce���� ca�abi�i�ie� e�e�� 18 ����h�, ha� bee� ��i�e acc��a�e ��e� �he �a�� 20 �ea��, a�d i�� acc��ac� ����i�e� �� c���i��e f�� �ea�� �� c��e. Gi�e� �he�e ci�c����a�ce�, �he�e ha� bee� c���ide�ab�e �e�ea�ch eff��� i� �ece�� �ea�� ai�ed a� de�e���i�g �e� �i�e�e�� ca�aci�� �h���gh �he de�����e�� �f g�ea�e� i��e��ige�ce i� �i�e�e�� �e�������. A �e� a��ec� �f �hi� ���e�e�� ha� bee� �he de�e����e�� �f ���e� �ig�a� ��a���i��i�� �ech�i��e� a�d ad�a�ced �ecei�e� �ig�a� ���ce��i�g �e�h�d� �ha� a���� f�� �ig�ifica�� i�c�ea�e� i� �i�e�e�� ca�aci�� �i�h��� a��e�da�� i�c�ea�e� i� ba�d�id�h �� ���e� �e��i�e�e���.
1.2.1
�������� ������������ ������������� � A�����������:
Wi�e�e�� c�����ica�i��� ��da� c��e�� a �e�� �ide a��a� �f a���ica�i���. The �a�ge�� a�d ���� ���iceab�e �a�� �f �he �e�ec�����ica�i��� b��i�e�� i� �e�e�h���. The ��i�ci�a� �i�e�e�� c�����e�� �f �e�e�h��� i� ��bi�e (i.e., ce����a� �e�e�h���). The ����d�ide g����h �a�e i� ce����a� �e�e�h��� i� �e�� agg�e��i�e, a�d a�a����� �e���� �ha� �he ���be� �f ce����a� �e�e�h��� ��b�c�i��i��� ����d�ide ha� ��� ����a��ed �he ���be� �f �i�e �i�e (i.e., fi�ed) �e�e�h��� ��b�c�i��i���. M��e��e�, �he ���be� �f ce����a� �e�e�h��� ��b�c�i��i��� ����d�ide i� �e����ed�� �� �he ��de� �f a �e�� �a�id �a�e. �ha� �a�e� ce����a� �e�e�h��� a �e�� i�����a�� d�i�e� �f �i�e�e�� �ech����g� de�e����e��, a�d i� �ece�� �ea�� �he ���h �� de�e��� �e� ��bi�e da�a �e��ice�, �hich g� c���ec�i�e�� ��de� �he �a�e �hi�d�ge�e�a�i�� (3G)ce����a�, ha� ��a�ed a �e� ���e i� ���i�a�i�g �e�ea�ch i� �e� �ig�a� ���ce��i�g �ech�i��e� f�� �i�e�e��. H��e�e�, ce����a� �e�e�h��� i� ���� ��e �f a �e�� �ide a��a� �f �i�e�e�� �ech����gie� �ha� a�e bei�g de�e���ed �e�� �a�id�� a� �he ��e�e�� �i�e. A���g ��he� �ech����gie� a�e �i�e�e�� �ic�� �e�����i�g (a� e�e���ified b� �he B��e����h �adi�����a�chi�) a�d ��he� �e����a� a�ea �e����� (PAN) ����e�� (e.g., �he IEEE802.15 fa�i�� �f ��a�da�d�), �i�e�e�� ��ca� a�ea �e����� (LAN) ����e�� (e�e���ified b� �he IEEE802.11 a�d Hi�e�LAN fa�i�ie� �f ��a�da�d�, ca��ed WiFi����e��), �i�e�e�� �e������i�a� a�ea �e����� (MAN) ����e�� (e�e���ified b� �he IEEE 802.16 fa�i�� �f ��a�da�d�, ca��ed WiMa� ����e��), ��he� �i�e�e�� ��ca� ���� (WLL) ����e��, a�d a �a�ie�� �f �a�e��i�e ����e��. The�e addi�i��a� �i�e�e�� �ech����gie� ����ide a ba�i� f�� a �e�� �ich a��a� �f a���ica�i���, i�c��di�g ��ca� �e�e�h��� �e��ice, b��adba�d I��e��e� acce��, a�d di���ib��i�� �f high��a�e e��e��ai��e�� c���e�� ��ch a� high�defi�i�i�� �ide� a�d high���a�i�� a�di� �� �he h��e, �i�hi� �he h��e, �� a�����bi�e�, a�d �� ��� Li�e 3G, �he�e �ech����gie� ha�e �����ed c���ide�ab�e �e�ea�ch i� �ig�a� ���ce��i�g f�� �i�e�e��. The�e �ech����gie� a�e �������ed b� a ���be� �f ��a���i��i�� a�d cha��e��a��ig��e�� �ech�i��e�, i�c��di�g �i�e�di�i�i�� ����i��e acce�� (TDMA), c�de�di�i�i�� ����i��e acce�� (CDMA), a�d ��he� ���ead���ec���� ����e��, ���h�g��a� f�e��e�c��di�i�i�� ����i��e�i�g (OFDM) a�d ��he� ����ica��ie� ����e��, a�d high��a�e �i�g�e�ca��ie� ����e��. The�e �ech�i��e� a�e ch��e� ��i�a�i�� �� add�e�� �he �h��ica� ����e��ie� �f �i�e�e�� cha��e��, a���g �he ���� ���ab�e �f �hich a�e ����i�a�h fadi�g, di��e��i��, a�d i��e�fe�e�ce. I� addi�i�� �� �he�e �e����a� ��a���i��i�� �ech�i��e�, �he�e a�e ��a�ia� �ech�i��e�, ���ab�� bea� f���i�g a�d ��ace��i�e c�di�g �ha� ca� be a���ied a� �he ��a���i��e� �� ��i�i�e �he ��a�ia� a�d a�g��a� di�e��i�� �f �i�e�e�� cha��e��. T� �b�ai� �a�i�a� be�efi� f��� �he�e ��a���i��i�� �ech�i��e�, �� ��i�i�e �he di�e��i�� ��������i�ie� �f �he �i�e�e�� cha��e�, a�d �� ea�e �he i��ai��e��� �f �he �i�e�e�� cha��e�, ad�a�ced �ecei�e� �ig�a� ���ce��i�g �ech�i��e� a�e �f i��e�e��. The�e i�c��de cha��e� e��a�i�a�i�� �� c��ba� di��e��i��, RAKE c��bi�i�g �� ��i�i�e �e����ab�e ����i�a�h, ����i��e� de�ec�i�� �� ea�e ����i��e�acce�� i��e�fe�e�ce, �����e��i�� �e�h�d� f�� c��cha��e� i��e�fe�e�ce, bea� f���i�g �� ��i�i�e ��a�ia� di�e��i��, a�d ��ace��i�e ���ce��i�g �� ��i���� e����i� �e����a� a�d ��a�ia� ����e��ie� �f �he �ig�a�i�g e��i����e��. The�e �ech�i��e� a�e a�� de�c�ibed i� �a�e� cha��e��.
1.2.2
A��������� & ������������� �� �������� ������������ �������������: �:
Ad�a��age�: 1) Red�ced c��� �f i���a��a�i��. 2) Rec��fig��a�i��, i�����ed ��eed �f de�����e�� a�d �ec��fig��a�i��. 3) M�bi�i��. Di�ad�a��age�:
1) 2)
1.3 •
S�ec���� a�ai�abi�i�� (�adi� ��e�a�e� be��ee� 3� �� 30G H� M���i�a�h i��e�fe�e�ce (MPI) �ead� �� gh���i�g effec�. L�� �ec��i�� c���a�ed �� �i�ed c�����ica�i���
����� �� ������������ �� �������� ������������� �������: Si���e� C�����ica�i�� S���e�: I��� a ��e di�ec�i�� c�����ica�i�� �a� be��ee� �he ��a���i��e� a�d �ecei�e� �� �he �a�e cha��e�. E�a���e: Te�e�i�i�� & Radi�.
•
Ha�f�D���e� C�����ica�i�� S���e�: I��� a ��� di�ec�i�� c�����ica�i�� �a� be��ee� �he ��a���i��e� a�d �ecei�e� �� �he �a�e cha��e� a� a�� gi�e� �i�e a ��e� ca� ���� ��a���i� �� �ecei�e. E�a���e: P��ice �adi�.
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F����D���e� C�����ica�i�� S���e�: I��� a ��� di�ec�i�� c�����ica�i�� �a� be��ee� �he ��a���i��e� a�d �ecei�e� �� �he �a�e cha��e� a� a�� gi�e� �i�e a ��e� ca� ��a���i� a�d �ecei�e a� �he �a�e �i�e. E�a���e: GSM ��bi�e �adi� c�����ica�i��.
F����� 1.1 ����� �� ������������ �� �������� ������������� �������
1.4
������ ������������ ����������:
1.4.1
��������� �������� ������ (���):
T�a���i��i�� a�d �ece��i�� �a�e ��ace i� diffe�e�� f�e��e�c� �a�ge�. The di��a�ce be��ee� �he U��i�� a�d D����i�� f�e��e�c� �a�ge i� de�ig�a�ed a� d���e� di��a�ce.
F�����1.2 F�������� D������� D����� (FD 1)
1.4.2
���� �������� ������ (���):
T�a���i��i�� a�d �ece��i�� �a�e ��ace i� �he �a�e f�e��e�c� ba�d. U��i�� a�d D����i�� ��a���i��i�� �a�e ��ace a� diffe�e�� �i�e�. The�e i� fa�� ��i�chi�g be��ee� UL a�d DL ��a���i��i��, �� �ha� �he ��e� ha� �he i���e��i�� �f �i����a�e��� ��a���i��i�� a�d �ece��i��.
F����� 1.3 ���� D������� D����� (�DD) 1
1.5
�������� A����� ����������:
I� �i�e�e�� c�����ica�i��, �i�i�ed �� fi�i�e ���be�� �f �adi� cha��e�� a�e a�ai�ab�e a�d �� �ha�e �he�e cha��e�� �i����a�e����� �� �a�� ��bi�e ��e��, M���i��e Acce�� Tech�i��e� a�e ��ed. The�e a�e �h�ee �a��� acce�� �ech�i��e�. F�e��e�c� Di�i�i�� M���i��e Acce�� (FDMA) • Ti�e Di�i�i�� M���i��e Acce�� (TDMA) • C�de Di�i�i�� M���i��e Acce�� (CDMA) •
1.5.1
��������� �������� �������� A����� (���A):
I� FDMA �ech�i��e i�di�id�a� �� ��i��e cha��e�� a�e a��ig�i�g �� �h��e i�di�id�a� ��e��, �h� �e��e�� f�� �e��ice. O� de�a�d ��� di��a�� ba�d� �f f�e��e�cie� a�e a���ca�ed f�� e�e�� ��e�. O�e i� f�� f���a�d cha��e� a�d ��he� i� f�� �e�e��e cha��e�. F���a�d cha��e� i� ��ed �� ��a��fe� i�f���a�i�� f��� Ba�e S�a�i�� �� M�bi�e a�d Re�e��e cha��e� ��a��fe� i�f���a�i�� f��� M�bi�e �� Ba�e S�a�i��. FDMA i�c��de� �he f�����i�g fea���e�: I� FDMA, ��e �h��e ci�c�i� i� ca��ied b� ��e FDMA cha��e� a� a �i�e. •
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•
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I� FDMA, if a� FDMA cha��e� i� ��� i� ��e, i� ca���� be ��ed b� ��he� ��e�� �� i�c�ea�e �he cha��e� ca�aci��. I� �e�ai�� id�e. FDMA i� i���e�e��ed i� Na����ba�d ����e��, beca��e, i� FDMA, each cha��e� �������� ���� ��e ci�c�i� �e� ca��ie� �� �he ba�d�id�h �f FDMA cha��e�� a�e �e�a�i�e�� �a���� (30 KH�). I��e� ���b�� I��e�fe�e�ce i� ��� i� Na����ba�d ����e�� beca��e Na����ba�d �ig�a� ha� �a�ge ���b�� �i�e a� c���a�e �� de�a� ���ead. FDMA ��bi�e ����e�� a�e �e�� c����e� a� c���a�e �� TDMA ��bi�e ����e��. FDMA i� a c���i����� ��a���i��i�� �che�e a� c���a�e �� TDMA beca��e fe�e� bi�� a�e �eeded f�� ���ch���i�a�i�� a�d f�a�i�g. I� FDMA, a� ��i��e cha��e�� a�e a��ig�ed �� each ��e�, �� FDMA ����e�� ha�e highe� ce�� �i�e ����e� c��� a� c���a�ed �� TDMA ����e�. I� FDMA, b��h �he ��a���i��e� a�d �ecei�e� ��e�a�e� a� �he �a�e �i�e �� FDMA M�bi�e ��i�� �e��i�e d���e�e��. The�e a��� i�c�ea�e �he c��� �f FDMA ��b�c�ibe� ��i�� a�d ba�e ��a�i��.
F����� 1.4 F�������� D������� �������� A����� (FD�A)
1.5.2
���� �������� �������� A����� (���A):
I� TDMA, a �adi� ��ec���� i� di�ided i��� �i�e �����. The�e �i�e ����� a�e a���ca�ed f�� each ��e� �� ��a���i� a�d �ecei�e i�f���a�i��. The ���be� �f �i�e ����� i� ca��ed a f�a�e. I�f���a�i�� i� ��a��fe��ed a�d �ecei�ed i� f��� �f f�a�e. A f�a�e i� c���i��� a ��ea�b�e, a� i�f���a�i�� �e��age a�d ��ia� bi��. P�ea�b�e c���ai�� �he add�e�� a�d ���ch���i�a�i�� i�f���a�i�� �f b��h ��b�c�ibe� a�d Ba�e S�a�i�� �� ide��if� each ��he�. T�ia� bi�� c���ai� f�a�i�g i�f���a�i��. TDMA i�c��de� �he f�����i�g fea���e�: I� TDMA, b� ��i�g �� ��e��a��i�g �i�e ����� �e�e�a� ��e�� �ha�e� a �i�g�e ca��ie� f�e��e�c�. • The ���be� �f �i�e ����� �e� f�a�e de�e�d� ���� �e�e�a� fac����, ��ch a� ��d��a�i�� �ech�i��e� a�d ba�d�id�h. I� TDMA, da�a ��a���i��i�� i� ��� c���i����� a�d ��b�c�ibe� ��a���i��e� ca� be ����ed �ff • �hich �e���� i� ��� ba��e�� c�������i��. I� TDMA, ha�d�ff ���ce�� i� ��ch �i���e� f�� a ��b�c�ibe� beca��e �f di�c���i����� • ��a���i��i��. I� TDMA, d���e�e�� a�e ��� �e��i�ed beca��e diffe�e�� �i�e����� a�e ��ed f�� ��a���i��i�� • a�d �ece��i��. I� TDMA, �he �a�e �f ��a���i��i�� i� �e�� high a� c���a�e �� FDMA. • I� TDMA, ���ch���i�a�i�� i� �e��i�ed a�d �he �i�e f�� ���ch���i�a�i�� �� g�a�d �i�e �h���d • be �i�i���.
•
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TDMA ����e�� �e��i�e �a�ge ��e�head� (f�a�i�g bi��) a� c���a�e �� FDMA beca��e �f di�c���i����� �� b���� ��a���i��i��. I� TDMA, ba�d�id�h ca� be ��i�i�ed �� de�a�d �f diffe�e�� ��e�� a� diffe�e�� ���be�� �f �i�e ����� a�e a���ca�ed �� diffe�e�� ��e��.
F����� 1.5 ���� D������� �������� A����� (�D�A)
1.5.3
���� �������� �������� A����� (���A):
I� CDMA, a�� ��e�� ��a���i� i�f���a�i�� �i����a�e����� b� ��i�g �he �a�e ca��ie� f�e��e�c�. Each ��e� ha� i�� ��� c�de���d, �hich i� ���h�g��a� �� ��he� ��e��. T� de�ec� �he �e��age, �he �ecei�e� �h���d ���� �he c�de���d ��ed b� �he ��a���i��e�. A �i�e c���e�a�i�� ��e�a�i�� i� �e�f���ed a� �ecei�e� �� de�ec� �he de�i�ed c�de���d a�d a�� ��he� c�de���d a��ea�� a� ��i�e d�e �� de�c���e�a�i�� a�d �� �i�i�i�e �hi� ��i�e ���e� a� �ecei�e� ��a�i�� ���e� �h���d be high. CDMA i�c��de� �he f�����i�g fea���e�: I� CDMA ����e� �a�� ��e�� �ha�e �he �a�e f�e��e�c�. • I� CDMA ���i�e FDMA a�d TDMA �he ���be� �f ��e�� i� ��� �i�i�ed. I� ha� a ��f� ca�aci��. • B�� d�e �� �a�ge ���be� �f ��e�� i�� �e�f���a�ce deg�ade�. I� CDMA, �he ���ead ��ec���� �� ba�d�id�h i� �a�ge �� ����i�a�� fadi�g i� �ed�ced. • I� CDMA, �he cha��e�� da�a �a�e� a�e �e�� high. • CDMA ����e�� ����ide� ��f� ha�d�ff a�d �hi� ha�d�ff i� �e�f���ed b� �he MSC. • I� CDMA ����e��, if ���eadi�g �e��e�ce� �f diffe�e�� ��e�� a�e ��� e�ac��� ���h�g��a�, �he • Se�f��a��i�g ���b�e� i� a�i�e�. I� CDMA ����e��, if a de�i�ed ��e� ha� �e�� ���e� a� c���a�e �� ��de�i�ed ��e��, �he �ea�� • fa� ���b�e� �cc���. I� CDMA, each ��e� ��e�a�e� i�de�e�de���� �i�h �� �����edge �f �he ��he� ��e��.
F����� 1.6 CD�A
1.5.4
���������� ��������� �������� �������� A����� (����A):
OFDMA i� a ����i���e� �e��i�� �f �he O��h�g��a� f�e��e�c��di�i�i�� ����i��e�i�g (OFDM) digi�a� ��d��a�i�� �che�e �hich i�� be di�c���ed i� de�ai�� �a�e�. M���i��e acce�� �ech�i� e i� achie�ed i� OFDMA b� a��ig�i�g � b�e�� �f ��bca��ie�� �� i�di�id�a� ��e�� a� �h��� i� �he i������a�i�� be���. Thi� a����� �i����a�e��� � � da�a �a�e ��a���i��i�� f��� �e�e�a� ��e��.
F����� 1.7 ���������� F�������� D������� �������� A�����
1.6
�������� �������� :
1.6.1
�������� ��������� � ������:
Radi� �e�e�h��e ����e� �h���d be ����c���ed �� achie�e high ca�aci�� �i�h �i�i�e �adi� ��ec���� �hi�e a� �he �a�e �i�e ��e�i�g �e�� �a�ge a�ea�.
•
����� �������: Achie�e a �a�ge c��e�age a�ea b� ��i�g a �i���e, high ���e�ed ��a���i��e�.
•
P�� BS �� ��� �f �����ai�� �� �a�� ���e��, �� �ha� i� c���d ����ide c��e�age f�� a �a�ge a�ea.
•
The �e�� BS �a� �� fa� a a� �ha� i��e�fe�e�ce �a� ��� a� i���e.
•
Se�e�e�� �i�i� �he ���be� �f ��e�� �ha� c���d c�����ica�e �i����a�e�����.
•
N�i�e��i�i�ed ����e� �i�h fe� ��e��.
•
The Be�� ��bi�e ����e� i� Ne� Y��� Ci�� i� �he 1970� c���d ���� ������� a �a�i��� �f ��e��e �i����a�e��� ca��� ��e� a �h���a�d ���a�e �i�e�.
The ���be� �f �i����a�e��� ca��� a ��bi�e �i�e�e�� ����e� ca� acc����da�e i� e��e��ia��� de�e��i�ed b� �he ���a� ��ec��a� a���ca�i�� f�� �ha� ����e� a�d �he ba�d�id�h �e��i�ed f�� ��a���i��i�g �ig�a�� ��ed i� ha�d�i�g a ca��. E�a���e: U�i�g a ���ica� a�a��g ����e�, each cha��e� �eed� �� ha�e a ba�d�id�h �f a����d 25 �H� �� e�ab�e ��fficie�� a�di� ��a�i�� �� be ca��ied, a� �e�� a� a����i�g f�� a g�a�d ba�d be��ee� ad�ace�� �ig�a�� �� e����e �he�e a�e �� ��d�e �e�e�� �f i��e�fe�e�ce. U�i�g �hi� c��ce��, i� i� ����ib�e �� acc����da�e ���� f���� ��e�� i� a f�e��e�c� ba�d 1MH� �ide. E�e� if 100 MH� �e�e a���ca�ed �� �he ����e�, �hi� ����d e�ab�e ���� 4000 ��e�� �� ha�e acce�� �� �he ����e�. T�da� ce����a� ����e�� ha�e �i��i��� �f ��b�c�ibe��, a�d �he�ef��e a fa� ���e efficie�� �e�h�d �f ��i�g �he a�ai�ab�e ��ec���� i� �eeded. Ce����a� ����e�� acc����da�e a �a�ge ���be� �f ��e�� ��e� a �a�ge ge�g�a�hic a�ea, �i�hi� a �i�i�ed f�e��e�c� ��ec����: High ca�aci�� i� achie�ed b� �i�i�i�g �he c��e�age �f each ba�e ��a�i�� ��a���i��e� �� a ��a�� • ge�g�a�hic a�ea ca��ed a ce�� �� �ha� �he �a�e �adi� cha��e�� �a� be �e��ed b� a���he� ba�e ��a�i�� ��ca�ed ���e di��a�ce a�a�. The c��e�age a�ea i� di�ided i��� �a�� ce���. • Re��ace a �i�g�e, high ���e� ��a���i��e� (�a�ge ce��) �i�h �a�� ��� ���e� ��a���i��e�� (��a�� • ce���) each ����idi�g c��e�age �� ���� ��e ce�� a�ea (a ��a�� ����i�� �f �he �e��ice a�ea). A ���hi��ica�ed ��i�chi�g �ech�i��e ca��ed a ha�d�ff e�ab�e� a ca�� �� ���ceed ��� • i��e�����ed �he� �he ��e� ���e� f��� ��e ce�� �� a���he�. The c��ce�� �f ce��� �a� fi��� ������ed a� ea��� a� 1947 b� Be�� Lab��a���ie� i� �he US, �i�h a de�ai�ed ������a� f�� a \High�Ca�aci�� M�bi�e Te�e�h��e S���e�" i�c�����a�i�g �he ce����a� c��ce�� ��b�i��ed b� Be�� Lab��a���ie� �� �he FCC i� 1971. The fi��� AMPS ����e� �a� de����ed i� Chicag� i� 1983.
1.6.2
��������� �����:
F�e��e�c� �e��e �efe�� �� �he ��e �f �adi� cha��e�� �� �he �a�e ca��ie� f�e��e�c� �� c��e� diffe�e�� a�ea� �hich a�e �e�a�a�ed f��� ��e a���he� b� ��fficie�� di��a�ce� �� �ha� c�� cha��e� i��e�fe�e�ce i� ��� �b�ec�i��ab�e. F�e��e�c� �e��e i� e�����ed ��� ���� i� ��bi�e� �e�e�h��e �e��ice b�� a��� i� e��e��ai��e�� b��adca��i�g a�d ���� ��he� �adi� �e��ice�. M��� ��de�� �i�e�e�� ����e�� a�e ��ga�i�ed i��� ge�g�a�hic ce���, each c�������ed b� a ba�e ��a�i��.
• •
E�ce��i���: S�a�� a�ea ����e�� ��ch a� ��ca� a�ea �i�e�e�� �e������ a�d �e����a� a�ea �e������. Ad h�c a�d �i�e�e�� �e���� �e������.
Ce����a� �adi� ����e�� �e�� �� a� i��e��ige�� a���ca�i�� a�d �e��e �f cha��e�� �h���gh��� a c��e�age �egi��. Each ce����a� ba�e ��a�i�� i� a���ca�ed a g���� �f �adi� cha��e�� �� be ��ed �i�hi� a ��a�� • ge�g�a�hic a�ea ca��ed a ce��. Ba�e ��a�i��� i� ad�ace�� ce��� a�e a��ig�ed cha��e� g����� �hich c���ai� c����e�e�� • diffe�e�� cha��e�� �ha� �eighb��i�g ce���.
•
•
•
•
• •
•
•
The ba�e ��a�i�� a��e��a� a�e de�ig�ed �� achie�e �he de�i�ed c��e�age �i�hi� �he �a��ic��a� ce��. B� �i�i�i�g �he c��e�age a�ea �i�hi� �he b���da�ie� �f a ce��, �he �a�e g���� �f cha��e� �a� be ��ed �� c��e� diffe�e�� ce��� �ha� a�e �e�a�a�ed f��� ��e a���he� b� di��a�ce� �a�ge e���gh �� �ee� i��e�fe�e�ce �e�e�� �i�hi� ���e�ab�e �i�i��. The di��a�ce be��ee� ��� ce��� �ha� a� ��e �he �a�e f�e��e�c� cha��e�� i� ca��ed �he �e��e di��a�ce. Thi� �e��e di��a�ce ca� be c�����ed f��� �i�� b�dge��. Wh� ca�'� �e ��e each f�e��e�c� i� each ce��? Sa�e �ea��� a� �h� �e �e�a�a�e �he BS� �f �he ��de� ����e� fa� a�a� f��� ��e a���he�. S�����e ��e� A i� a� �he b���da�� �f i�� a��ig�ed ce��, �� �ha� di��a�ce� f��� �he "��ef��" BS a�d f��� a �eighb��i�g BS a�e �he �a�e. If �he �eighb��i�g BS ��a���i�� i� �he �a�e f�e��e�c� cha��e� (i� ��de� �� c�����ica�e �i�h ��e� B i� i�� ��� ce��), �he� �he �ig�a����� i��e�fe�e�ce �a�i� (SIR) �ee� b� ��e� A i� 0 dB. S�, �e��e a f�e��e�c� ��� i� e�e�� ce��, b�� ���� i� ce��� �ha� ha�e a ce��ai� �i�i��� di��a�ce f��� each ��he�. U�i�g diffe�e�� a���ca�ed f�e��e�c� ba�d�, ad�ace�� ce��� ca� ��e��a� �i�h��� ca��i�g i��e�fe�e�ce. We ��e he�ag��a� ce�� �ha�e a� a �i���i��ic ��de� �f �he �adi� c��e�age f�� each ba�e
��a�i��. •
•
•
U�i�e��a��� ad���ed �i�ce �he he�ag�� �e��i�� ea�� a�d �a�ageab�e a�a���i� �f a ce����a� ����e�. The ac��a� �adi� c��e�age �f a ce�� i� ����� a� �he f�����i�� a�d i� de�e��i�ed f��� fie�d �ea���e�e��� �� ����aga�i�� ��edic�i�� ��de��. I� �ea�i��, i� i� ��� ����ib�e �� defi�e e�ac��� �he edge �f a ce��. The �ig�a� ���e�g�h g�ad�a��� �ed�ce�, a�d ���a�d� �he edge �f �he ce�� �e�f���a�ce fa���. A� �he ��bi�e� �he��e��e� a��� ha�e diffe�e�� �e�e�� �f �e��i�i�i��, �hi� add� a f���he� g�e�i�g �f �he edge �f �he ce��. I� i� �he�ef��e i�����ib�e �� ha�e a �ha�� c�� be��ee� ce���. I� ���e a�ea� �he� �a� ��e��a�, �he�ea� i� ��he�� �he�e �i�� be a h��e i� c��e�age. A��h��gh �he �ea� f�����i�� i� a����h��� i� �a���e, a �eg��a� ce�� �ha�e i� �eeded f�� ����e�a�ic ����e� de�ig� a�d ada��a�i�� f�� f����e g����h. Wh� he�ag��?? Ad�ace�� ci�c�e� ca���� be ��e��aid ���� a �a� �i�h��� �ea�i�g ga�� �� c�ea�i�g ��e��a��i�g �egi���. Whe� c���ide�i�g ge��e��ic �ha�e� �hich c��e� a� e��i�e �egi�� �i�h��� ��e��a� a�d �i�h e��a� a�ea, �he�e a�e �h�ee �e��ib�e ch�ice�: a ���a�e, a� e��i�a�e�a� ��ia�g�e, a�d a he�ag��. A ce�� ���� be de�ig�ed �� �e��e �he �ea�e�� ��bi�e� �i�hi� �he f�����i��, a�d �he�e a�e ���ica��� ��ca�ed a� �he edge �f �he ce��. F�� a gi�e� di��a�ce be��ee� �he ce��e� �f a ����g�� a�d i�� fa��he�� �e�i�e�e� ��i���, �he he�ag�� ha� �he �a�ge�� a�ea �f �he �h�ee. B� ��i�g �he he�ag�� ge��e���, �he fe�e�� ���be� �f ce��� ca� c��e� a ge�g�a�hic �egi�� C���e�� a�����i�a�e a ci�c��a� �adia�i�� �a��e�� �hich ����d �cc�� f�� a� O��i� di�ec�i��a� ba�e ��a�i�� a��e��a a�d f�ee ��ace ����aga�i��. Pe��i� ea�� a�d �a�ageab�e a�a���i� �f a ce����a� ����e�.
F����� 1.8 ����������� ��� ������� �� �������� ��������� �����, ����� ����� ������� ���� ��� ���� ������ ��� ��� ���� ����� �� ��������. ��� ��������� ����� ���� �� �������� ���� � ��� �� �������� ����� ��������� ��������� �������� ��� ����.
1.7
��������� �������������:
The�e a�e ��� �a�� �f ��a���i��i�g da�a �h���gh a �e�����: ci�c�i� ��i�chi�g a�d �ac�e� ��i�chi�g.
1.7.1
������� ��������� (��):
(CS) i� a ���e �f c�����ica�i��� i� �hich a dedica�ed cha��e� (�� ci�c�i�) i� e��ab�i�hed �h��ica��� a�d d�e���� cha�ge f�� �he d��a�i�� �f a ��a���i��i��. The ���� c����� ci�c�i����i�chi�g �e����� i� �he �e�e�h��e ����e�, �hich �i��� ��ge�he� �i�e �eg�e��� �� c�ea�e a �i�g�e ��b���e� �i�e f�� each �e�e�h��e ca��.
1.7.2
������ ��������� (��):
(PS) i� �he ��he� c����� c�����ica�i��� �e�h�d, �hich di�ide� �e��age� i��� �ac�e�� a�d �e�d� each �ac�e� i�di�id�a���. The �ac�e�� �a� �a�e diffe�e�� ����e� a�d �a� a��i�e ��� �f ��de�. U��� ge��i�g �� �hei� de��i�a�i��, �he i�di�id�a� �ac�e�� ge� ��� bac� i��� ��de� b� a �ac�e� a��e�b�e�. The I��e��e� i� ba�ed �� a �ac�e����i�chi�g �����c��, TCP/IP. Ci�c�i����i�chi�g ����e�� a�e idea� f�� c�����ica�i��� �ha� �e��i�e da�a �� be ��a���i��ed i� �ea���i�e. Pac�e����i�chi�g �e������ a�e ���e efficie�� if ���e a����� �f de�a� i� acce��ab�e.
����� 1 C��������� ������� �� ��� C�
1.8
�������� ������������ ��������:
The ai� �� �adi� i��e�face, i.e. �he c���ec�i�� be��ee� �he MS a�d fi�ed �e����� c�����e���, �e��e�e��� �he f��da�e��a� diffe�e�ce �� a fi�ed �e����� �e�ec�����ica�i�� ����e�. The �adi� i��e�face ha� i�� ��ecific ad�a��age�, b�� a��� �h��� ���b�e�� a�d di�ad�a��age� i�he�e�� �� ��bi�e c�����ica�i���. The �ai� ad�a��age �f ��bi�e c�����ica�i��� i� �he ���e���ic�ed ��bi�i�� �hich ca� be achie�ed ���� �ia a �adi� i��e�face. M�bi�i�� �a� e���e�e�� �e���ic�ed, e��ecia��� i� �he ea��� �ea�� �f ��bi�e c�����ica�i��� (��e�ce�� ����e��). The�e a�e �a�� ���b�e�� �f �adi� ��a���i��i�� �i�e fadi�g, �a�h ����, �i�e di��e��i��, �i�e de�a�, i��e�fe�e�ce, e�c.
1.8.1
������:
Fadi�g �ea�� �ha� �he �ig�a� ���e�g�h �ecei�ed f��c��a�e� a����d a �ea� �a��e �hi�e cha�gi�g �he ��bi�e ���i�i��.
���� F����� = ��� ������ F����� = ���������: The �ea��� f�� �had��i�g i� �he ��e�e�ce �f �b��ac�e� �i�e �a�ge b�i�di�g� �� hi��� i� �he �a�h be��ee� �he �i�e a�d �he ��bi�e. The di��a�ce be��ee� fadi�g di�� (�i�i��� �a��e� �f �ig�a� ���e�g�h) i� f��� 10 �� 20 �e�e��.
F����� 1.9 F����� •
S����i�� f�� �he S��� Fadi�g: T� ��e�c��e �he fadi�g ���b�e��, �he fadi�g �a�gi� �h���d be �a�ge e���gh �ha� �he ���e�� fadi�g di� i� ��i�� highe� �ha� �he �ecei�e� �e��i�i�i��.
F��� F����� = �������� F����� = ��������� F�����: Thi� �cc��� �he� a �ig�a� �a�e� ���e �ha� ��e �a�h be��ee� �he MS a�d BTS a��e��a�. The Sig�a� i� �ef�ec�ed �ff b�i�di�g�, f�� e�a���e, a�d i� �ecei�ed f��� �e�e�a� diffe�e�� i�di�ec� �a�h�. Ra��eigh fadi�g �cc��� �he� �he �b��ac�e� a�e c���e �� �he �ecei�i�g a��e��a. The �ecei�ed �ig�a� i� �he ��� �f �a�� ide��ica� �ig�a�� �ha� diffe� ���� i� �ha�e (a�d �� ���e e��e�� a���i��de).
F����� 1.10 F��� F����� •
S����i�� �f Ra��eigh Fadi�g: 1) A��e��a (S�ace) Di�e��i��: The ce�� ��a��cei�e� �i�� ��e ��� �ecei�i�g a��e��a� i���ead �f ��e. A di��a�ce �f ab��� Me�e�� �i�� �e�a�a�e �he�, a�d �he� �i�� �ecei�e �adi� �ig�a�� i�de�e�de����, �� �he� �i�� be affec�ed diffe�e���� b� �he fadi�g di�� a�d �he be��e� �ig�a� �ecei�ed �i�� be �e�ec�ed.
F����� 1.11 A������ D��������
2)
1.8.2
F�e��e�c� H���i�g: The fadi�g effec� �a� ��� be �he �a�e f�� a�� �f �he f�e��e�cie�, �� �he �i�e ���� �f �he ��b�c�ibe� �i�� ���� �� �h��� be��ee� �he f�e��e�cie� �f �he ce�� �he� i� i� �e�ea�ed i� each TDMA f�a�e. If ���� ��e �f �he f�e��e�cie� i� affec�ed �e�e�e�� b� fadi�g, a ��a�� f�ac�i�� �f �he �ig�a� �i�� be ����. The h���i�g �e��e�ce �igh� be c�c�ic �� �a�d��
���������:
Pa�h����� i� �he �ed�c�i�� i� ���e� de��i�� (a��e��a�i��) �f �he �ig�a� a� i� ����aga�e� �h���gh ��ace. S����i�� �f Pa�h�����: I�c�ea�e The T�a���i��ed P��e� B�� B� Li�i�� T� C������i�e The F�e��e�c� Re��e. •
F����� 1.12 ���� ����
1.8.3
���� �����:
Each MS �� a ca�� i� a���ca�ed a �i�e ���� �� a TDMA f�a�e. Thi� i� a� a����� �f �i�e d��i�g �hich �he MS ��a���i�� i�f���a�i�� �� �he BTS. The i�f���a�i�� ���� a��� a��i�e a� �he BTS �i�hi� �ha� �i�e ����. The �i�e a�ig��e�� ���b�e� �cc��� �he� �a�� �f �he i�f���a�i�� ��a���i��ed b� a� MS d�e� ��� a��i�e �i�hi� �he a���ca�ed �i�e ����. I���ead, �ha� �a�� �a� a��i�e d��i�g �he �e�� �i�e ����, a�d �a� i��e�fe�e �i�h i�f���a�i�� f��� a���he� MS ��i�g �ha� ��he� �i�e ����. A �a�ge di��a�ce be��ee� �he MS a�d �he BTS ca��e� �i�e a�ig��e��. Effec�i�e��, �he �ig�a� ca���� ��a�e� ��e� �he �a�ge di��a�ce �i�hi� �he gi�e� �i�e. •
1.8.4
S����i�� �f Ti�e De�a�: Ti�i�g ad�a�ce i� a �����i�� ��ecifica��� de�ig�ed �� c����e�ac� �he ���b�e� �f �i�e a�ig��e��. I� ����� b� i�����c�i�g �he �i�a�ig�ed MS �� ��a���i� i�� b���� ea��ie� �� �a�e� �ha� i� ����a��� ����d. I� GSM, �he �i�i�g ad�a�ce i�f���a�i�� �e�a�e� �� bi� �i�e�.
���� ����������:
Ti�e di��e��i�� i� a���he� ���b�e� �e�a�i�g �� ����i��e �a�h� �� �he R� a��e��a �f ei�he� a� MS �� BTS. Ti�e di��e��i�� ca��e� I��e��S��b�� I��e�fe�e�ce (ISI) �he�e c���ec��i�e ���b��� (bi��) i��e�fe�e �i�h each ��he� �a�i�g i� diffic��� f�� �he �ecei�e� �� de�e��i�e �hich ���b�� i� �he c���ec� ��e. Thi� ���b�e� d�e� ��� �cc�� if �he Di��a�ce be��ee� �he M� a�d The B�i�di�g a� e�a���e �ha� ca��e �he �ef�ec�i�� ��� i�c�ea�e� �ha� 0.5 �� a� di��a�ce �e�a�ed �� ��e bi� ���ce��i�g. •
S����i�� �f �i�e di��e��i��: I�c�ea�e Ca��ie� �� �ef�ec�i�� Ra�i� (C/R). Vi�e�bi E��a�i�e�: Thi� i� a� e��a�i�e� ��ed �� e��a�i�e �he effec� �f a� ���� f��� bi�� de�a�. A bi� �a��e�� ca��ed �he �T�ai�i�g Se��e�ce� �ha� i� ����� �� �he ��bi�e i� ��a���i��ed �i�h e�e�� b����. The e��a�i�e� c���a�e� �he �ecei�ed �a��e�� �i�h �he e��ec�ed ��e a�d c�ea�e� a �a�he�a�ica� ��de� �f �he cha��e� �ha� ���bab�� ca��ed �he diffe�e�ce be��ee� �he ��� �a��e���. The� a ���bab�e ��a���i��ed bi� �e��e�ce i� fed �� �he cha��e� ��de� a�d �he ������ i� c���a�ed �i�h �he �ecei�ed bi�� ���i� �eachi�g �he ���� ���bab�e bi� �e��e�ce.
1.8.5 ������������:
•
C��������� ������������: I� i� �he i��e�fe�e�ce ca��ed b� �e��i�g �he f�e��e�cie� i� �ea� di��a�ce� (dec�ea�i�g �e��e di��a�ce). S����i�� �f c��cha��e� i��e�fe�e�ce: 1) The GSM ��ecifica�i�� �ec���e�d� �ha� �he ca��ie�����i��e�fe�e�ce (C/I) �a�i� i� g�ea�e� �ha� 9 decibe�� (dB). 2) Sec���i�a�i�� �f Ce���, The� � ca� be �ed�ced �� be e��a� 1.
•
A������� C������ ������������: I� �he i��e�fe�e�ce be��ee� Ca��ie� f�e��e�c� a�d ad�ace�� f�e��e�c�? Ad�ace�� f�e��e�cie� (A), �ha� a�e f�e��e�cie� �hif�ed 200 �H� f��� �he ca��ie� f�e��e�c� (C), ���� be a��ided i� �he �a�e ce�� a�d ��efe�ab�� i� �eighb��i�g ce��� a��� ��. S����i�� �f ad�ace�� cha��e� i��e�fe�e�ce: 1) The GSM ��ecifica�i�� ��a�e� �ha� �he ca��ie�����ad�ace�� �a�i� (C/A) ���� be �a�ge� �ha� �9dB. 2) A��� Sec���i�a�i�� �f Ce��� a� i� c��cha��e� i��e�fe�e�ce.
������� (2) ������������ �� ������ �������������
2.1
•
������� �������:
Yea� 1921: The De���i� P��ice De�a���e�� i� 1921 i���e�e��ed a �adi� �ha� ����e� a����ed �he �a���� ca�� �� c�����ica�e a ce���a� c������ ��i��, a��h��gh �hi� ����e� ha� �i���e i� c����� �i�h ��da��� ���hi��ica�ed ��de�� c�����ica�i��� ����e��; i� �a� �he fi��� ��bi�e c�����ica�i��� ����e�.
•
F��� Yea� 1939 T� 1944 (W���d Wa� II): W���d Wa� II ����ed �ha� �he �a�� ���d�c�i�� �f VHF �adi�� (Ve�� High F�e��e�c�) �a� ����ib�e, b� �he e�d �f �he 1940�� �he�e �ee�� �� be �i���e ��a�di�g i� �he �a� �f �he de�e����e�� �f ��bi�e c�����ica�i��� ����e��.
•
Yea� 1946: B� 1946 i� S�. L��i� i� beca�e ����ib�e �i�� a �ehic�e �����ed ��bi�e �adi� ��i� �� a PSTN (P�b�ic S�i�ched Te�e�h��e Ne�����).
•
PMR & PAMR (P�i�a�e M�bi�e Radi� & P�i�a�e Acce�� M�bi�e Radi�): The�e ����e�� �e�e de�e���ed b� d��i�g �he 1950��,
���a��� ��i�i�i�g �ehic�e �����ed
��i��. The�e ����e�� a�e �ai��� ��ed b� �he e�e�ge�c� �e��ice�, ��b�ic ��i�i�ie�, ��ad ha��age a�d �a�i��. T� ��a�� �i�h �he�e ����e�� �e�e �e�� ba�ic �i�g�e �i�e a�d �i�g�e cha��e�. H��e�e� �he� ha�e de�e���ed i��� ��ch ���e c����e� ����e��, ��i�i�i�g ����i �i�e, ����i cha��e�, �e�ec�i�e ca��i�g, c���ec�i��� PABX�/PSTN�� a�d di�ec� ca��i�g; TETRA(Te��e���ia� T����ed Radi�). •
TACS (T��a� Acce�� C�����ica�i��� S���e�): TACS �a� �he fi��� �ea� ��bi�e c�����ica�i��� ����e�. I� 1985 �he� �hi� ����e� �a� i����d�ced i� �a� �ai��� �ehic�e �����ed ��i��, b�� �a�e� de�e���ed i��� ��bi�e ��i��. U��i�e �he ��he� ����e�� ��ed a����d �he ����d TACS ��ed �he 900 MH� ba�d.
2.2
��� � ������ ������ ��� ������ ��������������
2.2.1
���������� ��������: The G��ba� S���e� f�� M�bi�e c�����ica�i��� (GSM) i� b� fa� �he ���� ��cce��f�� ��bi�e
c�����ica�i�� ����e� ����d�ide. I�� de�e����e�� ��a��ed i� 1982. The E����ea� C��fe�e�ce �f P���a� a�d Te�ec�����ica�i��� Ad�i�i���a�i��� (CEPT), ��edece���� �f �he E����ea� Te�ec�����ica�i�� S�a�da�d� I���i���e (ETSI), f���ded �he G����e S�ecia�e M�bi�e, �i�h �he �a�da�e �� de�e��� ������a�� f�� a �a��E����ea� digi�a� ��bi�e c�����ica�i�� ����e�. T�� g�a�� �e�e ������ed �� be achie�ed:
Fi���, a be��e� a�d ���e efficie�� �ech�ica� �����i�� f�� �i�e�e�� c�����ica�i��� � i� had bec��e e�ide�� a� �ha� �i�e �ha� digi�a� ����e�� ����d be ���e�i�� i� �e��ec� �� ��e� ca�aci��, ea�e �f ��e, a�d ���be� �f ����ib�e addi�i��a� �e��ice� c���a�ed �i�h �he �he�� ��e�a�e�� a�a��g ����e��.
Sec��d, a �i�g�e ��a�da�d �a� �� be �ea�i�ed a�� ��e� E����e, e�ab�i�g ��a�i�g ac���� b��de��. Thi� �a� ��� ����ib�e bef��e, a� i�c���a�ib�e a�a��g ����e�� �e�e e�����ed i� diffe�e�� c�����ie�.
•
I� �he ea��� 1990�, i� �a� �ea�i�ed �ha� GSM �h���d ha�e f��c�i��a�i�ie� �ha� had ��� bee� i�c��ded i� �he ��igi�a� ��a�da�d. The�ef��e, �he ���ca��ed �ha�e�2 ��ecifica�i���, �hich i�c��ded �he�e f��c�i���, �e�e de�e���ed ���i� 1995. F���he� e�ha�ce�e���, �hich i�c��de �ac�e� �adi� (Ge�e�a� Pac�e� Radi� Se��ice (GPRS), a�d �he ���e efficie�� ��d��a�i�� �f E�ha�ced Da�a �a�e� f�� GSM E�����i�� (EDGE), ha�e bee� i����d�ced �i�ce �he�. Beca��e �f �he�e e��e��i��� GSM i� �f�e� �efe��ed �� a� �he 2.5�h ge�e�a�i�� ����e�, a� i�� f��c�i��a�i�ie� a�e be���d �h��e �f a �ec��d�ge�e�a�i�� ����e�, b�� d� ��� e�ab�e a�� �hi�d�ge�e�a�i�� f��c�i��a�i�ie� (U�i�e��a� M�bi�e Te�ec�����ica�i��� S���e� (UMTS).
•
The�e a�e �h�ee �e��i��� �f GSM, each ��i�g diffe�e�� ca��ie� f�e��e�cie�. The ��igi�a� GSM ����e� ��e� ca��ie� f�e��e�cie� a����d 900 MH� GSM1800, �hich i� a��� ca��ed Digi�a� Ce����a� S���e� a� �he 1800�MH� ba�d (DCS1800), �a� added �a�e� �� ������� �he i�c�ea�i�g ���be�� �f ��b�c�ibe��. I�� ca��ie� f�e��e�cie� a�e a����d 1,800 MH�, �he ���a� a�ai�ab�e ba�d�id�h i� ���gh�� �h�ee �i�e� �a�ge� �ha� �he ��e a����d 900 MH�, a�d �he �a�i�a� ��a���i��i�� ���e� �f MS� i� �ed�ced. A�a�� f��� �hi�, GSM1800 i� ide��ica� �� �he ��igi�a� GSM. Th��, �ig�a� ���ce��i�g, ��i�chi�g �ech����g�, e�c. ca� be �e��ed �i�h��� cha�ge�. The highe� ca��ie� f�e��e�c�, �hich i���ie� a ��a��e� �a�h gai�, a�d �ed�ced ��a���i��i�� ���e� �ed�ce �he �i�e� �f �he ce��� �ig�ifica����. Thi� fac�, c��bi�ed �i�h �he bigge� a�ai�ab�e ba�d�id�h, �ead� �� a c���ide�ab�e i�c�ea�e i� �e����� ca�aci��. A �hi�d ����e�, ����� a� GSM1900 �� PCS�1900 (Pe����a� C�����ica�i�� S���e�) ��e�a�e� �� �he 1,900�MH� ca��ie� f�e��e�c�, a�d i� �ai��� ��ed i� �he U.S.A.
•
GSM i� a� ��e� ��a�da�d. Thi� �ea�� �ha� ���� �he i��e�face� a�e ��ecified, ��� �he i���e�e��a�i��. A� a� e�a���e, �e c���ide� �he ��d��a�i�� �f GSM, �hich i� GMSK (Ga���ia� Mi�i��� Shif� Ke�i�g). The GSM ��a�da�d ��ecifie� ���e� b���d� f�� �����f�ba�d e�i��i��, �ha�e �i��e�, i��e���d��a�i�� ���d�c��, e�c. H�� �he �e��i�ed �i�ea�i�� i� achie�ed (e.g., b� feedf���a�d �i�ea�i�a�i��, b� ��i�g a c�a���A a���ifie� � �hich i� ���i�e�� beca��e �f �he ��a�� efficie�c� � �� b� a�� ��he� �e�h�d) i� �� �� �he e��i��e�� �a��fac���e�. Th��, �hi� ��e� ��a�da�d e����e� �ha� a�� ���d�c�� f��� diffe�e�� �a��fac���e�� a�e c���a�ib�e, �h��gh �he� ca� ��i�� diffe� i� ��a�i�� a�d ��ice. C���a�ibi�i�� i� e��ecia��� i�����a�� f�� �e��ice ����ide��. Whe� ��i�g �����ie�a�� ����e��, a ����ide� i� ab�e �� ch���e �he e��i��e�� �����ie� ���� ��ce � a� �he begi��i�g �f �e����� i���e�e��a�i��. F�� GSM (a�d ��he� ��e� ��a�da�d�), a ����ide� ca� fi��� ���cha�e Ba�e S�a�i��� (BS�) f��� ��e �a��fac���e� b�� �a�e� �� b�� BS� �� e��e�d �he ca�aci�� �f hi� �e����� f��� a diffe�e�� �a��fac���e�, �hich �igh� �ffe� a be��e� ��ice. A ����ide� �a� a��� b�� ���e c�����e��� f��� ��e c���a�� a�d ��he� c�����e��� f��� a���he� c���a��.
2.2.2
������ ��������: A GSM ����e� c���i��� e��e��ia��� �f �h�ee �a��� � �a�e��,
1�The Ba�e S�a�i�� S�b����e� (BSS) 2� The Ne����� a�d S�i�chi�g S�b����e� (NSS) 3� The O�e�a�i�� S������ S���e� (OSS)
F����� 2.1 B���� ������� �� � G����� ������ ��� ������ ������������� ������. �� ���� ������ : ADC, A������������� C�����; �� , ������� ���������� C�����; ���, �������� ������ ������ ��
2.2.2.1 ���� ������� ������� � The BSS c���i��� �f Ba�e �a��cei�e� S�a�i��� (BTS�) a�d �he Ba�e S�a�i�� C������� �� (BSC�) (�ee Fig��e 2.1). The BTS e��ab�i�he� a�d �ai��ai�� �he c���ec�i�� �� �he MS� �i�hi� i�� ce��. The i��e�face be��ee� �he MS a�d �he BTS i� �he ai� i��e�face, ca��ed �he U��i��e�face i� �he G M c���e��. The BTS h����, a� a �i�i���, �he a��e��a� a�d �he Radi� F�e��e�c� (RF) ha�d�a e �f a BS, a� �e�� a� �he ��f��a�e f�� ����i�� acce��. Se�e�a� � ��, �a�e��, ��e � BTS� a�e c���ec�ed �� ��e BSC; �he� a�e ei�he� c���ca�ed, �� c���ec�ed �ia �a�d�i�e, di�ec�i��a� �ic���a�e �adi� �i���, �� �i�i�a� c���ec�i���. The BSC ha� a c������ f��c�i��a�i��. I� i�, a���g ��he� �hi�g�, �e�����ib�e f�� a�dO�e� HO) be��ee� ��� BTS� �ha� a�e c���ec�ed �� �he �a�e BSC. The i��e�face be��ee� BTS a�d BSC i� ca��ed �he Abi��i��e�face. Di���ib��i�� �f �he f��c�i��a�i�ie� be��ee� BTS a�d BSC �a� diff � de�e�di�g �� �he �a��fac���e�. I ���� ca�e�, ��e BSC i� c���ec�ed �� �e�e�a� BTS�. The�ef��e, i� i� ����ib�e �� i�c�ea�e �he efficie�c� �f i���e�e��a�i�� b� �hif�i�g a� ��ch f��c�i��a�i�� a� ����ib�e �� �he BSC. H��e�e�, �hi� i���ie� i�c ea�ed �ig�a�i�g ��affic �� �he �i�� be��ee� �he BTS a�d �he BSC, �hich �igh� be ��de�i�ab�e (�e�e�be� �ha� �he�e �i��� a�e �f�e� �e��ed �a�d�i�e c���ec�i ��). I� ge�e�a�, �he BSS c��e�� a �a�ge �e� �f f��c�i��a�i�ie�. I� i� �e�����ib�e f�� cha��e� a��ig��e �, �ai��e�a�ce �f �i�� ��a�i�� a�d ha�d��e�, ���e� c������, c�di�g, a�d e�c����i��.
2.2.2 .2 ������� ��� ��������� ��������� The �ai� c�����e�� �f �he NSS i� �he M�bi�e��e��ice� S�i�chi�g Ce��e� (MSC), �hich c������� �he ��affic be��ee� diffe�e�� BSC� (�ee Fig��e 2.1). O�e f��c�i�� �f �he MSC i� ��bi�i�� �a�age�e��, �hich c����i�e� a�� �he f��c�i��� �ha� a�e �ece��a�� �� e�ab�e ���e ��bi�i�� f�� ��b�c�ibe��. A���he� f��c�i�� �f he MSC i� �he �a�age�e�� �f HO� �ha� �cc�� �he� a�
S i�
�ea�i�g �he a�ea �f ��e BSC a�d ���i�g i��� �he a�ea c��e�ed b� a���he� BSC. O�he� f��c�i��� a�e �he ���ca��ed �agi�g a�d ��ca�i�� ��d �e. A�� i��e�ac�i��� �i�h ��he� �e������ � e��ecia��� �he �a�d�i�e P�b�ic S�i�ched Te�e�h��e Ne����� (PSTN) � a�e a��� �e�f���ed b� �he MSC. The NSS i�c� de� ���e da�aba�e�, ���. The H��e L�ca�i�� Regi��e� (HLR) c���ai�� a�� �he ���be�� �f �he ��bi�e ��b�c�ibe��
a���cia�ed �i�h ��e MSC a�d i�f���a�i�� ab��� �he ��ca�i�� �f each �f �he�e ��b�c�ibe��. I� �he e�e�� �f a� i�c��i�g ca��, �he ��ca�i�� �f �he de�i�ed ��b�c�ibe� i� ����ed �� i� �he HLR a�d �he ca�� i� f���a�ded �� �hi� ��ca�i��. The�ef��e, �e ca� c��c��de �ha� f��� �i�e �� �i�e a ��a�e�i�g MS ha� �� �e�d ��da�e� �f i�� ��ca�i�� �� i�� HLR. The Vi�i��� L�ca�i�� Regi��e� (VLR) �f ��e MSC c���ai�� a�� �he i�f���a�i�� ab��� ��bi�e ��b�c�ibe�� f��� ��he� HLR� �ha� a�e i� �he a�ea �f �hi� MSC a�d a�e a����ed �� ��a� i� �he �e����� �f �hi� MSC. F���he����e, a �e����a�� ���be� �i�� be a��ig�ed �� �he MS �� e�ab�e �he �h���� MSC �� e��ab�i�h a c���ec�i�� �� �he �i�i�i�g MS. The A��he��ica�i�� Ce��e� (AUC) �e�ifie� �he ide��i�� �f each MS �e��e��i�g a c���ec�i��. The E��i��e�� Ide��i�� Regi��e� (EIR) c���ai�� ce���a�i�ed i�f���a�i�� ab��� ����e� �� �i���ed de�ice�.
2.2.2.3 ��������� ������� ������ The OSS i� �e�����ib�e f�� ��ga�i�a�i�� �f �he �e����� a�d ��e�a�i��a� �ai��e�a�ce. M��e ��ecifica���, �he OSS �ai��� c��e�� �he f�����i�g f��c�i���: 1. Acc����i�g: h�� ��ch d�e� a ��ecific ca�� c��� f�� a ce��ai� ��b�c�ibe�? The�e a�e a��� ��e��� �f diffe�e�� �e��ice� a�d fea���e�, f��� �hich each ��b�c�ibe� �a� ch���e a� i�di�id�a� �e�ec�i�� i�c��ded i� a ��ecific ��a�. Whi�e �hi� �ich ch�ice �f �e��ice� a�d ��ice� i� �i�a� i� �he �a��e���ace, �he ad�i�i���a�i�e ������� �f �hi� i�di�id�a�i�� i� �a�he� c����ica�ed. 2. Mai��e�a�ce: �he f��� f��c�i��a�i�� �f each c�����e�� �f �he GSM �e����� ha� �� be �ai��ai�ed a�� �he �i�e. Ma�f��c�i��� �a� ei�he� �cc�� i� �he ha�d�a�e �� i� �he ��f��a�e c�����e��� �f �he ����e�. Ha�d�a�e �a�f��c�i��� a�e ���e c�����, a� �he� �e��i�e a �ech�icia� �� d�i�e �� �he ��ca�i�� �f �he �a�f��c�i��. I� c����a��, ��f��a�e i� ���ada�� ad�i�i���a�ed f��� a ce���a� ��ca�i��. F�� e�a���e, �e� �e��i��� �f ��i�chi�g ��f��a�e ca� be i���a��ed i� �he c����e�e BSS f��� a ce���a� ��ca�i��, a�d ac�i�a�ed a�� ��e� �he �e����� a� a ��ecific �i�e. Re�i�i�� a�d �ai��e�a�ce ��f��a�e �f�e� c����i���e� a c���ide�ab�e �a�� �f �he ��e�a�� c����e�i�� �f GSM c������ ��f��a�e. 3. MS �a�age�e��: e�e� �h��gh a�� MS� ha�e �� �a�� a ���e a�����a�, i� �a� ha��e� �ha� �bad a���e� de�ice�, �hich ca��e ����e� �ide i��e�fe�e�ce, a�e ��e�a�i�g i� �he �e�����. The�e de�ice� ha�e �� be ide��ified a�d �hei� f���he� ac�i�i�ie� ha�e �� be b��c�ed. 4. Da�a c���ec�i��: �he OSS c���ec�� da�a ab��� �he a����� �f ��affic, a� �e�� a� �he ��a�i�� �f �he �i���.
2.2.3
��� ���������� ���������: GSM ��e� GMSK a� a ��d��a�i�� f���a�. GMSK i� a �a�ia�� �f Mi�i��� Shif� Ke�i�g (MSK);
�he diffe�e�ce i� �ha� �he da�a �e��e�ce i� �a��ed �h���gh a fi��e� �i�h a Ga���ia� i�����e �e�����e (�i�e ba�d�id�h ���d�c� BGT = 0.3) . Thi� fi��e�i�g i� �a�he� ha�d. The�ef��e, �he ��ec���� i� �a�he� �a����, b�� �he�e i� a �ig�ifica�� a����� �f I��e� S��b�� I��e�fe�e�ce (ISI). O� �he ��he� ha�d, �he ISI d�e �� de�a� di��e��i�� �f �he �i�e�e�� cha��e� i� ���a��� ��ch ���e �e�e�e. Th��, ���e �i�d �f e��a�i�a�i�� ha� �� be ��ed a���a�. Fig��e 2.2 i������a�e� a ���ica� e�a���e �f a �ha�e ��e��i� �f �hi� �i�d �f GMSK a�d �f ���e MSK f�� c���a�i���. The de�ec�i�� �e�h�d i� ��� ��ecified b� �he ��a�da�d. Diffe�e��ia� de�ec�i��, c�he�e�� de�ec�i��, �� �i�i�e��di�c�i�i�a��� de�ec�i�� �igh� be e�����ed.
F����� 2.2 ����� ������� ��� ��� ��� �������� 1011011000 ��� G������� ������� ����� ������ ���� BG� = 0.3 (����� ����) ��� ���� ������� ����� ������ (������ ����)
2.2.4
��������� �� � ����� ��:
Fig��e 2.3 i������a�e� �he da�a c���ai�ed i� a �i�e���� �i�h a �e�g�h �f 148 bi��. H��e�e�, ��� a�� �f �he�e bi�� a�e �a���ad da�a. Pa�� ad da�a a�e ��a���i��ed ��e� ��� b��c�� �f 57 bi��. Be� ee� �he�e b��c�� i� �he ���ca��ed �ida�b� . Thi� i� a ����� �e��e�ce �f 26 bi�� a�d ����ide� �he ��ai�i�g f�� e��a�i�a�i��. F���he����e, �he �i a�b�e �e��e� a� a� ide��ifie� �f �he BS. The�e i� a� e��� c������ bi� be��ee� �he �ida�b�e a�d each �f �he ��� da�a�c���ai�i�g b��c��; .Fi�a���, �he ��a���i��i�� b���� ��a��� a�d e�d� �i�h �h�ee �ai� bi��. The�e bi�� a�e �����, a�d e�ab�e �e��i�a�i�� �f Ma�i��� Li�e�ih��d Se��e�ce E��i�a�i�� ( LSE) i� defi�ed ��a�e� a� �he begi��i�g a�d e�d �f �he de�ec�i�� �f b���� da�a. Thi� �ed�ce� �he c� ��e�i�� a�d i�c�ea�e� �he �e�f���a�ce �f dec�di�g. The �i�e����� e�d �i�h a g�a�d �e�i�d �f 8.25 bi��. A�a�� f��� �����a�� ��a���i��i�� b�����, �he�e a�e �he� �i�d� �f b�����. MS� ��a���i� acce�� b����� �� e��ab�i�h i�i�ia� c���ac� �i�h �he BS. F�e��e�c� c���ec�i�� b����� e�ab�e f�e��e�c� c���ec�i � �f �he MS��. S��ch���i�a�i�� b����� a���� MS� �� ���ch���i�e �� �he f�a�e �i�i�g �f BS�.
F�����2.3 F�������� �� ��� ���� �� � ������ ������������ �����
2.2.5
���������������� ���� ������������: Whe� �he GSM ��a�da�d �a� ��igi�a��� d�af�ed, ��ice c�����ica�i�� �a� e��i�i��ed a� �he
�ai� a���ica�i��. S��e da�a ��a���i��i�� � �i�e �he Sh��� Me��age Se��ice (SMS) a�d a ��i��������i�� da�a ��a���i��i�� cha��e� �i�h a 9.6��bi�/� da�a �a�e � �e�e a��ead� i�c��ded, b�� �e�e ��� c���ide�ed ��fficie���� i�����a�� �� �e�i� �he i����d�c�i�� �f ��ch addi�i��a� c����e�i��. Th��, da�a ��a���i��i�� �a� ha�d�ed i� a ci�c�i����i�ched ��de, ���� �i�e ��ice ��a���i��i��. I� ge�e�a�, �he ci�c�i����i�ched da�a ��a���i��i�� ��de� �f GSM ha�e �e�e�e di�ad�a��age�. A �ai� i���e i� �he ��� da�a �a�e �f �e�� �ha� 10 Kbi�/�. F���he����e, �he ���g �i�e �eeded �� �e� �� a c���ec�i��, a� �e�� a� �he �e�a�i�e�� high c���� �f h��di�g a c���ec�i��, �a�e i� �e�� ��a���ac�i�e, e.g., f�� I��e��e� b����i�g. O��� SMS �e�� �e��agi�g ����ed �� be ��cce��f��. F�� �he�e �ea����, �ac�e����i�ched (a��� ����� a� c���ec�i���e��) ��a���i��i�� i� ��efe��ed �� be ��ed.
2.2.6
�������� �������: A MS �� a ��b�c�ibe� ca� be ��ca�i�ed �i�hi� �he �e����� b� ��i�g ide��i�� ���be��.14 a�
ac�i�e GSM MS ha� ����i��e ide��i�� ���be��.
1������� ������� ��D� ������ (�� ��D�) The MS ISDN i� �he ��i��e �h��e ���be� �f �he ��b�c�ibe� i� �he ��b�ic �e�e�h��e �e�����. The MS ISDN c���i��� �f C������ C�de (CC), �he Na�i��a� De��i�a�i�� C�de (NDC), �hich defi�e� �he �eg��a� GSM ����ide� �f �he ��b�c�ibe�, a�d �he ��b�c�ibe� ���be�. The MS ISDN �h���d ��� be ���ge� �ha� 15 digi��.
2�������������� ������ ���������� �������� (����) The IMSI i� a���he� ��i��e ide��ifica�i�� f�� �he ��b�c�ibe�. I� c����a�� �� �he MS ISDN, �hich i� ��ed a� �he �h��e ���be� �f �he ��b�c�ibe� �i�hi� �he GSM �e����� a�d �he ����a� ��b�ic �h��e �e�����, �he IMSI i� ���� ��ed f�� ��b�c�ibe� ide��ifica�i�� i� �he GSM �e�����. I� i� ��ed b� �he S�b�c�ibe� Ide��i�� M�d��e (SIM), �hich �e e���ai� �a�e�, �he HLR, a�d �he VLR. I� c���i��� agai� �f �h�ee �a���: �he M�bi�e C������ C�de (MCC, �h�ee digi��), �he M�bi�e Ne����� C�de (MNC, ��� digi��), a�d �he M�bi�e S�b�c�ibe� Ide��ifica�i�� N��be� (MSIN, �� �� �e� digi��).
3������� ������� ������� ������ (����) The MSRN i� a �e����a�� ide��ifica�i�� �ha� i� a���cia�ed �i�h a ��bi�e if i� i� ��� i� �he a�ea �f i�� HLR. Thi� ���be� i� �he� ��ed f�� ����i�g �f c���ec�i���. The ���be� c���i��� agai� �f a CC, MNC, a�d a TMSI, �hich i� gi�e� �� �he ��b�c�ibe� b� �he GSM �e����� (�)he i� ��a�i�g i���.
4�������������� ������ ������� E�������� �������� (��E�) The IMEI i� a �ea�� �f ide��if�i�g ha�d�a�e � i.e., �he ac��a� ��bi�e de�ice. Le� �� ���e he�e �ha� �he �h�ee ide��i�� ���be�� de�c�ibed ab��e a�e a�� ei�he� �e��a�e���� �� �e����a�i�� a���cia�ed �i�h �he ��b�c�ibe�. I� c����a��, �he IMEI ide��ifie� �he ac��a� MS ��ed. I� c���i��� �f 15 digi��: �i� a�e ��ed f�� �he T��e A�����a� C�de (TAC), �hich i� ��ecified b� a ce���a� GSM e��i��; ��� a�e ��ed a� �he Fi�a� A��e�b�� C�de (FAC), �hich �e��e�e��� �he �a��fac���e�; a�d �i� a�e ��ed a� a Se�ia� N��be� (SN), �hich ide��ifie� e�e�� MS ��i��e�� f�� a gi�e� TAC a�d FAC.
2.2.7
�������������� �� � ������ ����������: I� a�a��g �i�e�e�� �e������, e�e�� MS �a� ��i��e�� ide��ified b� a �i�g�e ���be� �ha� �a�
�e��a�e���� a���cia�ed �i�h i�. A�� c���ec�i��� �ha� �e�e e��ab�i�hed f��� �hi� MS �e�e bi��ed �� i�� �egi��e�ed ���e�. GSM i� ���e f�e�ib�e i� �hi� �e��ec�. The ��b�c�ibe� i� ide��ified b� hi� SIM, �hich i� a ���g�i� chi� ca�d ���gh�� �he �i�e �f a ����age ��a��. A GSM MS ca� ���� �a�e a�d �ecei�e ca��� �he� ��ch a SIM i� ���gged i� a�d ac�i�a�ed. A�� ca��� �ha� a�e �ade f��� �he MS a�e bi��ed �� �he ��b�c�ibe� �h��e SIM i� ���gged i�. F���he����e, �he MS ���� �ecei�e� ca��� g�i�g �� �he ���be� �f �he SIM ���e�. Thi� �a�e� i� ����ib�e f�� �he ��b�c�ibe� �� ea�i�� �e��ace �he MS, �� e�e� �e�� ��e f�� a �h��� �i�e. A� �he SIM i� �f f��da�e��a� i�����a�ce f�� bi��i�g ���ced��e�, i� ha� �� ha�e �e�e�a� �ec��i�� �echa�i���. The f�����i�g i�f���a�i�� i� �a�ed �� i�:
Pe��a�e�� �ec��i�� i�f���a�i��: �hi� i� defi�ed �he� �he ��b�c�ibe� �ig�� a c����ac� �i�h �he ��e�a���. I� c���i��� �f �he IMSI, �he a��he��ica�i�� �e�, a�d �he acce�� �igh��.
Te����a�� �e����� i�f���a�i��: �hi� i�c��de� �he TMSI, ��ca�i�� a�ea, e�c.
I�f���a�i�� �e�a�ed �� �he ��e� ���fi�e: e.g., �he ��b�c�ibe� ca� ����e hi�/he� �e����a� �h��eb��� �� �he SIM � i� �hi� �a� �he �h��eb��� i� a��a�� a�ai�ab�e, i�de�e�de�� �f �he MS �he ��b�c�ibe� ��e�. The SIM ca� be ��c�ed b� �he ��e�. I� i� ����c�ed b� e��e�i�g �he Pe����a� U�b��c�i�g Ke� (PUK). If a ����g c�de i� e��e�ed �e� �i�e�, �he SIM i� fi�a��� b��c�ed a�d ca���� be �eac�i�a�ed. Re���i�g �he SIM a�d �he� ���ggi�g i� i��� �he �a�e �� a���he� MS d�e� ��� �e�e� �he ���be� �f ����g ��ia��. Thi� b��c�i�g �echa�i�� i� a� i�����a�� �ec��i�� fea���e i� ca�e �f �hef�. The Pe����a� Ide��ifica�i�� N��be� (PIN) �e��e� a �i�i�a� f��c�i�� a� �he PUK. The ��e� �a� ac�i�a�e �he PIN f��c�i��, �� �ha� �he SIM �e��e��� a f����digi� �e� e�e�� �i�e a� MS i� ��i�ched ��. I� c����a�� �� �he PUK, �he PIN �a� be a��e�ed b� �he ��e�. If a ����g PIN i� e��e�ed �h�ee �i�e�, �he SIM i� ��c�ed a�d �a� be ����c�ed ���� b� e��e�i�g �he PUK.
2.3
���� (������� ������ ����� ��������) 2.5�: Ge�e�a� �ac�e� �adi� �e��ice i� ��ed �� de�c�ibe 2G�����e�� �ha� ha�e i���e�e��ed a �ac�e�
��i�ched d��ai� i� addi�i�� �� �he ci�c�i� ��i�ched d��ai�. A� ���g a� �he ����e� ca� ������� �ac�e� ��a��fe�, i� ca� ��a��fe� da�a a� �e�� a� ��ice ca���. 2.5 G ����e�� ca� ��e �he i�f�a����c���e �f �he e�i��i�g 2G ����e�� b� addi�i�� �f ���e i��e�faci�g b��c�� i� �he ����e� �ha� ca� ������� �ac�e� ��i�chi�g. The c������� ����� 2.5G �ech�i��e i� GPRS. S��e �����c���, ��ch a� EDGE f�� GSM, �fficia��� ��a�if� a� "3G" �e��ice� (beca��e �he� ha�e a da�a �a�e �f ab��e 144�b��), b�� a�e c���ide�ed b� ���� �� be 2.5G �e��ice� (�� 2.75G �hich ����d� e�e� ���e c����ica�ed) beca��e �he� a�e �e�e�a� �i�e� ����e� �ha� "���e" 3G �e��ice�.
2.3.1
���� �������: GPRS i� diffe�e�� f��� �he ��de� Ci�c�i� S�i�ched Da�a (�� CSD) c���ec�i�� i�c��ded i� GSM
��a�da�d� �e�ea�e� bef��e Re�ea�e 97 (f��� 1997, �he �ea� �he ��a�da�d �a� fea���e f���e�) ��i�g a GSM �h��e, i� �ha� i� �he ��de� ����e�, a da�a c���ec�i�� e��ab�i�he� a ci�c�i�, a�d �e�e��e� �he f��� ba�d�id�h �f �ha� ci�c�i� d��i�g �he �ife�i�e �f �he c���ec�i��. GPRS i� �ac�e����i�ched. Web b����i�g, �ecei�i�g e��ai�� a� �he� a��i�e a�d i���a�� �e��agi�g a�e e�a���e� �f ��e� �ha� �e��i�e i��e��i��e�� da�a ��a��fe��, �hich be�efi� f��� �ha�i�g �he a�ai�ab�e ba�d�id�h. U��a���, GPRS da�a i�
bi��ed �e� �i��b��e� �f i�f���a�i�� ��a��cei�e� �hi�e ci�c�i� ��i�ched da�a c���ec�i��� a�e i��ed �e� �ec��d.
2.3.2
���� A�����������: GPRS i� a� e�ha�ce�e�� ��e� �he GSM a�d add� ���e ��de� i� �he �e����� �� � ��ide �he
�ac�e� ��i�ched �e��ice�. The�e � ����� ��de� a�e ca��ed GSN� (GPRS S������ N�de�) a�d a�e �e�����ib�e f�� �he ����i�g a�d de�i�e�� �f �he da�a �ac�e�� �� a�d f��� �he MS a�d e��e��a� �ac�e� da�a �e������ (PDN).
F����� 2.4 G��� ������ ������������
�) G��� B�C: A ��f��a�e ��g�ade i� �e �i�ed i� �he e�i��i�g Ba�e T�a��cei�e� Si�e BTS. The Ba�e S�a�i�� C�������e� BSC a��� �e��i�e� a ��f� a�e ��g�ade, a�d �he i���a��a�i�� �f a �e� �iece �f ha� �a�e ca��ed a �ac�e� c������ ��i� PCU. The PCU di�ec�� �he da�a ��affic �� �he GPRS �e����� a�d ca� be a �e�a�a�e ha�d�a�e e�e�e�� a���cia�ed �i�h BSC. The PCU ����ide� a �h��ica� a�d ��gica� da�a i��e�face ��� �f BSS f�� �ac�e� da�a ��affic. The�e a�e �h�ee ���i��� f�� ���i�i��i�g �he PCU a�e ����ided i� �he BTS, i� �he BSC �� i� ��a�ia� c���ec�i�� �i�h �he SGSN. Addi�i�� �f ��� �e����� e�e�e���:
Se��i�g GPRS S������ N�de (SGSN).
Ga�e�a� GPRS S������ N�de (GGS N).
�) ������� G��� ������� ���� (� ��) F��������: The SGSN i� a ��i�a�� c� ���e�� �f ce����a� �e������ �ha� e����� GPRS. Via �he �adi� �e�����, �he SGSN ����e� i�c��i�g a�d ���g�i�g IP �ac�e�� add�e��ed �� �� f��� a�� GPRS ��b�c�ibe� �h��ica��� ��ca�ed � i�hi� �he ge�g�a�hica� a�ea �e��ed b� �ha� SGSN. Each SGSN ����ide�
Ci�he�i�g (e�c����i�� a�d dec����i��) a�d a��he��ica�i��.
Se��i�� �a�age�e�� a�d c�����ica�i�� �e���� �� �he ��bi�e ��b�c�ibe�.
M�bi�i�� �a�age�e�� �ha� i�, ������� f�� ��a�i�g a�d ha�d��e� �i�hi� a�d be��ee� ��bi�e �e������.
�) G������ G��� ������� ���� (GG��) F��������: The GGSN i� a��� a ��i�a�� c�����e�� �f ce����a� �e������ �ha� e����� GPRS. The GGSN �e��e� a� �he i��e�face �� e��e��a� IP �ac�e� �e������, acce��i�g e��e��a� ISP f��c�i��� ��ch a� ����e�� a�d �e���e acce�� dia��i� ��e� �e��ice (RADIUS) �e��e��. I� �e��� �f �he e��e��a� IP �e�����, �he GGSN ����e� �he IP add�e��e� �f ��b�c�ibe�� �e��ed b� �he GPRS �e�����, e�cha�gi�g ����i�g i�f���a�i�� �i�h �he e��e��a� �e�����.
2.4
���� (�������� ���� ����� ��� ��� ���������) 2.75�:
EDGE i� a �ech����g� �ha� gi�e� GSM Ne������ �he ca�aci�� �� ha�d�e �e��ice� f�� 3G. EDGE �a� de�e���ed �� e�ab�e �he ��a���i��i�� �f �a�ge a������ �f da�a a� �ea� �a�e� �f �� �� 472�b��. U�e�� �h���d e��e�ie�ce a�e�age ��eed� �f 80 �b�� �� 130 �b��. EDGE de�����e�� �i�� begi� i� 2003 �i�h f��� de�����e�� fi�i�hi�g i� 2004. EDGE de�ice� a�e bac��a�d� c���a�ib�e �i�h GPRS a�d �i�� be ab�e �� ��e�a�e �� GPRS �e������ �he�e EDGE ha� ��� �e� bee� de����ed. The fi��� ��e��i�g ����e i� �ig�a�i�� �a�h �� �hi�d ge�e�a�i�� �i�e�e�� ��bi�e �e��ice� (3G) i� �he Ge�e�a� Pac�e� Radi� Se��ice�, GPRS, a �ac�e����i�ched �ech����g� �ha� de�i�e�� ��eed� �f �� �� 115�b��. If GPRS i� a��ead� i� ��ace, E�ha�ced Da�a �a�e� f�� G��ba� E�����i�� (EDGE) �ech����g� i� ���� effec�i�e a� �he �ec��d ��e��i�g ����e �ha� gi�e� a ��� i��ac� �ig�a�i��. O��� ��f��a�e ��g�ade� a�d EDGE ���g�i� ��a��cei�e� ��i�� a�e �eeded. The a����ach ����ec�� ��e�a����' i��e���e��� b� a����i�g �he� �� �e��e �hei� e�i��i�g �e����� e��i��e�� a�d �adi� ����e��. The EDGE ai� i��e�face i� i��e�ded �� faci�i�a�e highe� �a�e� �ha� �h��e c���e���� achie�ab�e i� e�i��i�g ce����a� ����e��. I� ��de� �� i�c�ea�e �he g���� bi� �a�e, 8�PSK, a �i�ea� high��e�e� ��d��a�i��, i� i����d�ced. 8�PSK, i� �e�ec�ed �i�ce i� ����ide� high da�a �a�e�, high ��ec��a� efficie�c�, a�d ��de�a�e i���e�e��a�i�� c����e�i��. GMSK ��d��a�i�� f�� GSM i� a��� �a�� �f �he EDGE ����e� c��ce��. The ���b�� �a�e i� 271 �b/� f�� b��h ��d��a�i���, �eadi�g �� g���� bi� �a�e� �e� �i�e ���� �f 22.8 �b/� a�d 69.2 �b/� f�� GMSK a�d 8�PSK, �e��ec�i�e�� (i�c��di�g ��� ��ea�i�g bi�� �e� b����). The 8� PSK ����e �ha�e i� �i�ea�i�ed GMSK, a����i�g 8PSK �� fi� i� �he GSM ��ec���� �a��.
2.5
���� (3�):
2.5.1
������������ �� ��������� ������ ������������������ ������� (����):
UMTS, �he U�i�e��a� M�bi�e Te�ec�����ica�i��� S���e�, i� �he �hi�d�ge�e�a�i�� (3G) ��cce���� �� �he �ec��d�ge�e�a�i�� GSM�ba�ed �ech����gie�, i�c��di�g GPRS, a�d EDGE. UMTS, �hich ��e� �ideba�d CDMA (W�CDMA), �ha��� �he �����i�� ge�e�a��� ��efe��ed b� c�����ie� �ha� ��ed GSM, ce��e�ed i� E����e.
3G a��� ha� 2 ��he� ca��� �i�h W�CDMA, �hich a�e CDMA�2000; i� a� ���g����h �f �he ea��ie� 2G CDMA ��a�da�d IS�95. CDMA2000 i� �a�aged b� 3GPP, �hich i� �e�a�a�e a�d i�de�e�de�� f��� UMTS'� 3GPP. TD�SCDMA; �hich i� �e�� ����� ��a�da�d �ha� i� bei�g de�e���ed i� �he Pe���e'� Re��b�ic �f Chi�a b� �he c���a�ie� Da�a�g a�d Sie�e��, The� a�e ��edic�i�g a� ��e�a�i��a� ����e� f�� 2005.E�e� a� �he fi��� 2G ����e�� �e�e fi��� bei�g ����ed ���, i� �a� c�ea� �ha� �he�e ����d ��� ca�e� f�� �he de�a�d f��e�e�. A��h��gh UMTS ��e� a ���a��� diffe�e�� ai� i��e�face, �he c��e �e����� e�e�e��� ha�e bee� �ig�a�i�g ���a�d� �he UMTS �e��i�e�e��� �i�h �he i����d�c�i�� �f GPRS a�d EDGE. I� �hi� �a�, �he ��a��i�i�� f��� GSM �� UMTS d�e� ��� �e��i�e ��ch a �a�ge i���a��a�e��� i��e���e��. Ne� �ech����gie� ca�ab�e �f ����idi�g �e� �e��ice�� �ide� �e�e�h��e, M�bi�e TV, ... e�c� a�d faci�i�ie� ����d be �e��i�ed.UMTS �ffe�� f�e�ib�e & d��a�ic da�a �a�e�: 8 Kbi�/� � 2 Mbi�/� . F�e��e�c� Ba�d ��i�i�ed i� 2100 MH� Cha��e� Ba�d�id�h i� 5 MH� Wi�h �hi� i� �i�d, �he W���d Ad�i�i���a�i�e Radi� C��fe�e�ce ��a��ed �� �e�e��e ��ec���� a���ca�i��� f�� a �e� �e��ice a� i�� �ee�i�g� i� 1992. The �e�� ��age i� �he de�e����e�� a���e �he� �he I��e��a�i��a� Te�ec�����ica�i��� U�i�� bega� defi�i�g a ����e� a�d �he I��e��a�i��a� M�bi�e Te�ec�����ica�i��� S���e� 2000 (IMT2000) ��a��ed �� �a�e �ha�e.
F����� 2.5 ���2000
F����� 2.6 ����2000 ���� ���
I� ��de� �� �a�age �he �e� ��a�da�d, a g���� ����� a� �he Thi�d Ge�e�a�i�� Pa���e��hi� P��g�a� (3GPP) �a� f���ed. I� fac�, 3GPP i� a g��ba� c����e�a�i�� be��ee� �i� O�ga�i�a�i��a� Pa���e�� (ARIB, CCSA, ETSI, ATIS, TTA a�d TTC) �h� a�e �ec�g�i�ed a� bei�g �he ����d�� �a��� ��a�da�di�a�i�� b�die� f��� Ja�a�, Chi�a, E����e, �he USA a�d K��ea. The e��ab�i�h�e�� �f 3GPP �a� f���a�i�ed i� Dece�be� 1998 b� �he �ig�i�g �f The Thi�d Ge�e�a�i�� Pa���e��hi� P���ec� Ag�ee�e��. The ��igi�a� �c��e �f 3GPP �a� �� ���d�ce g��ba��� a���icab�e �ech�ica� ��ecifica�i��� a�d �ech�ica� �e����� f�� a �hi�d�ge�e�a�i�� ��bi�e �e�ec�����ica�i��� ����e�. Thi� ����d be ba�ed ���� �he GSM c��e �e������ a�d �he �adi� acce�� �ech����gie� �ha� �he� ������� (i.e. U�i�e��a� Te��e���ia� Radi� Acce�� (UTRA), b��h F�e��e�c� Di�i�i�� D���e� (FDD) a�d Ti�e Di�i�i�� D���e� (TDD) ��de�).
F����� 2.7 �CD�A, CD�A
La�e� �he �c��e �f 3GPP �a� i�c�ea�ed �� i�c��de �he �ai��e�a�ce a�d de�e����e�� �f �he GSM Tech�ica� S�ecifica�i��� a�d Tech�ica� Re�����, i�c��di�g i�� de�i�a�i�e� �f GPRS a�d EDGE. I� �ie� �f �he fac� �ha� UMTS i� a 3G �ech����g� a�d i� a ��cce���� �� GSM �i�h a defi�ed �ig�a�i�� �a�h, ���e a�e ��� �efe��i�g �� i� a� 3GSM. Whi�e 3GPP ��de����� �he �a�age�e�� �f �he UMTS ��a�da�d, a �i�i�a� c���i��ee �a� �eeded �� ��e��ee �he de�e����e�� �f �he ��he� �a��� 3G ��a�da�d, �a�e�� CDMA2000. Thi� c���i��ee ���� �� �he �a�e 3GPP2, a�d �he ��a�da�d� b�die� �ha� �e�e �e��e�e��ed i�c��ded ARIB, TTA, CWTS a�d TIA.
F����� 2.8 ���� ����������� 3G�� ����������
2.5.2
���� ��������:
3G �e��ice ca�abi�i�ie� f�� �he�e �e��ice� �h���d �a�e acc���� �f �hei� di�c���i����� a�d a����e��ic �a���e i� ��de� �� �a�e efficie�� ��e �f �e����� �e����ce�. Ba�ic �e��ice� ����ided i� 3G �e������ a�e a�di�, �ide�, fac�i�i�e ��a��fe�, da�a c�����ica�i��, I��e��e� �e��ice�, e��ai�/��ice��ai�, �agi�g, �e��agi�g, a�d c��bi�a�i��� �f �he�e i.e. ����i�edia. UMTS Se��ice� ha�e: High Sec��i�� Da�a. Ne� Se��ice�. W���d Wide R�a�i�g. M���i�e��i����e�� S������. High Q�a�i�� �f V�ice & Se��ice�. S��ea�i�g TV �e��i�� �i�h da�a �a�e 128Kb/�. Vide� Te�e�h��� �i�h da�a �a�e ��a��i�g f��� 64�b/�. Highe� bi� �a�e�: �� �� 384 �b��.
2.5.3
���� A����������� ��������:
UMTS ����e� c���i��� �f a ���be� �f ��gica� �e����� e�e�e��� c���ec�ed �h���gh ��e� i��e�face� �� acce�� ��i���. F��c�i��a��� �he�e e�e�e��� a�e g����ed i��� �he Radi� Acce�� Ne����� (RAN, UMTS Te��e���ia� RAN � UTRAN) a�d �he C��e Ne����� (CN). The UTRAN ha�d�e� a�� �adi���e�a�ed f��c�i��a�i��, Radi� Re����ce a�d M�bi�i�� Ma�age�e�� (RRM a�d MM). Whe�ea�, �he CN i� �e�����ib�e f�� ��i�chi�g a�d ����i�g ca��� a�d da�a c���ec�i��� �� e��e��a� �e������ a� �he �a�e �i�e a� �a�agi�g �e��i�� a�d ��bi�i�� i�f���a�i��, C�����ica�i�� a�d M�bi�i�� Ma�age�e�� (CM a�d MM). The ����e� i� c����e�ed b� �he U�e� E��i��e�� (UE) �� 3G �e��i�a�, �hich i��e�face� �i�h �he ��e� a�d �he �adi� i��e�face. The high��e�e� a�chi�ec���e i� �h��� be��� i� fig��e 2.10. The c���ec�i�� �f a� �ea�� ��e ��gica� �e����� e�e�e�� �f each ���e defi�e� a UMTS P�b�ic La�d M�bi�e Ne����� (PLMN). The UMTS PLMN i� a f���� fea���ed a�d ��e�a�i��a� �e�����, ei�he� �� i�� ��� �� ��ge�he� �i�h ��he� ��b��e������, �ha� ����ide� �a�d ��bi�e �e�ec�����ica�i�� �e��ice� �� �he ��b�ic. Each PLMN, ���ica��� e��ab�i�hed a�d ��e�a�ed b� a �i�g�e ��e�a���, i� c���ec�ed �� ��he� PLMN� a� �e�� a� �� ��he� ���e� �f �e������, ��ch a� I��eg�a�ed Se��ice� Digi�a� Ne����� (ISDN), P�b�ic S�i�ched Te�e�h��e Ne����� (PSTN), I��e��e�, a�d �� ��.
F����� 2.9 ���� A�����������.
2.5.3.1 ���� ����������� ����� ������ ������� (�����): UTRAN i� ��bdi�ided i��� i�di�id�a� Radi� Ne����� S���e�� (RNS�), �he�e each ��e i� c�������ed b� a Radi� Ne����� C�������e� (RNC). Wi�hi� a RNS, �he RNC i� c���ec�ed �� a �e� �f N�de B e�e�e���, each �f �hich ca� �e��e ��e �� �e�e�a� ce���. The�e a�e f��� i��e�face� c���ec�i�g �he UTRAN i��e��a��� �� e��e��a��� �� ��he� f��c�i��a� e��i�ie� U�, I�, I�b a�d I��.
The U� i� a WCDMA �adi� e��e��a� i��e�face, c���ec�i�g �he N�de B �i�h �he U�e� E��i��e�� (UE).
The I� i��e�face i� a� e��e��a� i��e�face �ha� c���ec�� �he RNC �� �he C��e Ne����� (CN).
The I�b i� a� i��e��a� i��e�face c���ec�i�g �he RNC �i�h �he N�de B.
The I�� c���ec�� ��� RNC� �i�h each ��he�. The I�� i��e�face �hich i� a� i��e��a� i��e�face ���� �f �he �i�e, b�� ca�, e�ce��i��a��� be a� e��e��a� i��e�face ��� f�� ���e �e����� a�chi�ec���e�.
The �ai� �a�� �f UTRAN i� �� c�ea�e a�d �ai��ai� Radi� Acce�� Bea�e�� (RAB�) f�� c�����ica�i�� be��ee� U�e� E��i��e�� (UE) a�d �he C��e Ne����� (CN). Wi�h RAB �he CN e�e�e��� a�e gi�e� a� i����i�� �f a fi�ed c�����ica�i�� �a�h �� �he UE. Whi�e i� GPRS/EDGE �e������ �he ��gica� �i�� i� defi�ed be��ee� UE a�d SGSN, RAB� a�e defi�ed be��ee� UE a�d �he UTRAN. He�ce, �he ��ca�i��� �f �e�e�a� f��c�i��� ha�e bee� �hif�ed f��� �he SGSN �hich i� �a�� �f �he GPRS CN �� �he RNC i� UTRAN. �d
A 3 Ge�e�a�i�� Se��i�g GPRS S������ N�de (3G�SGSN) �� ���ge� c����i�e� ��gica� �i�� �a�age�e�� f��c�i���.
2.5.3.1.1 ���� �� •
•
•
N�de B i� �he �h��ica� ��i�, (e��i�a�e�� �� �he BTS i� GSM Ne����� S���c���e) f�� �adi� ��a���i��i��/�ece��i�� i� ce���. De�e�di�g �� �ec���i�g (���i/�ec���ed ce���), ��e �� ���e ce��� �a� be �e��ed b� a N�de B. N�de B c���ec�� �i�h �he UE �ia �he WCDMA U� �adi� i��e�face a�d �i�h �he RNC �ia �he I�b A���ch������ T�a��fe� M�de (ATM) � ba�ed i��e�face. The �ai� �a�� �f N�de B i� �� �e�f��� �he ai� i��e�face La�e� 1 ���ce��i�g (��a��fe� i�f���a�i�� f��� ��a������ �� �h��ica� cha��e��) a��h��gh i� a��� �a��ici�a�e� i� ���e ba�ic Radi� Re����ce Ma�age�e�� (RRM) ��e�a�i��. H��e�e�, RNC i� �he�e �he �adi� �e����ce� a�e �a�aged.
2.5.3.1.2 ����� ������� ���������� (���)� •
•
RNC i� �he ��i�chi�g a�d c�������i�g e�e�e�� �f �he UTRAN ��ca�ed be��ee� �he I�b a�d I� i��e�face. I� a��� ha� a �hi�d i��e�face ca��ed I�� f�� i��e��RNS c���ec�i���. RNC i��e�face� �he CN f�� b��h Pac�e��S�i�ched a�d Ci�c�i�� S�i�ched �e��ice d��ai�� a�d a��� �e��i�a�e� �he Radi� Re����ce C������ (RRC) �����c�� �ha� defi�e� �he �e��age� a�d ���ced��e� be��ee� �he ��bi�e a�d UTRAN.
��C ���������������: UTRAN Radi� Re����ce Ma�age�e�� (RRM) a�d c������ f��c�i���. The RRM i� a c���ec�i�� �f a�g��i�h�� ��ed �� g�a�a��ee �he ��abi�i�� �f �he �adi� �a�h a�d �he QOS �f �adi� c���ec�i�� b� efficie�� �ha�i�g a�d �a�agi�g �f �he �adi� �e����ce�. •
The UTRAN c������ f��c�i��� i�c��de a�� �f �he f��c�i��� �e�a�ed �� �e���, �ai��e�a�ce a�d �e�ea�e �f Radi� Bea�e�� i�c��di�g �he ������� f��c�i��� f�� �he RRM a�g��i�h��.
2.5.3.1.3 ������ ��������� ������ (���)� •
The MSC i� a� e�cha�ge �hich �e�f���� a�� �he ��i�chi�g a�d �ig�a�i�g f��c�i��� f�� MS� / UE� ��ca�ed i� a ge�g�a�hica� a�ea de�ig�a�ed a� �he MSC a�ea. The MSC a�ea i� ��b�di�ided i��� ���ca��ed L�ca�i�� A�ea� LA.
2.5.3.1.4 ������� ���� ������� ���� (����)� •
The SGSN i� �e�����ib�e �� ����ide �e��ice f�� a�� ac�i�a�ed MS / UE i� a ce��ai� ge�g�a�hica� a�ea, �he ���ca��ed SGSN �e��ice a�ea. The SGSN �e��ice a�ea i� ��bdi�ided i��� diffe�e�� R���i�g A�ea RA (a ��b��e� �f �he L�ca�i�� A�ea LA). A R���i�g A�ea c���i��� �f ��e �� �e�e�a� ce���. �G�� F��������������: Kee�� ��ac� �f �he ��ca�i�� �f a� i�di�id�a� MS / UE a�d ����e� i� ��ca�i�� (�he R���i�g A�ea). I� i� �e�����ib�e f�� �he MS / UE M�bi�i�� Ma�age�e�� (L�ca�i�� U�da�e�, A��ach, Pagi�g...). Pe�f���� �ec��i�� f��c�i��� a�d acce�� c������. C���ec�i�g cha�gi�g da�a �� bi��i�g da�a & f���a�di�g �� CGF (Ga). I��e������i�g PLMN _PDN (Gi). Sc�ee�i�g / Fi��e�i�g. S���i�g ����i�g i�f���a�i�� (c���e�� SGSN). Re��e��i�g ��ca�i�� i�f���a�i�� f��� HLR. R���i�g �ac�e�� _ SGSN (G�).
2.5.3.1.5��� ����� ��������� ����������
I� ��de� a�a��g FDMA ����e��, �he ��e� �cc��ie� ��e f�e��e�c� cha��e� �� ��a���i� (30 �H� ba�d�id�h f�� AMPS) a�d ��e �� �ecei�e f�� �he d��a�i�� �f a �h��e ca��. The�e ��a���i��i�g a�d �ecei�i�g cha��e�� a�e b��� ���i� a ca�� ha� bee� c����e�ed.
D��i�g �ea� h����, �a�� ��b�c�ibe�� a�e ��ab�e �� acce�� �he ����e� �hich �e����� i� ���� �e�e��e f�� a �e����� ��e�a���, a�d i�c�ea�ed f�����a�i�� f�� a ��e�.
TDMA ����e�� i�����e �� �hi� ca�aci�� i���e b� f���he� ��bdi�idi�g a gi�e� ba�d�id�h i��� �i�e �����.
CDMA a�d W�CDMA ����e�� ��e a ��ch b��ade� ba�d�id�h �ha� ei�he� FDMA �� TDMA ����e��. I���ead �f di�idi�g ��e�� �� b� f�e��e�c� �� �i�e, �he� a�e di�ided i��� c�de�, ��ecific da�a ���ea�� a��ig�ed �� �a��ic��a� ��e��. A�� ��e�� ��a���i� a� �he �a�e �i�e a�d ����i��e ��e�� �ha�e �he �a�e f�e��e�c� ca��ie�. Each ��bi�e ��e� i� ��i��e�� ide��ified b� a ��ecia�i�ed c�de a�d f�e��e�c�.
F����� 2.10 C��������� ������� F�DA, �D�A ��� CD�A.
2.5.3.2 ��������� �����: T�adi�i��a� ce����a� ����e�� (FDMA �� TDMA) ha�e a f�e��e�c� �e��e �e�h�d �he�e f�e��e�cie� a�e ���� d���ica�ed �i�hi� a ce��ai� �a��e��. Thi� �ed�ce� �he i��e�fe�e�ce be��ee� ��� �eighb��i�g ce�� �i�e� �ha� a�e b��h ��i�g �he �a�e cha��e�. CDMA a�d
F����� 2.11 F�������� ����� �� ����� ������ D�������. .
W�CDMA �a�e� a ��ch diffe�e�� a����ach i� �ha� �he �a�e f�e��e�c� i� ��ed a� e�e�� �i�e a� �h��� i� fig��e 2.11. I� �he ca�e �f CDMA, f���a�d �i��� a�e �e�a�a�ed f��� each ��he� ��� b�, f�e��e�cie� b�� b� P�e�d� N�i�e (PN) Off�e��. I� �he ca�e �f W�CDMA, f���a�d �i��� a�e �e�a�a�ed f��� each ��he� b� Sc�a�b�i�g C�de�.
2.5.3.3 ������ ��������: B� a ��a�� a����� �f a�a���i� i� Sha���� e��a�i�� �e ca� �ee �ha� �he ba�d�id�h �f �he �ig�a� (BW) i� i��e��e�� �������i��a� �� �he �ig�a� ���e�.
F����� 2.12 ������ ��������.
Thi� �e���� ca� be ��ed �� �e��e ���e �ha� ��e ��e� b� �he �a�e f�e��e�c� i� �he �a�e �i�e b� ge�e�a�i�g a �e� di�e��i�� �� di�c�i�i�a�e be��ee� �he diffe�e�� ��e�� a�d �a�e �he ���eadi�g ���ce��. I� CDMA each ��e� i� a��ig�ed a ��i��e c�de �e��e�ce i� ��e� �� e�c�de i�� i�f���a�i�� bea�i�g �ig�a�. The �ecei�e�, ����i�g �he c�de �e��e�ce� �f �he ��e�, dec�de� a �ecei�ed �ig�a� af�e� �ece��i�� a�d �ec��e�� �he ��igi�a� da�a. Thi� i� ����ib�e �i�ce �he c���� c���e�a�i��� be��ee� �he c�de �f �he de�i�ed ��e� a�d �he c�de� �f �he ��he� ��e�� a�e ��a��. Si�ce �he ba�d�id�h �f �he c�de �ig�a� i� ch��e� �� be ��ch �a�ge� �ha� �he ba�d�id�h �f �he i�f���a�i���bea�i�g �ig�a�, �he e�c�di�g ���ce�� e��a�ge� (���ead�) �he ��ec���� �f �he �ig�a� a�d i� �he�ef��e a��� ����� a� ���ead���ec���� ��d��a�i��. The �a�i� �f ��a���i��ed ba�d�id�h �� i�f���a�i�� ba�d�id�h i� ca��ed �he ���ce��i�g gai� (G�) �f �he ���ead���ec���� ����e�; �he �ecei�e� c���e�a�e� �he �ecei�ed �ig�a� �i�h a ���ch�������� ge�e�a�ed �e��ica �f �he ���eadi�g c�de �� �ec��e� �he ��igi�a� i�f���a�i�� bea�i�g �ig�a�. Thi� i���ie� �ha� �he �ecei�e� ���� ���� �he c�de ��ed �� ��d��a�e �he da�a.
2.5.3.4 ����� ���������������:
2.5.3.4.1 ����� ������ ��������� The �e� e�e�e�� �f c�de di�i�i�� ����i��e acce�� CDMA i� i�� ��e �f a f��� �f ��a���i��i�� ����� a� di�ec� �e��e�ce ���ead ��ec����, DSSS. Di�ec� �e��e�ce ���ead ��ec���� i� a f��� �f ��a���i��i�� �ha� ����� �e�� �i�i�a� �� �hi�e ��i�e ��e� �he ba�d�id�h �f �he ��a���i��i��. H��e�e� ��ce �ecei�ed a�d ���ce��ed �i�h �he c���ec� de�c�a�b�i�g c�de�, i� i� ����ib�e �� e���ac� �he �e��i�ed da�a. Whe� ��a���i��i�g a CDMA ���ead ��ec���� �ig�a�, �he �e��i�ed da�a �ig�a� i� ����i��ied �i�h �ha� i� ����� a� a ���eadi�g �� chi� c�de da�a ���ea�. The �e����i�g da�a ���ea� ha� �he �a�e da�a �a�e a� �he ���ead �e��e�ce, a highe� da�a �a�e �ha� �he da�a i��e�f. Of�e� �he da�a i� ����i��ied ��i�g �he XOR (e�c���i�e OR) f��c�i��. The� �he ba�eba�d da�a ���ea� i� �he� ��d��a�ed ���� a ca��ie� a�d i� �hi� �a� �he ��e�a�� �ig�a� i� ���ead ��e� a ��ch �ide� ba�d�id�h (5 MHZ). Thi� i� beca��e �ig�a�� �i�h high da�a �a�e� �cc��� �ide� �ig�a� ba�d�id�h� �ha� �h��e �i�h ��� da�a �a�e�.
T� dec�de �he �ig�a� a�d �ecei�e �he ��igi�a� da�a, �he CDMA �ig�a� i� fi��� de��d��a�ed f��� �he ca��ie� �� �ec����i���e �he high ��eed da�a ���ea�. Thi� i� ����i��ied �i�h �he ���eadi�g c�de �� �ege�e�a�e �he ��igi�a� da�a. Whe� �hi� i� d��e, �he� ���� �he da�a �i�h �ha� �a� ge�e�a�ed �i�h �he �a�e ���eadi�g c�de i� �ege�e�a�ed, a�� �he ��he� da�a �ha� i� ge�e�a�ed f��� diffe�e�� ���eadi�g c�de ���ea�� i� ig���ed.
��� ���������� ��� 1 � Sec��i��. 2 � Wide� Sc��e �f A���ica�i���� Highe� Ba�d�id�h�. 3 � Highe� S���e� Ca�aci��. 4 � Be��e� ����e� ��a�i��.
F����� 2.13 �CD�A ������ ��������
2.5.3.4.2 ���� �������� A c���e��i��a� RAKE �ecei�e� ��e� ����i�a�h di�e��i�� ��i�ci��e. I� c���ec�� �he e�e�g� i� �he ����i�a�h �ig�a�� i���ead �f �����e��i�g �he�. RAKE �ecei�e� a��e���� �� c���ec� �he �i�e �hif�ed �e��i��� �f �he ��igi�a� �ig�a� b� ����idi�g a �e�a�a�e c���e�a�i�� �ecei�e� ����� a� fi�ge� f�� each �f �he ����i�a�h �ig�a��. Each fi�ge� �f �he RAKE �ecei�e� ha� a �e�a�a�e c�de ge�e�a��� �� ge�e�a�e c�de� �i�h diffe�e�� �ha�e�, �he�e each �ha�e c���e����d� �� a ��ecific ����i�a�h.
F����� 2.14 ���� ��������.
2.5.3.4.3 ������ ���� ����� �������� O�e� ���� ���e� c������ i� �he abi�i�� �f �he UE ��a���i��e� �� �e�� i�� ������ ���e� �� a ��ecific �a��e. I� i� ��ed f�� �e��i�g i�i�ia� ���i�� a�d d����i�� ��a���i��i�� ���e�� �he� a UE i� acce��i�g �he �e�����. The ��e� ���� ���e� c������ ���e�a�ce i� � 9 dB (����a� c��di�i���) �� �12 dB (e���e�e c��di�i���) I��e� ���� ���e� c������ (a��� ca��ed fa�� c���ed ���� ���e� c������) i� �he ���i�� i� �he abi�i�� �f �he UE ��a���i��e� �� ad���� i�� ������ ���e� i� acc��da�ce �i�h ��e �� ���e T�a���i� P��e� C������ (TPC) c���a�d� �ecei�ed i� �he d����i��, i� ��de� �� �ee� �he �ecei�ed ���i�� Sig�a�� ���I��e�fe�e�ce Ra�i� (SIR) a� a gi�e� SIR �a�ge�. The UE ��a���i��e� i� ca�ab�e �f cha�gi�g �he ������ ���e� �i�h a ��e� �i�e �f 1, 2 a�d 3 dB, i� �he ���� i��edia�e�� af�e� �he TPC ca� be de�i�ed. I��e� ���� ���e� c������ f�e��e�c� i� 1500H�. O��e� ���� ���e� c������ i� ��ed �� �ai��ai� �he ��a�i�� �f c�����ica�i�� a� �he �e�e� �f bea�e� �e��ice ��a�i�� �e��i�e�e��, �hi�e ��i�g a� ��� ���e� a� ����ib�e.
F����� 2.15 C����� ���� ����� C������
2.5.3.4.4 ���� ��� ������ ��������� S�f�: f��� �i�e �� �i�e. S�f�e�: f��� ce�� �� a���he� Thei� di�ad�a��age i� �ha� �he� �a�e HO fi��� �he� B�ea�
F����� 2.16 C��������� ������� ���� ��� ������ H��� ����.
2.5.3.5 ����� ���� �����:
2.3.5.1 �� ����� (���������� �����)� P�e�d���a�d�� ���be� c�de� (��e�d����i�e �� PN c�de) ca� be ge�e�a�ed �e�� ea�i��. The�e c�de� �i�� ��� �� �e�� ��e� a �e�i�d �f �i�e. A��h��gh �he �e��e�ce i� de�e��i�i��ic beca��e �f �he �i�i�ed �e�g�h �f �he �i�ea� �hif� �egi��e� ��ed �� ge�e�a�e �he �e��e�ce, �he� ����ide a PN c�de �ha� ca� be ��ed �i�hi� a CDMA ����e� �� ����ide �he ���eadi�g c�de �e��i�ed. The� a�e ��ed �i�hi� �a�� ����e�� a� �he�e i� a �e�� �a�ge ���be� �ha� ca� be ��ed. A fea���e �f PN c�de� i� �ha� if �he �a�e �e��i��� �f �he PN c�de a�e �i�e �hif�ed, �he� �he� bec��e a����� ���h�g��a�, a�d ca� be ��ed a� �i���a��� ���h�g��a� c�de� �i�hi� a CDMA ����e�.
2.5.3.5.2 ���������� ������ T�� c�de� a�e �aid �� be ���h�g��a� if �he� �he� a�e ����i��ied ��ge�he� �he �e���� i� added ��e� a �e�i�d �f �i�e �he� ��� �� �e��. F�� e�a���e a c�de� 1 �1 �1 1 a�d 1 �1 1 �1 �he� ����i��ied ��ge�he� gi�e 1 1 �1 �1 �hich gi�e� �he ��� �e��. A� e�a���e �f a� ���h�g��a� c�de �e� i� �he Wa��h c�de� (Cha��e�i�a�i�� c�de�) ��ed �i�hi� �he IS95 / CDMA2000 ����e�.
2.5.3.6 ������������ ��� ����: •
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HSPA i� a �ech����g� ��g�ade �� UMTS �e����� �ha� ����ide� high ��eed�, ca�aci�� a�d efficie�c�. HSPA i�����ed ��ec���� efficie�c� e�ab�e� ���h fa��e� d������ea�. HSPA ca� ����ide �� �� �e�e� �i�e� highe� �ha� �he UMTS �e������ highe� ca�aci�� a�d �ed�ced de�a� �i�e. HSPA i� �he �e�� ��e� �f �he �ife c�c�e �f UMTS. Thi� i� ������ ��ed i� E����e. The ��f��a�e �ech����gie� ��ed b� �he UMTS i� i� a ���e� ��a�da�d �ha� �he HSPA. A�d �i�h i�c�ea�i�g de�a�d f�� �he UMTS �ech����g� �he� de�e���ed �he e�i��i�g �ech����g� i��� HSPA. E�e� �h��gh �he� ��g�aded �hi� ��f��a�e b��h UMTS a�d �he HSPA ��e� �he �a�e f�e��e�c� �a�ge. The �h��e� �ha� ��e �he UMT� �ech����g� a�e e���e�e�� ����ab�e. Thi� �ea�� �ha� e�e� �h��gh �he� a�e ��� i� a c��e�age �a�ge �f UMTS �he� �i�� c���ec� i��� a GPRS �� GPS �e�����. S� �he ��e�� �i�� ha�e �he faci�i�� �f ��a�i�g. Si�ce HSPA i� a� ��da�ed �e��i�� �f UMTS i� ha� a�� �he�e faci�i�ie� �f UMTS a� �e�� a� ���e ad�a�ced a�d ��g�aded �ech����gie�.
H��A �� � ���������� �� ��� ������ ��������� ���������: High S�eed D����i�� Pac�e� Acce�� (HSDPA). High S�eed U��i�� Pac�e� Acce�� (HSUPA).
2.5.3.6.1 ���� ����� �������� ������ ������ (�����) 3.5�� •
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High���eed d����i�� �ac�e� acce�� (HSDPA) i� �e�ea�e 5 i� 3GPP fea���e�. HSDPA i� a� e�ha�ce�e�� �� Wideba�d�CDMA �ha� ����ide� a �����h e�����i��a�� �a�h �� highe� da�a �a�e� f�� c���e�� UMTS. HSDPA �a� i����d�ced �� i�c�ea�e �he cha��e� ��i�i�a�i�� efficie�c� a�d ����ide a highe� ��eed (3.5 Mb��). T� achie�e �he�e �a�ge��, �he ���e �f ��d��a�i�� �h���d be cha�ged f��� QPSK ��d��a�i�� �ech�i��e (��ed i� UMTS) �� 16�QAM (Q�ad�a���e a���i��de ��d��a�i��) �ech�i��e, i� �hich each 4 bi�� �e��e�e��ed b� 1 ���b��. Tha� dec�ea�e� �he �a�e �f i�f���a�i�� �he�ef��e �ha� �e����ed i� i�c�ea�i�g �he ��e� �h���gh���, ���eadi�g fac��� a�d ca�aci�� �f ��e��.
F����� 02.17 H��A �������.
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Dec�ea�i�g �he �a�e�c� fac��� i� achie�ed b� �i�� cha�ge i� �he �e����� ����c���e �f UMTS. B� di�ec� ����e� c��ce�� a����� U�e� P�a�e (UP) �� b��a�� �he SGSN a� �h�� i� Fig��e 2.19. A� i�c�ea�i�g �f ��e� �h���gh���, dec�ea�i�g �he �a�e�c� fac��� a�d i�c�ea�i�g �he ca�aci�� a�e achie�ed, �he�ef��e i�c�ea�i�g �he ��ici�g efficie�c� i� achie�ed. HSDPA ha� bee� �e�� ��cce��f�� beca��e i� g�ea��� i�����ed �he d����i�� �e�f���a�ce �i�h highe� �h���gh��� a�d ���e� �a�e�c� a�d ����ide� �e����� ��e�a���� a�d ��������i�� �f i�c�e�e��a� da�a �e�e��e�.
F����� 2.18 C��������� ������� ���� ������� ��������� ��� H�D�A ������� ���������.
2.5.3.6.2 ���� ����� ������ ������ ������ (�����) 3.75�� High S�eed U��i�� Pac�e� Acce�� (HSUPA) i� a �e�ea�e 6 fea���e i� 3GPP ��ecifica�i��� a�d i� �a�� �f HSPA (High S�eed Pac�e� Acce��) fa�i��. HSUPA i� ���e �f�e� ca��ed a� �he E�ha�ced U��i�� Dedica�ed Cha��e� (E�DCH) b� �he �ech�ica��� a�a�e �e���e. The �ai� ai� �f HSUPA i� �� i�c�ea�e �he ���i�� da�a ��a��fe� ��eed i� �he UMTS e��i����e�� a�d i� �ffe�� da�a ��eed� �f �� �� 5.8Mb�� i� �he ���i��. HSUPA achie�e� i�� high �e�f���a�ce �h���gh ���e efficie�� ���i�� �ched��i�g i� �he ba�e ��a�i�� a�d fa��e� �e��a���i��i�� c������.
��� ��� ������������� ����������:
I�c�ea�ed da�a �a�e: The ��e �f HSUPA i� ab�e �� ����ide a �ig�ifica�� i�c�ea�e i� �he da�a �a�e a�ai�ab�e. I� a����� �ea� �a� da�a �a�e� �f 5.74 Mb��.
L��e� �a�e�c�: The ��e �f HSUPA i����d�ce� a TTI �f 2 ��, a��h��gh a 10�� TTI �a� ��igi�a��� ��ed a�d i� ��i�� �������ed.
I�����ed ����e� ca�aci��: I� ��de� �� e�ab�e �he �a�ge ���be� �f high da�a �a�e ��e��, i� ha� bee� �ece��a�� �� e����e �ha� �he ��e�a�� ca�aci�� �he� ��i�g HSUPA i� highe�.
BPSK ��d��a�i��: O�igi�a��� ���� BPSK ��d��a�i�� �ha� ad���ed f�� UMTS �a� ��ed. Acc��di�g�� i� did ��� ������� ada��i�e ��d��a�i�� �che�e�. Highe� ��de� ��d��a�i�� �a� i����d�ced i� Re�ea�e 7 �f �he 3GPP ��a�da�d� �he� 64QAM �a� a����ed.
H�b�id A����a�ic Re�ea� Re��e�� (ARQ): I� ��de� �� faci�i�a�e �he i�����ed �e�f���a�ce �he H�b�id ARQ (A����a�ic Re�ea� Re��e��) ��ed f�� HSDPA i� a��� e�����ed f�� �he ���i��, HSUPA.
Fa�� Pac�e� Sched��i�g: I� ��de� �� �ed�ce �a�e�c�, fa�� �ac�e� �ched��i�g ha� bee� ad���ed agai� f�� �he ���i�� a� f�� �he d����i��, a��h��gh �he i���e�e��a�i�� i� ��igh��� diffe�e��.
2.5.3.7 ���� ����� ������ ������ ��������� (����+) 3.75�: •
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HSPA+ (High S�eed Pac�e� Acce�� P���) i� a��� ����� a� HSPA E�����i�� a�d E����ed HSPA. HSPA+ �a� fi��� ��a�da�di�ed i� 3GPP Re�ea�e7 a�d ��a�da�di�a�i�� ha� c���i��ed �h���gh �� Re�ea�e 10. HSPA+ �i�� a���� ���e �f �he �ech�i��e� de�e���ed f�� L��g Te�� E�����i�� (LTE) a�d a���� ��e�a���� �� e��e�d �he �ife �f �hei� HSPA �e������. 3G A�e�ica� i�i�ia�ed ������a�� a� 3GPP �� �ead �he de�e����e�� �f �he HSPA+ ��a�da�d� �hich ��� ha�e �ecei�ed �ide �ca�e c���i��e��� f��� ��e�a����. HSPA+ b�i�g� i�����ed ������� a�d �e�f���a�ce f�� �ea���i�e c���e��a�i��a� a�d i��e�ac�i�e �e��ice� ��ch a� P��h����Ta�� ��e� Ce����a� (P�C), �ic���e a�d �ide� �ha�i�g, a�d Vide� a�d V�ice ��e� I��e��e� P����c�� (V�IP) �h���gh �he i����d�c�i�� �f fea���e� �i�e M���i��e�I���� M���i��e�O����� (MIMO) a��e��a�, C���i����� Pac�e� C���ec�i�i�� (CPC) a�d Highe� O�de� M�d��a�i���. U�i�g �f MIMO a��e��a� i� �� ��ea� fadi�g ���b�e�� , �he� �ed�ce bi� e���� �a�e a�d �a�e �f i�f���a�i�� �i�h��� i�c�ea�i�g �e�ce��age �f e���� , �he� i�c�ea�i�g �f �ig�a� �� ��i�e �a�i� a�d ca�aci�� �f ��e��. Sh�����, HSPA+ ��ea�� �he di�ad�a��age �f HSPA.
��� �������� �� H��A+:
HSPA+ i� a �i���e ��g�ade �� ��da��� HSPA �e������, ����ec�i�g a� ��e�a����� i��e���e�� i� �he �e�����. HSPA+ e�ha�ce�e��� a�e bac��a�d�c���a�ib�e �i�h UMTS Re�ea�e 99/Re�ea�e 5/Re�ea�e 6.
HSPA+ i� a� aff��dab�e a�d i�c�e�e��a� ��g�ade �� e�i��i�g HSPA �e������. I� ����ide� a ��e�e�d��� ad�a��age �� HSPA ��e�a����, �hich i� ��� a� ���i�� f�� CDMA ��e�a���� �h� a�e a��ead� ��ab�e �� c���e�e �i�h �he highe� da�a �h���gh��� �e�f���a�ce �f HSPA a�d ha�e �� f����e e�����i�� c���e�cia��� �iab�e f�� e�ha�ce�e�� �� �hei� EV�DO �e������ ��da�. Beca��e i� �ffe�� i���e��i�e �e�f���a�ce a� a� i�c�e�e��a� c���, ���e HSPA ��e�a���� ��a� �� ��e HSPA+ a� a c���a�i�� �� LTE.
������� (3) ��� (���� ���� ���������)
3.1
������� ��� �� : The e�����i�� �f 3G ����e�� i��� 4G i� d�i�e� b� �he c�ea�i�� a�d de�e�� �e�� �f �e� �e��ice� f�� ��bi�e de�ice�, a�d i� e�ab�ed b� ad�a�ce�e�� �f �he �ech����g a�ai�ab�e f�� ��bi�e ����e��. The� ha� a��� bee� a� e�����i�� �f �he e��i����e�� i� �hich ��bi�e ����e�� a�e de����ed a� ��e�a�ed, i� �e��� �f c���e�i�i�� be��ee� ��bi�e ��e�a����, cha��e�ge� f��� ��he� � bi�e �ech����gie�, a�d �e� �eg��a�i�� �f ��ec���� ��e a�d �a��e� a��ec�� �f ��bi�e ����e��. The �a�id e�����i�� �f �he �ech����g� ��ed i� �e�ec�����ica�i�� ����e��, c�����e� e�ec����ic�, a� ��ecifica��� ��bi�e de�ice� ha� bee� �e�a��ab�e i� �he �a�� 20 �ea��. M���e�� �a� i������a�e� �hi� a�d i�dica�e� a c���i��i�g e�����i�� �f ���ce�� � �e�f���a�ce a�d i�c�ea� d �e���� �i�e, �f�e� c��bi�ed �i�h �ed�ced �i�e, ���e� c�������i��, a�d c��� f� � de�ice�. High��e�����i�� c���� di���a�� a�d �ega�i�e� ca�e�a �e����� a�e a��� c��i�g i �� a�� ���e� �f ��bi�e de�ice�. C��bi�ed �i�h a high��� ed i��e��e� bac�b��e �f�e� a�ed �� ���ica� fibe� �e������, �e �ee �ha� a �a�ge �f � ch����g� e�ab�e�� a�e i� ��ace �� g� ha�d�i��ha�d �i�h ad�a�ce�e�� i� ��bi�e c�����ica�i��� �ech����g� ��ch a� LTE. The �a�id i�c�ea e i� ��e �f �he i��e��e� �� ����ide a�� �i�d� �f �e��ice� �i�ce �he 1990� ��a��ed a� �he �a� �i�e a� 2G a�d 3G ��bi�e ����e�� ca�e i��� �ide���e d ��e. The �a���a� �e�� ��e� �a� �ha� �h��e i��e��e��ba�ed �e��ice� a��� ���ed �� �he ��bi� de�ice�, c�ea�i�g �ha� i� ��da� �� � a� ��bi�e b��adba�d. Bei�g ab�e �� ������� �he �a� I��e��e� P����c�� (IP)�ba�ed �e��ice� i� a ��bi�e de�ice �ha� �e���e ��e a� h��e �i�h a fi� d b��adba�d c���ec�i�� i� a �a��� cha��e�ge a�d a ��i�e d�i�e� f�� �he e�����i�� � LTE. A fe� �e��ice� �e�e a��ead� �������ed b� �he e����ed 2.5G ����e��, b�� i� i� ��� ���i� �he ����e�� a�e de�ig�ed ��i�a�i�� f� IP�ba�ed �e��ice� �ha� �he �ea� ��bi�e IP �e�����i�� ca� �a�e �ff. A� i��e�e��i�g a��ec� �f �he �ig�a�i�� �f b��adba�d �e��ice� �� ��bi�e de�ice� i� ha� a ��bi�e �f�a���� i� a��� ad ed. The ��bi�e ���i�i�� a�d �he ��bi�i�� a�d ��a�i�g ca�abi�i�ie� d� i� fac� c�ea�e a �h��e �e� �a�ge �f �e��ice� �ai���ed �� �he ��bi�e e��i����e��.
F����� 3.1 ��� ���������� ������ �� ������ ��������� �������� ���� �������� �� ����� ��������� �������� �� ��� ���� ��� �����
3.2
��� ���� ������� ��: 1 � I�c�ea�ed d����i�� a�d ���i�� �ea� da�a �a�e�: �� �� 100 Mb�� �i�h 20 MH� ba�d�id�h i� �he d����i�� a�d ���i�� �ea� da�a �a�e� �� �� 50 Mb��. S��e �e�d��� ha�e a��ead� de������a�ed �ea� �a�e� highe� �ha� �hi� �e�e��f�� e�a���e E�ic���� ha� de �����a�ed 150 Mb�� 2 � Sca�ab�e ba�d�id�h: � �ge� f��� 1.4 �� 20 MH� 3 � I�����ed ��ec��a� efficie�c�: 5b��/H� f�� DL a�d 2.5b��/H� f�� UL 4 � A�� IP �e����� 5 � A ��a�da�d�� ba�ed i��e�face �ha� ca� ������� a ����i��de �f ��e� ���e�: ��ch a� ��bi�e�, PC�, ga�i�g de�ice� a�d ca�e�a� 6 � Dec�ea�ed CAPEX ad PEX: �ia �i���e a�chi�ec���e �ha� �ed�ced �he ���a� ��� e� �f ��de� �eeded �� c������c� �he �e����� 7 � Red�ced �a�e�c�: (�� 10 ��) f�� be��e� ��e� e��e�ie�ce 8 � M�bi�i��: LTE i� ���i�i�ed �� ���� �e�fec��� �i�h ��eed� �� �� 350��h 9 � M��e �i���e �e����� a�chi�ec���e
F����� 3.2 3G�� ��������
3.3
��� �A� (������ ����������� ���������): Whi�e �he �e�� �LTE� e�c���a��e� �he e�����i�� �f �he U�i�e��a� M�bi� Te�ec�����ica�i��� S���e� (UMTS) �adi� acce�� �h���gh �he E����ed UTRAN (E� TRAN), i� i� acc���a�ied b� a� e�����i�� �f �he �����adi� a��ec�� ��de� �he �e�� �S���e� A�chi�ec���e E�����i��� ( AE), �hich i�c��de� �he E����ed Pac�e� C��e (EPC) �e�� ���.
T�ge�he� LTE a� SAE c����i�e �he E����ed Pac�e� S���e� (EPS). EPS �� �ide� �he ��e� �i�h IP c���ec�i�i�� � a PDN f�� acce��i�g �he I��e��e�, a� �e�� a� f�� ����i� �e��ice� ��ch a� V�ice ��e� IP (V�IP). A� EPS bea�e� i� ���ica��� a���cia�ed �i�h a Q�S. M�� i��e bea�e�� ca� be e��ab�i�hed f�� a ��e� i� ��de� �� ����ide diffe�e�� Q�S ���ea�� �� c���ec�i�i�� �� diffe�e�� DN�. F�� e�a���e, a ��e� �igh� be e�gaged i� a ��ice ( �IP) ca�� � hi�e a� �he �a�e �i�e � �f���i�g �eb b����i�g �� FTP d�����ad. A V�IP bea�e� ����d ����ide �he �ece��a�� Q�S f�� �he ��ice ca��, �hi�e a be���eff��� bea�e� ����d be ��i�ab�e f�� �he �eb b����i�g �� FTP �e��i��. The �e����� ���� a��� ����ide ��fficie�� �ec��i�� a�d ��i�ac� f�� �he ��e� a�d ����ec�i�� f�� �he �e��� � agai��� f�a�d��e�� ��e. Thi� i� achie�ed b� �ea�� �f � �e�a� EPS �e����� e�e�e��� �ha� h �e diffe�e�� ���e�. Fig��e �h��� �he ��e�a�� �e����� a�c i�ec���e, i�c��di�g �he �e����� e�e �e��� a�d �he ��a�da�di�ed i��e�face�. A� a high �e�e�, � e �e����� i� c����i�ed �f �he CN (EPC) a�d �he acce�� e����� E� UTRAN. Whi�e �he CN c���i��� �f �a�� ��gica� ��de�, �he acce�� �e����� i� �ade �� �f e��e��ia��� ���� ��e ��de, �he e����ed N�deB (eN�deB), �hich c���ec�� �� �he UE�. Each �f �he�e �e����� e�e�e��� i� i��e�c���ec�ed b� �ea�� �f i��e�face� �ha� a�e ��a�da di�ed i� ��de� �� a���� ����i��e�d�� i��e���e�abi�i��. Thi� gi�e� �e����� ��e�a���� �he ����ibi�i�� �� ����ce diffe�e�� �e����� e�e�e��� f��� diffe�e�� �e�d���. I� fac�, �e����� ��e�a ��� �a� ch���e i� �hei� �h��ica� i ��e�e��a�i��� �� ���i� �� �e�ge �he�e ��gica� �e����� e�e�e��� de�e�di�g �� c���e�cia� c���ide�a�i���.
F����� 3.3 ��E ������� ������������
3.3.1
��� ���� �������: The c��e �e����� (ca��ed EPC i� SAE) i� �e�����ib�e f�� �he ��e�a�� c������ �f �he UE a�d e��ab�i�h�e�� �f �he bea e��. The ��gica� ��de� �f �he EPC a�e: 1. PDN Ga�e�a� (P GW) 2. Se��i�g Ga�e�a� (S�GW) 3. M�bi�i�� Ma�ag �e�� E��i�� (MME)
4. 5.
H��e S�b�c�ibe� Se��e� (HSS) P��ic� C������ a�d Cha�gi�g R��e� F��c�i�� (PCRF)
I� addi�i�� �� �he�e ��de�, Si�ce �he EPS ���� ����ide� a bea�e� �a�h �f a ce��ai� Q�S, c������ �f ����i�edia a���ica�i��� ��ch a� V�IP i� ����ided b� �he IP M���i�edia S�b����e� (IMS), �hich i� c���ide�ed �� be ����ide �he EPS i��e�f.
3.3.1.1 ����: The P��ic� C������ a�d Cha�gi�g R��e� F��c�i�� i� �e�����ib�e f�� ���ic� c������ deci�i����a�i�g, a� �e�� a� f�� c�������i�g �he f����ba�ed cha�gi�g f��c�i��a�i�ie� i� �he P��ic� C������ E�f��ce�e�� F��c�i�� (PCEF), �hich �e�ide� i� �he P�GW. The PCRF ����ide� �he Q�S a��h��i�a�i�� (Q�S c�a�� ide��ifie� [QCI] a�d bi� �a�e�) �ha� decide� h�� a ce��ai� da�a f��� �i�� be ��ea�ed i� �he PCEF a�d e����e� �ha� �hi� i� i� acc��da�ce �i�h �he ��e��� ��b�c�i��i�� ���fi�e.
3.3.1.2 ���: The H��e S�b�c�ibe� Se��e� c���ai�� ��e��� SAE ��b�c�i��i�� da�a ��ch a� �he EPS� ��b�c�ibed Q�S ���fi�e a�d a�� acce�� �e���ic�i��� f�� ��a�i�g. I� a��� h��d� i�f���a�i�� ab��� �he PDN� �� �hich �he ��e� ca� c���ec�. Thi� c���d be i� �he f��� �f a� acce�� ��i�� �a�e (APN) (�hich i� a �abe� acc��di�g �� DNS �a�i�g c���e��i��� de�c�ibi�g �he acce�� ��i�� �� �he PDN) �� a PDN add�e�� (i�dica�i�g ��b�c�ibed IP add�e�� (e�)). I� addi�i�� �he HSS h��d� d��a�ic i�f���a�i�� ��ch a� �he ide��i�� �f �he MME �� �hich �he ��e� i� c���e���� a��ached �� �egi��e�ed. The HSS �a� a��� i��eg�a�e �he a��he��ica�i�� ce��e� (AUC), �hich ge�e�a�e� �he �ec���� f�� a��he��ica�i�� a�d �ec��i�� �e��.
3.3.1.3 ����: The PDN Ga�e�a� i� �e�����ib�e f�� IP add�e�� a���ca�i�� f�� �he UE, a� �e�� a� Q�S e�f��ce�e�� a�d f����ba�ed cha�gi�g acc��di�g �� ���e� f��� �he PCRF. I� i� �e�����ib�e f�� �he fi��e�i�g �f d����i�� ��e� IP �ac�e�� i��� �he diffe�e�� Q�S�ba�ed bea�e��. Thi� i� �e�f���ed ba�ed �� T�affic F��� Te���a�e� (TFT�). The P�GW �e�f���� Q�S e�f��ce�e�� f�� g�a�a��eed bi� �a�e (GBR) bea�e��. I� a��� �e��e� a� �he ��bi�i�� a�ch�� f�� i��e�����i�g �i�h ����3GPP �ech����gie� ��ch a� CDMA2000 a�d WiMAX �e������.
3.3.1.4 ����: A�� ��e� IP �ac�e�� a�e ��a��fe��ed �h���gh �he Se��i�g Ga�e�a�, �hich �e��e� a� �he ��ca� ��bi�i�� a�ch�� f�� �he da�a bea�e�� �he� �he UE ���e� be��ee� eN�deB�. I� a��� �e�ai�� �he i�f���a�i�� ab��� �he bea�e�� �he� �he UE i� i� �he id�e ��a�e (����� a� �EPS C���ec�i�� Ma�age�e�� � IDLE� [ECM�IDLE]) a�d �e����a�i�� b�ffe�� d����i�� da�a �hi�e �he MME i�i�ia�e� �agi�g �f �he UE �� �ee��ab�i�h �he bea�e��. I� addi�i��, �he S�GW �e�f���� ���e ad�i�i���a�i�e f��c�i��� i� �he �i�i�ed �e����� ��ch a� c���ec�i�g i�f���a�i�� f�� cha�gi�g (f�� e�a���e, �he �����e �f da�a �e�� �� �� �ecei�ed f��� �he ��e�) a�d �a�f�� i��e�ce��i��. I� a��� �e��e� a� �he ��bi�i�� a�ch�� f�� i��e�����i�g �i�h ��he� 3GPP �ech����gie� ��ch a� ge�e�a� �ac�e� �adi� �e��ice (GPRS) a�d UMTS.
3.3.1.5 ���: The M�bi�i�� Ma�age�e�� E��i�� (MME) i� �he c������ ��de �ha� ���ce��e� �he �ig�a�i�g be��ee� �he UE a�d �he CN. The �����c��� ����i�g be��ee� �he UE a�d �he CN a�e ����� a� �he N�� Acce�� S��a��� (NAS) �����c���.
The �ai� f��c�i��� ���� ��ed b� �he MME ca� be c�a��ified a�: F�������� ����� � �� ������ ���������� Thi� i�c��de� �he e��ab�i�h�e��, �ai��e�a�ce a�d �e�ea�e �f �h bea�e�� a�d i� ha�d�ed b� �he �e��i�� �a�age�e�� �a�e� i� �he NAS �����c��. F�������� ����� � �� ���������� ���������� Thi� i�c��de� �he e��ab�i�h�e�� �f �he c���ec�i�� a�d �ec��i�� e��ee� �he �e����� a�d UE a�d i� ha�d�ed b� �he c���ec�i�� �� ��bi�i�� �a�ag �e�� �a�e� i� �he NAS �����c�� �a�e�.
3.3.2
��� ������ �������: The acce�� �e����� �f LTE, E�UTRAN, �i���� c���i��� �f a �e����� �f eN�deB�, a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e. F�� ����a� ��e� ��affic (a� �����ed �� b��adca��), �he�e i� �� ce���a�i�ed c�������e� i� E�UTRAN; h �ce �he E�UTRAN a�chi�ec���e i� �aid �� be f�a�. The eN� eB� a�e ����a��� i��e�c���ec�ed i�h each ��he� b� �ea�� �f a� i��e�face ����� a� �X2� a�d �� �he EPC b� �ea�� �f �he S1 i� �e�face � ���e ��ecifica���, �� �he MME b� �ea�� �f �he S1�MME i��e�face a�d �� �he S�G b� �ea�� �f �he S1�U i��e�face.
F����� 03.4 ��E ������ �������
3.3.2.1 ������ ������������� : EN�deB i� �he R N ��de i� �he EPS a�chi�ec���e �ha� i� �e�����ib�e f�� �adi� ��a���i��i�� �� a�d �ece �i�� f��� UE� i� ��e �� ���e ce���. The eN�deB i� c��� c�ed �� EPC ��de� b� �ea�� �f a S1 i��e�face. The eN�deB i� a��� c���ec�ed �� i�� �eighb�� eN�deB� b� �ea�� �f �h X2 i��e�face. S��e �ig�ifica�� cha�ge� ha�e bee� �ade �� �he eN�deB f��c�i��a� a���ca i�� c���a�ed �� UTRAN. M��� Re��6 RNC f��c�i��a�i�� ha� bee� ���ed �� �he E�UTRAN e �deB. Be��� f������ a de�c�i��i�� �f �he f��c�i��a�i�� ����ided b� eN�deB.
Ce�� c������ a�d MME ���� �������: eN�deB ���� a�d c������� �he �adi� �e����ce� �f i�� ��� ce���. Ce�� �e����ce� a�e �e��e��ed b� a�d g�a��ed �� MME� i� a� ��de�ed fa�hi��. Thi� a��a�ge�e�� �������� �he MME ����i�g c��ce��. S�GW ����i�g i� �a�aged b� �he MME� a�d i� ��� �ea��� �ee� i� �he eN�deB. M�bi�i�� c������: The eN�deB i� �e�����ib�e f�� c�������i�g �he ��bi�i�� f�� �e��i�a�� i� ac�i�e ��a�e. Thi� i� d��e b� ��de�i�g �he UE �� �e�f��� �ea���e�e�� a�d �he� �e�f���i�g ha�d��e� �he� �ece��a��. C������ a�d U�e� P�a�e �ec��i��: The ci�he�i�g �f ��e� ��a�e da�a ��e� �he �adi� i��e�face i� �e��i�a�ed i� �he eN�deB. A��� �he ci�he�i�g a�d i��eg�i�� ����ec�i�� �f RRC �ig�a�i�g i� �e��i�a�ed i� �he eN�deB. Sha�ed Cha��e� ha�d�i�g: Si�ce �he eN�deB ���� �he ce�� �e����ce�, �he eN�deB a��� ha�d�e� �he �ha�ed a�d �a�d�� acce�� cha��e�� ��ed f�� �ig�a�i�g a�d i�i�ia� acce��. Seg�e��a�i��/C��ca�e�a�i�� : Radi� Li�� C������ (RLC) Se��ice Da�a U�i�� (SDU�) �ecei�ed f��� �he Pac�e� Da�a C���e�ge�ce P����c�� (PDCP) �a�e� c���i�� �f �h��e IP �ac�e�� a�d �a� be �a�ge� �ha� �he ��a������ b��c� �i�e ����ided b� �he �h��ica� �a�e�. Th��, �he RLC �a�e� ���� ������� �eg�e��a�i�� a�d c��ca�e�a�i�� �� ada�� �he �a���ad �� �he ��a������ b��c� �i�e. HARQ: A Medi�� Acce�� C������ (MAC) H�b�id A����a�ic Re�ea� �e��e�� (HARQ) �a�e� �i�h fa�� feedbac� ����ide� a �ea�� f�� ��ic��� c���ec�i�g ���� e����� f��� �he �adi� cha��e�. T� achie�e ��� de�a� a�d efficie�� ��e �f �adi� �e����ce�, �he HARQ ��e�a�e� �i�h a �a�i�e e���� �a�e �hich i� ��fficie�� ���� f�� �e��ice� �i�h ��de�a�e e���� �a�e �e��i�e�e��� ��ch a� f�� i���a�ce V�IP. L��e� e���� �a�e� a�e achie�ed b� �e��i�g a� ���e� A����a�ic Re�ea� �e��e�� (ARQ) �a�e� i� �he eN�deB ha�d�e �he HARQ e�����. Sched��i�g: A �ched��i�g �i�h ������� f�� Q�S ����ide� f�� efficie�� �ched��i�g �f UP a�d CP da�a. M���i��e�i�g a�d Ma��i�g: The eN�deB �e�f���� �a��i�g �f ��gica� cha��e�� ���� ��a������ cha��e��. Ph��ica� �a�e� f��c�i��a�i��: The eN�deB ha�d�e� �he �h��ica� �a�e� ��ch a� �c�a�b�i�g, T� di�e��i��, bea� f���i�g ���ce��i�g a�d OFDM ��d��a�i��. The eN�deB a��� ha�d�e� �a�e� ��e f��c�i��� �i�e �i�� ada��a�i�� a�d ���e� c������. Mea���e�e��� a�d �e����i�g: eN�deB ����ide� f��c�i��� f�� c��fig��i�g a�d �a�i�g �ea���e�e��� �� �he �adi� e��i����e�� a�d eN�deB�i��e��a� �a�iab�e� a�d c��di�i���. The c���ec�ed da�a i� ��ed i��e��a��� f�� Radi� Re����ce Ma�age�e�� (RRM) b�� ca� be �e����ed f�� �he ������e �f ����i�ce�� RRM. A����a�ed ��e�a�i�� a�d �ai��e�a�ce: eN�deB ����ide� f��c�i��� f�� A����a�ed Neighb�� Re�a�i��� (ANR) a�d A����a�ic I��eg�a�i�� �f RBS.
3.4
��� ��� ���������: The �adi� i��e�face i� LTE i� de�e���ed acc��di�g �� �he �e��i�e�e��� �f ��ec���� f�e�ibi�i��, ��ec���� efficie�c�, c��� effec�i�e�e�� e�c. R�b����e�� agai��� �i�e di��e��i�� ha� i�f��e�ced �he ch�ice �f ��a���i��i�� �ech�i��e i� b��h UL a�d DL.
The �adi� i��e�face i� ����c���ed i� a �a�e�ed ��de�, �i�i�a� �� WCDMA, 2 bea�e� (he�e ca��ed EPS Bea�e� Se��ice), �hich c���e����d� �� a PDP�c���e�� i� ca���i�g �a�e� 3 da�a a�d �he e�d����e�d �e��ice. The EPS bea�e� i� ca��ied b� �he Radi� Bea�e� Se��ice i� �he �adi� i��e�face. The E�UTRA �adi� bea�e� i� ca��ied b� cha��e��. The �adi� cha� e� ����c���e i� di�ided i��� ��gica�, ��a������ a�d �h��ic The ��gica� cha��e�� a�e ca��ied b� ��a������ cha��e��, �hich i� ���� a�e ca��ied b �h��ica� cha��e�� a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e be���.
i�h a �a�e� e�. 6, UTRA he �adi� � cha��e��. �he
F����� 3.5 ����� ��������� ���������
The �����c��� � �f���i�g �he f��c�i��� i� �he �adi� i��e�face a�e: PDCP (Pac�e� Da�a C���e�ge�ce P����c��), RLC (Radi� Li�� P����c��), MAC (Medi�� Acce�� C������) �d �he �h��ica� �a�e�. The RRC (Radi� Re����ce C������) �����c�� i� ��ed �� ��a��fe� �adi� �e����� a�d NAS (N�� Acce�� S�� ���) �ig�a�i�g ��e� �he �adi� i��e�face. The PDCP ����� �� �a�� �he EPS bea�e� ���� �he E�UTRA Radi� Bea�e� a d �e�f���� R�b��� Heade� C����e��i�� (ROHC). he RLC �����c�� �a�� �he E�UTR Radi� Bea�e� �� a ��gica� cha�� � a�d �e�f���� �eg�e��a�i��, i���e��e�ce de�i�e�� a�d �e��a���i��i���. The MA �����c�� �a�� �he ��gica� cha��e� �� a ��a������ cha�� � a�d i� �e�����ib�e f�� H�b�id ARQ (HARQ) a�d �ched��i�g. The �h��ica� �a�e� �a�� �he ��a������ cha��e� ���� a �h��ica� c a��e� a�d �e�f���� cha��e� c�di�g, ��d��a�i�� e�c. The 3GPP ha� ch ��e� O��h�g��a� F�e��e�c� Di�i�i�� M���i��e� (OFDM) a� �he ai� i��e�face f�� d����i�� (e �deB �� UE) a�d Si�g�e Ca��ie� F�e��e�c� Di�i�i�� M���i��e Acce�� (SC�FDMA) f�� �he ���i�� (UE �� eN�deB) a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e be���. B��h �f �he�e acce�� �ech�i��e� ������� a �a�iab�e ba�d�id�h a�d he�ce e�ab�e ��e�a���� �� de���� L E i� diffe�e�� �egi��� �i�h dif e�e�� f�e��e�c� ba�d� a�d ba�d�id�h� a�ai�ab�e.
F����� 3.6 �� ��� D� ������ ��� �������
Wi�h OFDM eac ��e� i� gi�e� a �a�iab�e ���be� �f 15 �H� ��bca��ie�� i� b��c�� �� 12 (12X15 = 180 �H�) e�e�� 1 ��ec. Thi� a����� �he ��e�a��� �� de���� LTE �i�h �a�iab�e �i�e ba�d�id�h a���ca�i���. Each 15 �H� ��bca��ie� ha� a ���� ���b�� �a�e �e����i�g i� a ���g ���b�� �i�e gi�i�g a �e�� g��d �e�f���a�ce i� high�� �i�e di��e��i�e �adi� e��i����e��� (i.e. �a�� de�a�ed a�d �� ��g ����i�a�h �ef�ec�i���). The ���g ���b�� �i�e a��� �ed�ce� I��e� S��b�� I��e�fe�e�ce (ISI). O�e d�a�bac� � OFDM i� i�� high Pea� �� A�e�age P��e� Ra�i� (PARP) � ����i�g i� �e�a�i�e�� high ���e� c�������i�� a�d a���ifie� c��� �a�i�g i� i���ac�ica� f�� �� i� �he ���i�� gi�e� �he ���e� c ������i�� a�d c��� c�����ai��� a���cia�ed �i�h U�e� E��i��e�� (UE) de�ig�. Wi�h SC�FD A each UE ��e� a �e�a�a�e �a�iab�e ba�d�id�h ca��ie� � ich a��h��gh ��� a� f�e�ib�e a� OFDM ���d�ce� a ��ch ���e� PARP. A� ca� be �ee� i Fig��e �he �adi� �e����ce� a�e di�ided i� �he �i�e a�d f�e��e�c� d��ai�. The ��a��e�� a���ca�i�� i� ��e��e 15 �H� ��bca��ie�� f�� 1 ��ec ����� a� a Re����ce B��c� (RB). The�e RB� a�e d��a�ica��� a���ca�ed b� �he eN�deB �i�h �a�iab�e ��d �a�i�� �che�e� a�d c�di�g �a�e de�e�di�g �� �he �ecei�ed Cha��e� Q�a�i�� I�dica���� (CQI) f��� c���ec�ed UE�. H�b�id A����a�ic Re�ea� a�d Re��e�� (HARQ) ca�e�� f�� �e�� ��ic� �a�e� 2 �e��a���i��i�� f��c�i��a�i��. I� addi�i��, ��di�a�� ARQ i� i���e�e��ed i� �he RLC �a�e�. The LTE �adi� �� ���i��i��� a�e ba�ed �� a �e�� �h��� T�a���i��i�� Ti�e I��e��a� (TTI) �f 1��, �hich ��eed� �� �he ��e�a�i�� �f a�� �f �he ab��e f��c�i��� a�d a��� �ed�ce� �he �adi� i��e�face �a�e�c�, �hich i� ��e �f �he �ai� c��ce��� i� �he LTE de�e��� e��.
3.4.1
��� ��� ��������� ����������: The LTE ai� i��e�face e������ �he f�����i�g ��i�ci��e� �� ada�� �he ���i�� a�d d����i�� da� a �a�e� �� �he �adi� e��i����e�� a�d UE �e��i�e�e���: 1. O��h�g��a� �bca��ie�� 2. Fa�� F���ie� T�a��f��� (FFT) 3. Ada��i�e c�di�g a�d ��d��a�i�� 4. M���i��e I���� M���i��e O����� (MIMO)
3.4.1.1 ���������� ���� ������: Each �f �he 15 �H� LTE ai� i��e�face ��bca��ie�� a�e �O��h�g��a�� �� each ��he� gi�i�g �i�e �� �he �a�e �O��h�g��a� F�e��e�c� Di�i�i�� M���i��e�i�g� (OFDM) �hi h i� e�����ed i� �he d����i� . Wha� �hi� �ea�� i� �ha� a� �he �a���i�g ��i�� �f each �bca��ie� a�� ��he�� ha�e a �e�� �a� e a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e be���. I� �he d����i�� a UE � � be a���ca�ed a ���be� �f ��� c���ec��i�e b��c�� �f ��bca��ie�� ���d�ci�g a high Pea� �� A�e�age P��e� Ra�i� (PA P) �e��i�e�e�� �� �he ��a���i��e�. I� �he ���i�� �he UE i� ���� a���ca�ed c���ec��i�e b��c�� �f ��bca��ie�� �ed�ci�g �he PARP. I� �hi� �a� each U i� a���ca�ed a �e�a�a�e �a�iab�e ba�d�id�h ca��ie� gi�i�g �i�e �� �he �a�e �Si�g�e Ca��ie� F�e��e�c� Di�i�i�� M���i �e Acce�� (SC�FDMA). The�e ��bca��ie�� a�e c��bi�ed ��i�g I��e��e Fa�� F���ie� T�a��f��� (I FT) a� �he ��a���i��e� a�d �ec��e�ed ��i�g Fa�� F���ie� �a��f��� (FFT) a� �he �ecei�e�.
F����� 3.7 ���������� �����������
3.4.1.2 ���� ������� ���� ���� (���): The ��a���i��e� ��bi�e� a�� �he ��bca��ie�� ��i�g a� I��e��e Fa�� F���ie� T�a��f��� (IFFT) f��c�i�� �he�e �he ���c��e i� �i�g�e �ig�a� �hich i� ba�ica��� a ��� �f �i����id� ha�i�g a���i��de �ha� �a�ie� de e�di�g �� �he ���be� �f ��bca��ie�� �ha� ha�e bee� c� bi�ed a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e be�� . The �ecei�e� ��e� a Fa�� F���ie� T�a��f��� (FFT) f��c�i�� �� �ec��e� each ��bca��ie�.
F���� 3.8 ������� F��� F������ ��������� (�FF�)
3.4.1.3 ������� ������ � � ����������: The ���e �f ��d��a�i�� ��ed i� LTE de�e�d� �� �he �adi� e��i����e��. he UE e��i�a�e� �he ��a�i�� i� � e d����i�� a�d �ig�a�� i� bac� �� �he eN�deB i� �he Cha��e� Q�a�i�� I�dica��� (CQI). T e ���i�� �efe�e�ce �ig�a�� �ha� a�e e�bedded i��� �he ���i�� ��a���i��i�� a�e ��ed b� �he eN�deB �� e��i�a�e �he ��a�i�� i� �he ���i��. The eN�deB decide� �hich ��d��a�i� �ech�i��e �h���d be ��ed ba�ed �� �he ��a�i�� �f �he d����i�� a�d ���i�� �adi� e��i��� e��. ��E �������� ��� ��������� ���������� ���������� �� ��� �������� ��� ���� �: 64 Q�ad�a� �e A���i��de M�d��a�i�� (64 QAM) �hich ��e� 64 diffe e�� ��ad�a���e a�d a���i��de c��bi�a�i��� �� ca��� 6 bi�� �e� ���b�� 16 Q�ad�a� �e A���i��de M�d��a�i�� (16 QAM) �hich ��e� 16 diffe e�� ��ad�a���e a�d a���i��de c��bi�a�i��� �� ca��� 4 bi�� �e� ���b�� Q�ad�a���e Pha�e Shif� Ke�i�g (QPSK) �hich ��ed 4 diffe�e�� ��ad�a���e� �� �e�d 2 bi�� e� ���b��.
F����� 3.9 A������� ����������
T� chec� if �he a�a ha� bee� �ecei�ed c���ec��� �he ��a���i��e� add� a 2 4�bi� CRC �� each b��c� �f ��e� da� bef��e i� i� �a��ed �h���gh a T��b� C�de�. The T��b� C de� add� e���a ��a�i�� bi��� �� e�ab�e �he �ecei�e� �� �ec��e� bi� e����� i����d�ced b� �he ai� i��e�face. The ���e �a�i�� bi�� �e�� �he g�ea�e� �he ����ec�i�� agai��� bi� e����� b�� a� �he e��e��e �f �he ��e� da�a �a�e. Ba�ed �� �he ��a�i�� �f �he �adi� e��i����e�� �he eN�deB �he�e �a�i�� bi�� ca� be ���c���ed �� e���ed �ed�ci�g �he ����ec�i�� b�� i�c�ea�i�g �he ��e� da�a �a�e. If �he CRC i� dec�ded c�� ec��� a� �Ac�����edge�e��� (ACK) �e��age �i�� be �e�� �� �he ��a���i��e� �� a �Nega�i� Ac�����edge�e��� (NACK) i� �he ca�e �ha� i� i� ���. O� �ece��i�� �f �he NACK �he ��a���i� e� �i�� �e�f��� a �e��a���i��i�� ��i�g ei�he� �Cha�e C� bi�i�g� �� �I�c�e�e��a� Red��da�c� (IR)�. Whe� Cha�e C��bi�i�g i� ��ed �he �a�e da�a i� � �� �e����i�g i� a ���e� gai�. I� �he IR �e��a���i��i�� �he �a�i�� bi�� �ha� �e�e ���c���ed i� �he i�i�ia� ��a���i��i�� a�e �e�� a����i�g �he �ecei�e� �� ��e �he f��� ���e�g�h �f �he T��b� C�di�g �� c���ec� �he e����. The N�deB �i�� ada�� �he c�di�g �a�e �� ��i� �he �adi� e��i� ��e��. F�� e�a���e i� ���� �adi e��i����e��� a ��� c�di�g �a�e �hich c���ai�� ���e � �i�� �ha� ����e�a�ic bi�� a�d �ffe�� a high ����ec�i�� agai��� bi� e����� ����d be ��ed. O� �he ��he� ha�d �he� �he �adi� e��i����e�� i� high a c�di�g �a�e �hich c���ai�� ���e ���� �a�ic �ha� �a�i�� bi�� c���d be ��ed �ffe�i�g ���e� ����ec�i�� b�� highe� ��e� da�a �a�e a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e (3.8) be���.
F����� 3.10 A������� C�����
The eN�deB �i�� ada�� �he ��d��a�i�� a�d c�di�g �a�e �� �ffe� �he UE �he be�� ����ib�e da�a �a�e i� �a�i �� �adi� e��i����e��� �hi�e �ai��ai�i�g a� ade��a�e Bi� E���� Ra�e (BER). C�di�g �a�e� e��ee� 33 a�d 95 % a�e ����ib�e.
3.4.1.4 �������� ������ � ������ �������: I� ����a� ��a�� i� di�e��i�� �he �a�e da�a i� �e�� f��� b��h a��e��a� i�c�ea�i�g �he ��b����e�� �f �he �ig a�. I� g��d �adi� e��i����e��� �he� ��b����e�� i� ��� � i���e �he eN�deB ca� �e�d diffe�e � da�a f��� each a��e��a effec�i�e�� d��b�i�g �he da�a a�e. I� �he i������a�i�� i� Fig��e be�� �he UE i� �he ���� �adi� e��i����e�� i� �e�� �he �a�e da�a f��� each a��e��a �e��e�e��ed b� �he d���ica�ed ���be�ed ���a�e�.
F����� 3.11 �� D�������� � 2�2 ����
The UE i� �he g��d �adi� e��i����e�� �� �he ��he� ha�d, i� �e�d diffe�e � da�a f��� each a��e��a �e��e e��ed b� �he 16 ���be�ed ���a�e�. F��� �hi� i������a�i�� i� ca� be �ee� �ha� i� a g��d �adi� e��i����e�� �he eN�deB ca� �ac�ifice TX di�e��i�� f�� a i�c�ea�ed ��e� da�a �a�e. The UE ca di��i�g�i�h each a��e��a ��a���i��i�� b� �he e�bedd d ce�� �efe�e�ce �ig�a�� �hich a�e �e�� a� diffe�e�� �i�e� f��� each a��e��a. The �e�� � X2� i� ��ed �� �ig�if� �ha� �he�e a�e � � �e�a�a�e ��a���i� a�d �ecei�e �a�h� be��ee� �he E�N�de B a�d UE. I� �a�e� �e�ea�e� �f LTE �hi� �i�� be i�c�ea�ed �� �4X4� �� f���he� i�c�ea�e �he � e� da�a �a�e.
3.4.2
��� �������� ������ �� : The�e a�e 3 ���e� �f ha��e�� i� LTE ai� i��e�face �hich a�e: L�gica�, T�a����� a�d Ph��ica� cha��e��. The�e ���e� a�e i������a�ed i� Fig��e be���.
����� 3.12 ��E CHA��E� ����C���E
The ��gica� cha��e�� defi�e �he ���e �f i�f���a�i�� �ha� i� bei�g ca��ied �hich i� ei�he� c������ �ig�a�i�g �� ��e� da�a. The ��a������ cha��e�� defi�e �ha� cha�ac�e�i��ic� a�e ��ed �� ca��� �hi� i�f���a�i�� a�d a�e ei�he� c����� �� �ha�ed. The �h��ica� cha��e�� �hich a�e �a��ed �� �he d����i�� a�d ���i�� �h��ica� �e����ce� (bi��, ���b���, ��d��a�i��, �adi� f�a�e� e�c) ca��� �he ��a������ cha��e� da�a ac���� �he ai� i��e�face.
3.4.2.1 ��� ������� �������� : The ��gica� cha��e�� ca� be di�ided i��� c������ cha��e�� a�d ��affic cha��e��. The c������ cha��e�� a�e ��ed f�� ��a��fe� �f c������ ��a�e i�f���a�i�� a�d �he ��affic cha��e�� a�e ��ed f�� �he ��a��fe� �f ��e� ��a�e i�f���a�i��. The f�����i�g ��gica� cha��e�� a�e �������ed f�� LTE:
3.4.2.1.1 ������� ������� ��������� 1) 2)
3)
4)
5)
B�������� C������ C������ (BCCH): A d����i�� cha��e� f�� b��adca��i�g ����e� c������ i�f���a�i��. ������ C������ C������ (�CCH): A d����i�� cha��e� �ha� ��a��fe�� �agi�g i�f���a�i��. Thi� cha��e� i� ��ed �he� �he �e����� d�e� ��� ���� �he ��ca�i�� ce�� �f �he UE. C����� C������ C������ (CCCH): Thi� cha��e� i� ��ed b� �he UE� ha�i�g �� RRC c���ec�i�� �i�h �he �e�����. CCCH ����d be ��ed b� �he UE� �he� acce��i�g a �e� ce�� �� af�e� ce�� �e�e�ec�i��. ��������� C������ C������ (�CCH): A ��i����������i��i�� d����i�� cha��e� ��ed f�� ��a���i��i�g MBMS �ched��i�g a�d c������ i�f���a�i�� f��� �he �e����� �� �he UE, f�� ��e �� �e�e�a� MTCH�. Af�e� e��ab�i�hi�g a� RRC c���ec�i�� �hi� cha��e� i� ���� ��ed b� UE� �ha� �ecei�e MBMS. D�������� C������ C������ (DCCH): A ��i��������i�� bidi�ec�i��a� cha��e� �ha� ��a���i�� dedica�ed c������ i�f���a�i�� be��ee� a UE a�d �he �e�����. U�ed b� UE� ha�i�g a� RRC c���ec�i��.
3.4.2.1.2 ������� ������� ��������� 1)
2)
D�������� ������� C������ (D�CH): A Dedica�ed T�affic Cha��e� (DTCH) i� a ��i������ ��i�� cha��e�, dedica�ed �� ��e UE, f�� �he ��a��fe� �f ��e� i�f���a�i��. A DTCH ca� e�i�� i� b��h ���i�� a�d d����i��. ��������� ������� C������ (��CH): A ��i����������i��i�� d����i�� cha��e� f�� ��a���i��i�g ��affic da�a f��� �he �e����� �� �he UE� ��i�g MBMS.
3.4.2.2 ��� ��������� �������� : A� eff��� ha� bee� �ade �� �ee� a ��� ���be� �f ��a������ cha��e�� i� ��de� �� a��id ���ece��a�� ��i�che� be��ee� diffe�e�� cha��e� ���e�, �hich a�e f���d �� be �i�e c�����i�g i� UMTS. I� fac� �he�e i� c���e���� ���� ��e ��a������ cha��e� i� d����i�� a�d ��e i� ���i�� ca���i�g ��e� da�a, i.e., cha��e� ��i�chi�g i� ��� �eeded. F�� LTE, �he f�����i�g ��a������ cha��e�� a�e ����ided b� �he �h��ica� �a�e�:
3.4.2.2.1 �������� ��������� ��������� 1) 2)
B�������� C������ (BCH): A ��� fi�ed bi� �a�e cha��e� b��adca�� i� �he e��i�e c��e�age a�ea �f �he ce��. Bea��f���i�g i� ��� a���ied. D������� ������ C������ (D���CH): A cha��e� �i�h ����ibi�i�� �� ��e HARQ a�d �i�� ada��a�i�� b� �a��i�g �he ��d��a�i��, c�di�g a�d ��a���i� ���e�. The cha��e� i� ����ib�e �� b��adca�� i� �he e��i�e ce�� a�d bea��f���i�g �a� be a���ied. UE ���e� �a�i�g (DRX) i� �������ed �� �ed�ce �he UE ���e� c�������i��. MBMS ��a���i��i�� i� a��� �������ed.
3) 4)
������ C������ (�CH): A cha��e� �ha� i� b��adca��ed i� �he e��i�e ce��. DRX i� �������ed �� e�ab�e ���e� �a�i�g. ��������� ������� (�CH): A �e�a�a�e ��a������ cha��e� f�� ����ica�� (MBMS). Thi� cha��e� i� b��adca�� i� �he e��i�e c��e�age a�ea �f �he ce��. C��bi�i�g �f MBMS ��a���i��i��� f��� ����i��e ce��� (MBSFN) i� �������ed.
3.4.2.2.2 ������ ��������� ��������� 1)
2)
������ ������ ������� (����CH): A cha��e� �i�h ����ibi�i�� �� ��e HARQ a�d �i�� ada��a�i�� b� �a��i�g �he ��a���i� ���e�, ��d��a�i�� a�d c�di�g. Bea��f���i�g �a� be a���ied. ������ A����� C������ (�ACH): A cha��e� ��ed �� �b�ai� �i�i�g ���ch���i�a�i�� (a���ch������ �a�d�� acce��) a�d �� ��a���i� i�f���a�i�� �eeded �� �b�ai� �ched��i�g g�a��� (���ch������ �a�d�� acce��). The ��a���i��i�� i� ���ica��� c���e��i�� ba�ed. F�� UE� ha�i�g a� RRC c���ec�i�� �he�e i� ���e �i�i�ed ������� f�� c���e��i�� f�ee acce��.
3.4.2.3 ��� �������� �������� : U�e� da�a �� be ��a���i��ed i� de�i�e�ed �� �he �h��ica� �a�e� f��� �he MAC �a�e� i� �he f��� �f ��a������ b��c��. The MAC �a�e� a� �he ��a���i��e� �ide a��� ����ide� �he �h��ica� �a�e� �i�h c������ i�f���a�i�� �ece��a�� f�� ��a���i��i�� a�d/�� �ece��i�� �f �he ��e� da�a. A �h��ica� cha��e� c���e����d� �� a �e� �f �h��ica� �e����ce� ��ed f�� ��a���i��i�� �f da�a a�d/�� c������ i�f���a�i�� f��� �he MAC �a�e�. A �h��ica� �ig�a�, �hich a��� c���e����d� �� a �e� �f �h��ica� �e����ce�, i� ��ed �� ������� �h��ica���a�e� f��c�i��a�i�� b�� d� ��� ca��� a�� i�f���a�i�� f��� �he MAC �a�e�. The f�����i�g �h��ica� cha��e�� a�e ��ecified f�� LTE:
3.4.2.3.1 �������� �������� ��������� 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
6)
�������� ��������� C������ (��CH): Ca��ie� �he MCH ��a������ cha��e�. �������� B�������� C������ (�BCH): Ca��ie� �he BCH ��a������ cha��e�. �������� D������� ������ C������ (�D�CH): Ca��ie� �he DL�SCH a�d PCH ��a������ cha��e��. �������� C������ F����� ��������� C������ (�CF�CH): I�dica�e� �he f���a� �f �he PDCCH. �������� D������� C������ C������ (�DCCH): Ca��ie� d����i�� La�e� 1 a�d 2 c������ �ig�a�i�g ��ch a� �he �ched��ed T�a������ F���a� i� �he d����i�� a�d �ched��ed g�a�� i� �he ���i��, ���e� c������ c���a�d� a�d H�b�id A����a�ic Re��a���i��i�� Re��e�� (HARQ) i�f���a�i��. �������� H����� ��������� C������ (�H�CH): Ca��ie� �he ACK� a�d NACK� f��� �he eN�deB �� �he UE.
3.4.2.3.2 ������ �������� ��������� 1) 2) 3)
�������� ������ ������ C������ (���CH): Ca��ie� �he UL�SCH ��a������ cha��e�. �������� ������ C������ C������ (��CCH): Ca��ie� ���i�� La�e� 1 a�d 2 c������ �ig�a�i�g ��ch a� CQI, ACK�, NACK� a�d �ched��i�g �e��i�e�e��� f��� �he UE. �������� ������ A����� C������ (� �ACH): ca��ie� �he �a�d�� acce�� ��ea�b�e a�d �he RACH ��a������ cha��e�.
3.3.3
���� ������ ����� ��������� :
3.3.3.1 ���: Fig��e 13 i������a�e� �he high��e�e� �i�e�d��ai� ����c���e f�� LTE ��a���i��i�� i� ca�e �f FDD ��de��f���e�a�i��. The fig��e i� �a�id f�� b��h �he d����i�� a�d ���i � ��a���i��i�� di�ec�i�� (e ce�� �ha� PBCH a�d SCH a�e ���� f�� DL a�d i� ���i�� �h ���b��� a�e ca��ed DFTS�OFDM �� b���). Each (�adi�) f�a�e �f �e�g�h T f = 10 �� c���i��� �f �e� e��a�����i�ed ��b f�a�e� �f �e�g�h T��bf�a�e = 1 �� each ��b f�a�e, i� ����, c���i�� �f ��� e��a�����i�ed ����� �f �e� �h ���� = 0.5 �� �he ��b f�a�e i� �he ���ica� �ched��i�g ��i� �f LTE �hi�e �he ����� a�e �e�e�a � i� ca�e �f f�e��e�c� h���i�g.
F����� 3.13 FDD ����� ���������
I� �he ge�e�a� F D ca�e, a�� ����� �f a ca��ie� a�e a�ai�ab�e f�� d����i�� �� ���i��i�� (i� ca�e �f a d����i�� ca��ie�) �� ���i�� ��a���i��i�� (i� ca�e �f a� ���i�� ca��ie�). H��e�e�, LTE �h���d a���� f�� ha�f�d���e� �e��i�a�� i� ca�e �f FDD ��e�a�i��, i����i�g �ha�, f��� a �e��i�a� ��i����f��ie�, d ���i�� �ece��i�� a�d ���i�� ��a���i��i�� d� ��� c�i�ci e f�� ��ch �e��i�a��. The a������i�� i� �ha� �hi� i� e����ed b� �ea�� �f �ched��i�g �e���ic�i� ��.
3.4.3.2 ���:
� �
A� i������a�ed i� ig��e 2�12, �he LTE �i�e�d��ai� ����c���e i� ca�e �f TD ��e�a�i�� i� �i�i�a� �� �ha� �f FDD � i�h �he f�����i�g e�ce��i���: The 10 �� f�a�e i� a��� ed �� c���i�� �f ��� e��a���i�ed ha�f f�a�e�, each �f �e�g�h 5 �� a�d each c���i��i�g �f fi�e ��b f�a�e� �f �e�g�h 1 ��. The �ec��d ��b f�a�e �i�hi� each ha�f�f�a�e (��b f�a�e #1 a�d #6 �i�hi� �he f�a�e) ha� a ��ecia� ����c���e. M��e � ecifica���, i� c���i��� �f a d����i�� �a�� (D�PTS), a g�a� �e�i�d (GP), a�d a� ���i�� �a�� ( �PTS). The d����i���������i�� ��i�chi�g ��i�� �h�� �a� � ��ace �i�hi� �he �ec��d ��b f�a�e �f each ha�f f�a�e, i.e. �he�e ca� be ��� d����i���������i�� ��i�chi�g ��i��� �i�hi� e ch f�a�e. The c���e����di�g ���i������d����i�� ��i�ch �g ��i�� ca� �a�e ��ace a� a�� ��b �e��e�� ��b f�a�e b���da�� �i�hi� �he ha�f�f�a�e. Th��, �he fi��� ��b f�a�e �f each ha�f f�a�e i� a��a�� a d����i�� ��b f�a�e.
F����� 3.14 �DD ����� ���������
3.4.4 ��� �������� ������� ��������� : The ba�ic LTE d����i�� �h��ica� �e����ce ca� be �ee� a� a �i�e�f�e��e�c g�id a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e be�� , �he�e each �e����ce e�e�e�� c���e����d� �� ��e OFDM ��bca��ie� d��i�g ��e OF M ���b�� i��e��a�. A Re����ce B��c� c���e����d� �� ��e��e OFDM ��b�ca��ie�� d��i�g ��e 0..5 �� ����. The ��a��e�� ��i� �ha� ca� be a���ca�ed b� �he �ched��e� i� ��� c���ec��i�e Re����ce B��c�� (12 ��b�ca��ie�� d��i�g 1��). Thi� i� ���e�i�e� �efe��ed �� a� a Sched��i�g B��c� ( B) a�d i� e��a� �� �he TTI (T�a���i��i�� Ti�e I��e��a�) � f 1 ��.
F����� 3.15 ��E D� �������� ���������
The LTE ���b�� �e�g�h i� 1/15000 = 66.7 μ�. Each ���b�� i� f�����ed b� a 4.7 μ� �C�c�ic P�efi�� (CP) �hich i� c��� �f �he �a�� �a�� �f �he ���b�� ��ed �� ��e�e��e �h ��bca��ie� ���h�g��a�i�� a�d i�����e i�� ��b����e�� i� �i�e�di��e��i�e cha��e��. Thi� �ea�� �ha� each ��bca��ie� ca� ca��� 1/(0. 667 + 0.0047) = 14 ��d��a�i�� ���b��� �a�i�g. The 12 ��bca��ie�� �ha� �a�e �� a RB ca� �h � ca��� 12 X 14 = 168 ��d��a�i�� ���b��� �i�h RX di�e��i�� ��(12 X 14) X 2 = 336 �he� 2X2 IMO a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e ab��e. The�e ��d��a�i�� ���b��� a�e ��ed �� ca��� d����i�� � ��ica� cha��e�� a�d �efe�e�ce �ig�a��. The ���be� �f RB� ( ) de�e�d� �� �he Cha��e� a�d�id�h ( ) a� i������a�ed i� fig��e a�d Tab�e e���.
F����� 03.16
BW (MH�)
1.4
3
5
10
15
20
6
15
25
50
75
100
Tab�e 3.1 The LTE Ai� I��e�face �������� cha��e� ba�d�id�h� f��� 1.4 �� �� 20 MH� The RB a� �he Di�ec� Ce���e (DC) ca �ie� a���g �i�h a ���be� a� �he cha��e� edge a�e ��� ��ed �ea�i�g �he ���be� �f ac�i�e RB� �a�gi�g f��� 6 �� 100 a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e ab��e. A�� efi�ed ba�d�id�h� ca� be ��ed �� FDD a� �e�� a� TDD. The ac�i�e RB� a�e ��ed �� ca��� �he f�����i�g ��affic ���e�: 1) D������� �������� �������: Eigh� ��d��a�i�� ���b��� �e� RB a�e �ed �� ca��� �he c �� ��ecific �efe�e�ce �ig�a� ��ed b� �he UE �� ide��if� �h ce�� a�d �e�f��� cha��e� e��i�a�i��. T� a���� �he UE �� di��i�g�i�h be��ee �he a��e��a� ����� �he�e �efe�e�ce �ig�a�� a�e ��agge�ed i� �i�e �i�h � a���i��i�� ����e�ded a��e��a�i�e�� �� each a��e��a ���� �he� �he ��he� i� �� ���i��i�g. Thi� �ea�� �ha� a ���a� �f 16 ��d��a�i�� ���b��� a�e �e��i�ed �� c ��� �he DL Refe�e�ce ig�a�� 2) D������� 1/�12 C������ ���������: A �i�i��� �f ��e ��d��a�i�� ���b�� �e� ��bca��ie� i� �e�e��ed f�� d����i�� L1/L2 c������ �ig�a�i�g �hich i� ��de� d����i�� �ched��i�g a��ig��e��� �e��i�ed b� �he UE �� ����e��� �ecei�e, de��d��a�e a�d dec�de PSDCH, ���i�� �ched��i�g g�a��� i�f���i�g UE ab��� �e����ce� �d ��a������ f���a�� f�� i�� ���i�� ��a���i��i�� a�d HA Q ac�����edge�e��� i� �e�����e �� �he UE� ���i�� ��a���i��i���. The ���be� �f ��d��a�i�� ���b��� �eeded �� ca��� �he d����i�� c������ �ig�a�i�g
3)
4)
5)
de�e�d� � �he ���be� �f UE� bei�g �ched��ed i� �he ce�� a�d ca� �a�ge f��� 1 �� 3 �e� � �bca��ie�. ��������������� C������� (�CH): O�e SCH �ig�a� i� c����i�ed �f a �i�a�� SCH (P�SCH) �e�� d��i�g ���b��� #6 a�d a �ec��da�� SCH (S�SCH) � �� d��i�g ���b��� #7 i� �he RB, I� ��de� �� �i���if� i�i�ia� ce�� �ea�ch � �he�e �he UE ha� �� a��i��i i�f���a�i�� ab��� �he ��ec���� a���ca�i�� �f �he ce�� � � e S��ch���i�a�i�� Cha��e� (SCH) a��a�� �cc��ie� ���� 63 (62 + DC ca �ie� �hich i� ��� ��ed) ��bca��ie�� i� �he ce��e� �f �he a�ai�ab�e ��ec����. The UE �he�ef��e a��a�� ���ce��e� ���� �he�e 63 ��bca��ie��, i�de�e�de�� �f �he ��ec���� a���ca�i���. B�������� C������ C������ (BCH): The B��adca�� Cha��e� (BCH) i� �he ��a������ cha��e� ��ed �� ca��� ����e� i�f���a�i�� �� id�e UE� i� � e ce��. Thi� ����e� i�f ��a�i�� i� di�ided �� i��� a ��a�ic �a�� ca��ied b� �he M ��e� I�f���a�i� B��c� (MIB) c���ai�i�g �he ���be� �f a��e��a�, ����e ba�d�id�h, PHICH c��fig��a�i��, ��a���i��ed ���e� a�d �ched��i� i�f���a�i� ab��� �he S���e� I�f���a�i�� B��c�� (SIB�) �hich ca�� d��a�ic ����e� i�f ��a�i��. The BCH i� ���� �e�� �� �he 72 ce���e (DC +/� 36) ��bca��ie�� a�d ��e� �he fi��� f��� OFDMA ���b��� �f �he �ec��d �� � i� �he fi��� ��b f� �e �f each 10 ��ec �adi� f�a�e ���� ����� ����: The a����� �f ��e� ��a�e da�a ca��ied b� a RB �i� � de�e�d �� �he a����� �f ��d��a�i�� ���b��� �ef� af�e� �he �efe�e�ce �ig�a��, L1/L2 c������ �ig a�i�g, SCH a�d BCH a�d a��� �he�he� 2X2 MIMO �� TX d i�e��i�� i� ��ed a�d � e ��d��a�i�� a�d ���c���i�g ��ed. The highe�� ��e� ��a�e da�a �a�e i� achie�ed �he� �he RB i� ��� ca���i�g SCH �� BCH a�d �he �ea�� a����� �f L1/L2 c������ �ig�a�i�g a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e be���.
����� 03.17 ������� ���� ���� ����
Whe� TX di�e��i � i� ��ed �he RB ha� 144 ��d��a�i�� ���b��� a�ai�ab�e f � ��e� ��a�e da�a. Thi� ����d ca��� 288, 576 �� 864 bi�� ��i�g QPSK, 16 QAM a�d 64 QA ��d��a�i��� �e��ec�i�e��.. Whe� 2X2 MIMO i� ��ed �he RB ha� 288 ��d��a�i�� �� b��� a�ai�ab�e f�� ��e� ��a�e da�a. Thi� ����d ca��� 576, 1152 �� 1728 bi�� ��i�g QPSK, 16 QAM a�d 64 QAM ��d��a�i�� �e��ec�i�e��.
The ���e�� ��e� ��a�e da�a �a�e i� achie�ed �he� �he RB i� SCH a�d BCH ���� a����� �f L1/L2 c� ���� �ig�a�i�g a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e be���.
i�h �he
F����� 03.18 ������� ���� ���� ����
Whe� TX di�e��i � i� ��ed �he RB ha� 52 ��d��a�i�� ���b��� a�ai�ab�e f� ��e� ��a�e da�a. Thi� ����d ca��� 10 , 208 �� 312 bi�� ��i�g QPSK, 16 QAM a�d 64 QAM ��d��a�i��� �e��ec�i�e��. Whe� 2X2 IMO i� ��ed �he RB ha� 104 ��d��a�i�� ���b��� a�ai�ab�e f�� ��e� ��a�e da�a. Thi� ����d ca��� 208, 416 �� 624 bi�� ��i�g QPSK, 16 QAM a�d 64 QA ��d��a�i��� �e��ec�i�e��.. Si�ce �he ���b � �f RB� a���ca�ed �� a UE a���g �i�h �he ��d��a�i�� �che�e a�d ���c���i�g i� c����a���� �a��i�g i� i� �e�� diffic��� �� ca�c��a�e a� i���a��a�e��� ��e� da�a �a�e.
3.4.5
��� ������ �������� ��������: The LTE ���i�� ai� i��e�face ��e� �he �a�e 15 �H� ���h�g��a� ��bca��ie�� g����ed i� b��c�� �f 12 �� ���d�ce Re����ce B��c�� (RB�). The�e a�e �� ����ed Di�ec� Ce���e (DC) ��bca��ie�� i� �he ���i�� ��e�e� a ���be� �f RB� a� �he edge �f �he ���i�� cha� e� ba�d�id�h a�e �e�e��ed f�� PUCCH �ig�a�i�g f��� UE� �ha� ha�e ��� bee� �ched��ed. Each UE ca� be a��ig�ed 1 �� a�� ���be� �f RB� ����ided i� i� a fac��� �f 2, 3 �� 5 f��� �he �e�ai�i�g RB�. F�� e�a� �e a UE c���d be d��a�ica��� a��ig�ed 6, 8 �� 9 RB� a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e be��� b�� ��� 7.
F����� 3.19 ��E �� �������� ���������
I� c����a�� �� �h d����i��, ���i�� �e����ce b��c�� a��ig�ed �� a UE ���� a��a�� be c���ec��i�e i� �he f�e��e�c� d��ai�, a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e ab��e. Thi� i� �ece��a�� i� ��de� �� �ee� �he ��i�g�e�ca��ie � ����e��� �f �he ���i�� ��a���i��i��. N��e �ha�, �i�i�a� � �he d����i��, �he ���i�� �e����ce b��c� i� defi�ed a� ��e��e ��bca��ie�� d��i�g ��e 0. �� ����. A� �he �a�e �i�e, ���i�� ched��i�g i� ca��ied ��� �� a ��b�f�a�e (1 ��) ba�i�. Th �, �i�i�a� �� �he d����i��, �he ���i � �e����ce a��ig��e�� i� ca��ied ��� i� �e��� �f �ai�� �f �e����ce b��c��, �he�e each �ai� c���i��� �f ��� �e����ce b��c�� i� c���ec��i�e �����. The ���be� �f RB� �e�e��ed f�� �ig�a�i�g f��� ���ched��ed UE� �a�ie� f��� 2 �i�h a 1.4, 3 �� 5 MH� cha��e� ba�d�id�h �� 4 �i�h 10 �� 15 MH� a�d 6 �i�h 20 MH� a i������a�ed i� Fig��e ab��e. The �a� 1 ��ec ��b f�a�e c���ai�i�g ��� �i�e����� i� ��ed f�� TE i� �he ���i��. The ���be� �f � d��a�i�� ���b��� �e� ���� �i�� de�e�d �� �he ���be� �f RB� a��ig�ed �� �he UE. Si�ce each ���� ca��ie� ��e ��d��a�i�� ���b�� a�d �he�e a�e 12 ��bca��ie�� i� each RB �h �e i� a ���a� �f 12 X 7 = 84 ��d��a�i�� ���b��� �e� ���� � 84 X 2 = 168 �e� ��b f�a�e a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e be���.
F����� 03.20 �� ���� ����
The UL Refe�e�ce Sig�a�� i������a�ed i� Fig��e ab��e a�e ��ed f�� cha��e� e��i�a�i�� a�d a�e ��a���i��ed i� �h f����h b��c� �f each ���i�� ����. U��i�� f�e��e�c� h���i�g i� ����a��� a���ied, �he�eb� �he ��� ����� i������a�ed i� Fig��e ab��e a�e ��a���i��ed �� diffe�e��, �e�ha�� ��b��a��ia��� �e�a�a�ed, f�e��e�cie�. Whe� a UE ha� ee� gi�e� a� ���i�� �ched��i�g g�a��, �ha� i� ha� bee� a��ig�ed UL� SCH �e����ce� i� �he c���e�� ��b f�a�e �he PUCCH i� �i�e ����i��e�ed �i�h �he ��e� da�a. U��i�e �he d����i�� �he� i� �� �i�i��� ���be� �f ��d��a�i�� ���b��� �e�e��e f�� �he PDCCH �a�i�g i� ����ib�e f�� a�� ��d��a�i�� ���b��� e�ce�� �h��e �e�e��ed f�� U �efe�e�ce �ig�a�� �� be ��ed f�� ��e� da�a. Thi� �ea�� �ha� 168 � 24 = 144 ��d��a�i�� ���b��� �e� RB ca� be ��ed �� ca��� ��e� da�a a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e ab��e. Si�i�a� c�di�g, ���c���i�g a�d ��d��a�i�� �che�e� a�e ��ed i� �he ���i�� b�� �he�e i� �� TX di�e��i�� �� 2X2 IMO. Thi� �ea�� ��e ��b f�a�e ca� ca��� 288, 676 �� 864 bi�� ��i�g QPSK, 16 QAM a�d 64 QAM ��d��a�i�� ���b��� �e��ec�i�e��. The ���i�� ��a�� ��� f���a� i� c����e�e�� decided b� �he �ched��e� i� �h eN�deB. C���e��e����, a�d i� c�� �a�� �� High S�eed D����i�� Pac�e� Acce�� i� WCDMA �he ���i�� c������ �ig�a�i�g d�e� �� �eed �� ca��� �he ��a������ f���a�.
3.4.6
��� �� ������������: The ���be� �f �d��a�i�� �che�e� a�d MIMO �a�e�� �������ed b� �he TE UE �i�� dic�a�e i�� �a�i��� ���i � a�d d����i�� da�a �a�e�. LTE UE� a�e di�ided �� i��� fi�e ca�eg��ie� a� i������a�ed i Fig��e be���.
F����� 03.21 ��E �E ����������
3.5 ��������� ����� � � ��� The f�e��e�c� ba�d� �he�e LTE �i�� ��e�a�e a�e i� b��h �ai�ed a�d ���ai�ed ��ec����, �e��i�i�g f�e�i i�i�� i� �he d���e� a��a�ge�e��. F�� �hi� �ea���, LTE ��� ���� b��h FDD a�d TDD Re�ea�e 8 � �he 3GPP ��ecifica�i��� f�� LTE i�c��de� 19 f�e��e�c� ba�d� f�� FDD a�d �i�e f�� TDD.
S��e �f �he f�e �e�c� ba�d� a�e a�e �a���� �� f���� ��e��a��i�g ��e��a��i�g.. I� ���� ca� � �hi� i� e��� e���ai ai�e �ed d b� �egi� egi��a �a�� dif difffe�e�ce� e�e�ce� i� h�� h�� �he �he ba�d� ba�d� defi�e defi�ed d b� �he �he ITU ITU a�e a�e i���e� i���e�e��ed. A� �he �a�e �a�e �i� �i�e, e, a high high de �ee �f c�����a�i�� c�����a�i�� be��ee� be��ee� �he ba�d� i� de�i�ed de�i�ed �� �� e� b�e g��ba� ��a�i�g. The �e� �f ba�d ha�e fi��� bee� ��ecified a� ba�d� f�� UTRA, �i�h each a�d ��igi ��igi�a �a�i� �i�g g i� g��b g��ba� a�,, �egi �egi �a�, a�d ��ca� ��ec���� de�e����e���. The c����e�e �e� �f UTRA ba�d� ba�d� �a� �he� �he� ��a��fe� ��a��fe��� d �� �he LTE LTE ��ecifica�i� ��ecifica�i��� �� i� �e�ea�e �e�ea�e 8 a�d a�d addi�i��a� addi�i��a� � e� ha�e bee� added i� �a�e� �e�ea�e�.
F����� 03.22 ������ F�������� B���� D������ �� 3G�� ��� ��E
F����� 03.23 ������� F�������� B���� D������ �� 3G�� ��� ��E
������� (4) ��� �������� �������
4.1
�������� �������:
4.1.1
������������: The i�i�ia� ��a��i�g �ha�e �a�e� i�� �ff�e� i� �he b��i�e�� ��a� a�d c�a�ifie� �he �b�ec�i�e� a�d �e��i�e�e��� f�� �he �e����� �� be ����ided. I� �hi� �ha�e �e �a� a��i�� i� �ech����g� e�a��a�i���, c��ce���a� de�ig��, �e�de�i�g, �e�d�� �e�ec�i��, b�dge�i�g, ���ce�� �e��� a�d ��ga�i�a�i�� �e��� .The �e����� ��a��i�g c�i�e�ia i� ��ed a� a� i���� f�� �e����� di�e��i��i�g. I� �he f�����i�g ba�ic i����� f�� di�e��i��i�g a�e �i��ed:
C��e�age �e��i�e�e���, �he �ig�a� �e�e� f�� ���d���, i��ca� a�d i�d��� �i�h �he c��e�age ���babi�i�ie�. Ce�� edge ��a�i�� �f �e��ice c�i�e�ia F�e��e�c� ��ec����, ���be� �f cha��e��, i�c��di�g i�f���a�i�� ab��� ����ib�e �eeded g�a�d ba�d�. S�b�c�ibe� i�f���a�i��, ���be� �f ��e�� a�d g����h fig��e�. T�affic �e� ��e�, b��� h��� ��affic. E��ec�ed �e��ice�.
Di�e��i��i�g ����ide� �he e�a��a�i�� �f �he ���be� �f �e����� e�e�e��� �ha� a�e �eeded �� f��fi�� �he ��a�i�� �f �e��ice �e��i�e�e��� �e� b� �he ��e�a���, e.g. i� LTE ���be� �f E�NB�. Thi� i� d��e �i�h �he he�� �f di�e��i��i�g ���� f�� b��h acce�� a�d c��e �e������. Di�e��i��i�g ��e� �e�a�i�e�� �i���e� ��de�� f�� ��de�i�g �f �he ac��a� c��di�i��� a� c���a�ed �� �he de�ai�ed ��a��i�g. Si���e� ��de�� a�d �e�h�d� �ed�ce �he �i�e �e��i�ed f�� di�e��i��i�g. O� �he ��he� ha�d, di�e��i��i�g ���� �h���d be acc��a�e e���gh �� ����ide �e����� �i�h a� acce��ab�e �e�e� �f acc��ac�, �he� ��aded �i�h e��ec�ed ��affic ���fi�e a�d ��b�c�ibe� ba�e.
F����� 04.1 G������ �������� �������� ������� �������� �������
4.1.2
��������: The ��a��i�g �ha�e �a�e� i����� f��� �he di�e��i��i�g ���ce��, i�i�ia� �e����� c��fig��a�i�� �he�e a�e �he ba�i� f�� ���i�a� ��a��i�g. A ���i�a� ��a� i� a� idea� �ce�a�i�, a�d i� �he ��ac�ica� ����d a �a�ge �f c�����ai��� a�d �e���ic�i��� �a� a��ea� �ha� f��ce� �he ac��a� ��a� d� de�ia�e f��� �he ���i�a� ��a�. T bec��e� a� i�e�a�i�e ���ce�� �he�e �he �b�ec�i�e� a�d �e��i�e�e��� ���� be �ai��ai�ed. The ��a��i�g ���ce�� i��e�ac�� �i�h a��h��i�ie�, �i�e ac��i�i�i�� ���ce��, b�i�di�g ���ce�� a�d ��a���i��i�� ��a��i�g. I� a��� i��e�ac�� �i�h �he ���i�i�a�i�� ���ce�� �hich ����ide� feedbac� �� f����e ��a��i�g a�d acc��di�g�� i�����e� �he ��a��i�g ��a�i�� ��e� �i�e The �a�ge� f�� �he c��e�age ��a��i�g �ha�e i� �� fi�d ���i�a� ��ca�i��� f�� ENB� �� b�i�d
c���i����� c��e�age acc��di�g �� �he ��a��i�g �e��i�e�e���. I� �he ca�aci�� ��a��i�g �ha�e �he fi�a� c��e�age ��a� i�c��di�g �i�e� ��ca�i��� i� c��bi�ed �i�h �he ��e� de��i�� i�f���a�i��; i� �hi� �a� �he ca�aci�� ca� be a���ca�ed. The ������ �f �he ��a��i�g �ha�e i� �he fi�a� a�d de�ai�ed c��e�age a�d ca�aci�� ��a�� .C��e�age �a�� a�e �ade f�� �he ��a��ed a�ea a�d fi�a� �i�e ��ca�i��� a�d c��fig��a�i���
4.1.3
�������� ��������: The de�ai�ed ��a��i�g �ha�e i�c��de� f�e��e�c�, �eighb�� a�d �a�a�e�e� ��a��i�g f�e��e�c� �e���e fac��� i� LTE i� 1 a�d �ha� i� i� beca��e �e �a�� �� �a�e ��e �f a�� �he ba�d�id�h i� e�e�� ce�� �� achie�e e���e�e�� high bi� �a�e�. B�� �e i����d�ce ��f� f�e��e�c� �e���e fac��� �� dec�ea�e �he i��e�fe�e�ce be��ee� �i�e�. Neighb�� ��a��i�g i� LTE i� d��e a����a�ica��� �h���gh a �e� ���i�� i� �e�ea�e 9 �hich i� SON (�e�f ��ga�i�i�g �e������), �he�e �he �eighb�� �i�e� c�����ica�e �h���gh �he X2 i��e�face �� ha�d�e �he ICIC, ha�d��e� a�d ��ad �ha�i�g. I� �he �a�a�e�e� ��a��i�g �ha�e a �ec���e�ded �a�a�e�e� �e��i�g i� a���ca�ed f�� each �e����� e�e�e��. F�� �adi� ��a��i�g �he �e�����ibi�i�� i� �� a���ca�e �a�a�e�e�� ��ch a� ha�d��e� c������ a�d ���e� c������ a�d defi�e �he ��ca�i�� a�ea� a�d �e� �he �a�a�e�e�� acc��di�g��.
4.1.4
������� ��� ������������: The fi��� �a�� �f �he ���i�i�a�i�� ���ce�� i�c��de� ��e��a��ch ���i�i�a�i�� a�d acce��a�ce �e��i�g a�d �i�� i� ��i�ci��e be fi�a�i�ed �he� �he �e����� i� ha�ded ��e� �� ��e�a�i��. The ��e��a��ch ���i�i�a�i�� i� a� i�e�a�i�e ���ce�� �he�e �he �h��ica� a�d ��gica� �a�a�e�e�� �f �he �e����� a�e ���ed ba�ed �� d�i�e �e��i�g �� fie�d �e��i�g i� �he ac��a� �e����� i� ��de� �� i�����e �e��ice �e�f���a�ce a�d �e����� �e�f���a�ce .�he acce��a�ce �e��i�g i� a ���ic��� ��edefi�ed ���ced��e �ha� �e�ifie� if �he ac��a� �e��ice �e�f���a�ce a�d �e����� �e�f���a�ce c����ie� �i�h �he �e��i�e�e���. The �ec��d �a�� �f �he ���i�i�a�i�� ���ce�� i� i� �he ��e�a�i��a� �ha�e a�d e����e� �ha� ca�aci��, c��e�age a�d �e����� �a�a�e�e�� a�e �ai��ai�ed a�d ad����ed acc��di�g �� ��affic g����h, cha�gi�g �e��ice� a�d cha�gi�g �e��i�e�e���. Thi� �a�� i�����e� e�a��a�i�� �f �e� �ech����gie� a�d �e����� fea���e� a� �a�� �f �he ���g �e�� ���i�i�a�i�� a�d i� i�c��de� dai�� ���i�i�a�i�� a�d ����b�e �h���i�g. Ne����� ���i�i�a�i�� �e��i�e� �e�d�� ��ecific �ech����g� e��e��i�e, a� e�d �� e�d ��de���a�di�g �f �he �e�����, a�d ��de���a�di�g �f h�� �e������ a�d �e��ice� i��e�ac�� a�d e��e�ie�ce �i�h �a�i��� e�gi�ee�i�g �����, d�i�e �e�� ����� a�d ���i���i�g ����e��.
4.1.5
�������� ��� �����������: The f�����i�g �e��� a�e ��ed i� de�c�ibi�g ca�aci�� a�d c��e�age di�e��i��i�g:
a)
A�e�age ��e� bi� �a�e The bi� �a�e i� achie�ab�e b� a �i�g�e ��e� �he� a�� �e����ce� i� a ce�� a�e ��ed. The a�e�age ��e� bi� �a�e ca� be �he a�e�age �h���gh��� i� ��e ce��. I� i� a �ea���e �f a�e�age ���e��ia� i� a ce�� �hi�e a�� i��e�fe�i�g ce��� a�e ��aded �� �he di�e��i��ed �e�e�.
b)
Ce�� edge The ge�g�a�hica� ��ca�i�� �he�e �he �a�h ���� be��ee� �he ba�e ��a�i�� a�d �he a��e��a i� a� a ��ecific �a�i��� �h�e�h��d �a��e, a� ca�c��a�ed ��i�g �he ��a�i�� �e��i�e�e�� i����ed �� �he �e�����, g�a�a��eei�g �he �e��i�ed ��a�i�� �i�h a ���babi�i�� �f 95%, f�� e�a���e.
c)
Ce�� �h���gh��� Ce�� �h���gh��� i� �b�ai�ed i� ��e ce�� �he� a�� ce��� a�e ��aded �� �he di�e��i��ed �e�e�, a�d �he �e����ce ��e i� e��a� �� ����e� ��ad, i��e�fe�i�g ce��� a� �e�� a� i��e�fe�ed ce���. I� i� �he a�e�age �h���gh��� �e� ce�� a� ca�c��a�ed ac���� �he e��i�e �e�����.
d)
C��e�age (a�ea) C��e�age a�ea i� �he �e�ce��age �f ce�� a�ea �ha� ca� be �e��ed acc��di�g �� a defi�ed ��a�i�� �e��i�e�e��. Wi�h a� a����ed ��if��� ��b�c�ibe� de��i�� (�f�e� a����ed i� a di�e��i��i�g e�e�ci�e), �he �e�ce��age �f �e��ed a�ea e��a�� �he �e�ce��age �f �e��ed ��e��.
e)
Re����ce b��c� A ����di�e��i��a� ��i� i� �he �i�e�f�e��e�c� ��a�e c���i��i�g �f a g���� �f 12 ca��ie��, each �i�h 15 �H� ba�d�id�h, a�d ��e ���� �f 0.5 ��
f)
S���e� ��ad The e��e�� �f a�ai�ab�e ai� i��e�face �e����ce ��age. The ����e� ��ad e��a�� �he �a�i� �f ��ed �e����ce b��c�� a� a� a�e�age ��e� �he e��i�e ����e�.
g)
Re����ce B��c� F�e�ib�e Ba�d�id�h A ��a���i��ed OFDMA �ig�a� ca� be ca��ied b� a ���be� �f �a�a��e� ��bca��ie��. Each LTE ��bca��ie� i� 15 �H�. T�e��e ��bca��ie�� (180 �H�) a�e g����ed i��� a �e����ce b��c�. De�e�di�g �� �he ca��ie� ba�d�id�h, LTE �������� a �a��i�g ���be� �f �e����ce b��c��. The d����i�� ha� a� ����ed ce���a� ��bca��ie�. The f�����i�g i������a�i�� �h��� �e����ce b��c� defi�i�i��:
F����� 4.2 �������� B���� D���������� �� F�������� D�����
h)
U�e� E��i��e�� Fi�e ��e� e��i��e�� ca�eg��ie� ha�e bee� ��ecified b� 3GPP i� U�e� E��i��e�� (UE) �adi� acce�� ca�abi�i�ie�, 3GPP TS 36.306. Each ca�eg��� i� ��ecified b� a ���be� �f d����i�� a�d ���i�� �h��ica� �a�e� �a�a�e�e� �a��e�
i)
P��e� C������ A c���ed ���� ���e� c������ �echa�i�� i� �he ���i�� ai�� a� �ai��ai�i�g a c����a�� �ecei�ed Sig�a�����I��e�fe�e�ce�a�d�N�i�e Ra�i� (SINR), defi�ed b� a �a�ge� SINR. The �a�ge� i� �e� a� �he SINR �e�e� �ha� gi�e� a ��i�ab�e bi� �a�e. The c���ed ���� ���e� c������
�echa�i�� ��e�a�e� a� ab��� 200 H�. Thi� �ea�� �ha� �he ���e� i� ��� �e� e�e�� �ched��ed TTI b�� �a�he� e�e�� 5�h TTI. Thi� ���e� c������ �echa�i�� ca� f����� �he ���� fadi�g, b�� ��� �he fa�� fadi�g. U�e� e��i��e�� ha� a �i�i�ed �a�ge f�� ���e� c������. I� ��a�� ce��� �� ce��� �i�h ��de�a�e �� ��� ��ad, �he ��e� e��i��e�� ���e� i� ��a�da�d ��e�a�i�g ��de i� i��ide �he d��a�ic �a�ge i� �he g�ea�e� ce�� a�ea The �h��ica� ��de�i�g �f a�e�age ��i�e �i�e i� ba�ed �� c���ed ���� ���e� c������.
4.1.6
�����������: Li�i�a�i��� �� �he ca�c��a�i�� �e�h�d� i�c��de �he f�����i�g: M���i��e I���� M���i��e O����� (MIMO) i� c���ide�ed ���� f�� �he d����i�� a�d f�� a �a�i��� �f ��� a��e��a� O��e� ���� ���e� c������ i� �he ���i�� i� ��� ��de�ed. The �e�h�d i� ada��ed a�d de�e���ed ��i�a�i�� a� a ��bi�e b��adba�d �e��ice Q�a�i�� �f Se��ice (Q�S) i� ��� ha�d�ed b� �he �e�h�d
4.1.7
A����������: Ca�c��a�i��� f�� c��e�age a�d ca�aci�� a�e ba�ed �� �he f�����i�g a������i���: A�� ��e� e��i��e�� i� a����ed �� ha�e ��� �ecei�i�g a��e��a� A�� �e����ce b��c�� a�e ��a���i��ed a� �he �a�e ���e�, i�c��di�g ��e� da�a, c������ cha��e�� a�d c������ �ig�a�� The c��e�age f�� c������ cha��e�� a�d c������ �ig�a�� e��a�� �ha� �f ��e� da�a a� �he �a�e ���e� �e�e�� La�e� 1 ��e�head f�� a�� c������ cha��e�� a�d c������ �ig�a�� i� i�c��ded i� �he Sig�a�����I��e�fe�e�ce�a�d�N�i�e Ra�i� (SINR) �� bi� �a�e �e�a�i���hi��
4.2
������������ �������:
The ���ica� Ne����� �e��i�e�e��� �ha� �a�e �� �he i���� �� �he di�e��i��i�g ���ce�� a�e; c��e�age a�ea, ���be� �f ��b�c�ibe��, ��affic ��de� a�d U��i��/D����i�� ce�� edge �h���gh���. The�e a�e a ���be� �f �a�� �� di�e��i�� �he LTE �e����� �� �ee� �he�e �e��i�e�e���. Fig��e 4�3 be��� i������a�ed ��e LTE di�e��i��i�g ���ce�� �ha� ca� be f�����ed �� ���d�ce a fi�a� �i�e c���� �ha� �ee�� �he ���i�� a�d d����i�� c��e�age a�d ca�aci�� �e��i�e�e���
F����� 04.3 ��E D����������� �������
The ���i�� c��e�age ca�c��a�i��� a�e �e�f���ed �� de�e��i�e if �he e��i�a�ed i�i�ia� �i�e c���� �ee�� �he ���i�� �e����� �e��i�e�e���. If ��� �he i�i�ia� �i�e c���� i� i�c�ea�ed a�d �he ca�c��a�i��� �e�f���ed agai�. O�ce a �i�e c���� a�d ce�� �a�ge �ha� �ee�� �he ���i�� �e��i�e�e��� ha� bee� ha� bee� de�e��i�ed i� i� ��ed a� �he i���� �� �he d����i�� c��e�age ca�c��a�i���. The d����i�� c��e�age ca�c��a�i��� a�e �e�f���ed �� e����e �ha� �he d����i�� �e����� �e��i�e�e��� a�e �e�. Li�e �he ���i�� �he �i�e c���� �a� �eed �� be i�c�ea�ed if �he d����i�� �e��i�e�e��� a�e ��� �e� �i�h �he e��i�a�ed �i�e c����. The fi�a� �i�e c���� �ha� �ee�� b��h ���i�� a�d d����i�� c��e�age �e��i�e�e��� i� ch��e�. The ���i�� a�d d����i�� ca�aci�� ca�c��a�i��� a�e �e�f���ed �� ����ide �he ���i�� a�d d����i�� ce�� a�d �a�i��� ��e� �h���gh���� �hich a�e �he i����� �� ��b�e��e�� di�e��i��i�g �a��� f�� �he e N�de B a�d ��a���i��i�� �e�����.
4 .2.1 �������� ������������ (������): The U��i�� c��e�age ca�c��a�i�� ��e�� a�e �i��ed be���: S�e� 1: U��i�� N�i�e Ri�e S�e� 2: U��i�� Li�� B�dge� S�e� 3: U��i�� Si�e C����
4.2.1.1 ������ ����� ����: LTE ��e�� i� �he �a�e ce�� a�e �e�a�a�ed i� �i�e a�d f�e��e�c� i� �he ���i��. Thi� �ea�� �ha� �he ��i�e �i�e �i�� �he�ef��e ���� de�e�d �� �he i��e�fe�e�ce f��� �he ad�ace�� ce���. T� acc���� f�� �hi� ��i�e �i�e a� ���i�� i��e�fe�e�ce �a�gi� ( ) ���� be i�c��ded i� �i�� b�dge� ca�c��a�i���. The ca�c��a�i�� �f ca� be di�ided i��� �he f�����i�g ��e��: � � � � �
B TR, , Q ,γtarget B
U��i�� ce�� �h���gh��� ( ) I��e�fe�i�g Ce�� UL RB �a�e ( ) I��e�fe�i�g Ce�� UL SINR �a�ge� ( A�e�age ���i�� ����e� ��ad ( ) U��i�� i��e�fe�e�ce �a�gi� ( )
4.2.1.1.1 ������ ���� ���������� (
,
B
)
)�
If �e a����e �ha� �he�e a�e 30 da�� �e� ����h a�d �he a�e�age ��b�c�ibe� i� ac�i�e f�� 10 h���� �e� da� a�d �i�ce �he�e 3600 �ec��d� i� a� h��� a�d 8 bi�� i� a B��e, �he a����� �f da�a ����aded b� a� a�e�age ��b�c�ibe� i� GB (B��e� X 230) ca� be c���e��ed �� �he ��b�c�ibe� ���i�� �h���gh��� ( i� �b�� ��i�g �he f�����a i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�4 be���.
T(,D) ,)
F����� 04.4 ������ C��� ����������
,×× T , = ××× T, T , × N ( ,T,) T (N )
=
[Kb��]
[Kb��]
The ���i�� ce�� �h���gh��� i� �b�� ca� be ca�c��a�ed b� ����i���i�g �he ��b�c�ibe� ���i�� �h���gh��� ( ) b� �he ���be� �f ��b�c�ibe�� �e��ed b� �he ce�� a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�4 ab��e. A��e��a�i�e�� ca� be ) gi�e� a� ��e �f �he �e����� c�i�e�ia i����� if �he ���be� �f ��b�c�ibe�� a�d ��affic ��de� i� ��� �����.
4.2.1.1.2 ����������� ���� ������ ��� ���� ��� �� (
(T , ) (T , )
,
( T,
)�
Each LTE ce�� ���� a��� be di�e��i��ed �� ������� a ce��ai� ���i�� �h���gh��� a� �he ce�� edge �i�h a ce��ai� c��e�age ���babi�i��. The ���be� �f RB� ��ed �� ������� �hi� �h���gh��� i� decided b� �he e N�de B �ched��e� a�d i� �he ����ce �f �he ���i�� ��i�e �i�e i� �he �������di�g ce���. F�� ���i�� ��i�e �i�e ca�c��a�i�� �he ���be� �f RB� �������i�g i� �he i��e�fe�i�g ce��� i� ����� a� . The ���i�� bi� �a�e �e��i�e�e�� �f each �f �he�e RB� ( i� �he�ef��e ( / )a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�5 be���.
R ,)
(n′T ), n′′
R , , (nN) nn =
F����� 04.5 ����������� C��� �� B�� ���� ��� �B
[�b��]
npucch) n′
ca� �a�e a�� �a��e f��� 1 �� �� �he ���be� �������ed b� �he Cha��e� Ba�d�id�h ( ) �i��� �he ���be� �e�e��ed f�� PUCCH ( , ����ided i� i� a fac��� �f 2, 3 �� 5 a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�5 ab��e. T��ica� di�e��i��i�g �a��e� �f = 2, 5 a�d 10 : ���a� ���be� �f �e����ce b��c�� i� �he ba�d�id�h. : ���be� �f �e����ce b��c�� a��ig�ed f�� c������ cha��e��.
4.2.1.1.3 ����������� ���� �� ���� ������ (
)�
F�� �he ��a������ f���a�� i� LTE, �he �e�a�i���hi� be��ee� bi� �a�e, T, a�d Sig�a����� N�i�e Ra�i� (SNR), γ, i� de�e��i�ed b� a �e� �f �i�� �i���a�i���. The �e�����, i�c��di�g a� i���e�e��a�i�� �a�gi�, ha�e bee� fi��ed �� a �e�i�e��i�ica� �a�a�e�e�i�ed e���e��i�� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�6 be���.
F����� 04.6 ��E ���� ��������� �����
l n ( ɤ ) ln2 +a1 = � a2
[dB]
a0, a1, a2 a�d a3 a�e fi��ed �a�a�e�e�� �hich ha�e diffe�e�� �a��e� de�e�di�g �� �he cha��e� ��de� a�d ��d��a�i�� �che�e. The �e�i�e��i�ica� �a�a�e�e� a0 �e��e�e��� �he �a�i��� �b�ai�ab�e bi� �a�e i� ��e �e����ce b��c�.The fi��� f�����a Fig��e 4�6 ca� be ����ed f�� γ a�d ��ed �� ca�c��a�e �he I��e�fe�i�g Ce�� UL SINR �a�ge� ( ) f�� a ���be� �f �a��e�. The �e�i�e��i�ica� �a�a�e�e�� f�� ���i�� a�e gi�e� i� �he f�����i�g �ab�e
γ
(R,) aa aa
����� 2 �����E�������� ���������� ��� ������
Cha��e� ��de�
EPA5 459.9 20.76 13.28 0
EVA5 493.6 20.98 13.08 0
, (T,) ( Q ( R , , n −n)
4.2.1.1.4 ������� ������ ������ ���� (
EVA70 456.9 23.91 13.74 0
ETU300 322.5 20.15 12.41 0
)�
The ���i�� ce�� �h���gh��� �f a� LTE ce�� i� e��a� �� �he ���d�c� �f �he ����e� ��i�i�a�i�� �� ��ad ) �he bi� �a�e �e� RB )a�d �he ���be� �f a�ai�ab�e RB� i� �he ����e� ( a� i������a�ed i� �he f�����a i� Fig��e 4�7 be���.
F����� 04.7 A������ ������ ������ ����
T, Q, x R, n −n) Q = R , (Tn,−n ) Q T, R , n −n) =
(
If �he ���i�� ����e� ��ad i� 100 % ( =
(
Thi� ca� be achie�ed i� ��� �a��:
=1) �he�:
•
•
A�� RB� a�e �ched��ed ���d�ci�g a c��bi�ed �h���gh��� e��a� �� �he ���i�� ����e� ��ad.
T,
(R(Qul,)
N�� a�� RB� a�e �ched��ed b�� �he c��bi�ed �h���gh��� �f �h��e �ha� a�e i� e��a� �� �he ���i�� ce�� �h���gh��� ( ). The f�����a i� Fig��e 4�7 ab��e ca� be ����ed f�� ) a�d ��ed �� ca�c��a�e a�e�age ���i�� ����e� ��adi�g f�� �he ��e�i����� ca�c��a�ed �a��e� �������i�g �he �e��i�ed
T,
4.2.1.1.5 ������ ������������ ������ (
B )�
Q ,
The ���i�� i��e�fe�e�ce �a�gi� ( ) �i�� de�e�d �� �he f�����i�g fac����: ). A�e�age ���i�� ����e� ��ad ( ). U��i�� SINR �a�ge� ( i� i������a�ed i� U��i�� Ce�� I��e�fe�e�ce Fac��� (F). The ca�c��a�i�� �f Fig��e 4�8 be���.
B
F����� 04.8 ������ ������������ ������
BIUL=
10log (ɤ × ×)
[dB]
The ���i�� ce�� i��e�fe�e�ce fac��� (F) i� �he a�e�age �a�i� �f �a�h gai�� �� i��e�fe�i�g ce��� �� �ha� �f �he �e��i�g ce��. The �a��e �f F i� �he e��a�i�� i� Fig��e 4�8 �i�� de�e�d �� �he cha�ac�e�i��ic� �f �he ce�� ��a� ��ch a� ���be� �f �ec����, ce�� �i�e, �a�e ����aga�i�� cha�ac�e�i��ic�, a��e��a heigh�, bea� �id�h a�d d�����i��. F�� di�e��i��i�g ca�c��a�i��� i� �hi� c����e a� ���i�� F �a��e �f 0.7 �hich i� ���ica� f�� a 3��ec��� �i�e i� a� ��ba� �� de��e ��ba� e��i����e�� i� ��ed.
γtarget
(B
γtargetQQ,,
A ���be� �f ) �a�gi�� �eed �� be ca�c��a�ed f�� �he �a�i���( )a�d ( ) �a��e� ��e�i����� ca�c��a�ed. If BIUL �eache� i�� ���e �a��e ( F =1) f�� a�� �f �he�e ca�c��a�i��� a ���e ��i�ab�e ( ) �a��e �ha� f��fi�� �he i���� �e��i�e�e��� �eed� �� be de�e��i�e� b� a� i�e�a�i�� ���ce��.
Q,
4.2.1.2 ������ ���� ������: The ���i�� �i�� b�dge� i� c����i�ed �f �he f�����i�g ca�c��a�i���:
R , Lpmax , ( n ′ ) (T, n′
Di�e��i��i�g Ce�� UL RB �h���gh��� ( Di�e��i��i�g Ce�� UL SINR �a�ge� ( ) eN�deB �ecei�e� �e��i�i�i�� ( ) Ma�i��� ���i�� �a�h ���� ( ) U��i�� Ce�� �a�ge (R)
• • • • •
4.2.1.2.1 ������������ ���� �� ��� ���� ��� �� (
)
)�
The ���be� �f RB� �������i�g �he �e��i�ed ���i�� �h���gh��� i� �he di�e��i��i�g ce�� i� de���ed b� �he �e�� The ���i�� bi� �a�e �e� RB ( ) i� �he�ef��e / )a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�9 be���
R ,
F����� 4.9 D����������� C��� �� �B ����������
R , , =
[�b��]
(nn)
Cha��e� Ba�d�id�h (
n n′ n′ ) (T, (,)
ca� �a�e a�� �a��e f��� 1 �� �� �he ���be� �������ed b� �he ) �i��� �he ���be� �e�e��ed f�� PUCCH ( ), ����ided i� i� a
T,
fac��� �f 2, 3 �� 5 a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�9 ab��e. T��ica� di�e��i��i�g �a��e� �f 5 a�d 10 Whe� �he �e��i�ed ���i�� �h���gh��� ( ) i� �������ed b� a ��a�� ( ���e RB� a�e a�ai�ab�e �� ��he� ��e�� �h�� �a�i�i�i�g ca�aci��.
(n′ ′ )
= 2, �a��e
O� �he ��he� ha�d �he� a �a�ge )i� ��ed �� ������� ) �he ��a���i��ed b��c�� a�e ���ead ��� ��e� a �ide� f�e��e�c� �e��i�i�g �e�� ���e� �e� RB a�d a ���e� ��d��a�i�� �che�e a�d/�� a highe� c�di�g �a�e �a� be ��ed. Thi� a����� �he UE �� ��e�c��e a g�ea�e� �a�h ���� a�d �h�� �a�i�i�e� c��e�age. I� i� ��ef�� �� ��� ��� �he �i�� b�dge� �i�h a fe� diffe�e�� �a��e� �f ( b�� i� �h���d be �e�e�be�ed �ha� �he e N�de B �ched��e� �i�� ��� a���ca�e �e�� �a�ge ���be�� �f RB� f�� ��a�� �a��e� �� �ee� �he ���i�� efficie�c� high. F�� �i���ifica�i�� �f �he di�e��i��i�g ca�c��a�i��� i� i� a����ed �ha�
(′ )
�he �a��e �f a�d �ha� i� �he i��e�fe�i�g ce��� ( �he ca�e i� �ea�i��.
′′
) a�e �he �a�e �hich �a� ��� be
4.2.1.2.2 ������������ ���� �� ���� ������ ( )�
( ,
The f�����a i� Fig��e 4.6 ca� a��� be ��ed �� ca�c��a�e �he di�e��i��i�g ce�� UL SINR �a�ge� ( ) f�� a ���be� �f ) �a��e�.
4.2.1.2.3 ������ �������� ����������� (
)�
The eN�deB �ecei�e� �e��i�i�i�� ( ) i� defi�ed a� �he �i�i��� �ig�a� �ha� i� �e��i�ed �� dec�de �he U��i�� RB. Thi� �i�� de�e�d �� �he �he��a� ��i�e ���e� de��i�� (N�), ��i�e fig��e �f �he eN�deB ( ), ba�d�id�h �f �he RB (W RB) a�d �he SINR �a�ge� �e��i�e�e�� f�� �he ���i�� RB ( ) a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4.10 be���.
F����� 04.10 ����� B �������� �����������
Se��deB=N� + Nf +10��g(WRB)+ɤ�a�ge� [dB�]
N
: The��a� ��i�e ���e� de��i�� �174 dB�/H� = 10��g10 (KT), �he�e (K) i� B�����a�� c����a�� & (T) i� �e��e�a���e i� Ke��i�. = 10��g (KT/10�3) dB�/H� Whe�e K = 1.38 X 10�23 J/K a�d T = 290 (17� C) => = 10��g [(1.38 X 10�23 X 290)/10�3] = �173.98= a�����i�a�e�� �174 dB�/H�
: N�i�e fig��e i� �he �a�i� �f �he i���� Sig�a� �� ��i�e �a�i� �� ������ �ig�a� �� ��i�e �a�i� �hich de�e��i�e a���ifie� �e�f���a�ce. N�i�e fig��e �f �he eN�deB �ecei�e� [dB], �he e N�de B �ecei�e� ca� be a����ed �� ha�e a ��i�e fig��e �f 2 dB �i�h T��e� M����ed A���ifie� (TMA) a�d 3 dB �i�h���. : Ba�d�id�h �e� �e����ce b��c�: 180 �H� => 10��g(WRB) = 10��g(180,000) = 52.55 dB a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�10 ab��e.
4.2.1.2.4 ������� ������ �� � ���� (
)�
The �a�i��� � �h ���� be��ee� �he UE a�d e N�de B ca� be ca�c��a�ed ��i�g �he f�����a i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�11 be���.
F����� 04.11 ������ ���� B�����
L��a�=PUE,RB �SeN�deB �BI�L �BLNF �LBL �LCPL �LBPL+Ga �LJA
[dB]
The ���a� ������ ���e� �f �he UE ( ) i� �ha�ed e��a��� be��ee� a�� a���ca�ed �e����ce b��c��. The�ef��e �he UE ���e� �e� �e����ce b��c� ( ) �i�� be e��a� �� / .) I� �h���d be �e�e be�ed �ha� ���� be i� �W �he� i� i� di�ided b� a�d �he �e���� c���e��ed bac� �� dB� a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�11 ab��e
=10 ��g ( / ) = [2, 3, 4�10] Rb�� UE a��e��a Gai� = −5 �� 0 dBi RX a��e��a gai� = 17 dBi �� 18 dBi
���������� F����� A �adi� �ig�a� e��e���e i� c�����ed �f a fa�� fadi�g �ig�a� ���e�i����ed �� a ���� fadi�g ��e. The �h��� �e� �� fa�� fadi�g (Ra��eigh fadi�g) �ig�a� (�ea���� �ea� di��a�ce ≈ λ/2) i� ���a��� ��e�e�� d��i�g �adi� c�����ica�i��, d�e �� �he fac� �ha� �he ��bi�e a��e��a i� ���e� �ha� �he �������di�g ����c���e�, ��ch a� ��ee� a�d b�i�di�g� �hich ac� a� �ef�ec����. The �e����i�g �ig�a� c���i �� �f �e�e�a� �a�e� �i�h �a�i��� a���i��de� a�d �ha�e�. S��e�i�e� �he�e a����� c����e�e�� ca�ce� ��� each ��he�. The Ra��eigh effec� i� �������i��a� �� �he �a�e�e�g�h (λ) a�d UE ��eed. he SINR (γ) �a��e� ��ed f�� LTE di�e �i��i�g i�c��de �he effec� �f Ra��eigh fadi�g A����i�g � a� fa�� fadi�g ha� bee� �e���ed (a�e�aged ���), �he ��ca� �ea� �a��e �f �he �ig�a� ���e� �h
f��c��a�e� i� a �a� ��� ��de�ed b� �he ��a�da�d ����aga�i�� RF ��edic�i�� a�g��i�h��. Thi� f��c��a�i�� i� ��g ����a�� di���ib��ed ab��� �he �ea� �a��e �i�h a ��a�da�d de�i �i�� (σ) �hich i� ���ica��� be��ee 6 a�d 10dB de�e�di�g �� �he e��i����e�� . If ���d��� ba�e ��a�i��� a�e ��ed �� ����ide i�d��� c��e�age �he� �he ��a�da�d de�ia�i�� i� B�i�di�g Pe�e��a�i�� L��� ( ) �d �ig�a� ���e�g�h i��ide �he b�i�di�g ���� be added. T��ica� �a��e� f�� �hi� c��bi�ed ��a�da�d de�ia�i�� (σ) a�e be��ee� 10 a�d 14 dB de�e�di�g �� �he e��i�� �e�� The ��g�����a� fadi�g �a�gi� ( ) ��ed i� �he �i�� b�dge� ca�c��a�i��� �i�� de�e�d � �he ��a�da�d de�ia�i�� �f �he e��i����e�� (σ) a�d �h �e��i�ed c��e�age ���babi�i��. The ��a�da�d de�ia�i��� (σ) f�� �a�i��� e��i����e��� a�d �he ��g����a� �a�gi� ( ) �ha� �h���d be ��ed �� achie�e �he �e��i�ed c��e�age ���babi�i�� i� i������a�ed i� �ab�e 4.2 be���. ����� 3 ���������� F����� ������
The ��g�����a� fadi�g �a�gi�� ( ) i������a�ed i� Tab�e 4.2 ab��e a�e ��ed i� b��h ���i�� a�d d����i�� LTE �i�� b�dge� ca�c��a�i���. The ���i�� ����e �efe�e�ce ��i�� f�� �i�� b�dge� ca�c��a�i��� �i�� de�e�d �� �he�he� a� ASC i� ��ed �� ��� The A��e��a S���e� C�������e� (ASC) c���ai�� a �a iab�e gai� T��e� M����ed A���ifie� (TMA). The gai� �f �he ASC i� ad����ed �� ��e�c��e �he ��� �f ASC i��e��i�� ���� ( ), Feede� ���� ( ) a�d a�� J���e� a�d C���ec��� ����e� b ��ee� �he ASC a�d eN�deB ( ) f � �he ���i��.
Thi� �ea�� �ha� �he� �he ASC i� ��ed �he �efe�e�ce ��i�� f�� �i�� b�dge� ca�c��a�i��� i� �he ��� �f he ASC a�d ���� �he A��e��a J���e� ���� ( ) �eed� �� be i�c��ded. If a� ASC i� ��� ��ed �he ���i�� �efe�e�ce ��i�� f�� �i�� b�dge� ca�c��a�i��� i� �he ��� �f �he eN�deB a�d a�� feede� a�d ����e�/c���ec��� ����e� ���� be i�c��ded. I� �he ca�e �he�e �he eN�deB ��e� a Re���e Radi� U�i� (RRU) fibe� ���ica� cab�e� a�e ��ed i ��ead �f RF feede�, ����e� a�d c��� c���� �� �� feede� a�d ����e�� ����e� �eed �� be i�c��ded i� �i��
b�dge� ca�c��a�i���. The ��e��a gai� ( ( + )
) i� �he ��� �f �he UE a�d eN�deB a��e��a gai��
����� 4 ���� ������ ������
I� �h���d be �e�e�be�ed �ha� f�� i�d��� c��e�age ca�c��a�i��� ca� �e�e��a�i�� ���� ( ) i� ��� i�c��ded. N� e �ha� �he cha�ac�e�i��ic� �f diffe�e�� ��ba�, ��b��ba� e c. e��i����e��� ca� diffe� �ig�ifica���� �h���gh��� �he ����d. Th�� �he b�i�di�g �e�e��a�i�� ���� ( ) �a��e� i� Tab� 4.3 ab��e ���� be ��ea�ed �i�h ca�e. The� �h���d be c���ide�ed a� a �ea���ab�e a�����i�a�i�� �he� �� ��he� i�f���a�i�� i� �b�ai�ab�e.
4.2.1.3 ������ ���� �����: The ���i�� �i�e c���� c����i�e� �f �he f�����i�g ca�c��a�i���: • • •
U��i�� ce�� �a�ge (R) U��i�� �i�e �� �i�e di��a�ce (d) a�d c��e�age a�ea (A) U��i�� �i�e c����
4.2.1.3.1 ������ ���� ����� (� � F�� ce�� ��a��i�g i� i� �e�� i�����a�� �� be ab�e �� e��i�a�e �he �ig�a� ��� �g�h� i� a�� �a��� �f �he a�ea �� be c��e�ed, �ha� i�, �� ��edic� �he �a�h ����. The ���� acc��a� be�� �a�h ���� ��de�� �ha� ca� be ��ed a�e �e�i�e��i�ica�, �ha� i�, ba�ed �� �ea���e�e��� �f �a�h ����/a��e��a�i�� i� �a�i��� �e��ai��. The ��e �f ��ch ��de�� i� ���i�a�ed b� �he fac� �ha� �adi� ����aga�i�� ca���� be �ea���ed e�e���he�e. H��e�e�, if �ea���e�e��� a�e �a�e� i� ���ica� e��i����e���, �he �a�a�e�e�� �f �he ��de� ca� be fi�e����ed �� �ha� �he �de� i� a� g��d a� ����ib�e f�� �ha� �a��ic��a� ���e �f �e��ai�. The ��dified �O�����a�Ha�a� (OH)
����aga�i�� ��de� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�12 be��� i� ��ed f�� LTE c��e�age ca�c��a�i��� i� �he 2.6 GH� ba�d.
F����� 04.12 ������ C��� �����
(
L��a� = A�13.82��gHb + (44.9�6.55��gH b) ��g R � [3.2 �4.97] [dB] R=
(
) [K�]
4.2.1.3.2 ������ ������������ �� ����� (�) ��� �������� ���� (�)�
F����� 4.13 ������������ D������� & C������� A���
O�ce �he ce�� �a�ge (R) ha� bee� ca�c��a�ed, �i���e ge��e��� ca� be ��e �� Ca�c��a�e �he �i�e�����i�e i��a�ce (d) a�d c��e�age a�ea (A) a� i������a�ed i� Fig�� 4�13 be���. If a 6��ec��� �i�e c��fig��a�i�� i� ��ed �he c��e�age a�ea (A) a�d �i�e����� �e di��a�ce (d) a�e ca�c��a�ed ��i�g � e �a�e f�����ae a� a� O��i �i�e.
4.2.1.3.3 ������ ���� ������ The ���be� �f �i�e� �eeded �� �ee� �he ���i�� c��e�age �e��i�e�e��� c � be ca�c��a�ed b� di�idi�g �he �i�e c��e�age a�ea i��� �he a�ea �� be c��e�ed.
=
4.2.2 �������� �����A �: The d����i�� �i�� b�dge� i� ca�c��a�ed f�� �he f�����i�g ������e�: T� de�e��i�e �h �i�i�i�g �i�� • T� de�e��i�e �h bi� �a�e �ha� ca� be �������ed i� �he d����i�� a� �he � �i�� • The D�� ��i�� c��e�age c �c��a�i�� ��e�� a�e �i��ed be���: S�e� 1: D����i� ��i�e �i�e a� ce�� edge S�e� 2: D����i� Th���gh��� a� ce�� edge
4.2.2.1 �������� ����� �� � �� ���� ����: Si�ce LTE ��e�� a�e a��� �e�a�a�ed i� �i�e a�d f�e��e�c� i� �he d����i�� �he ��i�e �i�e �i�� ���� de�e�d �� �he i��e�fe�e�ce f��� �he ad�ace�� ce���. The a����� �f d����i�� ��i�e �i�e a� �he ce�� edge ( ) ���� be i�c��ded i� �i�� b�dge� ca�c��a�i���. The ca�c��a�i�� �f BIDL ca� be di�ided i��� �he f�����i�g ��e��:
• •
D����i�� �a�i��� �ig�a� a��e��a�i�� ( D����i�� ��i�e �i�e a� ce�� edge ( )
)
4.2.2.1.1 �������� ������� ������ ����������� (
,, )�
,
The �a�i��� d����i�� �ig�a� a��e��a�i�� ( ) i� �he �a�i��� a��e��a�i�� be��ee� �he eN�deB ������ a�d �he UE� �ecei�e� i����. ca� be ca�c��a�ed ��i�g �he ba�ic f�����a be���: = + + ����e� � Whe�e BLNF i� �he ��g�����a� fadi�g �a�gi�, i� �he ��� �f �he UE a�d eN�deB a��e��a gai�� a�d �he ����e� a�e �ade �� �f �he f�����i�g: B�d� ���� ( ) • Ca� �e�e��a�i�� ���� ( ) • B�i�di�g Pe�e��a�i�� L��� ( ) • L���e� be��ee� �he a��e��a i���� a�d ����e� �efe�e�ce ��i�� •
,
The de�i�a�i�� �f a c����e�e f�����a �� ca�c��a�e
,
i� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�14 be���.
F����� 04.14 D� ��� ������ A����������
L�a,�a� = L��a� + BLNF + LBL+ LCPL+ LBPL + LJA �Ga
[dB]
The f�����a i� Fig��e 4�14 ab��e i� ���� �a�id �he� a� ASC i� ��ed a� ����
4.2.2.1.2 �������� ����� ���� �� ���� ���� (
,
i� i�c��ded.
)�
The d����i�� ��i�e �i�e a� �he ce�� edge ( ) �i�� de�e�d �� �he f�����i�g fac����: eN�deB ���e� �e� RB a� �he �efe�e�ce ��i�� ( ) • A�e�age d����i�� ����e� ��ad ( ) • D����i�� Ce�� edge i��e�fe�e�ce fac��� ( ) • The��a� N�i�e P��e� De��i�� ( ) • UE ��i�e fig��e ( ) •
,
Ba�d�id�h �e� Re����ce B��c� (WRB) DL �a�i��� �ig�a� a��e��a�i�� ( ) • The f�����a ��ed �� ca�c��a�e i� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�15 be���. •
F����� 04.15 D� ����� ���� �� C��� E���
( ,× (×) ,) , , ,
BIDL=10��g ( 1+
)
[dB]
A� �he�e i� �� ���e� c������ f�� i�di�id�a� RB� �he ���i�a� ���e� a� �he �efe�e�ce ��i�� ( ) i� �ha�ed e��a��� be��ee� �he ���be� �f RB� �������ed b� �he Cha��e� Ba�d�id�h ( ). Thi� �ea�� �ha� �he ���i�a� ���e� �e� RB a� �he �efe�e�ce ��i�� ( ) i� gi�e� b� ( )/ a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�15 ab��e. Wi�h 60W ��a���i��ed a� �he ��� �f �he eN�deB i� ca� be a����ed �ha� �he ���i�a� ���e� a� �he �efe�e�ce ��i�� ( ) i� 40 W. NRB ca� �a�� f��� 6 �� 100 f�� cha��e� ba�d�id�h� f��� 1.4 �� 20 MH�. The d����i�� ��ad ( ) �a��e ��ed i� �he f�����a i� Fig��e 4�15 i� ����a��� gi�e� a� a ��e �f �he de�ig� i�����. The UE ��i�e fig��e ca� be a����ed �� be 7 dB.
,
The ce�� ��a� ��a�i�� i� ��de�ed �i�h �he fac��� . . de�c�ibe� �he �a�i� �f �ecei�ed ���e� f��� a�� ��he� ce��� �� �ha� �ecei�ed f��� ��� ce�� a� a ��ca�i�� �ea� �he ce�� edge.
4.2.2.2 �������� ���������� A� ���� ����: U�i�g �he �a�i��� �a�h ���� ( ) f��� �he ���i�� a�d �he ca�c��a�ed d����i�� ��i�e �i�e a� �he ce�� edge ( ) i� i� ����ib�e �� ���� ��� �he d����i�� ce�� edge SINR (γ). Thi� ca� �he� be c���e��ed �� a� a�����i�a�e d����i�� bi� �a�e �e� RB ( ) ��i�g �he LTE Se�i e��i�ica� M�de� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�6. The d����i�� �h���gh��� a� �he ce�� edge ca� �he� be ca�c��a�ed b� ����i���i�g �he d����i�� bi� �a�e �e� RB ( ) b� �he a�ai�ab�e ���be� �f RB� ( ). The �e���� �h���d be e���gh �� �ee� �he d����i�� ce�� edge �h���gh��� �e��i�e�e��. If ��� �he i�i�ia� �i�e c���� �h���d be i�c�ea�ed a�d �he di�e��i��i�g ���ce�� �e��a��ed. The d����i�� ce�� edge �h���gh��� di�e��i��i�g ��e� i�����e� ca�c��a�i�g �he f�����i�g �e���: D����i�� ce�� edge SINR (γ) • D����i�� ce�� edge bi� �a�e �e� RB ( ) • D����i�� ce�� edge �h���gh��� ( •
,,)
,
,
4.2.2.2.1 �������� ���� ���� ���� (γ)�
The f�����ae �� ca�c��a�e �he �a�i��� �a�h ���� ( ) a�d UE �ecei�e� �e��i�i�i�� ( ) i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�16 be��� ca� be ����ed f�� γ �� ���d�ce a f�����a �ha� ca� be ��ed �� ca�c��a�e �he d����i�� SINR (γ) a� �he ce�� edge.
F����� 04.16 D������� C��� E��� ����
L��a�=P��,RB �SUE �BIDL �BLNF �LBL �LCPL �LBPL+ Ga �LJA �he�e SUE=N� + Nf +10��g(WRB)+ɤ
, []
P��,RB=
[dB�]
ɤ = P��,RB �L��a� �N� � N �10��g(W f RB) �BIDL �BLNF �LBL �LCPL �LBPL+Ga �LJA
,
The �a��e �f L��a� ��ed i� �he f�����a i� Fig��e 4�16 i� �a�e� f��� �he ���i�� �i�� b�dge� ca�c��a�i�� �i�h c���e��ed �� dB� a� i������a�ed
4.2.2.2.2 �������� �������� ���� ���� ��� �� � ���� ��� �� (
R,
)�
Si�ce �he d����i�� ce�� edge SINR (γ) ha� bee� ca�c��a�ed i� ca� be ��b��i���ed i��� �he fi��� f�����a i� �he LTE Se�i e��i�ica� M�de� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�6 �� ca�c��a�e �he �a��e f�� �T�. Thi� �e���� �i�� be �he d����i�� ce�� edge bi� �a�e �e� RB ( ).The ce�� edge SINR e��i�a�e i� ��a��f���ed i��� a bi� �a�e �e� �e����ce b��c� (R/RB) b� �he �a�e ���e �f �e�i�e��i�ica� �e�a�i���hi� a� f�� �he ���i�� SINR �e��i�e�e��. F�� �he d����i��, �he �e�i� e��i�ica� c����a��� a�e gi�e� f�����i�g �ab�e
R,
����� 5 ���� �E�������� � ��������� ��� D�������
4.2.2.2.3 �������� ���� ���� ���������� (
R,
T,T, )�
n
The d����i�� ce�� edge �h���gh��� ( ) ca� be ca�c��a�ed b� ����i���i�g ( ) b� �he ���be� �f RB� �������ed b� �he Cha��e� Ba�d�id�h ( ) a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�17 be���.
TD�,edge =
,
F����� 04.17 D� C��� E��� ����������
[Mb��]
T,
The d����i�� ce�� edge �h���gh��� ( ) ca�c��a�ed ��i�g �he f�����a i� Fig��e 4�17 ab��e ���� be e���gh �� �ee� �he �e����� d����i�� ce�� edge �h���gh��� �e��i�e�e�� ( ).
T,
4 .2.3 ������ �A�A����: Ca�aci�� di�e��i��i�g �b�ai�� i���� i�f���a�i�� �� �he �ha�e� af�e� �adi� i��e�face di�e��i��i�g: ��a���i��i�� �i�� di�e��i��i�g a�d e N�deB di�e��i��i�g. The �e�h�d i� ��ecified f�� a ce��ai� bac�g����d ��ad, �he ���ca��ed ����e� ��ad. The di�e��i��i�g �e�h�d fi�d� �he �a�i��� ca�aci�� �ha� �he �a�ge� ce�� ca� ����ai� ���e��a�i��, gi�e� �he ����e� ��ad i� �he �������di�g ce���. I� i� i����bab�e �ha� a�� ce��� i� a ����e� a�e f���� ��aded a� �he �a�e �i�e, a� �b�e��ed i� �ea� �e������ �f diffe�e�� �ech����gie�. The ��e�a�i�g ��de �i�h ���e� c������ a����e� �e�fec� ���e� c������ a�d i�fi�i�e ���e� d��a�ic�. Thi� �ea�� �ha� a�� UE� a�e �ecei�ed a� �he ��e�i����� ca�c��a�ed UL SINR �a�ge�( ) a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�18 be���.
F����� 04.18 ������ C������� C����������
Ra�g,UL=
,()
Tce��,UL =Q UL Ra�g,UL
[Mb��] [Mb��]
,
The c���e����di�g ���i�� bi� �a�e �e� RB ( ) ca� be �ca�ed �i�h �he ���be� �f a�ai�ab�e �e����ce b��c�� i� �he ����e� ( � ) �� ���d�ce �he a�e�age ��e� bi� �a�e �e� ce�� ( ) a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�18 ab��e. The ���i�� ce�� �h���gh��� ( ) ca� �he� be ca�c��a�ed b� ����i���i�g �he a�e�age ��e� bi� �a�e �e� ce�� ( ) b�� �he A�e�age ���i�� ����e� ��ad ( ) a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�18 Ab��e
,
, ,
T,
4.2.4 �������� �A�A����:
The ca�c��a�i�� �f �he d����i�� ce�� �h���gh��� ( f�����i�g ��de�: D����i�� a�e�age ��i�e �i�e ( ) • D����i�� a�e�age SINR ( ) •
) i� �e�f���ed i� �he
B γ, R , , R , T,
•
D����i�� a�e�age bi� �a�e �e� �e����ce b��c� (
•
D����i�� a�e�age ��e� bi� �a�e (
•
D����i�� ce�� �h���gh��� (
)
)
)
4.2.4.1 �������� A���A�� ����� ����: The d����i�� ��i�e �i�e a� a� a�e�age ��ca�i�� i� �he ce�� ( ca�c��a�ed ��i�g �he f�����a i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4� 19 be���.
B
) �a� be
F����� 4.19 D������� A������ ����� ����
B ( ,×(×) , B = 1+
) [�i�ea�]
B F
The f�����a ��ed �� ca�c��a�e �he d����i�� a�e�age ��i�e �i�e ( ) i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�19 ab��e i� �e�� �i�i�a� �� �ha� ��ed �� ca�c��a�e �he ��i�e �i�e a� �he ce�� edge ( ) i� Fig��e 4�19 b�� �he a�e�age F fac��� f�� �he ce�� i� ��ed i���ead �f a� �he ce�� edge. The �a��e �f F �i�� de�e�d �� �he cha�ac�e�i��ic� �f �he ce�� ��a� ��ch a� ���be� �f �ec����, ce�� �i�e, �a�e ����aga�i�� cha�ac�e�i��ic�, a��e��a heigh� bea� �id�h a�d d��� �i�� h��e�e� a �a��e �f 0.7 �hich i� ���ica� f�� a 3��ec��� �i�e i� a� ��ba� �� de��e ��ba� e��i����e�� �a� be ��ed i� �hi� c����e
4.2.4.2 �������� A���A�� ����:
γ,
A� a�e�age d����i�� SINR ( i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�20 be���.
ɤ,
) �a��e ca� be ca�c��a�ed ��i�g �he f�����a
F����� 04.20 D� A������ ����
= 10��g (
[ , ()] ,
)
[dB]
The a�e�age a��e��a�i�� fac��� (H) ��ed i� �he f�����a i� Fig��e 4�20 ab��e i� de�e�de�� �� �he �i�e ge��e���, a��e��a �a��e��, �a�e ����aga�i�� e����e�� a�d �he ba�e ��a�i�� a��e��a heigh�. F�� di�e��i��i�g ������e� a H �a��e �f 0.36 �hich i� �a�id f�� ��ba� 3��ec��� �i�e� �i�h 30 a��e��a heigh� �a� be ��ed.
γ,
4.2.4.3 �������� A���A�� ��� �A�� ��� �������� �����: Si�ce �he a�e�age d����i�� SINR ( ) ha� bee� ca�c��a�ed i� ca� be ��b��i���ed i��� �he fi��� f�����a i� �he LTE Se�i e��i�ica� M�de� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�6 �� ca�c��a�e �he �a��e f�� �T�. Thi� �e���� �i�� be �he d����i�� a�e�age bi� �a�e �e� RB ( ).
n, R,,
R,,
4.2.4.4 �������� A���A�� ���� ��� �A�� A�� ���� ����������: The d����i�� a�e�age bi� �a�e �e� RB ( ) ca� be �ca�ed �i�h �he ���be� �f a�ai�ab�e �e����ce b��c�� i� �he ����e� ( ) �� ���d�ce �he a�e�age ��e� bi� �a�e �e� ce�� ( ) a� i������a�ed be���.
R,
,,
Ra�g,DL=
F����� 04.21 D������� C������� C�����������
[Mb��]
Tce��,DL =Q DL Ra�g,DL
[Mb��]
R, T,
Q
The d����i�� ce�� �h���gh��� ( ) ca� �he� be ca�c��a�ed b� ����i���i�g �he a�e�age ��e� bi� �a�e �e� ce�� ( ) b� �he A�e�age d����i�� ����e� ��ad ( ) a� i������a�ed i� Fig��e 4�21
������� (5) �������������� �� ��� ����
5.1 ������� ������� ���� ����: I� �hi� �a�� ��� begi� �he ���ce�� �f ��de���a�di�g: Wh� �a�a i� a g�ea� ���g�a��i�g �a�g�age �� ��e Di�c��e� �he ��e�� i� �he P��g�a� De�e����e�� C�c�e �i�h �he ����ec�
5.1.1 ���� �� ���� ? Ja�a i� a ���g�a��i�g �a�g�age a�d c�����i�g ��a�f��� fi��� �e�ea�ed b� S�� Mic������e�� i� 1995. The�e a�e ���� �f a���ica�i��� a�d �eb�i�e� �ha� ���� ��i�g �a�a, a�d ���e a�e c�ea�ed e�e�� da�. Ja�a i� fa��, �ec��e, a�d �e�iab�e. F��� �a����� �� da�ace��e��, ga�e c�����e� �� �cie��ific ���e�c�����e��, ce�� �h��e� �� �he I��e��e�, Ja�a i� e�e���he�e.
5.1.2 ������������ �� ���� : Di��i�g�i�hed E�gi�ee� �h� ha� c�ea�ed ��he� ���d�c�� a�d �a�g�age�, �i�h �a�a, he f�c��ed �� �a�i�g �ha� �a� �igh� ab��� e�i��i�g �a�g�age� a�d addi�g i�����e�e��� �� �a�e ���e�hi�g be��e�. Ja�a i� a ���e�f�� a�d f�e�ib�e ���g�a��i�g �a�g�age. Li�e a�� ���g�a��i�g �a�g�age�, i� ca� be ��ed �� c�ea�e a �a�ie�� �f a���ica�i���. Y��� ���e��ia� �i�h �a�a i� �i�i�ed ���� b� ���� i�agi�a�i��. The �a�g�age d�e� ��� ��ace c�����ai��� �� �ha� ��� ca� d�. Ja�a ha� a��ead� bee� ��ed f�� ����ec�� a� di�e��e a� d��a�ic Web �i�e�, de�e����e�� �����. Ja�a ca� be ��ed �� c�ea�e ��adi�i��a� Wi�d��� c�ie�� a���ica�i���, XML Web �e��ice�, di���ib��ed c�����e���, c�ie����e��e� a���ica�i���, da�aba�e a���ica�i���, a�d ��ch, ��ch ���e.
5.1.3 ��� ���� ? Ma�� ����d be �����i�ed �� �ee �hi� ��e �f �he ��� �ea��� �f �ea��i�g Ja�a, �� c���ide�i�g i� a� be�� ���g�a��i�g �a�g�age, b�� i� i�. If ��� ha�e ��ee� �ea��i�g c���e, i� ����d be diffic��� �� ge� ���d�c�i�e i� �h��� ��a� �f �i�e, �hich i� �he ca�e �i�h ���� �f ���fe��i��a� ����ec�. Ja�a ha� f��e�� E�g�i�h �i�e ����a� �i�h �i�i��� �agic cha�ac�e�� e.g. Ge�e�ic� a�g�e b�ac�e��, �hich �a�e� i� ea�� �� �ead Ja�a ���g�a� a�d �ea�� ��ic���. N��e: If ��� ha�e ��ed C# a�d ��� be�ie�e i� i� �i���e, ��� �i�� fi�d �a�a �� be �i���e. M��� �e���e d���� be�ie�e �ha� C# i� �i���e. Ja�a i� h��e�e� ea�ie� �ha� C# a�d C++. A�d �he �ai� ad�a��age� �ha� �ade �� ��e �a�a i���ead �f a�� ��he� ���g�a��i�g �a�g�age� a�e: 1. Ja�a I� Ob�ec��O�ie��ed 2. Ja�a ha� ea�ie�� GUI c�ea��� 3. P��e�f�� de�e����e�� ����� e.g. Ec�i��e, Ne�bea�� 4. Ja�a I� P��e�f�� a�d F�e�ib�e 5. G�ea� c���ec�i�� �f O�e� S���ce �ib�a�ie� 6. W��de�f�� c�����i�� ������� 7. Ja�a i� FREE 8. Ja�a i� P�a�f��� I�de�e�de�� 9. Ja�a i� e�e���he�e 5.1.3.1 Ja�a I� Ob�ec��O�ie��ed : The �e�� �� a� �b�ec����ie��ed �a�g�age a�e e�ca����a�i��, i�he�i�a�ce, a�d ��������hi��. Ja�a �������� a�� �f �he�e. E�ca����a�i�� i� �he ��aci�g �f f��c�i��a�i�� i��� a �i�g�e �ac�age. I�he�i�a�ce i� a ����c���ed �a� �f e��e�di�g e�i��i�g c�de a�d f��c�i��a�i�� i��� �e� ���g�a�� a�d �ac�age�. 5.1.3.2 Ja�a ha� ea�ie�� GUI c�ea��� : O�e ���e �ea��� �f Ja�a ���g�a��i�g �a�g�age'� h�ge ��cce�� i� ea�i�e�� �f GUI c�ea�i�� a�d a�� c�����e��� ��� �eed �� ha�e �e�fec� GUI c��e� a�� �i�h �a�a i���a��a�i�� �i�e b������, �a�e��, f�a�e�, �e��fie�d�, ��ide��, �abe�� a�d ��he�� a�� �� ������� ��� �� ge� �ha� i� ���� i�agi�a�i��. 5.1.3.3 P��e�f�� de�e����e�� ����� e.g. Ec�i��e, Ne�bea�� :
Ec�i��e a�d Ne�bea�� ha� ��a�ed h�ge ���e �� �a�e Ja�a ��e �f �he be�� ���g�a��i�g �a�g�age. C�di�g i� IDE i� ��ea���e. The� ��� ���� he��� i� c�de c����e�i�� b�� a��� ����ide� ���e�f�� deb�ggi�g ca�abi�i��, �hich i� e��e��ia� f�� �ea� ����d de�e����e��. I��eg�a�ed De�e����e�� E��i����e�� (IDE) �ade Ja�a de�e����e�� ��ch ea�ie�, fa��e� a�d f��e��. I�'� ea�� �� �ea�ch, �efac��� a�d �ead c�de ��i�g IDE�. 5.1.3.4 Ja�a I� P��e�f�� a�d F�e�ib�e: Ja�a ��� a�e �i�i�ed ���� b� ���� i�agi�a�i��. The �a�g�age ��ace� �� c�����ai��� �� �ha� ca� be d��e. Ja�a ca� be ��ed f�� ����ec�� a� di�e��e a� c�ea�i�g ga�e�, g�a�hic� a�d �eb�i�e�. 5.1.3.5 G�ea� c���ec�i�� �f O�e� S���ce �ib�a�ie�: O�e� ����ce �ib�a�ie� e����e� �ha� Ja�a �h���d be ��ed e�e���he�e. A�ache, G��g�e, a�d ��he� ��ga�i�a�i�� ha� c����ib��ed ��� �f g�ea� �ib�a�ie�, �hich �a�e� Ja�a de�e����e�� ea��, fa��e� a�d c��� effec�i�e. 5.1.3.6 W��de�f�� c�����i�� �������: C�����i�� i� �he bigge�� ���e�g�h �f Ja�a ���g�a��i�g �a�g�age a�d ��a�f���. N� �a��e�, h�� g��d a �a�g�age i�, i� ����d�'� ����i�e, if �he�e i� �� c�����i�� �� �������, he�� a�d �ha�e �hei� �����edge. 5.1.3.7 Ja�a i� FREE: Si�ce Ja�a i� f�ee f��� ��a��, i.e. ��� d��'� �eed �� �a� a���hi�g �� c�ea�e Ja�a a���ica�i��. Thi� FREE �hi�g a��� he��ed Ja�a �� bec��e �����a� a���g i�di�id�a� ���g�a��e��, a�d a���g �a�ge ��ga�i�a�i���. 5.1.3.8 Ja�a i� P�a�f��� I�de�e�de��: I� 1990�, �hi� �a� �he �ai� �ea��� �f Ja�a'� �����a�i��. Idea �f ��a�f��� i�de�e�de�ce i� g�ea�, a�d Ja�a'� �ag �i�e "��i�e ��ce ��� a���he�e" �a� e��ici�g e���gh �� a���ac� ���� �f �e� de�e����e�� i� Ja�a. Thi� i� ��i�� ��e �f �he �ea��� �f Ja�a bei�g be�� ���g�a��i�g �a�g�age, ���� �f Ja�a a���ica�i��� a�e de�e���ed i� Wi�d��� e��i����e�� a�d ��� i� UNIX ��a�f���. 5.1.3.9 Ja�a i� e�e���he�e: Ja�a i� e�e���he�e, i�'� �� de�����, i�'� �� ��bi�e, i�'� �� ca�d, �� �eb�i�e�, ga�e� a�d �e��e�� a����� e�e���he�e a�d �� i� Ja�a ���g�a��e��
5.1.4 ������ �������������� : S���e� a�chi�ec���e :
F����� 5.1
5.1.5 ������� ��������� : 1) We�c��e �age :
2) Se�ec�i�g a�ea �� �a�:
3) See �e�ec�ed ��i��� a�d ca�c��a�ed a�ea :
4) E��e�i�g �ai� ��a��i�g �a�a�e�e��:
5) E��e�i�g ad�a�ced �a�a�e�e�� �� �ea�e i� �� defa����:
6) Ge�e�a�i�g ce��� ���i�i�� �� �a�
7) Sh��i�g �ai� ������� :
8) Sh��i�g ad�a�ced c��e�age �������:
9) Sh��i�g ad�a�ced ca�aci�� �������:
10) Sh��i�g g�a�h� f�� ���� ����ec�:
11) Fi�a��� e�����i�g ������� a�d ce��� ���i�i��� i� e�ce� fi�e :
MAP a��e�di�
∗∗
Ca�c��a�e di��a�ce be��ee� ��� ��i���: X=
�
a =� �e� ��i�� �� �a�� ��i�� b = � �e� ��i�� �� �a�� ��i��
+
Y= Di��a�ce=X*Y Ca�c��a�e a�ea: A=0.5*(
− + − +���+ − + − )
C=a�����i�a�e ��i� a�ea be��ee� ��� ��cce��i�e �a�i��de� a�d ���gi��de�=10671.91 C i� Eg��� T��a� a�ea =A*C Be�e�, W. H. (Ed.). ��� �������� ������������ ������� ���� ��� B�ca Ra���, FL: CRC P�e��, ��. 123� 124, 1987.
5.2 ������������ ������ 5.2.1 ����� 1:
F����� 05.2 �������� ������� C��� ������ ��� B��� ������� H�����.
The ��e�i��� �e�a�i���hi� be��ee� ba�e ��a�i�� heigh� a�d ce�� �i�e �adi�� i� di�ec� �������i��a�i��. Thi� a�i�e� f��� �he highe� �adia�i�� abi�i�� �f highe� a��e��a ����e��. A���he� e���a�a�i�� f�� �hi� �e�a�i���hi� i� �ha� highe� ba�e ��a�i�� �ea�� ���e �e�i��i�i�� agai��� �a�h �b��ac�e� �e����i�g i� be��e� cha��e� fadi�g c��di�i��� (i.e. �ig�a� �ee�� i�� ���e�g�h f�� ���ge� di��a�ce).Ce�� �a�ge ��adi��� de�e�d� �ai��� �� �a�i��� a����ed �a�h ���� a�d heigh� �f �he a��e��a b�� �a�i��� �a�h ���� a����� de�e�d� �� �he e��i���e�� �� �� achie�e ���e ce�� c��e�age a�ea (i�c�ea�e ce�� �adi��) �e ha�e �� i�c�ea�e heigh� �f �he a��e��a.
L = R=
A�13.82��g
H
+(44.9�6.55��g
H (log (11 )��gR �[3.2
��5�)) − 4�� �]
��� ��)) �� ) [K�] ��g� ���
5.2.2 ����� 2:
F����� 05.3 �������� ������� ������� ���� ���� ��� E�������� ����������.
[dB]
The ��e�i��� �e�a�i�� be��ee� ��e� e��i��e�� �e��i�i�i�� a�d �a�i��� �a�h ���� i�
c���ide�ed i��e��e�� �������i��a� �i�h ����e=�1. A� �h���, �he� i�c�ea�i�g �he ��e� e��i��e�� �e��i�i�i�� �SUE� �he
dec�ea�e� d�e �� �hi� e��a�i�� �e�a�i��:
L��a�= P��,RB �SUE �BIDL �BLNF �LBL �LCPL �LBPL+Ga �LJA
[dB]
5.2.3 ����� 3:
F����� 05.4 �������� ������� �� D� ����������� ��� C������ B��������
The ��e�i��� cha�� �h��� �he �e�a�i�� be��ee� cha��e� ba�d�id�h a�d �he �ecei�e�
N
d����i�� �e��i�i�i�� ���e� e��i��e�� �e��i�i�i�� �.Whe� �e i�c�ea�e ba�d�id�h �he ���be� �f �e����ce b��c�� �
� i�c�ea�e� acc��di�g �� Tab�e 3 a�d �he� ���be� �f �e����ce b��c�� N RB
i�c�ea�e �he ���e� ��a���i��ed �e� �e����ce b��c� � P��,RB� dec�ea�e a�d �� c���e��a�e �hi� �e ha�e �� i�c�ea�e ��e� e��i��e�� �e��i�i�i�� � SUE�, �ha��� �h��� b� �he f�����i�g �e�a�i���: ����� 6 �������� ������� ��������� ��� ������ �� �������� �����
Cha��e� Ba�d�id�h [MHZ] N��be� �f Re����ce B��c�� (�RB)
10log(, ())
P��,RB=
1.4 6
[dB�]
L��a�=P��,RB �SUE �BIDL �BLNF �LBL �LCPL �LBPL+Ga �LJA [dB]
3 15
5 25
10 50
15 75
20 100
5.2.4 ����� 4:
F����� 5.5 �������� ������� D� C��� ���� ���������� ��� D� ������� ����
Q
The ��e�i��� �e�a�i�� be��ee� d����i�� �e����� ��ad a�d d����i�� ce�� edge �h���gh���.Whe� �e����� ��ad �
ɤ
� i�c�ea�e� �he i��e�fe�e�ce be��ee� ��e�� i� d����i�� �
BIDL� i�c�ea�e� ���.The�ef��e �ig�a� �� i��e�fe�e�ce ��i�e �a�i� �
� dec�ea�e� ���e i� �ega�i�e
�a��e �� �he ���be� �f �e����ce b��c�� �e�� �� ��e� a� �he ce�� edge dec�ea�e� �he� fi�a��� �he ce�� edge �h���gh��� dec�ea�e�.Thi� ����a��� a� �he� ��ad i�c�ea�e� SINR dec�ea�e� a�d �h���gh��� dec�ea�e� a�d ����ed b� �he f�����i�g e��a�i���: BIDL=10��g(1+
( ,∗ (∗),
) [dB]
γ = P��,RB �L��a� �N� � N �10��g(W f RB) �BIDL �BLNF �LBL �LCPL �LBPL+Ga �LJA [dB]
[e () ] γ
RRB,DL =a3+(a0�a3) TD�,edge =
,
[Kb��]
[Mb��]
5.2.5 ����� 5:
F����� 05.6 �������� ������� �������� ���� ���� ��� D������� ������� ��� �����
The ��e�i��� �e�a�i�� be��ee� �a�i��� �a�h ���� a�d di��a�ce be��ee� 2 �i�e� i� di�ec� ��g �e�a�i���hi�. A� �he� di��a�ce be� 2 �i�e� �D � i�c�ea�e� �he �e��i�g eN�deB
L L =
di��a�ce �R� i�c�ea�e� ��, �he ����e� d�e �� e��i����e�� a��� i�c�ea�e �� �he �a�i��� �a�h �����
� i�c�ea�e� ���. A���, i� ca� be ����ed b� �he f�����i�g e��a�i���:
R= D /1.5
5.2.6 ����� 6:
A�13.82��g
H
+(44.9�6.55��g
H (log (11 )��gR�[3.2
��5�)) − 4�� �]
[dB]
F����� 5.7 �������� ������� �� C��� ���������� ��� ������ �� ����������� ��� ����
The ��e�i��� �e�a�i�� i� be��ee� �he ���be� �f ��b�c�ibe�� �e� ce�� a�d �he ���i�� ce�� �h���gh���. A�, ���be� �f ��b�c�ibe�� �N��b�� i�c�ea�e� �he ���i�� ce�� �h���gh��� �Tce��,UL� ���� i�c�ea�e ��� �� ������� �e� ��b�c�ibe�� b�� a��� �he�e i� a �a�i��� �h���gh��� �f �he ce�� ca���� �a��ed a� �hich i�c�ea�e �he ���be� �f ��e�� �he �h���gh��� �i�� be c����a��. Tce��,UL=T��b,UL*N��b� [�b��]
5.2.7 ����� 7:
F����� 05.8 �������� ������� D� C��� ���� ���������� ��� D������� ���� B��� �������
The ��e�i��� cha�� de�ic�� �he �e�a�i�� be��ee� d����i�� ce�� edge �h���gh��� a�d di��a�ce
L
a�a� f��� �he ba�e ��a�i��. Whe� �e ���e a�a� f��� �he �e��i�g eN�deB �he Di��a�ce �R� i�c�ea�e�, �he �a�h ����
γ
� i�c�ea�e� ��, �he d����i�� �a�i��� �ig�a� a��e��a�i�� �L�a,�a��
i�c�ea�e�, �he DL i��e�fe�e�ce �a�gi� �BIDL� dec�ea�e� a�d �he SINR � � i�c�ea�e� S� �he bi� �a�e �e� �e����ce b��c� �RRB,DL� dec�ea�e� �he�ef��e, �he d����i�� ce�� edge �h���gh��� �TD�,edge�
L =
H
H (log (11
dec�ea�e� , �he be achie�ed acc��di�g �� �he gi�e� e��a�i���: A�13.82��g
+(44.9�6.55��g
L�a,�a�= L��a� + BLNF + ����e� � G a BIDL=10��g(1+
γ = P
)��gR�[3.2
��5�)) − 4�� �]
[dB]
�∗∗ � �))�) [dB]
��,RB �L��a� �N� �
N �10��g(W f RB) �BIDL �BLNF �LBL �LCPL �LBPL+Ga �LJA [dB]
ɤ
e��) � [Kb��]
RRB,DL =a3+(a0�a3)
TD�,edge = � [Mb��]
5.3 ������ ���� The ���� ca� be e�ha�ced �� �e�f��� ���e c����e� ��a��i�g f��c�i��� , �he ���� i�����a�� ��e �f �he� i� �he abi�i�� �� ��de���a�d a�d dea� �i�h ������if��� ��e� di���ib��i��.
5.3.1 ������������ �� ��� �������������� ��� ���������� �� ����������� ���� �������������: The i����d�c�i�� �f high da�a �a�e �e��ice�, ��ch a� �ide� �e��agi�g a�d �ide� c�i�� �� de�a�d, b� �i�e�e�� ��e�a���� �ea�� �ha� b��h �he c��e�age �a�ge a�d �he ���be� �f ��e�� �hich ca� be �e��ed i� �ed�ced. The �a�ge �ed�c�i�� i� a di�ec� effec� �f highe� da�a �a�e� �e��i�i�g highe� �ig�a� �� i��e�fe�e�ce a�d ��i�e �a�i�� (SINR�) �hich ���ica��� ���� �cc�� �ea� �� �he ba�e ��a�i�� (BS). The �ed�c�i�� i� �he ���be� �f ��e�� �ha� ca� be �������ed i� �i���� d�e �� �he fi�i�e ce�� ca�aci�� bei�g �ha�ed be��ee� fe�e� ��e�� �� �ha� each ��e� ha� a g�ea�e� da�a �a�e. O�e�a���� a�e i�c�ea�i�g�� i��e�e��ed i� �he ����ibi�i�� �f ��i�g �e�a��, a� ��igi�a��� ������ed �� e����i� �ed�c�i��� i� �a�h ���� a�d �a�ge �ca�e �had��i�g. Thi� ����ide� i�����e�e��� i� SINR �hich ca� ��a���a�e i��� c��e�age/ca�aci�� e�ha�ce�e���. The�e �e�a�� ca� ei�he� be fi�ed �eed�, a� i� �he ca�e �f dedica�ed �e�a��, �� �he UE� �he��e��e�. Thi� c��bi�a�i�� �f ��adi�i��a� fi�ed ce����a� i�f�a����c���e �i�h ����i�h�� �e�a�i�g �ech����g� ����ide� a� ec����ica��� a���ac�i�e �a� �f i�����i�g c��e�age/ca�aci�� d�e �� i�� �i�i�a� addi�i��a� i�f�a����c���e �e��i�e�e���. Thi� i� e��ecia��� ���e �he� �he UE� �he��e��e� a�e ��ed a� �e�a��. The c����e� i��e�ac�i��� be��ee� ����e �e�ec�i�� a�d i��e�fe�e�ce �ea�� �ha� �i���a�i��� a�e bei�g i�c�ea�i�g�� ��ed �� i��e��iga�e �he c��e�age/ca�aci�� ��ade�ff� �ha� �cc�� �he� e��e�di�g ce����a� �e������ �i�h ����i�h�� �e�a�i�g �ech�i��e�. I� a����� a�� �f �he�e i��e��iga�i��� �he ��e�� a�e a����ed �� be ��if����� di���ib��ed. I� ��ea�i��� �he �h��ica� ����g�a�h� �f �he �a�d, i.e. hi��� a�d �i�e��, a�d �he �a��ade fea���e� ��ch a� b�i�di�g�, ��ad� a�d �a���, �ea� �ha� �e���e �e�d �� c����e� i� ce��ai� a�ea� a�d ��� i� ��he��. I� ca� be �ee� �ha� �he ��if��� di���ib��i�� i� ��� cha�ac�e�i��ic �f a ���ica� �ce�a�i�. Si�ce �he f��� �f �he ��e� di���ib��i�� i� c�i�ica� i� de�e��i�i�g �he c��e�age/ca�aci�� be�efi�� �f ����i�h�� ����e��, i� i� �a�a����� �� e����e �ha� ��ea�i��ic� ��e� di���ib��i��� a�e c���ide�ed (1).
The i�����a�ce �f ��� ��if��� di���ib��i��� i� ����i�h�� �he�e �he ce�� �h���gh��� i�c�ea�e a� �he �a���i�� �f ��e�� c����e�ed ���a�d� �he edge �f ce��. Wi�h �he�e fac�� i� �i�d, i� i� �he ai� i� �� ������e a ge�e�ic �e�h�d b� �hich ������if��� di���ib��i��� ca� be ge�e�a�ed a�d c�a��ified �i�h �e��ec� �� �hei� �e�f���a�ce �i�hi� a ����i�h�� �e�����. U�e� Di���ib��i�� de�e�d ���� ��if��� di���ib��i�� �� ��� ��if��� �hich i� i� �ea�i�� i� ��� ��if��� d�e �� �he �h��ica� ����g�a�h� �f �he �a�d a�d �he di���ib��i�� �f �a��ade fea���e� ��ch a� ��ad�, b�i�di�g� a�d �a���, I� a ��if��� di���ib��i�� �e a����e �ha� a�� �f �he � ����ib�e �a�ge� UE ��ca�i��� , �e�e �=1..�, ha�e a� e��a� ���babi�i�� �f �cc���e�ce, i.e. �( ) = 1 ��. Whe�ea� i� �he ������if��� di���ib��i�� ca�e i� i� a����ed �ha� each �f �he � ����ib�e ��ca�i��� ca� ha�e a diffe�e�� ���babi�i��, i.e. �( ) = � ( ), �he�e � ( � ) de���e� a f��c�i�� de�e�de�� ���� �he �a�a�e�e� .I� i� c��ce��ed �i�h defi�i�g � ( ) i� a �a� �ha� e�ab�e� �he ��e� di���ib��i�� �� be �a�ied f��� �he c����e�i�g �� �he BS ca�e, �h���gh �� �he ��if��� di���ib��i�� ca�e, a�d �he� �� �� �he c����e�i�g �� �he edge �f ce�� ca�e. The ai� bei�g �� defi�e �he c����e�i�g, ei�he� ���a�d� �� a�a� f��� �he BS, b� a �e��ic �hich ca� be �e�a�ed �� �he �e����i�g ����i�h�� �e�f���a�ce.
5.3.2 ��A��A� �������: T� be ab�e �� ge�e�a�e ������if��� di���ib��i��� �e �e��i�e a �e�h�d �� a���ib��e diffe�e�� ���babi�i�ie� �f UE �cc���e�ce a� a f��c�i�� �f �hei� ��a�ia� ��ca�i�� �i�hi� a ce��. Thi� ca� be achie�ed b� ei�he� a�a���ica� f��c�i���, ��ch a� �he Ga���ia� ���ead i� UE ���babi�i�� �f �cc���e�ce, �� �ia a ��a�ia� bi��i�g a����ach i� �hich �e b�ea� �he ce�� �� i��� a ���be� �f bi�� (i.e. �i�e��). A� e�a���e �f �he �a��e�, f�� �he ce��e� e�ci�ed he�ag��a� ce�� , i� �h��� i� Fig. 1.
F����� 05.9 ��������� �������������� �� C���
We ��� a����e �he f�����i�g. A�� bi�� �hich a�e ei�he� �i�hi� �� ha�e i�f��e�ce �i�hi� �he ce�� b���da�ie� a�e a���ib��ed a ���babi�i�� �f �cc���e�ce
, �he�e � c���e����d� �� �he
bi� ���be�. The ���babi�i�� �f UE �cc���e�ce �i�hi� a bi� i� de�e��i�ed f�� �he bi� ce��e� ��ca�i���, ��i�g �hei� di��a�ce�, , f��� �he BS. Thi� di��a�ce de�e�de�ce �f bi� ���babi�i�ie� e�ab�e� c������ ��e� �he c����e�i�g �f ��e�� ���a�d� �� a�a� f��� �he BS, �hich ha� a �a�ge i�f��e�ce ���� �he ����i�h�� �e�f���a�ce gai�� �b�e��ed. O�ce �he ���babi�i�ie�
a�e defi�ed �he� ca� be ��ed �� �e�ec� bi�� �i�h a� a������ia�e
/2
���babi�i�� �f �cc���e�ce. The ac��a� UE ���i�i�� �i�hi� �he bi� i� �he� a����ed �� be ��if����� di���ib��ed �i�hi�
i� b��h �he � a�d � ��a�e ab��� �he ce��e� �f �he �e�ec�ed
bi�. If �he �e�ec�ed bi� i� ���� �a��ia��� �i�hi� �he ce�� b���da�ie� �he� �he ac��a� UE ���i�i�� �a�d���� �e�ec�ed c���d be ����ide �he ce�� b���da��. If �hi� �cc��� �he� �he bi� a�d he�ce UE �e�ec�i�� ���ce�� i� �e�ea�ed ���i� a UE ��ca�i�� �i�hi� �he ce�� b���da�� i� f���d. Thi�
e����e� �ha� �he UE ��ca�i��� i� �he bi�� �a��ia��� �i�hi� �he ce�� �cc�� �i�h �he c���ec� ���babi�i�ie� �f �cc���e�ce
5.3.3 ������ �� ������A ������ : A� �he�e a�e a� i�fi�i�e ���be� �f ����ib�e ��e� di���ib��i���, �e �e��i�e a �e��ic �� c�a��if� �he�. Idea��� �he �e��ic �h���d be ba�ed ���� cha�ac�e�i��ic� �hich affec� ����i�h�� �e�f���a�ce. Si�ce ����i�h�� ����ide� �he g�ea�e�� be�efi�� �� UE� �i�h ��� SINR�, i� �ee�� �e��ib�e �ha� �he �e��ic �h���d �ef�ec� h�� �he di���ib��i�� �f ��e�� �a�ie� �i�h �e��ec� �� �he BS �� �a�ge� UE �e�a�a�i�� di��a�ce. S�ch a he��i��ic �e��ic ca� be ba�ed ���� �he
���e�� �f i�e��ia (MOI) a� defi�ed i� (1) �he� �e��aci�g �, �he ��i�� �a��, b� �he ���babi�i�� �f a UE bei�g �i�hi� �he �i�e�,
�he a�i� �f ���a�i��, ca� �e��e�e�� �he di��a�ce be��ee� �he ce��e� �f �he BS ��ca�i��,
Thi� �ce�a�i� i� �h��� i� Fig. 1. The
de�e�de�c� �f ����i�h�� be�efi�� ���� �he a�ea, i.e. �hich �he UE i� ��ca�ed
. Si�i�a��� � , �he di��a�ce f��� �he ��i�� �a�� �� �i�e� a�d �he
�e�� i� (1) i� i��e�ded �� �ef�ec� �he , be��ee� �he BS a�d �he
�i�e� i�
5.3.4 �����A���� ����������� ���� �������������: We �eed �� defi�e 2 a�g��i�h�� f�� a���ib��i�g ���babi�i�ie� �f �cc���e�ce �� �he bi��. The�e �e�h�d� �h���d c����e�e�� �he MOI �e��ic a�d he�ce �h���d be ba�ed ���� �he BS �� bi� ce��e� �e�a�a�i�� di��a�ce. Si�ce �he ���babi�i�ie� a���ib��ed �� �he bi� ce��e�� ���� ei�he� i�c�ea�e �� dec�ea�e a� a f��c�i�� �f �he BS �� UE di��a�ce.
A. Ca�e 1: c����e�i�g �� �he BS:
The ���babi�i�� a���ib��ed �� �he bi� ce��e� ���� dec�ea�e a� a f��c�i�� �f i�c�ea�i�g BS �� bi� ce��e� �e�a�a�i�� di��a�ce . T� achie�e �hi� �e defi�e a �a�iab�e φ �h��e �ag�i��de dec�ea�e� a� i�c�ea�e�. Thi� i� achie�ed b� ba�i�g i� �� �he diffe�e�ce be��ee� �he �a�i��� ����ib�e bi� ce��e� �e�a�a�i�� di��a�ce α a�d . F�� �he he�ag��a� ce�� ca�e c���ide�ed i� �hi� �a�e� α i� �a�e� �� be �he ce�� �ide �e�g�h. T� c������ h�� �����g�� �he UE� c����e� ���a�d� �he BS, a �ca�i�g �e�� i� i�c��ded. The �a�ge� �he �ega�i�e �a��e �f �he highe� �he ���babi�i�� �f �he bi�� �ea�e�� �he BS a�d he�ce �he ���e �����g�� �he UE� �i�� c����e� a����d i�. Fi�a���, �i�ce i� �ea�i�� �he�e a�e �e�� fe� ��ace� �he�e �� UE� a�e e�e� f���d, ���� ��ace� �i�h ��� ���babi�i�ie� �f fi�di�g a UE, �e e����e �ha� �he�e i� a ��a�� b�� fi�i�e bac�g����d ���babi�i�� �f f�� a�� ��ca�i��� i� �he ce��. B� defi�i�g �he a�bie�� ���babi�i�� �f UE �cc���e�ce a� �e e����e �ha� i� �ca�e� �i�h �he ce�� a�ea a�d i� e��i�a�e�� �� �he highe�� bi� ���babi�i�� ����ib�e �he� ��i�g a �ca�i�g fac��� �f 1.
T� e���e�� φ a� a ���babi�i�� i� i� ����a�i�ed b� �he ���a� ��� �f φ �a�e� ��e� a�� �he � bi�� c���ide�ed.
O�ce �he bi� ���babi�i�ie� ha�e bee� de�e��i�ed f�� �he ��ecified �ca�i�g fac��� a�d ce�� �ide �e�g�h α �he�e ca� be ��ed �� de�e��i�e UE ��ca�i���. Bi�� a�e �e�ec�ed acc��di�g �� �hei� ���babi�i�� �f �cc���e�ce . Thi� ca� be achie�ed �h���gh �a���i�g �he c����a�i�e de��i�� f��c�i�� (CDF) �f �he bi� ���babi�i�ie� �i�h a ��if����� di���ib��ed �a�d�� ���be� be��ee� 0 a�d 1. O�ce �he bi� ha� bee� �e�ec�ed �he� a �a�d�� ��ca�i�� ��if����� di���ib��ed �i�hi� �f �he �e�ec�ed bi� ce��e� ��ca�i�� i� de�e��i�ed. if �he �e�ec�ed UE ��ca�i�� i� ����ide �he ce�� b���da�ie� �he� �he �h��e bi�/UE �e�ec�i�� ���ce�� i� �e�ea�ed ���i� a UE �i�hi� �he ce�� b���da�ie� i� �b�ai�ed.
/2
A� e�a���e �f �he c����e�i�g �f 5000 UE ��ca�i��� (i.e. ci�c�e�) ���a�d� �he BS, �he� c���ide�i�g a he�ag��a� ce�� �f 500� ce�� �ide �e�g�h a�d = �10 i� gi�e� i� Fig. 2.
F����� 05.10 ����������� ���� D����������� (β= �10)
Fig. 2 �h��� c�ea��� �ha� �he UE� a�e c����e�ed ���a�d� �he BS a�d �ha� �he �i�e�ih��d �f a UE dec�ea�e� a� ��� ���e ���a�d� �he ce�� edge. The fac� �ha� �e �a�d���� �e�ec� UE� f��� �i�hi� each bi� �ea�� �ha� �hi��� �he ���babi�i�� �f �e�ec�i�g a bi� i� de�e��i�i��ic i� �a���e, i.e. de�e�de�� ���� , �he ac��a� UE ��ca�i�� �i�hi� �ha� bi� i� ���.
B. Ca�e 2: c����e�i�g �� �he edge �f ce��:
The ���babi�i�� a���ib��ed �� �he bi� ce��e� ���� i�c�ea�e a� a f��c�i�� �f i�c�ea�i�g BS �� bi� ce��e� �e�a�a�i�� di��a�ce . Thi� i� achie�ed i� a �i�i�a� �a��e� �� �ha� gi�e� i� (2) a�d (3) e�ce�� �ha� di��a�ce� a�e �� ���ge� e���e��ed �e�a�i�e �� �he edge �f ce�� α a�d �ha� �he �ca�i�g fac��� a����e� ���i�i�e �a��e�. φ ��� bec��e� �he e���e��i�� �h��� i� (4).
The �ig� �f ca� be ��ed �i�hi� a �i���a�i�� �� �e�ec� be��ee� (2) a�d (4), i.e. ��i�g (2) �he� � 0 a�d ��i�g (4) �he� ≥ 0. The�ef��e �ega�i�e �a��e� �f c���e����d �� UE� c����e�i�g ���a�d� �he BS a�d ���i�i�e �a��e� �f β c���e����d �� UE� c����e�i�g ���a�d� �he edge �f ce��. I� �h���d be ���ed �ha� �he� = 0 a�� bi�� a�e e��a��� �i�e�� �� be �e�ec�ed a�d he�ce �hi� c���e����d� �� a ��if��� di���ib��i��.
Fig. 3 i� de�i�ed f�� a he�ag��a� ce�� �i�h a 500� ce�� �ide �e�g�h a�d = +10. I� �h��� h�� 5000 UE� ���i�i��ed acc��di�g �� �he bi� ���babi�i�ie� de�i�ed f��� (4) a�d ��b��i���ed i��� (3) �ead� �� �he UE� c����e�i�g ���a�d� �he ce�� b���da�ie�.
F����� 05.11 ����������� ���� D����������� (β = +10)
5.3.5 �A����� ������� ��� ��A���� �A���� A�� ��� ������ �� ������A ������ ψ: Ha�i�g ��e�e��ed a �e�h�d �f ge�e�a�i�g ������if��� ��e� di���ib��i��� �h��e c����e�i�g ���a�d� �he BS �� �he edge �f ce�� i� de�e�de�� ���� �he �ca�i�g fac��� β, i� i� �ece��a�� �� de�e��i�e �he �e�a�i���hi� be��ee� a�d �he ���e�� �f i�e��ia �e��ic, ψ, a� defi�ed i� (1). A �ca�i�g fac��� �f i� a���ied �� �he �e����� ge�e�a�ed b� (1) �� a� �� �ed�ce �he ab�����e �a��e� �f ψ i��� �he ��a��e� �a�ge 6�18 a� ��ed i� Fig. 4 a�d Fig 5. Thi� i� d��e �i�ce �he ab�����e �a��e� �e�e�� �ef�ec� �he ���be� �f bi�� �i�hi� �he ce��. Fig. 4 �h��� h�� �he �ca�i�g fac��� β �a�� i��� �he ���e�� �f i�e��ia �e��ic ψ �he� i� �a�ied f��� �50 �� +50 f�� a he�ag��a� ce�� �f 500� ce�� �ide �e�g�h. I� �h��� �ha� ψ �a�ie� ���� �a�id�� be��ee� = a�d ���e ������ ab��e a�d be��� �he�e �a��e�.
10
10
F����� 0.12 ������� ����� β �� ������ �� ������� ψ �������
Si�ce �he �i�ea��� i��e����a�ed �i�e ca� be �ee� �� �ie�d a c���e �a�ch �� �he ��e�d �f �he �i���a�ed ��i��� i� i� a��ea�� �ea���ab�e �� ��e i��e����a�i�� �� de�e��i�e a �e� �f �ca�i�g fac���� �ha� ��if����� �a���e �he ���e�� �f i�e��ia �e��ic �a�ge.
5.3.6 ���� ������������ ���� ����� ���: A� �e ge� f��� Fig��e5 �he ca�aci�� i�c�ea�e �i�h dec�ea�i�g �he c��e�age �hi�e i�c�ea�i�g �he MOI �e��ic I� �h��� �ha� �he� �he UE� a�e c����e�ed a����d �he BS, i.e. �he� �he MOI �e��ic �e�d� ���a�d� 6, �he c��e�age i� g��d d�e �� �he ��� �a�h ���� f�� �he �a���i�� �f �a�ge� UE ��ca�i��� e�����ed. C���e��e�� �he ca�aci�� gai� e��e�ie�ced �he� �he UE� a�e c����e�ed a����d �he BS i� ���� �i�ce �he UE� a��ead� ha�e high SINR� a�d �he ca�aci�� gai�� �ffe�ed b� ����i�h�� a�e ��� e���gh �� c���e��a�e f�� �he ha��i�g �f ba�d�id�h �ha� �he ��e �f ��� h��� i�c���. The �����i�e a�g��e��� a���� �he� c���ide�i�g �he c����e�i�g �f UE� ���a�d� �he edge �f ce��, i.e. �he MOI �e��ic �e�di�g ���a�d� 18. The ��� SINR� e��e�ie�ced b� �he �a���i�� �f �a�ge� UE ��ca�i��� d�e �� �he high �a�h ���� a� �he �a�ge� �a�ge �ead� �� ���� c��e�age a�d g��d ca�aci�� gai�.
F����� 05.13 ������ �� ������� ������ ������ �������� ��� ��������
5.3.7 ����������: We ge� �ha� i�`� �e�� diffic��� �� a���� ��� ��if��� T�affic di���ib��i�� �f ��e�� d�e �� i�� �ai� de�e�de�ce �� ���babi�i�ie� �f ��e�� i��ide each ce�� i� a�� ��ace� a�� ��e� �he ����d. H��e�e� �ha� i� ��� ��b�ic �� ��e�ed �� ���� i� b�� ��e�a���� ha�e �hi� a�d �e ca�`� ge� i�
5.4 ��� �� ������� ������� �������� ����� ? T� c���a�e be��ee� a�� ��� LTE ��a��i�g ����� �he� ���� ha�e �he �a�e i�����(U��i�� a�d d����i�� ce���edge �h���gh����, ����e�, a��e��a heigh��, cha��e� ba�d�id�h, ....e�c) �� ha�e a �ea�i�gf�� c���a�i���. B�� �he a�ea i���� ca�'� be e�ac��� �he �a�e i� �he ��� ����� , �� �he �i�e c���� �a�a�e�e� ca�'� be ��ed �� c���a�e be��ee� �he�. H��e�e�, �he de��i�� �f �i�e� (�he ���be� �f �i�e� �e� ���a�e KM) ca� be ��ed i� �he c���a�i���. The ���� �hich �ffe�� a ��a��e� �i�e de��i�� i� ������ed �� ha�e a be��e� �e�f���a�ce A���he� �a�a�e�e� �ha� ca� be ��ed i� �he �e�ce��age diffe�e�ce be��ee� �he �e��i�ed d����i�� ce���edge �h���gh��� a�d �he �a�i��� a����ab�e ce���edge �h���gh���
η = T,T, −,T,, ×100 % Q Q
The ���� �hich �ffe�� a highe� �a��e �f i� a��� ������ed �� ha�e a be��e� �e�f���a�ce The a�e�age ���i�� ����e� ��ad
a�d a�e�age d����i�� ����e� ��ad
��ed �� c���a�e be��ee� �he ��a��i�g �����.
ca� a��� be
���� �� A������A�����
�d
3G
3 Ge�e�a�i��.
3GGP2
3 Ge�e�a�i�� Pa���e��hi� P���ec�.
3GPP
3 Ge�e�a�i�� Pa���e��hi� P���ec�.
ADSL
A���ch������ Digi�a� S�b�c�ibe� Li�e.
AMC
Ada��i�e M�d��a�i�� a�d C�di�g.
AMPS
Ad�a�ced M�bi�e Ph��e S���e�.
ANR
A����a�ic Neighb�� Re�a�i��.
APN�
Acce�� P�i�� Na�e�.
ARIB
A���cia�i�� �f Radi� I�d����ie� a�d B��i�e��e�.
ARQ
A����a�ic Re�ea� �e��e��.
ATM
A���ch������ T�a��fe� M�de.
A�C
A��he��ica�i�� Ce��e�.
BSC
Ba�e S�a�i�� C�������e�.
BSS
Ba�e S�a�i�� S�b����e�.
BTS
Ba�e ��a��cei�e� ��a�i��.
BW
Ba�d�id�h.
CAI
C����� Ai� I��e�face.
CCCH
C����� C������ Cha��e��.
CCSA
Chi�a C�����ica�i��� S�a�da�d� A���cia�i��.
CDMA
C�de Di�i�i�� ����i��e acce��.
CDPD
Ce����a� Digi�a� Pac�e� Da�a.
CDR
Cha�gi�g Da�a Rec��d�.
CEPT
C��fe�e�ce f�� E����ea� P��� a�d Te�ec�����ica�i�� Ad�i�i���a�i��.
CG
Cha�gi�g Ga�e�a�.
CGF
Cha�gi�g Ga�e�a� F��c�i��.
CH
Cha��e�.
CM
C�����ica�i�� Ma�age�e��.
CN
C��e Ne�����.
CPC
C���i����� Pac�e� C���ec�i�i��.
C���a�e
C���������a�e.
CQI
Cha��e� Q�a�i�� I�dica���.
CS
Ci�c�i� S�i�chi�g.
CSD
Ci�c�i� S�i�ched Da�a.
CWTS
Ce��ified Wi�e�e�� Tech����g� S�ecia�i��.
DCCH
Dedica�ed C������ Cha��e��.
DCS
Digi�a� C�����ica�i��� S���e�.
DFT
Di�c�e�e F���ie� ��a��f���.
DNS
D��ai� Na�e S���e�.
DRS
De��d��a�i�� Refe�e�ce Sig�a�.
DS�CDMA
Di�ec� �e��e�ce CDMA.
DTM
D�a� ��a��fe� ��de.
E�DCH
E�ha�ced U��i�� Dedica�ed Cha��e�.
EDGE
E�ha�ced da�a �a�e� f�� GSM E�����i��.
EFR
E�ha�ced F��� Ra�e.
EIR
E��i��e�� Ide��i�� Regi��e�.
eN�de�B
E����ed N�de�B.
�d �d
ETSI
E����ea� Te�ec�����ica�i�� S�a�da�d I���i���e.
E�UTRAN
E����ed U�i�e��a� Te��e���ia� Radi� Acce�� Ne�����.
EV�DO
E�����i���Da�a O��i�i�ed �� E�����i���Da�a O���.
FCC
F���a�d C������ Cha��e��.
FDD
F�e��e�c� Di�i�i�� D���e�.
FDE
F�e��e�c��D��ai� E��a�i�e�.
FDMA
F�e��e�c� Di�i�i�� M���i��e Acce��.
FFT
Fa�� F���ie� T�a��f���.
FH�SS
F�e��e�c� H���i�g S��ead S�ec����.
FNR
F�e�ib�e N��be�i�g Regi��e�.
FR
F�a�e Re�a�.
FVC
F���a�d V�ice Cha��e��.
GERAN
GSM&EDGE Radi� Acce�� Ne�����.
GGSN
Ga�e�a� GPRS S������ N�de.
GMSC
Ga�e�a� MSC.
GMSK
Ga���ia� Mi�i��� Shif� Ke�i�g.
GOS
G�ade Of Se��ice.
GPRS
Ge�e�a� Pac�e� Radi� Se��ice.
GSM
G��ba� S���e� F�� M�bi�e C�����ica�i��.
GTP
GPRS T���e�i�g P����c��.
HARQ
H�b�id A����a�ic Re�ea� Re��e��.
HLR
H��e ��ca�i�� �egi��e�.
HSCSD
High�S�eed Ci�c�i� S�i�ched Da�a.
HSDPA
High�S�eed D����i�� Pac�e� Acce��.
HSPA
High S�eed Pac�e� acce��.
HSPA+
High�S�eed Pac�e� Acce�� E�����i��
HSS
H��e S�b�c�ibe� Se��e�
HSUPA
High�S�eed U��i�� Pac�e� Acce��
ICI
I��e� ca��ie� i��e�fe�e�ce.
IEEE
I���i���e �f E�ec��ica� a�d E�ec����ic� E�gi�ee��.
IMEI
I��e��a�i��a� M�bi�e E��i��e�� Ide��i��.
IMS
I��e��e� P����c�� M���i�edia S�b����e�.
IMSI
I��e��a�i��a� M�bi�e S�b�c�ibe� Ide��i��.
IP
I��e��e� P����c�� .
ISDN
I��eg�a�ed Se��ice� Digi�a� Ne�����.
ISI
I��e� ���b�� i��e�fe�e�ce.
ISP
I��e��e� Se��ice P���ide��.
ITU
I��e��a�i��a� Te�ec�����ica�i�� U�i��.
IWF
I��e�����i�g U�i�/F��c�i��.
Kc
Ci�he� Ke�.
Ki
A��he��ica�i�� Ke�.
LA
L�ca�i�� a�ea.
LAN
L�ca� A�ea Ne�����.
LIG
Lega� I��e�ce��i�� Ga�e�a�.
LNP
L�ca� N��be� P���abi�i��.
LTE
L��g Te�� E�����i��.
MAN
Me������i�a� A�ea Ne�����.
MAP
M�bi�e A���ica�i�� Pa��.
MBMS
M���i�edia B��adca�� a�d M���ica�� Se��ice.
MBSFN
M���ica���B��adca�� Si�g�e F�e��e�c� Ne�����.
MCC
M�bi�e C������ C�de.
MCS
M�d��a�i�� a�d C�di�g Sche�e.
MIB
Ma��e� I�f���a�i�� B��c�.
MIMO
M���i��e�I���� M���i��e�O�����.
MISN
M�bi�e i��e��ige�� �e��ice� ��de.
MM
M�bi�i�� Ma�age�e��.
MME
M�bi�i�� Ma�age�e�� E��i��.
MMS
M���i�edia Me��age Se��ice.
MNC
M�bi�e Ne����� C�de.
MNC
M�bi�e Ne����� C�de.
MPI
M���i�a�h I��e�fe�e�ce.
MS
M�bi�e S�a�i��.
MSC
M�bi�e S�i�chi�g Ce��e�.
MSG
Me��age Se��ice Ga�e�a�.
MSISDN
M�bi�e S�b�c�ibe� I��eg�a�ed Se��ice� Digi�a� Ne�����.
MSRN
M�bi�e S�a�i�� R�a�i�g N��be�.
MTS
Mecha�ica� Te��i�g a�d �e��i�g S����i��.
MTSO
M�bi�e Te�e�h��e S�i�chi�g Office.
MU�MIMO
M���i��e U�e� MIMO.
MXE
Me��age Ce��e�.
NAM
N��e�ic A��ig��e�� M�d��e.
NAS
N���acce�� S��a���.
NAT
Ne����� Add�e�� T�a���a�i��.
NMC
Ne����� Ma�age�e�� ce��e�.
NMS
Ne����� Ma�age�e�� S�b����e�.
NMT
N��dic M�bi�e Te�e�h��e.
NSS
Ne����� S�i�chi�g S�b����e�.
NTT
Ni���� Te�eg�a�h a�d Te�e�h��e.
OFDM
O��h�g��a� F�e��e�c��Di�i�i�� M���i��e�i�g.
OFDMA
O��h�g��a� F�e��e�c� Di�i�i�� M���i��e Acce��.
OMC
O�e�a�i��� a�d �ai��e�a�ce ce��e�.
OSS
O�e�a�i�� S������ S���e�.
PABX
P�i�a�e A����a�ic B�a�ch E�cha�ge.
PAMR
P�i�a�e Acce�� M�bi�e Radi�.
PAN
Pe����a� A�ea Ne�����.
PAPR
Pea��T��A�e�age P��e� Ra�i�.
PBCH
Ph��ica� B��adca�� Cha��e�.
PCM
P���e C�de M�d��a�i��.
PCRF
P��ic� C������ Re����ce F��c�i��.
PCS
Pe����a� C�����ica�i��� S���e�.
PC
Pac�e� C������ U�i�.
PDN
Pac�e� Da�a Ne�����.
PDN�GW
Pac�e� Da�a Ne������Ga�e�a�.
PDP
Pac�e� Da�a P����c�� .
PHY
Ph��ica� La�e�.
PLMN
P�b�ic La�d M�bi�e Ne�����.
PMR
P�i�a�e M�bi�e Radi�.
P�C
P��h����Ta�� ��e� Ce����a�.
PS
Pac�e� S�i�chi�g.
PSS
P�i�a�� S��ch���i�a�i�� Sig�a�.
PSTN
P�b�ic S�i�ched Te�e�h��e Ne�����.
PTM
P�i���T��M���i��i��.
PTP
P�i��������i��.
GPRS
Ge�e�a� Pac�e� Radi� Se��ice�.
PUSCH
Ph��ica� U��i�� Sha�ed Cha��e�.
QAM
Q�ad�a���e a���i��de ��d��a�i��.
Q�S
Q�a�i�� �f Se��ice.
QPSK
Q�ad�a���e Pha�e Shif� Ke�i�g.
RA
R���i�g A�ea.
RAB
Radi� Acce�� Bea�e��.
RAN
Radi� Acce�� Ne�����.
RCC
Re�e��e C������ Cha��e��.
RNC
Radi� Ne����� C�������e�.
RNR
N��be�i�g Regi��e�.
RNS
Radi� Ne����� S���e��.
RR
Radi� �e����ce.
RRC
Radi� Re����ce C������.
RRH
Re���e Radi� Head .
RRM
Radi� Re����ce Ma�age�e��.
RTMS
Re�e�i�i�e T�a���acia� Mag�e�ic ��i���a�i��.
RVC
Re�e��e V�ice Cha��e��.
R�
Recei�e.
S1
i��e�face �� �he E����ed Pac�e� C��e.
SAE/EPC
S���e� A�chi�ec���e E�����i��/E����ed Pac�e� C��e.
SC�FDMA
Si�g�e Ca��ie� � F�e��e�c� Di�i�i�� M���i��e Acce��.
SCTP
S��ea� C������ T�a���i��i�� P����c��.
SGSN
Se��i�g GPRS S������ N�de.
SIB�
S���e� I�f���a�i�� B��c��.
SIM
S�b�c�ibe� Ide��i�� M�d��e.
SIR
Sig�a�����I��e�fe�e�ce Ra�i�.
SMS
Sh��� Me��age Se��ice.
SMSC
Sh��� Me��age Se��ice Ce��e�.
SNR
Sig�a�����N�i�e Ra�i�.
SRS
����di�g �efe�e�ce �ig�a�.
SS
S��ead S�ec����.
SS7
Sig�a�i�g ����e� ��. 7.
SSS
Sec��da�� S��ch���i�a�i�� Sig�a�.
SU�MIMO
Si�g�e U�e� MIMO.
TA
Ti�i�g Ad�a�ce.
TA
T�ac�i�g A�ea.
TACS
T��a� Acce�� C�����ica�i�� S���e�.
TCH
T�affic Cha��e��.
TCP/IP
T�a���i��i�� C������ P����c��/I��e��e�.
TDD
Ti�e Di�i�i�� D���e�.
TDMA
Ti�e Di�i�i�� M���i��e Acce��.
TETRA
Te��e���ia� T����ed Radi�.
TIA
Te�ec�����ica�i�� I�d����� A���cia�i��.