MANEJO Y USO DEL MICROSCOPIO ÓPTICO COMPUESTO

,3:,/057E.9.,884-702.748.45J, 

3899:.O30/:.,9;,.,/03,,85,,8

70,/0.03.,83,9:7,08

&$#$! !%!&$% !#%$&#$!!%

$8902,O59.4 &# 039089:,/,.07.,/044/04-807;,/4725J,,2,03/04-09;4 %'039089:,/,.07.,/0,5705,7,.O325J,,2,03/0F89, $#03906:0.43.0397,487,48:23484884-70,5705,7,.O3 ##0:,,.,39/,//0:6:00397,030.43/038,/47

70487,48:234848,.,0.43/038,/47

$8902,20.E3.4 $!#%,39030,5,790O59.,%030/485,79080504-,800-7,4 !%:,7/43/080/05489,,5705,7,.O3 439030 030 48 889 88902 02,8 ,8 /0 039 03908 4.: 4.:,7 ,708 08 !:0/ !:0/0 0 807 807 243 2434.: 4.:,7 ,7  439 -34.:,7

#''#43903048889 4390304888902,8/0039084-09 02,8/0039084-09;48!072 ;48!07290,7,7 90,7,7.,2-,748 .,2-,748 4-09;48

%#$"& ,.742F97.46:0,5742,003146:02.742F97.4 6:0.438:0003146:0.4770.94

#$!!% 

44. 44.,7 ,7 0 4-09 4-09; ;4 4 /0 20347 20347 ,:203 ,:20394 94 03 548. 548.O O3 3 /0 025 02504 04  -,,7 -,,7 , 5,9 5,93, 3, .42509,2039 .42509,20390$02.748.45 0$02.748.4548070.4O.4770.9 48070.4O.4770.9,2039 ,2039003 0030:84,390747 0:84,390747, , /0-07J,089,70308,8.43/.4308

44.,7,5705,7,.O384-70,5,93,8:09E3/4,.43,853,8209E.,8  4203,7,4-807;,.O3.4304-09;4/0,089E03548.O34.44.,70/0 ,:2039488,5705,7,.O308/0-,.907,8

 !,7,70,,7003146:0 ,  .07.,7,2E24,0390/04-09;4,,5705,7,.O30250,3/4094734 2,.7 2,.742F 42F97 97. .4 4 894 894 /0-0 /0-0 ,.078 ,.0780 0 27,3 27,3/4 /4 /70. /70.9, 9,20 2039 390 0  34 , 97,; 97,;F8 F8 /0 /0 4.: 4.:,7 ,7 , 6:0 6:0 80 .477 .4770 0 0 708 7084 4 /0 3.7 3.7:8 :89, 9,7 7 0 4-09 4-09; ;4 4 03 , 5705, 5705,7,. 7,.O O3 3 5:/F3/480/,N,7,:34/00484,2-48

- 7,3/4,47,8J,97,;F8/0484.: 7,3/4,47,8J,97,;F8/0484.:,7087805,7 ,7087805,7,3/4039,2 ,3/4039,2039004-09 039004-09;4 ;4 /0 , 5705,7 5705,7,. ,.O O3 3 .43 .43 0 2,.7 2,.742 42F9 F97 7.4 .4  .:,3/ .:,3/4 4 80 4-807 4-807;0 ;0 ,4 ,4 3J9 3J9/, /, , 2:0897,7,702.742F97.4,89,4-90307:303146:0134

 !,8,7,8:03904-09;4,2,03/0-07J,089,7,.,80314.,/,8:00807 8:1. 8:1.0390 0390 .43 24;07 24;07 :3 54.4 0 2.742F 2.742F97 97.4 .4 5,7, 47,7 47,7 0 03146:0 03146:0 134 134 $ , .,2.,2-, ,7 7 /0 4- 4-09; 09;4 4 80 507/ 507/O 547 547 .425 .4250 094 94 , 2, 2,03 03  08 5701 570107 07-0 0 ;4 ;4;07 ;07 , 0314.,7.4304-09;4,390747705097,4507,.O3/08/005,844-09;4 /0   0314. 0314., , , 2: 2: 54., 54., /89 /89,3. ,3., , /0 , 5705, 5705,7, 7,. .O3 O3  547 04 04 08 1E. 1E.  6:0 4.:77,3/489548/0507.,3.083.7:89,7403,5705,7,.O3880/08.:/,3,8

570.,:. 570.,:.43 4308,3907 08,39074708 4708 2,3.,74 2,3.,74 .43 .43 ,.090/0 ,.090/0 32078 32078O3 O3 8 804-807;,:3, 804-807;,:3, 5705,7,.O36:0,800314.O.4304-09;4/032078O3 

2504/04-09;4/032078O3

, ,,7949,20390,5,93, - $:- $:-7 7 949, 949,2 2039 0390 0 0 .43/0 .43/038 38,/ ,/47 47 5,7, 5,7, ;07 .,7, .,7,203 20390 90 0 .J7. .J7.: :4 4 /0 : : 6:0 348 3/.,,43,6:080;,,;8:,,7/43/0,-7E6:00.,70,.090

. 7,7070;O;07,.,04-09;4/032078O3/0E3/44,20/4.,23403970F890 0/0

/ 44.,7:3,49,2J32,/0,.090/032078O384-700.J7.:4/0: 0 %072 0723,7 3,7 /0 7, 7,7 7 8:,;02 ;02039 0390 0 70;O 70;O;07 ;07 ,89 ,89, , , 548 48.O3 .O3 /0 /0 4-09 -09;4 /0 32078O3

1  7,3/4/70.9,20390,4-09;48:-7,5,93,039,20390,89,6:0,039094., , 49, 49, /0 ,.0 ,.090 90  3 080 080 2420 242039 394 4 80 349, 349, .424 .424 8 , 49, 49, ,8.0 ,8.03/ 3/07, 07,  80 ,/48,7,,,0390

 314 314., .,7 7 .:/,/ .:/,/48, 48,20 2039 390 0 .43 .43 0 2.7 2.742F 42F97 97. .4 4 , /89 /89,3. ,3., , /0 97,-, 97,-,4 4 03970 03970 0 4-09 4-09;4/0 ;4/0 32078 32078O3, O3, 5705,7,. 5705,7,.O3 O3 082J32, 082J32, ,:3 203476:0 203476:0 .43 0/0  54746:007084/0,../0390082:7,3/0 &3,;080,,5:0894,.090/032078 ,.090/032078O384-70,5705,7 O384-70,5705,7,.O3 ,.O3,34805:0/0 ,34805:0/0  &3,;080,,5:0894 ;4;07, ;4;07, :8,7 04-09;4 04-09;4 84-70 84-70 08, 43,5:0880 43,5:0880 2,3. 2,3.,7J ,7J, , /0,.090!47 /0,.090!47 9,3948/080,0314.,74974.,254,6:0-,,7,5,93,705097,4507,.O3 /08/005,84

 &3,;013,,/,,4-807;,.O3/0,5705,7,.O380-,,,5,93,80.44.,0 4-09 4-09;4 ;4 /0 20347 20347 ,:20394 ,:20394 7,3/4 7,3/4 0 70;O 70;O;07 ;07 3 0890 0890 242039 2420394 4 , 80 5:0/0 5:0/0 709 7097, 7,7 7 , 5705 5705,7 ,7,. ,.O O3 3 /0 , 5,9 5,93, 3, :3. :3., , 80 /0-0 /0-0 709 7097, 7,7 7 .43 .43 0 4-0 4-09 9;4 ;4 /0 32078O303548.O3/04-807;,.O3

  25,7 25,7 0 4-09 4-09;4 ;4 /0 32078 32078O3 O3 .43 .:/,/4 .:/,/4 0250,3/ 0250,3/4 4 :3 5,50 5,50 0850. 0850., , 5,7, O59.,42574-,79,2-F36:004-09;4089E50710.9,20390254

%%!#&$     13, 13, ,7 ,7 0 97,-, 97,-,4 4  , 6:0 /0,7 /0,7 5:08 5:0894 94 0 4-09 4-09; ;4 4 /0 20347 20347 ,:203 ,:20394 94 03 548. 548.O3 O3 /0 4-807; 4-807;,. ,.O3 O3 ,80:7,7 ,80:7,780 80 /0 6:0 , 5,790 5,790 20.E3 20.E3., ., /0 , 5,9 5,93, 3, 34 84-708,0/0-47/0/0,282,/0,74.:-0794.438:1:3/,  :,3/434 :,3/434 80089E:9,3/402.748.4 80089E:9,3/402.748.454,6:02,390307 54,6:02,3903074.:-0794.438: 4.:-0794.438: 1:3/,5,7,0;9,76:080038 1:3/,5,7,0;9,76:080038:.03 :.03/,N03,8039 /,N03,803908$ 08$3480;,,:8,7/01472, 3480;,,:8,7/01472,



57443,/,80/0-0:,7/,7038:.,,/03974/0:3,72,745,7,57490074/0 54;4

 :3., :3., , 6:0 94.,7 94.,7 ,8 03908 03908 .43 ,8 2,348 2,348 $ 80 038:. 038:.,3 ,3 25 25,7 ,7,8 ,8 2: 8:,;020390.43:35,50/0197442047.43:35,50/0O59., /0,7 0 5479 5479, ,4- 4-0948 0948 5:089 :0894 4 84-7 84-70 0 , 5,9 5,93, 8 34 80 089 089E :9 :9 ,3/4 ,3/4 0  4 /0 2.748.454

 085:F8/0:9,704-09;4/032078O3,6:025,70,.0906:06:0/,03 0 4- 4-09 09;4 .43 5,N 5,N:0 :048 0850 0850. ., ,08 08 5,7, ,7, O59 59., 4 .43 5,50 ,50 /0 1974 203 20348 48 70.4203/,-03.:,6:07.,84805,8,7E05,50547,039003:38448039/4 .43 .43 8:,; 8:,;/ /,/ ,/ $ 0 ,.0 ,.090 90 , 0, 0,/4 /4 , 80.,7 80.,780 80  50,7 50,780 80 03 0 4-09 4-09; ;4 4 , , 6:0 25,74.43:3,20.,/0,.44,.0943,444,6:0,-:8,7/00890 954/0250,5476:0880,5.,308948/84;03908030.084805:0/03/,N,7 ,8039088:8:0.O3 4147,73:3.,489473487,94748/02.748.4542,.742F97.42.742F97.4 5,93,70;O;07.43/038,/47



 .,2-4/04-09;480,.07,3/4070;O;07/703/4802570,27,/,,, 5705,7, 5705,7,. .O35,7, O35,7, 570;03 570;037 7 074.0/0 ,0390.43 ,2:0897, ,2:0897, 4.,2-,73:3.,/0 4.,2-,73:3.,/0 4-09;4,,77E3/4454709:-4/028243,.07420397,880089E4-807;,3/4, 97,;F8/04.:,7  ,39030780.,25,,5,93,/02.748.454$80/077,2,84-700,,3 J6: J6:/4 /4 80.,7 0.,74 .43 :3 5,N4 5,N4 $ 80 2,3. ,3., /0 ,.0 ,.0990 25 25,7 ,7, .43 .43 :3 5,N4 5,N4 :20/0./4034

 8 .43;03 .43;030390 0390 25 25,7 ,7  70;8,7 70;8,7 80257 802570 0 48 48 2.748 2.748.45 .4548 48 , 13, 13,, ,7 7 , 808O3 808O3 57E.9.,,,.,-,70.:78403.,7,7,:39F.3.4:3,:89070;8O30307,/048 28248

!#%$#$! -807;,.O3/0F:,8'009,08 

!#$ -09;48 ,-807;,7.F:,8;009,08/0,05/0728/0.0-4,,2.748.454O59.4 -#0.434.07,85,7908/0,.F:,;009, .570.,709,2,N4/0,8.F:,8 ,907,08

.748.454O59.4

0-4,7,8.4,;,/47.43,:, 89:7J!3,8/0/80..O3 !479,.:-704-0948!,50/01974

!74.0/20394  479,248:39744/0.0-4,/0.2.43,853,87097,248,/0.,/,50

/0,.,7,39073,/0.,8.4  44.,248,05/072884-7005479,4-09480306:0,-702485:0894 570;,20390:3,49,/0,:,0903/0248-03,505,7,6:034903,-:7-:,8 /0,70!4/0248:9,7,:/0209034.424.447,390  $0.,248.43.:/,/400.084/0,:,.44.,2480.:-704-0948  44.,24805479,03,5,93,.4304-09;42E8506:0N40314.,248 4-807;,248:04.,2-,248/04-09;48

%'$  #0,,:3/-:4/046:0089E8;03/4

 $0N,, $0N,, 030 /-:4 /-:4 ,8 5,790 5,7908 8 /0, .F: .F:,6:0089,8 ,6:0089,8 4-807 4-807;, ;,3/ 3/4 4  70854 708543/0 3/0 , ,8 8:03908.:0894308 ,O2480,2,047E3:4;8-0  ******************************************** -$05:0/0;07,3497447E3:4  ******************************************** .%4/,8,8.F:,890303,282,1472,  *************************************** /89E3,8,/,84089E3:3/,8  ************************************************ 0O2480,2,,:3O3/0.F:,86:05708039,3,282,1472,1:3.O3  ************************************************************************

$#'A&$ '%$A&$ !&!%%  %#

.748.454 !479,4-0948 :-704-0948 8.,504 !3,8 %42,90

!#% &9,3/4:308.,504.479,03/4829,/080942,90  -9F -9F3 3 ,:/ ,:/E3 E3/4 /490 90 /0 :3,8 :3,8 53 53,8 ,8  :3 974 9744 4 /0 5:5, :5, /0 942 942,90 ,90 /0 , 43, 43, 3/.,/,03,1:7,/0:34822/074847 0548J9,4030.03974/0:35479,4-09488354307,:,  44. 44., , 03.2 03.2, , :3 .:-70 .:-704- 4-09 0948 48  .4257 .425720 20 8:,;02 8:,;02039 0390 0 .43 .43 48 48 /0/48 /0/48 ,89, ,89, 4-90307:3.425094,5,89,20394/017,20394/05:5,/0942,90  0;, 0;, , 5705,7,. 5705,7,.O3 O3 , , 5,9 5,93, 3, /0 2.748 2.748.45 .454 4  70,, 70,, :3, 4-807; 4-807;,. ,.O3 O3 .43 506:0 506:0N4 N48 8 ,:203 ,:20394 948 8 $00 $00.. ..4 43, 3, 0 2047 2047 7:54 7:54 /0 .F: .F:, ,8 8  5,8, 5,8, , 2,4 2,4708 708 ,:203948



-807;,.O32.748.O5.,/04348

8 :3, :3, 4-80 4-807; 7;,. ,.O O3 3 .49 .49/ /,3 ,3, , 0 0. 0.4 4 6:0 6:0 8 80 /0, /0, :3 974 9744 4 /0 5,3 5,3 03 :3 :, :,7 7 20/4.4305,84/09025408574-,-06:0.70.,84-70F:3,50:8,-,3.,6:0 :04 :04 80 48.:70. 48.:70.0 0 .4770854 .47708543/0 3/0390 390 , 434 434 #45:8 89443107 4 244 244 3074 3074 /0 5,3 5,38,50:8,0802.04/04348:48.:70.2039480/0-0,,1472,.O3/0 8,50:8,0802.04/04348:48.:70.2039480/0-0,,1472,.O3/0 08547,3480897:.9:7,86: 08547,3480897:.9:7,86:0/,3:,7,24308 0/,3:,7,24308/008547,8:3,1472, /008547,8:3,1472,/070574/:..O /070574/:..O3 3 /00894847,38248 48573.5,082F94/48,5.,/485,7,,4-807;,.O32.748.O5.,/048.:9;48843 , 4-80 4-807; 7;,. ,.O O3 3 03 1708. 1708.4 4 .43 .43 :3, :3, 84: 84:. .O3 O3 ,/0. ,/0.:, :,/, /,   ,8 ,8 5705 5705,7 ,7,. ,.4 430 308 8 03 .39 .39, , ,/08;,

,907,08 !,342,3,3,030.:,,,.70./4244 :5, ,:,/0/80..O3 5479,4-0948.:-704-0948 ,:/0209034 39,,/08;,97,385,70390 .748.454

!705,7,.O3031708.4/02448 43,,:/,/0, :5,942,7.43:3,,:,/0/80.. :5,942,7.43:3,,:,/0/80..O3:3, O3:3, 547.O32:506: 547.O32:506:0N, 0N, /02:0897, 903/0702,907,70.4/40305479,4-0948 44.,7:3,49,/0,:,:3,/0,:/0209034  5.,70.:-704-0948 -807;,7,2.748.454O59.4,80897:.9:7,8/04348:808547,8/-:,7,8 O

O O O O

!705,7,.O303.39,,/08;, 44.,784-70:35479,4-0948:3,49,/084:.O3/0,:/0209034

O

479,7:39744/0.39,,/08;,97,385,70390/0,5742,/,20390.2

O

%4.,7.430,/4,/08;4/0,.39,,8:5071.0/0,17:9,405,303240./ %4.,7.430,/4,/08;4/0,.39,,8:507 1.0/0,17:9,405,303240./4840 4840 -47/0 -47/0 /0:3,.443 /0 :3,.443, , /043 /0 434 4/0 /0:3.:9;4 :3.:9;4 3,43, 3 ,43, .0397,/0 .0397,/0 :3,.443, :3,.443, 5:0/0 5:0/0 ,-07:3,0.08;,.43.0397,.O3/008547,8 O

!0,7,.39,,/08;,84-70,49,/05479,4-0948

O

23,70.447,39084-7,390.43:35,50/01974

O

:J,5,7,0,3E88/0708:9,/48/0,8050703.,8 , 3:207,7,;,70/,/ 3:207,7,;,70/,//00897:.9:7 /00897:.9:7,86:057 ,86:05708039, 08039,3,8.F:,8 3,8.F:,8:2,3, :2,3,8 8 - !708 !70899,7 ,90 ,903.O 3.O3 3 , , 39 39/0 /0  .43 .43 6:0 80 ;03 ,8 ,8 .F: .F:, ,8 8 ;00 ;009, 9,08 /0- /0-/ /4 , , 570803.,/0,5,70/.0:,7 . 3,,7,8/10703.,81:3/,20 3,,7,8/10703.,81:3/,2039,0803970,8. 39,0803970,8.F:,8;009,0 F:,8;009,08,32,0843 8,32,084348 48 9,2-F303970,8.F:,8574.,749,80:.,749,8 / 425,7,748/-:4870, 425,7,748/-:4870,,/4854748,:2348.432E0 ,/4854748,:2348.432E0308/048-74824/048 308/048-74824/048 .039J1.482.7414947,1J,870.434.07,80897:.9:7,84-807;,/,8  3,,70 0 /09,0 /09,0 .436:0 .43 6:0 5:0/03 5:0/03 4-807;,7 4-807;,780 80 ,80897: ,8 0897:.9:7 .9:7,8 ,8 .0:,7 .0:,708 08  57454307 57454307 %  3,,7 9F.3.,85,7,4-807;,72E8/09,08/0,8/107039080897:.9:7,8.0:,708

-807;,.O3/0F:,832,08 -09;48 ,-807;,7.F:,8/005904/0,2:.48,-:.,,2.748.454O59.4 -#0.434.07,85,7908/0,.F:,,32, ,907,08

.748.454O59.4447,390:/0209034 !,4/0/039087,8.4,;,/47.43,:, 0.074/0,.44!3,8/02,/07, !479,.:-704-0948!,50/01974!,5022097,/4

!74.0/20394  !43:3,49,/0, !43:3,49,/0,:,030 :,030.03974 .03974/0:3547 /0:35479,4-0948 9,4-0948  %42,:3,2:0897 %42,:3,2:0897,/03907 ,/0390747/0,-4.,174 47/0,-4.,1749,3 9,3/4.438:,; /4.438:,;/,/,2:.48 /,/,2:.48,/0, ,/0, .,7,39073,/09:20,.430097024/0:35,4/0/03908  0.,02,907,4-903/4.43,49,/0,:,/05479,09F3/0,

 05489,:3 05489,:3,849 ,849,8/0,: ,8/0,:/0209 /020903484 03484-70,570 -70,5705,7,. 5,7,.O3/0 O3/0,6:0,.9 ,6:0,.900 00 .447,390/:7,39023:94,;, .447,390/:7,39023:94,;,.43.:/,/4,57 .43.:/,/4,5705,7,.O30. 05,7,.O30.,70,:,49,, ,70,:,49,, 49,  44.,0.:-704-09 44.,0.:-704-09484-807;, 484-807;,,5705,7,. ,5705,7,.O3,2.748. O3,2.748.454 454

%'$ #0,,: #0,,:3/ 3/-:4 -:4/0 /046 46:00 :0089E8 89E8; ;03/4 03/4  $0N,,030/-:4 $0N,,030/-:4,85,7908 ,85,7908/0,.F:, /0,.F:,6:0089,8 6:0089,84-807;,3 4-807;,3/470854 /4708543/0,,8 3/0,,8 8:03908.:0894308 ,%4/,8,8.F:,890303,282,1472,  *************************************** O O

-89E3,8,/,84089E3:3/,8  ************************************************ .,8.F:,84-807;,/,81472,3:390/4:E  ********************************* /$1472,3:390/4!476:F,5,70.03,8.F:,88:09,8  ***********************************************************************  *********************************************************************** 0425,7,,8.F:,84-807;,/,8.43,8;009,08/0,05/0728/0.0-4,  ***********************************************************************  ***********************************************************************  ****************************************************  *******************

-807;,.O3/0.F:,88,3:J30,8 %#$ O O O

.748.454

!479,4-0948 ,3.09,089F7

O

7,8.4 ,;,/47  

O

.44 .44 

,-84:9 ,-84 :94 4

%A  43,,3.09,089F 43,,3.09,089F770, 770,,7:3,5 ,7:3,5:3.O30 :3.O303:35: 3:35:,7 ,7  05489,7:3,49,/0 05489,7:3,49,/08,370 8,37003,5, 03,5,790.039 790.0397,/0:3 7,/0:3 5479,4-0948  44.,7:35479,4 44.,7:35479,4-0948.4 -0948.4243/., 243/.,0/-:4 0/-:4/08,7 /08,7484-70 484-70 94/,,8:5071.0/05479,/02,307,6:0805:0/,4-90307:3, 13,50J.:,/08,370

 44.,7017498/08 44.,7017498/08,37084,37084-70,.:-0 70,.:-09,/093. 9,/093.O3,N, O3,N,/7 /7 :3,849,8/0,.44,-84:94/0,76:00,.44800;,5470 5,7,1,7,5705,7,.O3  :-77.43:3,849 :-77.43:3,849,8/002 ,8/002,943,/0 ,943,/0,7,.9:,7/ ,7,.9:,7/:7,390 :7,390 23:948;9,7,/080.,.O3/0.447,390,70,3/42E8 J6:/4  ,;,7,5705,7,. ,;,7,5705,7,.O3,N,/ O3,N,/7:3,8 7:3,849,8/00 49,8/00483,/0 483,/0E3/4, E3/4, ,.9:,723:94  '4;07,,;,7,89,6 '4;07,,;,7,89,6:0346: :0346:0/037089 0/03708948/0.4 48/0.447,390 47,390  0,780.,7,70, 0,780.,7,70,3/405479 3/405479,4-03 ,4-03,.,472 ,.,472:0394/0, :0394/0,,2, ,2, /020.074  -807;,7 -807;,7, ,2.7 2.748.4 48.454 54 