Manual Instrumentacion y Control de Procesos Industriales

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE COOPERACIÓN EDUCATIVA

NIVEL: FORMACIÓN BÁSICA

VENEZUELA, 2005

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE COOPERACIÓN EDUCATIVA GERENCIA REGIONAL INCE ARAGUA DIVISIÓN DE FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL UNIDAD DE TECNOLOGÍA EDUCATIVA

NIVEL: FORMACIÓN BÁSICA MODO: FORMACIÓN

Maracay, mayo 2005

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE COOPERACIÓN EDUCATIVA GERENCIA REGIONAL INCE ARAGUA DIVISIÓN DE FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL UNIDAD DE TECNOLOGÍA EDUCATIVA

NIVEL: FORMACIÓN BÁSICA MODO: FORMACIÓN

Maracay, mayo 2005

Especa!s"a e# co#"e#$o T.S.U T.S.U Lixy Gonzá!z "In#$%&'$o%() INCE Poi*(!n$! B!%+,-!z E!a%orac&# y $a'ramac&# Li'. /&-i$0 Ro-%12&!z "Di#!3(-o%( In#$%&''ion() INCE R!2ion( A%(2&( 4i+(%( C0('5n "An(i#$() INCE R!2ion( A%(2&( A%(2&( S(per)s&# *e#era! Li'. Dii( Ro6!# "S&7!%*i#o%( Uni-(- -! T!'noo21 T!'noo21( ( E-&'($i*( INCE R!2ion( A%(2&( Coor$#ac&# T+c#ca Es"r(c"(ra! Di*i#i5n -! R!'&%#o# 7(%( ! A7%!n-iz(8! Coor$#ac&# *e#era! G!%!n'i( G!n!%( -! Fo%+('i5n P%o9!#ion( G!%!n'i( -! T!'noo21( T!'noo21( E-&'($i*( ra E$c&# mayo 2005 Copyr'-" INCE

ONTENIDO ./U ES EL INCE1 PRESENTACIÓN INTRODUCCIÓN O3ETIVO UNIDAD I4 NOCIONES SICAS DE INSTRUMENTACIÓN 6 CONTROL DE PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES INSTRUMENTACIÓN INDUSTRIAL.......................................................... D!9ini'i5n.........................................................................................  Fin(i-(-...........................................................................................  INSTRUMENTOS DE MEDICIÓN INDUSTRIAL......................................  D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................  C(#i9i'('i5n .....................................................................................;< Po% #&# 9&n'ion!#.......................................................................;< Po% #& (7i'('i5n........................................................................;; Po% #& o'(iz('i5n.....................................................................;; Po% #& $!'noo21( ......................................................................;; F&n'ion!# ........................................................................................;= Con'!7$o# 6á#i'o# &$iiz(-o# !n 'on$%o -! 7%o'!#o# in-&#$%i(!#.. ;= Si#$!+(# -i2i$(!#......................................................................;= Si#$!+(# -i#'%!$o#.....................................................................;> C(o% !#7!'19i'o..........................................................................;> En$(71(......................................................................................;> En$%o71(......................................................................................;> C(+7o -! +!-i-(......................................................................;? A'(n'! "S7(n...........................................................................;? E%%o%............................................................................................;? In'!%$i-&+6%! -! ( +!-i-(........................................................;? Ex('$i$&-.....................................................................................;? P%!'i#i5n.....................................................................................;@ on( +&!%$(...............................................................................;@ S!n#i6ii-(-................................................................................;@ R!7!$i6ii-(-..............................................................................;@ i#$%!#i#...................................................................................;@ C(+7o -! +!-i-( 'on !!*('i5n -! '!%o.................................; C(+7o -! +!-i-( 'on #&7%!#i5n -! '!%o.................................; E!*('i5n -! '!%o......................................................................;

S&7%!#i5n -! '!%o......................................................................; Fi(6ii-(-....................................................................................; R!#o&'i5n.................................................................................; E#$(6ii-(-..................................................................................; T!+7!%($&%( -! #!%*i'io#...........................................................; T%(z(6ii-(-................................................................................; SISTEMA DE MEDICIÓN...........................................................................; D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................; Co+7on!n$!# ..................................................................................; FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS COMPONENTES.......................................; E #i#$!+(.........................................................................................; E !!+!n$o 7%i+(%io ........................................................................; E 'on*!%$i-o%....................................................................................; E in-i'(-o%.......................................................................................; E o6#!%*(-o%....................................................................................; PROCESO DE MEDICIÓN........................................................................; D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................; M!-i-(# F1#i'(# ...............................................................................; VARIABLES DE PROCESO.......................................................................=< D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................=< C(#i9i'('i5n .....................................................................................=< V(%i(6!# $%+i'(#......................................................................=< V(%i(6!# -! %(-i('i5n................................................................=; V(%i(6!# -! 9&!%z(....................................................................=; V(%i(6!# -! '(n$i-(-.................................................................=; V(%i(6!# -! 7%o7i!-(-!# 91#i'(#...............................................=; V(%i(6!# !'$%i'(#....................................................................=;

UNIDAD II4 CALIRACI7N DE TRANSMISOR ELCTRÓNICO DE PRESIÓN DI8ERENCIAL CALIBRACIÓN DE INSTRUMENTOS ......................................................=> D!9ini'i5n .........................................................................................=> C(%('$!%1#$i'(#..................................................................................=> P($%on!# Bá#i'o#..............................................................................=> P%o'!-i+i!n$o...................................................................................=? ERRORES DE LOS INSTRUMENTOS DE MEDICIÓN ...........................= E !%%o% -! (n2&(%i-(-.....................................................................= D!9ini'i5n ..................................................................................= R!7!%'&#i5n !n ( in-i'('i5n -! in#$%&+!n$o ..........................=

Co%%!''i5n..................................................................................= E E%%o% -! C!%o................................................................................= D!9ini'i5n ..................................................................................= R!7!%'&#i5n !n ( in-i'('i5n -! in#$%&+!n$o...........................= Co%%!''i5n..................................................................................= E E%%o% -! A+7i$&-..........................................................................= D!9ini'i5n ...................................................................................= R!7!%'&#i5n !n ( in-i'('i5n -! in#$%&+!n$o...........................= Co%%!''i5n..................................................................................= FUENTE DE PROCEDENCIA DE LOS ERRORES DE MEDICIÓN......= R&i-o ................................................................................................= Ti!+7o -! %!#7&!#$(........................................................................= Li+i$('ion!# -! -i#!3o.....................................................................= T%(n#+i#i5n.......................................................................................= In9&!n'i( -! +!-io (+6i!n$! !n ! #i#$!+( -! +!-i'i5n...............= In$!%7%!$('i5n in'o%%!'$( -! o6#!%*(-o%..........................................= E%%o% -! 7(%((8!........................................................................= In9&!n'i( 7!%#on( -! o6#!%*(-o%............................................= E&i*o'('ion!#..........................................................................= TRANSMISOR ELHCTRICO DE PRESIÓN DIFERENCIAL..................= D!9ini'i5n ........................................................................................= Ti7o# ...............................................................................................= N!&+á$i'o#................................................................................= D! !&ii6%io -! +o*i+i!n$o#.....................................................>< D! !&ii6%io -! 9&!%z(#.............................................................>< U#o..................................................................................................>; SOFT4ARE DE CALIBRACIÓN.............................................................>; D!9ini'i5n ........................................................................................>; M(n!8o ............................................................................................>@ CALIBRACIÓN DE TRANSMISOR ELHCTRICO DE PRESIÓN DIFERENCIAL ........................................................................................> D!9ini'i5n ........................................................................................> Co+7%o6('i5n ................................................................................> P%!'(&'ion!# ..>

UNIDAD III4 MEDICIÓN DE NIVELES DE L9/UIDOS LA MEDICIÓN DE NIVELES DE LÍJUIDOS...........................................> D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................> Ti7o#.................................................................................................> Po% 9o$(n$!.................................................................................>

Po% 6&%6&8!o...............................................................................?< Po% -i(9%(2+(.............................................................................?< LA PRESIÓN IDROSTÁTICA................................................................?; D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................?; Uni-(-!# -! +!-i'i5n......................................................................?; EL TRANSMISOR DE NIVEL...................................................................?= D!9ini'i5n.........................................................................................?= C(%('$!%1#$i'(#.................................................................................?= F&n'i5n.............................................................................................?=

UNIDAD IV4 MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO A SISTEMAS DE MEDICIÓN MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO...........................................................?> D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................?> Fin(i-(-...........................................................................................?> TERMOPAR..............................................................................................?> D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................?> Ti7o# ................................................................................................?? E -! '%o+! 'on#$(n$(n..............................................................?? T -! 'o6%! 'on#$(n$(n................................................................?? / -! 0i!%%o 'on#$(n$(n................................................................?? K -! '%o+! 'on#$(n$(n..............................................................?? R) # y ! -! 7$  7$%0....................................................................?? DESTORNILLADOR DE CONTROL........................................................?@ D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................?@ U#o...................................................................................................?@ P%!'(&'ion!#....................................................................................?@ LIMPIADOR ELHCTRICO........................................................................?@ D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................?@ U#o...................................................................................................?@ P%!'(&'ion!#....................................................................................? INSTALACIÓN DE INSTRUMENTOS DE MEDICIÓN.............................? Con-i'ion!#......................................................................................? Con!xi5n ( ( $&6!%1( o ( $(n&!...............................................? Coo'('i5n .................................................................................? Vi6%('i5n.....................................................................................? Po#i'i5n.......................................................................................? P%o$!''i5n 'on$%( $!+7!%($&%(# !x'!#i*(#.................................?

P%!'(&'ion!#....................................................................................?

UNIDAD V4 VLVULA DE CONTROL NEUMTICO LA VALVULA DE CONTROL NEUMÁTICO.............................................? D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................? P(%$!#...............................................................................................? Ti7o# ................................................................................................@< Vá*&( -! 2o6o.........................................................................@< Vá*&( -! án2&o ......................................................................@; Vá*&( -! +(%i7o#(...................................................................@; Vá*&( -! 6o(...........................................................................@; F&n'ion(+i!n$o................................................................................@> F('$o%!# -! #!!''i5n......................................................................@@ Co%%o#i5n y !%o#i5n .........................................................................@@ C(&#(# -! (# 9((# ........................................................................@

UNIDAD VI4 MICROCONTROLADORES EL MICROCONTROLADOR@ D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................@ P(%$!#...............................................................................................@ F&n'ion!#.........................................................................................@ F&n'ion(+i!n$o 6á#i'o !n +i'%o7%o'!#(-o%...................................@ SISTEMA DE CONTROL DE PROCESOS.............................................. D!9ini'i5n.......................................................................................... Co+7on!n$!#................................................................................... PROGRAMACIÓN BÁSICA DEL MICROCONTROLADOR FOBORO = ............................................................................................................... 

ILIO*RA89A............................................................................................. *LOSARIO .<

./U ES EL INCE1

E In#$i$&$o N('ion( -! Coo7!%('i5n E-&'($i*( "INCE) !# &n o%2(ni#+o (&$5no+o 'on 7!%#on(i-(- 8&%1-i'( y 7($%i+onio 7%o7io) (-#'%i$o ( Mini#$!%io 7(%( ( E'ono+1( Po7&(%) '%!(-o 7o% !y ! == -! A2o#$o -! ;@ y %!2(+!n$(-o 7o% D!'%!$o ! ;; -! M(%zo -! ;<. D! ('&!%-o ( D!'%!$o 7&6i'(-o !n ( G('!$( O9i'i( N >?@> -! 9!'0( = -! S!7$i!+6%!) #! %!9o%+( ! R!2(+!n$o -! ( L!y -! INCE) 'on ( 9in(i-(- -! %!o%2(niz(%o y (-!'&(%o ( o# in$!%!#!# -! 7(1# y ( 7%o'!#o -! %!'on*!%#i5n in-&#$%i(. E INCE !# ! 5%2(no %!'$o% -! ( Fo%+('i5n P%o9!#ion( !n ( R!7,6i'( Boi*(%i(n( -! V!n!z&!() %(z5n 7o% ( '&( #& (''i5n 0( !#$(-o -i%i2i-( ( ( 9o%+('i5n y '(7('i$('i5n -! ( 9&!%z( (6o%() !n 'on#on(n'i( 'on (# n!'!#i-(-!# -! o# #!'$o%!# 7%o-&'$i*o# y 'on (# 7o1$i'(# -! -!#(%%oo !'on5+i'o y #o'i( -! E#$(-o *!n!zo(no. E In#$i$&$o $i!n! 'o+o +i#i5n: :8ormar y capac"ar $e ma#era #"e'ra!,

%a;o !a "("e!a $e! Es"a$o y co# !a par"cpac&# y compromso $e !os emp!ea$ores y "ra%a;a$ores, a !a <(er=a !a%ora! >(e $ema#$a# !os sec"ores pro$(c")os, ore#"a#$o !a
PRESENTACIÓN

Con ( 9in(i-(- -! ($!n-!% ( o# %!&!%i+i!n$o# -! ( G!%!n'i( G!n!%( -! Fo%+('i5n P%o9!#ion() !n ! +(%'o -! P(n -! Mo-!%niz('i5n -! o# C!n$%o# -! Fo%+('i5n -! ( In#$i$&'i5n 7(%( ( 7&!#$( !n #!%*i'io -! L(6o%($o%io# Di-á'$i'o#) 'on +i%(# ( ( 9o%+('i5n -! $%(6(8(-o%!# '(i9i'(-o# !n -i9!%!n$!# á%!(# o'&7('ion(!#) #! 0( !(6o%(-o !#$! +(n&( -!

I#s"r(me#"ac&# y Co#"ro! $e Procesos I#$(s"ra!es, %!(iz(n-o in*!#$i2('ion!# y 'on#&$(# ( o# !#7!'i(i#$(#) 'on ! 9in -! 7%!'i#(% o# 'on$!ni-o# n!'!#(%io# 7(%( ! -i'$(-o -! C&%#o

E 'on$!ni-o #! (8&#$( ( 7%o2%(+( -! !#$&-io y #! 0( -i#!3(-o #!2,n o# %!&!%i+i!n$o# -! '&%#o) #in !+6(%2o #! 0('! n!'!#(%io &! &#$!- 'on#&$! 'on o$%(# 9&!n$!# 7(%( (+7i(% ( in9o%+('i5n ! in'%!+!n$(% o# 'ono'i+i!n$o# (-&i%i-o#.

E#7!%(+o# &! (7%o*!'0! ( +áxi+o ( o7o%$&ni-(- &! ! INCE ! o9%!'! -! 'on*!%$i%#! !n &n $%(6(8(-o% ($(+!n$! '(7('i$(-o) &! %!#7on-( (+7i(+!n$! ( (# !xi2!n'i(# -! #& á%!( (6o%( y #o'i(.

INTRODUCCIÓN Con ( 9in(i-(- -! ($!n-!% ( o# %!&!%i+i!n$o# -! ( G!%!n'i( G!n!%( -! Fo%+('i5n P%o9!#ion() !n ! +(%'o -! P(n -! Mo-!%niz('i5n -! o# C!n$%o# -! Fo%+('i5n -! ( In#$i$&'i5n 7(%( ( 7&!#$( !n #!%*i'io -! L(6o%($o%io# Di-á'$i'o#) 'on +i%(# ( ( 9o%+('i5n -! $%(6(8(-o%!# '(i9i'(-o# !n -i9!%!n$!# á%!(# o'&7('ion(!#) #! 0( !(6o%(-o !#$! +(n&( -!

I#s"r(me#"ac&# y Co#"ro! $e Procesos I#$(s"ra!es) %!(iz(n-o in*!#$i2('ion!# y 'on#&$(# ( o# !#7!'i(i#$(#) 'on ! 9in -! 7%!'i#(% o# 'on$!ni-o# n!'!#(%io# 7(%( ! -i'$(-o -! C&%#o. E 7%!#!n$! +($!%i( 'on$!+7( (# #i2&i!n$!# Uni-(-!#: 

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O3ETIVO *ENERAL P%o7o%'ion(% ( o# 7(%$i'i7(n$!# o# 'ono'i+i!n$o# $!5%i'o# n!'!#(%io# 7(%( -!#(%%o(% 0(6ii-(-!# y -!#$%!z(# %!&!%i-(# !n ( O'&7('i5n -! In#$%&+!n$('i5n y Con$%o -! P%o'!#o# In-&#$%i(!#) ( 9in -! '&+7i% 'on o# 7%o'!-i+i!n$o# !#$(6!'i-o# !n #$( á%!( -! $%(6(8o.

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UNIDAD I NOCIONES SICAS DE INSTRUMENTACIÓN 6 CONTROL DE PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES I#s"r(me#"ac&# I#$(s"ra! DEFINICIÓN E# ! 'ono'i+i!n$o -! ( 'o%%!'$( (7i'('i5n -! o# !&i7o# !n'(+in(-o# ( (7oy(% ( &#&(%io !n ( +!-i'i5n) %!2&('i5n) o6#!%*('i5n y $%(n#9o%+('i5n -! &n( *(%i(6! -(-() !n &n 7%o'!#o 7%o-&'$i*o. FINALIDAD E#$(6!'!% &n 'on$%o $'ni'o -! o# 7%o'!#o# 7%o-&'$i*o# ( $%(*# -! -i9!%!n$!# 7%o'!-i+i!n$o#.

I#s"r(me#"os $e Me$c&# I#$(s"ra! DEFINICIÓN Son !&i7o# !'$%i'o#) !!'$%5ni'o#) n!&+á$i'o# o 0i-%á&i'o#) &! 7!%+i$!n ('(nz(% -o# 9in!# 7%in'i7(!#: En 7%i+!% &2(%)

7&!-!n -(% in-i'('ion!# ('!%'( -! (2o &! !#$á

#&'!-i!n-o !n ! 7%o'!#o 7o% +!-io -! (2&8(# in-i'(-o%(#) 2%á9i'(# %!2i#$%(-o%(# & o$%o# +!-io#) 7!%o ,ni'(+!n$! ( +(n!%( -! in9o%+('i5n. En #!2&n-o &2(% no# 7&!-!n -(% (# +i#+(# in-i'('ion!# -! '(#o (n$!%io%) 7!%o ( ( *!z 7&!-!n 7on!% !n (''i5n (2,n +!'(ni#+o o *(%i(6! 7(%( !n(% 'i!%$o# %!&i#i$o# -! 7%o'!#o.

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CLASIFICACIÓN

Por sus funciones Ciegos

No $i!n!n in-i'('i5n *i#i6! -! (# *(%i(6!#) $(!# 'o+o 7%!#o#$($o# y $!%+o#$($o#) $%(n#+i#o%!# -! '(&-() 7%!#i5n) ni*! y $!+7!%($&%( #in in-i'('i5n. Indicadores

Di#7on!n -! &n 1n-i'! y &n( !#'(( 2%(-&(-( !n ( &! 7&!-! !!%#! ! *(o% -! ( *(%i(6!. Registradores

R!2i#$%(n 'on $%(zo 'on$in&o o ( 7&n$o# ! 'o+7o%$(+i!n$o -! (# *(%i(6!# !n ! $i!+7o. Transmisores

C(7$(n ( *(%i(6! -! 7%o'!#o ( $%(*# -! !!+!n$o 7%i+(%io y ( $%(n#+i$!n) ( -i#$(n'i() !n 7&2(-(# '&(-%(-(# o !!'$%5ni'(# -! ?  =< +A -! 'o%%i!n$! 'on$in&( Convertidores

R!'i6!n &n( #!3( -! !n$%(-( n!&+á$i'( -! >  ;@ 7#i o !!'$%5ni'( -! ? ( =< +A 7%o'!-!n$! -! &n in#$%&+!n$o y -!#7&# -! +o-i9i'(%( ( !n*1(n ( %!#&$(n$! !n 9o%+( -! #!3( -! #(i-( !#$án-(%. Receptores

R!'i6!n ( #!3( 7%o'!-!n$! -! o# $%(n#+i#o%!# y ( in-i'(n o %!2i#$%(n.

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Controladores

Co+7(%(n ( *(%i(6! 'on$%o(-( 'on &n *(o% -!#!(-o y !8!%'!n &n( (''i5n 'o%%!'$i*( -! ('&!%-o 'on ( -!#*i('i5n.

Por su aplicación •

N!&+á$i'o#

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i-%á&i'o#

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E'$%i'o#

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E!'$%5ni'o#

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E!'$%o+!'áni'o#

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Mix$o#

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T%(n#-&'$o%!#

• A+7i9i'(-o%!#

Por su localización •

In#$((-o# !n '(+7o

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In#$((-o# o'(+!n$!

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In#$((-o# !n $(6!%o 7%in'i7(

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In#$((-o# %!+o$(+!n$!

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In-i'(-o%!#

• An(iz(-o%!#

Por su tecnología •

Si#$!+(# Di#'%!$o#

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Si#$!+(# -! 'on$%o -i2i$( -i%!'$o

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Si#$!+(# -! #&7!%*i#i5n

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Si#$!+(# -! 'on$%o #&7!%*i#o%io y (-&i#i'i5n -! -($o#

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FUNCIONES •

S!n#(% o '(7$(% &n( *(%i(6! -(-(

• A'on-i'ion(% &n( *(%i(6! -(-( •

T%(n#+i$i% &n( *(%i(6!

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Con$%o(% &n( *(%i(6!

•

In-i'(% ( +(2ni$&- -! &n( *(%i(6!

•

To$(iz(% &n( *(%i(6!

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R!2i#$%(% &n( *(%i(6!

•

Con*!%$i% &n( *(%i(6!

• A(%+(% 7o% +(2ni$&- &n( *(%i(6! •

In$!%%&+7i% o 7!%+i$i% &n( #!'&!n'i( -(-(

•

T%(n#+i$i% &n( #!3(

• A+7i9i'(% &n( #!3( •

M(ni7&(% &n( *(%i(6! -! 7%o'!#o) !n$%! o$%(#

CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS UTILIADOS EN CONTROL DE PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES

Sistemas digitales Lo# #i#$!+(# -i2i$(!# o7!%(n !n ! #i#$!+( n&+%i'o 6in(%io) &! i+7i'( &! $o-(# (# *(%i(6!# -! 'i%'&i$o -!6!n #!% ; o <. E á2!6%( &$iiz(-( 7(%( %!#o*!% 7%o6!+(# y 7%o'!#(% ( in9o%+('i5n !n o# #i#$!+(# -i2i$(!# #! -!no+in( á2!6%( -! Boo!) 6(#(-( #o6%! ( 52i'( +á# &! #o6%! ! 'á'&o -! *(o%!# n&+%i'o# %!(!#. E á2!6%( 6oo!(n( 'on#i-!%( &! (# 7%o7o#i'ion!# 52i'(# #on *!%-(-!%(# o 9(#(#) #!2,n ! $i7o -! ;=


o7!%('i5n &! -!#'%i6!n y #i (# *(%i(6!# #on *!%-(-!%(# o 9(#(#. V!%-(-!%o 'o%%!#7on-! ( *(o% -i2i$( ;) +i!n$%(# &! 9(#o 'o%%!#7on-! ( <.

Sistemas discretos Son (&!o# 'o+7&!#$o# -! &ni-(-!# -i#$in$(# 7o% o7o#i'i5n ( (# +(2ni$&-!# 'on$in&(# "on2i$&-) $i!+7o o -! &n( *(%i('i5n &! $i!n! &2(% 7o% '(n$i-(-!# !n$!%(#

Calor específico C(n$i-(- -! '(o% n!'!#(%i( 7(%( !!*(% ( $!+7!%($&%( -! &n( &ni-(-! +(#( -! &n( #&#$(n'i( !n &n 2%(-o. En ! Si#$!+( In$!%n('ion( -! &ni-(-!#) ! '(o% !#7!'19i'o #! !x7%!#( !n 8&io# 7o% io2%(+o y !*inQ !n o'(#ion!# $(+6in #! !x7%!#( !n '(o%1(# 7o% 2%(+o y 2%(-o '!n$12%(-o. E '(o% !#7!'19i'o -! (2&( !# &n( '(o%1( 7o% 2%(+o y 2%(-o '!n$12%(-o) !# -!'i%) 0(y &! #&+ini#$%(% &n( '(o%1( ( &n 2%(+o -! (2&( 7(%( !!*(% #& $!+7!%($&%( !n &n 2%(-o '!n$12%(-o.

Entalpía C(n$i-(- -! !n!%21( -! &n #i#$!+( $!%+o-iná+i'o &! #$! 7&!-! in$!%'(+6i(% 'on #& !n$o%no. Po% !8!+7o) !n &n( %!(''i5n &1+i'( ( 7%!#i5n 'on#$(n$!) ! '(+6io -! !n$(71( -! #i#$!+( !# ! '(o% (6#o%6i-o o -!#7%!n-i-o !n ( %!(''i5n. En &n '(+6io -! 9(#!) 7o% !8!+7o -! 1&i-o ( 2(#) ! '(+6io -! !n$(71( -! #i#$!+( !# ! '(o% ($!n$!) !n !#$! '(#o ! -! *(7o%iz('i5n.

Entropía F&n'i5n -! !#$(-o &! +i-! ! -!#o%-!n -! &n #i#$!+( 91#i'o o &1+i'o) y 7o% $(n$o #& 7%oxi+i-(- ( !&ii6%io $%+i'o.

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Campo de medida E#7!'$%o o 'on8&n$o -! *(o%!# -! ( *(%i(6! +!-i-( &! !#$án 'o+7%!n-i-o# -!n$%o -! o# i+i$!# #&7!%io% ! in9!%io% -! ( '(7('i-(- -! +!-i-( o -! $%(n#+i#i5n -! in#$%&+!n$oQ *i!n! !x7%!#(-o !#$(6!'i!n-o o# -o# *(o%!# !x$%!+o#. Po% !8!+7o: ! '(+7o -! +!-i-( -! &n -!$!%+in(-o in#$%&+!n$o -! $!+7!%($&%( !# ;<< ( ><< C.

Alcance (span) E# ( -i9!%!n'i( (2!6%(i'( !n$%! o# *(o%!# #&7!%io% ! in9!%io% -! '(+7o -! +!-i-( -! in#$%&+!n$o

Error E# ( -i9!%!n'i( (2!6%(i'( !n$%! ! *(o% !1-o o $%(n#+i$i-o 7o% ! in#$%&+!n$o y ! *(o% %!( -! ( *(%i(6! +!-i-(.

Incertidumbre de la medida E# ( -i#7!%#i5n -! o# *(o%!# &! 7&!-!n #!% ($%i6&i-o# %(zon(6!+!n$! ( *!%-(-!%o *(o% -! ( +(2ni$&- +!-i-(. En ! 'á'&o -! ( in'!%$i-&+6%! in$!%*i!n!n ( -i#$%i6&'i5n !#$(-1#$i'( -! o# %!#&$(-o# -! #!%i!# -! +!-i'ion!#) (# '(%('$!%1#$i'(# -! o# !&i7o#) !n$%! o$%o#.

Exactitud E# ( '&(i-(- -! &n in#$%&+!n$o -! +!-i-( 7o% ( &! $i!n-! ( -(% !'$&%(# 7%5xi+(# ( *!%-(-!%o *(o% -! ( +(2ni$&- +!-i-(.

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Precisión L( 7%!'i#i5n !# ( $o!%(n'i( -! +!-i-( o -! $%(n#+i#i5n -! in#$%&+!n$o "in$!%*(o -on-! !# (-+i#i6! &! #! #i$& ( +(2ni$&- -! ( +!-i-() y -!9in! o# 1+i$!# -! o# !%%o%!# 'o+!$i-o# '&(n-o ! in#$%&+!n$o #! !+7!( !n 'on-i'ion!# no%+(!# -! #!%*i'io -&%(n$! &n 7!%io-o -! $i!+7o -!$!%+in(-o "no%+(+!n$! ; (3o.

Zona muerta E# ! '(+7o -! *(o%!# -! ( *(%i(6! &! no 0('! *(%i(% ( in-i'('i5n o ( #!3( -! #(i-( -! in#$%&+!n$o) !# -!'i%) &! no 7%o-&'! #& %!#7&!#$(. Vi!n! -(-( !n 7o%'!n$(8! -! ('(n'! -! ( +!-i-(.

Sensibilidad E# ( %(z5n !n$%! ! in'%!+!n$o -! ( !'$&%( y ! in'%!+!n$o -! ( *(%i(6! &! o o'(#ion() -!#7&# -! 0(6!%#! ('(nz(-o ! !#$(-o -! %!7o#o.

epetibilidad E# ( '(7('i-(- -! %!7%o-&''i5n -! (# 7o#i'ion!# -! ( 7&+( o -! 1n-i'! o -! ( #!3( -! #(i-() -! in#$%&+!n$o ( +!-i% %!7!$i-(+!n$! *(o%!# i-n$i'o# -! ( *(%i(6! !n (# +i#+(# 'on-i'ion!# -! #!%*i'io y !n ! +i#+o #!n$i-o -! *(%i('i5n) %!'o%%i!n-o $o-o ! '(+7o. S! 'on#i-!%( !n 2!n!%( #& *(o% +áxi+o "%!7!$i6ii-(- +áxi+( y #! !x7%!#( !n $(n$o 7o% 'i!n$o -! ('(n'!Q &n *(o% %!7%!#!n$($i*o !# ! -!  ;.

!ist"resis ;@


E# ( -i9!%!n'i( +áxi+( &! #! o6#!%*( !n o# *(o%!# in-i'(-o# 7o% ! 1n-i'! o ( 7&+( -! in#$%&+!n$o 7(%( ! +i#+o *(o% '&(&i!%( -! '(+7o -! +!-i-() '&(n-o ( *(%i(6! %!'o%%! $o-( ( !#'(( !n o# -o# #!n$i-o#) (#'!n-!n$! y -!#'!n-!n$!. S! !x7%!#( !n $(n$o 7o% 'i!n$o -! ('(n'! -! ( +!-i-(.

Campo de medida con ele#ación de cero E# (&! '(+7o -! +!-i-( !n ! &! ! *(o% '!%o -! ( *(%i(6! o #!3( +!-i-( !# +(yo% &! ! *(o% in9!%io% -! '(+7o. Po% !8!+7o) ;< ( ><

Campo de medida con supresión de cero E# (&! '(+7o -! +!-i-( !n ! &! ! *(o% '!%o -! ( *(%i(6! o #!3( +!-i-( !# +!no% &! ! *(o% in9!%io% -! '(+7o.

Ele#ación de cero E# ( '(n$i-(- 'on &! ! *(o% '!%o -! ( *(%i(6! #&7!%( ! *(o% in9!%io% -! '(+7o. P&!-! !x7%!#(%#! !n &ni-(-!# -! ( *(%i(6! +!-i-( o !n  -! ('(n'!.

Supresión de cero E# ( '(n$i-(- 'on &! ! *(o% in9!%io% -! '(+7o #&7!%( ! *(o% '!%o -! ( *(%i(6!. P&!-! !x7%!#(%#! !n &ni-(-!# -! ( *(%i(6! +!-i-( o !n  -! ('(n'!.

$iabilidad

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M!-i-( -! ( 7%o6(6ii-(- -! &! &n in#$%&+!n$o 'on$in& 'o+7o%$án-o#! -!n$%o -! i+i$!# !#7!'i9i'(-o# -! !%%o% ( o (%2o -! &n $i!+7o -!$!%+in(-o y 6(8o 'on-i'ion!# !#7!'i9i'(-(#.

esolución M(2ni$&- -! o# '(+6io# !n !#'(5n

-! ( #!3( -! #(i-(

"!x7%!#(-o# !n $(n$o 7o% 'i!n$o -! ( #(i-( -! $o-( ( !#'(( ( i% *(%i(n-o 'on$in&(+!n$! ( +!-i-( !n $o-o ! '(+7o. E# $(+6in ! 2%(-o 'on &! ! in#$%&+!n$o 7&!-! -i#'%i+in(%

*(o%!# !&i*(!n$!# -! &n( '(n$i-(-) o (

+!no% -i9!%!n'i( -! *(o% &! ! (7(%($o 7&!-! -i#$in2&i%.

Estabilidad E# ( '(7('i-(- -! &n in#$%&+!n$o 7(%( +(n$!n!% #& 'o+7o%$(+i!n$o -&%(n$! #& *i-( ,$i y -! (+('!n(+i!n$o !#7!'i9i'(-(#.

%emperatura de ser#icio E# ! '(+7o -! $!+7!%($&%(# !n ! '&( #! !#7!%( &! $%(6(8! ! in#$%&+!n$o -!n$%o -! 1+i$!# -! !%%o% !#7!'i9i'(-o#.

%razabilidad E# ( 7%o7i!-(- -! %!#&$(-o -! (# +!-i'ion!# !9!'$&(-(# 'on &n in#$%&+!n$o o 'on &n 7($%5n) $( &! 7&!-! %!('ion(%#! 'on 7($%on!# n('ion(!# o in$!%n('ion(!#) +!-i(n$! &n( '(-!n( in$!%%&+7i-( -! 'o+7(%('ion!#) 'on $o-(# (# in'!%$i-&+6%!# -!$!%+in(-(#.

Ss"ema $e Me$c&# DEFINICIÓN ;


E# ! !&i7o !n ! '&( #! *!%i9i'(n y (8&#$(n (# *(%i(6!# &! in$!%*i!n!n !n o# 7%o'!#o# in-&#$%i(!#.

COMPONENTES •

E #i#$!+(

•

E !!+!n$o 7%i+(%io

•

E in-i'(-o%

•

E 'on*!%$i-o%

FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS COMPONENTES

El sistema Con$i!n! ( '(n$i-(- o6#!%*(6! ( #!% +!-i-(.

El elemento primario Di#!3(-o 7(%( %!#7on-!% 'on &n( '(n$i-(- o6#!%*(6!.

El con#ertidor Con*i!%$! ! !#$1+&o -! !!+!n$o 7%i+(%io !n &n( 9o%+( -! (''i5n ('!7$(6! 7(%( ! in-i'(-o%.

El indicador Con*i!%$! ( (''i5n %!'i6i-( -! 'on*!%$i-o% !n &n( 9o%+( -! (''i5n 7!%'!7$i6! 7o% ! o6#!%*(-o%.

El obser#ador In$!%7%!$( ! %!#&$(-o 7%!#!n$(-o 7o% ! in-i'(-o%.

;


Proceso $e Me$c&# &E$I'ICI' E# ( (''i5n -! +!-i% &n( '(n$i-(- o 'on-i'i5n *(%i(6! y $%(n#+i$i%( ( -!$!'$o% -! !%%o%. E -!$!'$o% -! !%%o% !# -on-! #! 7%o-&'! ( 'o+7(%('i5n -! ( *(%i(6! "PV 'on ! 7&n$o -! %!9!%!n'i( o 7&n$o -!#!(-o -! 'on$%o "S!$ Poin$) -(n-o 'o+o %!#&$(-o ( #!3( 'o%%!'$i*(.

INSTRUMENTO SISTEMA

VALOR REAL

ELEMENTO PRIMARIO

CONVERTIDOR VALOR INDICADO

INDICADOR OBSERVADOR

MEDIDAS FSICAS

U#$a$es ps %scas MA*NITUD Lon2i$&M(#( Ti!+7o

NOMRE

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UNIDAD II CALIRACIÓN DE TRANSMISOR PRESIÓN DI8ERENCIAL

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Ca!%rac&# $e I#s"r(me#"os DEFINICI[N E# ! (8&#$! -! ( #(i-( -! &n in#$%&+!n$o ( *(o%!# -!#!(-o# -!n$%o -! &n( $o!%(n'i( !#7!'i9i'(-( 7(%( *(o%!# 7(%$i'&(%!# -! ( #!3( -! !n$%(-(. CARACTERÍSTICAS Un in#$%&+!n$o %!7%!#!n$($i*o) #! 'on#i-!%( &! !#$( 6i!n '(i6%(-o '&(n-o !n $o-o# o# 7&n$o# -! #& '(+7o -! +!-i-() ( -i9!%!n'i( !n$%! ! *(o% %!( -! ( *(%i(6! y ! *(o% in-i'(-o) %!2i#$%(-o o $%(n#+i$i-o) !#$( 'o+7%!n-i-( !n$%! o# 1+i$!# -!$!%+in(-o# 7o% ( 7%!'i#i5n -! in#$%&+!n$o. En &n in#$%&+!n$o i-!( "#in !%%o%) ( %!('i5n !n$%! o# *(o%!# %!(!# -! ( *(%i(6! 'o+7%!n-i-o# -!n$%o -! '(+7o -! +!-i-( y o# *(o%!# -! !'$&%( -! (7(%($o) !# in!(. PATRONES BÁSICOS Exi#$!n -i9!%!n$!# $i7o# -! 7($%on!# -! +!-i'i5n y '(i6%('i5n '(#i9i'(-o# -! ('&!%-o 'on #& 9&n'i5n y (7i'('i5n) (#1 $!n!+o#: •

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4 Si$&(% ( *(%i(6! !n ! *(o% +1ni+o -! '(+7o -! +!-i-() y !n !#$! *(o% (8&#$(% ! $o%nio -! '!%o -! in#$%&+!n$o 0(#$( &! ! 1n-i'! #!3(! ! 7&n$o -! 6(#!.

24 Coo'(% ( *(%i(6! !n ! *(o% +áxi+o -! '(+7o -! +!-i-( y !n !#$! *(o% (8&#$(% ! $o%nio -! +&$i7i'('i5n 0(#$( &! ! 1n-i'! #!3(! ! 7&n$o -! 6(#!.

4 R!7!$i% o# 7&n$o# (n$!%io%!# ; y = #&'!#i*(+!n$!) 0(#$( &! (# !'$&%(# #!(n 'o%%!'$(# !n o# *(o%!# +1ni+o# y +áxi+o#

4 Coo'(% ( *(%i(6! !n ! @< -! in$!%*(o -! +!-i-( y !n !#$! 7&n$o (8&#$(% ! $o%nio -! (n2&(%i-(- 0(#$( +o*!% ! 1n-i'! 'in'o *!'!# ! *(o% -! !%%o% !n ( -i%!''i5n -! +i#+o " ( '&%*( %!( #! (7(n( 

54 R!(8&#$(% #&'!#i*(+!n$! ! $o%nio -! '!%o y ! -! +&$i7i'('i5n) 0(#$( 'on#!2&i% ( !x('$i$&- -!#!(-( o %!&!%i-(. Si 9&!%( n!'!#(%io) !9!'$&(% &n( n&!*( 'o%%!''i5n -! (n2&(%i-(-.

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E#$! 7%o'!-i+i!n$o !# 2!n!%() 'on ( #(*!-(- -! #&#$i$&i% ( 7((6%( \1n-i'!] 7o% \7&+(] y #!3( -! #(i-( !n o# '(#o# -! in#$%&+!n$o# %!2i#$%(-o%!# y $%(n#+i#o%!# n!&+á$i'o# "#!3( -! #(i-( -! > ( ;@ 7#i o !!'$%5ni'o# "? ( =< +( '.'. %!#7!'$i*(+!n$!. L( 7o#i'i5n -! o# $o%nio# -! (8&#$! -! '!%o) +&$i7i'('i5n y (n2&(%i-(-) *(%1( #!2,n ! in#$%&+!n$oQ (2&no# $i7o# '(%!'!n -! (2&no -! !o#. =@


Errores $e !os I#s"r(me#"os $e Me$c&# EL ERROR DE ANGULARIDAD

&efinición D!#*i('i5n -! o# 7&n$o# -! ( '&%*( -! o# *(o%!# -! #(i-( -! in#$%&+!n$o 'on %!('i5n ( ( %!'$( &! %!('ion( ( *(%i(6! -! !n$%(-( 'on ( #(i-( -! &n in#$%&+!n$o i-!( #in !%%o% y 'oin'i-i!n-o o# -o# !n o# 7&n$o# < y ;<< -! '(+7o -! +!-i-(.

epercusión en la indicación del instrumento E !%%o% -! (n2&(%i-(- 0('! &! #! $!n2( &n( in'!%$i-&+6%! #o6%! ! *!%-(-!%o *(o% -! ( +!-i-() #i!n-o ( in'!%$i-&+6%! ( -i#7!%#i5n -! o# *(o%!# &! 7&!-!n #!% ($%i6&i-o# %(zon(6!+!n$! ( *!%-(-!%o *(o% -! ( +(2ni$&- +!-i-(.

Corrección E !%%o% -! (n2&(%i-(- #! 'o%%i2! 0('i!n-o &! ( $%(n#+i#i5n 7o% 7((n'(# -! +o*i+i!n$o -! !!+!n$o 7%i+(%io) &!-!n !x('$(+!n$! ( !#'&(-%( 'on ( *(%i(6! ( @< -! #& *(o% (8&#$(n-o ! $o%nio -! (n2&(%i-(- !n o# in#$%&+!n$o# (n(52i'o#. EL ERROR DE CERO

&efinición D!#7(z(+i!n$o 'on#$(n$! -! $o-o# o# *(o%!# -! #(i-( -! in#$%&+!n$o 'on %!('i5n ( ( %!'$( &! %!('ion( ( *(%i(6! -! !n$%(-( 'on ( #(i-( -! &n in#$%&+!n$o i-!( #in !%%o%.

=


epercusión en la indicación del instrumento E !%%o% -! '!%o 0('! &! #! $!n2( &n( in'!%$i-&+6%! #o6%! ! *!%-(-!%o *(o% -! ( +!-i-() #i!n-o ( in'!%$i-&+6%! ( -i#7!%#i5n -! o# *(o%!# &! 7&!-!n #!% ($%i6&i-o# %(zon(6!+!n$! ( *!%-(-!%o *(o% -! ( +(2ni$&- +!-i-(.

Corrección E !%%o% -! '!%o #! 'o%%i2! 'on ! (+(-o $o%nio -! '!%o) &! +o-i9i'( -i%!'$(+!n$! ( 7o#i'i5n -! 1n-i'! o -! ( 7&+( -! %!2i#$%o '(+6i(n-o ( '&%*( *(%i(6!!'$&%( 7(%(!(+!n$! ( #1 +i#+() o 6i!n #('(n-o ! 1n-i'! y 9i8án-oo ( !8! -! !'$&%( !n o$%( 7o#i'i5n. EL ERROR DE AMPLITUD

&efinición A&+!n$o 7%o2%!#i*o -! $o-o# o# *(o%!# -! #(i-( -! in#$%&+!n$o 'on %!('i5n ( ( %!'$( &! %!('ion( ( *(%i(6! -! !n$%(-( 'on ( #(i-( -! &n in#$%&+!n$o i-!( #in !%%o%.

epercusión en la indicación del instrumento E !%%o% -! '!%o 0('! &! #! $!n2( &n( in'!%$i-&+6%! #o6%! ! *!%-(-!%o *(o% -! ( +!-i-() #i!n-o ( in'!%$i-&+6%! ( -i#7!%#i5n -! o# *(o%!# &! 7&!-!n #!% ($%i6&i-o# %(zon(6!+!n$! ( *!%-(-!%o *(o% -! ( +(2ni$&- +!-i(.

Corrección S! 'o%%i2! ('$&(n-o #o6%! ! $o%nio -! (+7i$&- o +&$i7i'('i5n &! +o-i9i'( -i%!'$(+!n$! ( %!('i5n -! (+7i$&- -! +o*i+i!n$o# -! ( *(%i(6! ( 1n-i'! o ( 7&+() !# -!'i% &! (&+!n$( o -i#+in&y! 7%o2%!#i*(+!n$! (# !'$&%(# #o6%! ( !#'((. =


8(e#"e $e Proce$e#ca $e !os Errores $e Me$c&# RUIDO E %&i-o 7&!-! o%i2in(%#! !n ! #i#$!+( #!n#i6! 7%i+(%io) !n ! '(n( -! 'o+&ni'('i5n o !n o$%( &ni5n in$!%+!-i( y !n ! !!+!n$o in-i'(-o% -! #i#$!+( TIEMPO DE RESPUESTA Si ( #!3( no !# 'on#$(n$! !n *(o%) %!#&$(%á ! %!$%(#o

-! (

%!#7&!#$( -! #i#$!+( !n '&(n$o ( ( in-i'('i5n '&yo *(o% -!7!n-! -! &n( #!'&!n'i( -! *(o%!# -! +!-io !#$i+&(n$! -!n$%o -! 'i!%$o in$!%*(o -! $i!+7o. LIMITACIONES DE DISE^O E# &n 9('$o% i+7o%$(n$!. A&1 !# 6&!no +!n'ion(% ( 9%i''i5n !n (# 7(%$!# +5*i!# y( &!) no #oo

'on$%i6&y! 'on 'i!%$o 2%(-o -!

(+o%$i2&(+i!n$o -! #i#$!+() #ino &! $(+6in #! %!&i!%! -! &n( 9&!%z( +1ni+( -!9ini-( 7(%( #&7!%(% ( 9%i''i5n ! ini'i(% ! +o*i+i!n$o. TRANSMISIÓN En ( $%(n#+i#i5n -! &n( #!3( -!#-! ! !!+!n$o #!n#i6! ( in-i'(-o%) ( #!3( 7&!-! &!-(% ($!n&(-( ( #!% (6#o%6i-()

!# -!'i%)

'on#&+i-( !n ! '(n( -! 'o+&ni'('i5n. INFLUENCIA DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE EN EL SISTEMA DE MEDICIÓN L( $!+7!%($&%( !# '(#i

#i!+7%! &n 9('$o% ( 'on#i-!%(% '&(n-o #!

0('! &n( +!-i'i5n) y( &! &n '(+6io !n ( $!+7!%($&%( 7&!-! ($!%(% ( 'on#$(n$! -! !(#$i'i-(-

-! &n #o7o%$! -! -i(9%(2+( o ! *(o% -! &n(

%!#i#$!n'i( !'$%i'(.

=


INTERPRETACIÓN INCORRECTA DEL OBSERVADOR A&1 -!6!+o# 'on#i-!%(% (# #i2&i!n$!# #i$&('ion!#:

Error de parala*e+ Si ( *i#&( -! o6#!%*(-o% 0('i( ! 7&n$!%o no !# 7!%7!n-i'&(%. L( !'$&%( 7o-%á #!% +(yo% o +!no% -!7!n-i!n-o -! ( 7o#i'i5n -! o6#!%*(-o%.

Influencia personal del obser#ador+ Son (# in$!%7%!$('ion!# &! -(n !n 7&n$o# in$!%+!-io# -! &n( !#'(() -on-! no !xi#$!n -i*i#ion!#) (2&n(# 7!%#on(# $i!n-!n ( 9(*o%!'!% ( !'$&%( '&(n-o ! 7&n$!%o #! !n'&!n$%( !n !#$( #i$&('i5n

E,ui#ocaciones+ Son (# 9((# &! o'&%%!n ( 7(#(% (# o6#!%*('ion!# !n ! i6%o -! (no$('ion!# o '&(n-o #! !9!'$,( &n +( 'á'&o #o6%! !(#.

Tra#smsor E!ec"r&#co $e Pres&# D
'eum-ticos Lo# $%(n#+i#o%!# n!&+á$i'o# #! 6(#(n !n ! #i#$!+( To6!%(  o6$&%(-o% &! 'on*i!%$! ! +o*i+i!n$o -! !!+!n$o -! +!-i'i5n !n &n( #!3( n!&+á$i'(.

=


&e e,uilibrio de mo#imientos S& 9&n'ion(+i!n$o 'on#i#$! !n 'o+7(%(% ! +o*i+i!n$o -! !!+!n$o -! +!-i'i5n (#o'i(-o ( o6$&%(-o% 'on &n 9&!! -! %!(i+!n$('i5n -! ( 7%!#i5n 7o#$!%io% ( ( $o6!%(.

&e e,uilibrio de fuerzas E !!+!n$o -! +!-i'i5n !8!%'! &n( 9&!%z( !n ! 7$o. A #o6%! ( 7((n'( AC &! $i!n! #& 7&n$o -! (7oyo !n D) '&(n-o (&+!n$( ( 9&!%z( !8!%'i-( 7o% ! !!+!n$o -! +!-i'i5n) ( 7((n'( AC #! -!#!&ii6%() $(7( ( $o6!%() (# 7%!#i5n (&+!n$( y ! -i(9%(2+( !8!%'! &n( 9&!%z( 0('i( (%%i6( ('(nzán-o#! &n n&!*o !&ii6%io.

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USO S! &$iiz( 7(%( '(7$(% ( *(%i(6! -! 7%o'!#o &! &!2o $%(n#+i$! ( -i#$(n'i( ( &n in#$%&+!n$o %!'!7$o% in-i'(-o%.

So<"are $e Ca!%rac&# DEFINICI[N E #o9$Y(%! -! '(i6%('i5n -! o# $%(n#+i#o%!# -! 7%!#i5n -i9!%!n'i( !# &n #i#$!+( -!#(%%o(-o 7(%( (&$o+($iz(% y 'on$%o(% ! 7%o'!#o -! '(i6%('i5n. A $%(*# -! #&# in#$%&''ion!#) !8!'&$( (&$o+á$i'(+!n$! ( #!'&!n'i( 'o%%!'$( !#$(6!'i-( 7(%( (#i2n(% o# 7(%á+!$%o# -! '(i6%('i5n.

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MANE/O P(%( ! +(n!8o +(n!8o -! #o9$Y(%! #o9$Y(%! -! '(i6%('i5 '(i6%('i5n n -! o# $%(n#+i#o%!# $%(n#+i#o%!# -! 7%!#i 7%!#i5n 5n -i9! -i9!%!n %!n'i 'i( ( #! &$i &$iiz iz( ( ! $!' $!'((-o o &6i' &6i'((-o o !n ! 7(n! 7(n! 9%on 9%on$( $( -! -! $%(n#+i#o%) ! '&( 'on#$( -! -o# $!'(#: NET  ENTER

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Ca!%rac&# $e Tra#smsor E!ec"r&#co $e Pres&# D
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N&n'( #! -!6! #o+!$!% ( 7%!#i5n &n +!-i-o% &! 0(( #i-o -i#!3(-o #o(+!n$! 7(%( *('1o#. E#$o o'(#ion(%1( ( -i#$o%#i5n -! $&6o Bo&%-on y 7i!%-! 7(%( #i!+7%! #& 7%!'i#i5n. T(+7o'o #! 7&!-! #o+!$!% ( *('1o &n +!-i-o% &! 0(y( #i-o -i#!3(-o #o(+!n$! 7(%( 7%!#i5n) 7o% ! +i#+o +o$i*o.

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UNIDAD III MEDICIÓN DE NIVELES DE L9/UIDOS La Me$c&# $e N)e!es $e L?>($os DEFINICIÓN Con#i#$! !n +!-i% -i%!'$(+!n$! ( ($&%( -! 1&i-o #o6%! &n( 1n!( -! %!9!%!n'i() ( 7%!#i5n 0i-%o#$á$i'( !n ! $(n&! -! +!-i'i5n) ! -!#7(z(+i!n$o 7%o-&'i-o !n &n 9o$(-o% 7o% ! 7%o7io 1&i-o) o 6i!n (7%o*!'0(n-o '(%('$!%1#$i'(# !'$%i'(# -! 1&i-o. TIPOS

Por $lotante Con#i#$! !n &n 9o$(-o% #i$&(-o !n ! #!no -! 1&i-o y 'on!'$(-o ( !x$!%io% -! $(n&! in-i'(n-o -i%!'$(+!n$! ! ni*!. L( 'on!xi5n 7&!-! #!% -i%!'$() +(2n$i'( o 0i-%á&i'(. E 9o$(-o% 'on!'$(-o -i%!'$(+!n$! !#$á &ni-o 7o% &n '(6! &! -!#iz( !n &n 8&!2o -! 7o!(# ( &n 1n-i'! !x$!%io% &! #!3(( #o6%! &n( !#'(( 2%(-&(-(. E# ! +o-!o +á# (n$i2&o y ! +á# &$iiz(-o !n $(n&!# -! 2%(n '(7('i-(- $(!# 'o+o 9&!oi y 2(#oi. Ti!n! ! in'on*!ni!n$! &! (# 7(%$!# +5*i!# !#$án !x7&!#$(# ( 9&i-o y 7&!-!n %o+7!%#! y -! &! ! $(n&! no 7&!-! !#$(% #o+!$i-o ( 7%!#i5n. E 9&n'ion(+i!n$o -! 9o$(-o% ('o7(-o +(2n$i'(+!n$! -!#iz( !x$!%io%+!n$! ( o (%2o -! &n $&6o 2&1( #!(-o) #i$&(-o *!%$i'(+!n$! !n ! in$!%io% -! $(n&!. D!n$%o -! $&6o) &n( 7i!z( +(2n$i'( #i2&! ( 9o$(-o% !n #& +o*i+i!n$o y +!-i(n$! &n '(6! y &n 8&!2o -! 7o!(# (%%(#$%( ! 1n-i'! -! &n in#$%&+!n$o #i$&(-o !n ( 7(%$! #&7!%io% -! $(n&!. E in#$%&+!n$o 7&!-! (-!+á# #!% $%(n#+i#o% n!&+á$i'o o !'$%i'o. Un( *(%i(n$! -! ( 'on!xi5n +(2n$i'( 'on#$( -! &n $&6o 'on$!ni!n-o &n 9o$(-o%) -o$(-o -! &n i+án &! o%i!n$( &n( #!%i! -! 'in$(# +(2n$i'(# >


-i#7&!#$(# !n ! !x$!%io% y ( o# (%2o -! $&6o. A +!-i-( &! ! ni*! #&6! o 6(8() (# 'in$(# 2i%(n y 'o+o $i!n!n 'oo%!# -i#$in$o# !n #& (n*!%#o y %!*!%#o) *i#&(iz(n -i%!'$(+!n$! ! ni*! -! $(n&!. E in#$%&+!n$o 7&!-! $!n!% in$!%%&7$o% -! ((%+( y $%(n#+i#o% in'o%7o%(-o#. En $(n&!# 7!&!3o#) ! 9o$(-o% 7&!-! (-(7$(%#! 7(%( ('$&(% +(2n$i'(+!n$! #o6%! &n $%(n#+i#o% n!&+á$i'o o !'$%i'o -i#7&!#$o !n ! !x$!%io% -! $(n&! 7!%+i$i!n-o (#1 &n 'on$%o -! ni*!.

Por .urbu*eo Con#i#$! !n &n $&6o #&+!%2i-o !n ! 1&i-o ( '&yo $%(*# #! 0('! 6&%6&8!(% (i%! +!-i(n$! &n %o$á+!$%o 'on &n %!2&(-o% -! '(&-( in'o%7o%(-o. En '&(n$o ! 9&n'ion(+i!n$o) ( 7%!#i5n -! (i%! !n ( $&6!%1( !&i*(! ( ( 7%!#i5n 0i-%o#$á$i'( !8!%'i-( 7o% ( 'o&+n( -! 1&i-o) !# -!'i% ( ni*!. E %!2&(-o% -! '(&-( 7!%+i$! +(n$!n!% &n '(&-( -! (i%! 'on#$(n$! ( $%(*# -! 1&i-o in-!7!n-i!n$!+!n$! -! ni*! "!# no%+( &n '(&-( -! ;@< N;0Q #i no !xi#$i!%() 0(6%1( &n( 2%(n -i9!%!n'i( !n o# '(&-(!# -! (i%! n!'!#(%io# -!#-! ! ni*! +1ni+o ( +áxi+o) 'on ! in'on*!ni!n$! -! &n 2(#$o -! (i%! in-!6i-o. E $&6o 6i#!(-o 7!%+i$! &n( 9á'i 9o%+('i5n -! (# 6&%6&8(# -! (i%!.

Por &iafragma Con#i#$! !n &n -i(9%(2+( !n 'on$('$o 'on ! 1&i-o -! $(n&!) &! +i-! ( 7%!#i5n 0i-%o#$á$i'( !n &n 7&n$o -! 9on-o -! $(n&!. En o %!9!%!n$! ( 9&n'ion(+i!n$o) !n &n $(n&! (6i!%$o ( 7%!#i5n !# 7%o7o%'ion( ( ( ($&%( -! 1&i-o !n &n 7&n$o -! 9on-o -! $(n&! y ( #& 7!#o !#7!'19i'o. E# -!'i%: P _ .y.2 !n ( &!:

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P _ 7%!#i5n  _ ($&%( -! 1&i-o #o6%! ! in#$%&+!n$o y _ -!n#i-(- -! 1&i-o 2 _ ) +# = E -i(9%(2+( 9o%+( 7(%$! -! &n $%(n#+i#o% n!&+á$i'o) !!'$%5ni'o o -i2i$( -! 7%!#i5n -i9!%!n'i( #!+!8(n$! ( o# $%(n#+i#o%!# -! '(&-( -! -i(9%(2+(. En ! $i7o +á# &$iiz(-o) ! -i(9%(2+( !#$á 9i8(-o ( &n( 6%i-( &! #! +on$( %(#(n$! ( $(n&! 7(%( 7!%+i$i% #in -i9i'&$(-!# ( +!-i-( -! ni*! -! 9&i-o#) $(!# 'o+o 7(#$( -! 7(7! y 1&i-o# 'on #5i-o# !n #!n#i5n) 7&-i!n-o in'&#o #!% -! +on$(8! #(i!n$! 7(%( &! ! -i(9%(2+( !n%(#! 'o+7!$(+!n$! 'on (# 7(%!-!# in$!%io%!# -! $(n&! $( 'o+o o'&%%! !n ! '(#o -! 1&i-o# !x$%!+(-(+!n$! *i#'o#o# !n &! no 7&!-! (-+i$i%#! nin2,n %!'o-o.

La Pres&# F$ros""ca DEFINICIÓN E# &n( '(%('$!%1#$i'( 9&n-(+!n$( -! '&(&i!% 9&i-o !n %!7o#o) y( &! ( 9&!%z( !8!%'i-( #o6%! '&(&i!% 7(%$1'&( -! 9&i-o !# ( +i#+( !n $o-(# (# -i%!''ion!#. Si (# 9&!%z(# 9&!%(n -!#i2&(!#) ( 7(%$1'&( #! -!#7(z(%1( !n ( -i%!''i5n -! ( 9&!%z( %!#&$(n$!.

UNIDADES DE MEDICIÓN L( 7%!#i5n #&!! +!-i%#! !n ($+5#9!%(# "($+Q !n ! Si#$!+( In$!%n('ion( -! &ni-(-!# "SI) ( 7%!#i5n #! !x7%!#( !n n!Y$on 7o% +!$%o '&(-%(-oQ &n n!Y$on 7o% +!$%o '&(-%(-o !# &n 7(#'( "P(. L( ($+5#9!%( #!

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-!9in! 'o+o ;<;.>=@ P( y !&i*(! ( < ++ -! +!%'&%io !n &n 6(%5+!$%o 'on*!n'ion(. T(+6in #! +i-! !n 7#i i6%(#7&2(-(# ( '&(-%(-o "6#7&= y !n 6(%.

=E! Tra#smsor $e N)e! DEFINICIÓN E# &n in#$%&+!n$o &! '(7$( ( #!3( 7%o*!ni!n$! -! 7%o'!#o "*(%i(6! -! 7%o'!#o y ( $%(n#+i$! ( -i#$(n'i() 6i!n #!( ( &n 'on$%o(-o%) in-i'(-o%) %!2i#$%(-o% o ( 'o+6in('i5n -! '&(&i!%( -! !#$o#) o# '&(!# 7&!-!n #!% n!&+á$i'o# y !!'$%5ni'o#. CARACTERÍSTICAS E &! 9&n'ion( 'on #!3(!# n!&+á$i'(#) o 0('! ( &n %(n2o -! > ( ;@ 7#i 7(%( &n '(+7o -! +!-i-( -! ( *(%i(6! -! < ( ;<<  y 'on &n( 7%!#i5n -! (i+!n$('i5n -! =< 7#i. E &! !# !!'$%5ni'o 2!n!%( #!3(!# -! ?=< +(-' o -! ;@ *-' 7(%( &n '(+7o -! +!-i'i5n -! <;<<  -! ( *(%i(6!) 'on &n( $!n#i5n -! (i+!n$('i5n ( 7(%$i% -! (7%oxi+(-(+!n$! ; *-'. E '!%o !!*(-o -! ( #!3( -! #(i-( -! $%(n#+i#o% 7!%+i$! $(n$o ! 'on$%o 'o+o ( '(i6%('i5n y -!$!''i5n -! 9((# 7o% 'o%$! -! &n( 1n!( !'$%i'( o n!&+á$i'(. F('ii$( ( -i9!%!n'i('i5n -! %&i-o '&(n-o #! !#$( $%(6(8(n-o 'on #!3(!# +&y 6(8(#. FUNCIÓN E $%(n#+i#o% -! ni*! n!&+á$i'o -!$!'$( +o*i+i!n$o ( $%(*# -! &n #i#$!+( $o6!%(o6$&%(-o% y -! (+7i9i'('i5n !n 7o$!n'i( -! ( #!3( 'on &n %!!*(-o% o *á*&( 7io$o "Boo#$!%. E &! !# !!'$%5ni'o $%(n#+i$! &n( #!3( -! #(i-( !#$án-(% -! ? ( =< +(.

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UNIDAD IV MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO A SISTEMAS DE MEDICIÓN Ma#"e#me#"o Pre)e#")o DEFINICIÓN E# ! 7%o'!#o 7o% ! '&( #! !*( ( '(6o 7!%i5-i'(+!n$! &n( %!*i#i5n) *!%i9i'('i5n y !n (2&no# '(#o# %!7(%('i5n) -! '(-( &no -! o# 'o+7on!n$!# &! in$!2%(n o# -i9!%!n$!# (zo# -! 'on$%o. FINALIDAD D!$!'$(% y 7%!*!ni% (*!%1(# !n o# #i#$!+(# -! +!-i'i5nQ 2(%(n$iz(n-o ! 57$i+o 9&n'ion(+i!n$o -! #i#$!+( 'on$%o(-o.

Termopar DEFINICI[N E $!%+o7(% #! 6(#( !n ! !9!'$o -!#'&6i!%$o 7o% S!!6!' !n ;=;) -! ( 'i%'&('i5n -! &n( 'o%%i!n$! !n &n 'i%'&i$o 9o%+(-o 7o% -o# +!$(!# -i9!%!n$!# '&y(# &nion!# "&ni5n -! +!-i-( o '(i!n$! y &ni5n -! %!9!%!n'i( o 9%1( #! +(n$i!n!n ( -i#$in$( $!+7!%($&%(. E#$( 'i%'&('i5n -! 'o%%i!n$! o6!-!'! ( -o# !9!'$o# $!%+o!'$%i'o# 'o+6in(-o#) ! !9!'$o P!$i!% &! 7%o*o'( ( i6!%('i5n o (6#o%'i5n -! '(o% !n ( &ni5n -! -o# +!$(!# -i#$in$o# '&(n-o &n( 'o%%i!n$! 'i%'&( ( $%(*# -! ( &ni5n y ! !9!'$o T0o+#on &! 'on#i#$! !n ( i6!%('i5n o (6#o%'i5n -! '(o% '&(n-o &n( 'o%%i!n$! 'i%'&( ( $%(*# -! &n +!$( 0o+o2n!o !n ! &! !xi#$! &n 2%(-i!n$! -! $!+7!%($&%(#.

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TIPOS

E $e crome! co#s"a#"a# P&!-! &#(%#! !n *('1o o !n ($+5#9!%( in!%$! o +!-i(n(+!n$! oxi-(n$! o %!-&'$o%(. E#$! $!%+o7(% 7o#!! ( 9.!.+. +á# ($( 7o% *(%i('i5n -! $!+7!%($&%() y 7&!-! &#(%#! 7(%( (# $!+7!%($&%(# !n$%! =<< ( << C

T $e co%re co#s"a#"a# Ti!n! &n( !!*(-( %!#i#$!n'i( ( ( 'o%%o#i5n 7o% 0&+!-(- ($+o#9%i'( o 'on-!n#('i5n y 7&!-! &$iiz(%#! !n ($+5#9!%(# oxi-(n$!# o %!-&'$o%(#. S! 7%!9i!%! 2!n!%(+!n$! 7(%( (# +!-i-(# -! $!+7!%($&%( !n$%! =<< (  =<C.

3 $e -erro co#s"a#"a# E# (-!'&(-o !n ($+5#9!%(# 'on !#'(#o oxi2!no i6%!. L( oxi-('i5n -! 0io -! 0i!%%o (&+!n$( %á7i-(+!n$! 7o% !n'i+( -! @@<C) #i!n-o n!'!#(%io &n +(yo% -iá+!$%o -! 0io -! 0i!%%o (&+!n$( %á7i-(+!n$! 7o% !n'i+( -! @@<C) #i!n-o n!'!#(%io &n +(yo% -iá+!$%o -! 0io 0(#$( &n( $!+7!%($&%( i+i$! -! @<C.

G $e crome! H a!(me! S! %!'o+i!n-( !n ($+5#9!%(# oxi-(n$!# y ( $!+7!%($&%(# -! $%(6(8o !n$%! @<< y ;=@<C. No -!6! #!% &$iiz(-o !n ($+5#9!%(# %!-&'$o%(# ni #&9&%o#(# ( +!no# &! !#$! 7%o$!2i-o 'on &n $&6o -! 7%o$!''i5n.

R, s y e $e p" H p"rS! !+7!(n !n ($+5#9!%(# oxi-(n$!# y $!+7!%($&%(# -! $%(6(8o 0(#$( ;@<<C. Si ( ($+5#9!%( !# %!-&'$o%() ! $!%+o7(% -!6! 7%o$!2!%#! 'on &n $&6o '!%á+i'o !#$(n'o.

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Des"or#!!a$or $e Co#"ro! DEFINICIÓN E# &n( 0!%%(+i!n$( +(n&( (+(-( $(+6in -!#$o%ni(-o% -! %!o8!%o '&y(# +!-i-(# #on +ii+$%i'(# USO Po% o 2!n!%( #on &$iiz(-o# 7(%( o# (8&#$!# -! z!%o y #7(n -! o# $%(n#+i#o%!#) 7o$!n'i5+!$%o#) -($(#Yi$'0 !n$%! o$%o#. PRECAUCIONES E -!#$o%ni(-o% -!6! $o+(%#! 7o% ( 7(%$! (i#(-( !'$%i'(+!n$!) 'on ( 9in(i-(- -! !*i$(% !!'$%o'&'i5n !n ! '(#o -! +(ni7&('i5n !n &n 'i%'&i$o !n!%2iz(-o) #! -!6! #!!''ion(% ! -iá+!$%o (-!'&(-o 7(%( ! (8&#$! &! #! *( ( %!(iz(% !*i$(n-o ! -!$!%io%o -! o# +i#+o#. P(%( (+('!n(%o# !# 7%!9!%i6! &$iiz(% !#$&'0!# -on-! no 7!n!$%! 0&+!-(- ni !x'!#i*o '(o%.

Lmpa$or E!ec"r&#co DEFINICIÓN E# &n #o*!n$! -i!'$%i'o &! #i%*! 7(%( i+7i!z( -! 'o+7on!n$!# !'$%i'o# y !!'$%5ni'o#. USO S! &$iiz( 7(%( i+7i(% $(%8!$(# !!'$%5ni'(#) 'on$('$o#) 'o+7on!n$!# !'$%i'o# y !!'$%5ni'o#.

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PRECAUCIONES Si ( 7%!#!n$('i5n !# !n (!%o#o) #! %!'o+i!n-( %o'i(%o ( &n( -i#$(n'i( -! 7o% o +!no# ;< '+) !*i$(n-o in0((% +&y -! '!%'( o# *(7o%!#. Si ( 7%!#!n$('i5n !# !n !n*(#! 'on*!n'ion( "i&i-o) #! %!'o+i!n-( (7i'(%o 'on &n $o(1n -! $!( (6#o%6!n$! &! no -!#7%!n-( 7!&#(#. A+('!n(%o 6i!n $(7(-o !n &n &2(% 9%!#'o.

I#s"a!ac&# $e I#s"r(me#"os $e Me$c&# CONDICIONES Exi#$!n 'i!%$o# 9('$o%!# &! -!6!n #!% $o+(-o# !n '&!n$( 7(%( ( in#$(('i5n -! o# in#$%&+!n$o# -! +!-i'i5n) !#$o# #on: o

Co#eJ&# a !a "(%er?a o a! "a#>(e : En ! '(#o !#7!'19i'o -! o# in#$%&+!n$o# +!-i-o%!# -! 7%!#i5n) ! o%i9i'io -! ( 'on!xi5n -!6! &!-(% 7!%7!n-i'&(% ( +o*i+i!n$o -! 9&i-o !n ! $(n&! o !n ! $&6o. Si ( 'on!xi5n #! 0('! (n2&(%) ! +i#+o +!-i-o% -(%á +!-i-(# -i#$in$(#) (&n #i!n-o ( 7%!#i5n ( +i#+() y !#$( -i9!%!n'i( o6!-!'!%á ( +o*i+i!n$o -! 9&i-o 'on %!('i5n ( o%i9i'io. A#1 +i#+o ( #&7!%9i'i! in$!%io% -! $&6o -!6! #!% i#(.

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Co!ocac&#: E +!-i-o% -!6! 'oo'(%#! !n &n #i$io &! &!-! '5+o-o ( o7!%(-o%. Si #! +i-! 7%!#i5n 'on$%o(-( -!#-! &n( *á*&() ! +!-i-o% -!6! 'oo'(%#! -on-! #! 7&!-( *!% '&(n-o ! o7!%(-o% !#$( +o*i!n-o ( *á*&(. T(+6in -!6! &!-(% 'oo'(-o !n 9o%+( $( &! #!( 9á'i 2%(-&(%o y 0('!%! i+7i!z(.

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V%rac&#: E +!-i-o% n&n'( -!6! +on$(%#! #o6%! &n (7(%($o &! 7%o-&z'( *i6%('i5n. A ( (%2( (# *i6%('ion!# in$%o-&'!n -!#2(#$!# !x'!#i*o# y ('(6(n 7o% -!#'(i6%(% ! +!-i-o%. ?

In#$%&+!n$('i5n y Con$%o -! P%o'!#o# In-&#$%i(!# o

Posc&#: Lo# +!-i-o%!# (n(52i'o# -!6!n 'oo'(%#! -! $( +(n!%( &! ( !#'(( o !#9!%( &!-! *!%$i'(. Si &!-( !n '&(&i!% o$%( 7o#i'i5n) ! 7!#o -! o# !!+!n$o# +5*i!# -! +!'(ni#+o (9!'$(%á ( 7%!'i#i5n -! ( +!-i-(.

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Pro"ecc&# co#"ra "empera"(ras eJces)as: Lo# +!-i-o%!# no -!6!n

'oo'(%#!

-on-!

(

$!+7!%($&%(

(+6i!n$!

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!x'!#i*(+!n$! ($(. `( &! o# 'o+7on!n$!# in$!%no# 7&!-!n #&9%i% ($!%('ion!#) -(n-o 'o+o 'on#!'&!n'i( !%%o% !n (# +!-i-(#. PRECAUCIONES P(%( in#$((% 'o%%!'$(+!n$! &n +!-i-o% -!6!n $o+(%#! !n '&!n$( (# #i2&i!n$!# 7%!'(&'ion!#: • L( &6i'('i5n +á# 'on*!ni!n$! 7(%( ! o6#!%*(-o%. • L(

9('ii-(- -! -!#in#$((%o !n ! +o+!n$o -! %!(iz(% !

+(n$!ni+i!n$o 7%!*!n$i*o o 'o%%!'$i*o. • Si #& &6i'('i5n 2(%(n$iz( ( 7%o$!''i5n 'on$%( (''ion!# y %!(''ion!#

+!'áni'(#) &1+i'(# y 'o%%o#i*(#) &! 7&!-(n (9!'$(% #& 6&!n 9&n'ion(+i!n$o.

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UNIDAD V4 VLVULA DE CONTROL NEUMTICO La V!)(!a $e Co#"ro! Ne(m"co DEFINICIÓN S! ! 'on#i-!%( 'o+o ! !!+!n$o $17i'o -! o# !!+!n$o# 9in(!# -! 'on$%o 7o% #& 2%(n &#o y -i9&#i5n) 8&2(n-o &n 7(7! +&y i+7o%$(n$! !n ! (zo -! %!2&('i5n -! 'on$%o -! &n 7%o'!#o in-&#$%i(.

PARTES

Ser#omotor &iafragma /uelle -stago %apa de -l#ula √ O6$&%(-o% √ A#i!n$o √ B%i-(

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TIPOS

-l#ula de globo L(# *á*&(# -! 2o6o 7&!-!n #!% -! #i+7! (#i!n$o) -! -o6! (#i!n$o) y -! o6$&%(-o% !&ii6%(-o. L(# *á*&(# -! #i+7! (#i!n$o 7%!'i#(n -! &n ('$&(-o% -! +(yo% $(+(3o 7(%( &! ! o6$&%(-o% 'i!%%! !n 'on$%( -! ( 7%!#i5n -i9!%!n'i( -! 7%o'!#o. Po% o $(n$o) #! !+7!(n '&(n-o ( 7%!#i5n -! 9&i-o !# 6(8( y #! 7%!'i#( &! (# 9&2(# !n 7o#i'i5n -! 'i!%%! #!(n +1ni+(#. E 'i!%%! !#$(n'o #! o2%( 'on o6$&%(-o%!# 7%o*i#$o# -! &n( (%(n-!( -! $!95n. En ( *á*&( -! -o6! (#i!n$o o -! o6$&%(-o% !&ii6%(-o ( 9&!%z( -! -!#!&ii6%io -!#(%%o(-( 7o% ( 7%!#i5n -i9!%!n'i( ( $%(*# -! o6$&%(-o% !# +!no% &! !n ( *á*&( -! #i+7! (#i!n$o.

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-l#ula en -ngulo E#$( *á*&( 7!%+i$! o6$!n!% &n 9&8o -! '(&-( %!2&(% #in !x'!#i*(# $&%6&!n'i(# y !# (-!'&(-( 7(%( -i#+in&i% ( !%o#i5n '&(n-o #$( !# 'on#i-!%(6! 7o% (# '(%('$!%1#$i'(# -! 9&i-o o 7o% ( !x'!#i*( 7%!#i5n -i9!%!n'i(. ! -i#!3o -! ( *á*&( !# i-5n!o 7(%( ! 'on$%o -! 9&i-o# &! *(7o%iz(n) 7(%( $%(6(8(% 'on 2%(n-!# 7%!#ion!# -i9!%!n'i(!# y 7(%( o# 9&i-o# &! 'on$i!n!n #5i-o# !n #!n#i5n.

-l#ula de mariposa E '&!%7o -! !#$( *á*&( !#$( 9o%+(-o 7o% &n (nio 'i1n-%i'o -!n$%o -! '&( 2i%( $%(n#*!%#(+!n$! &n -i#'o 'i%'&(%. L( *á*&( 7&!-! '!%%(% 0!%+$i'(+!n$! +!-i(n$! &n (nio -! 2o+( !n'(#$%(-o !n ! '&!%7o. Un #!%*o+o$o% !x$!%io% (''ion( ! !8! -! 2i%o -! -i#'o y !8!%'! #& 7(% +áxi+o '&(n-o ( *á*&( !#$( $o$(+!n$! (6i!%$(. "!n 'on$%o $o-o  n(-(

#!

'on#i-!%(n < y !n 'on$%o 'on$in&o < ) ( 7(%$i% -! ( 7o#i'i5n -! 'i!%%! y( &! ( &$i+( 7(%$! -! 2i%o !# 6(#$(n$! in!#$(6!) #i!+7%! &! ( 7%!#i5n -i9!%!n'i( #! +(n$!n2( 'on#$(n$!.

-l#ula de bola E '&!%7o -! !#$( *á*&( $i!n! &n( '(*i-(- in$!%n( !#9%i'( &! (6!%2( &n o6$&%(-o% !n 9o%+( -! !#9!%( o -! 6o(. L( 6o( $i!n! &n 'o%$! (-!'&(-o "&#&(+!n$! !n V &! 9i8( ( '&%*( '(%('$!%1#$i'( -! ( *á*&() y 2i%( $%(n#*!%#(+!n$! (''ion(-( 7o% &n #!%*o+o$o% !x$!%io%. E 'i!%%! !#$(n'o #! o2%( 'on &n (%o -! $!95n in'o%7o%(-o ( '&!%7o 'on$%( ! '&( (#i!n$( ( 6o( '&(n-o ( *á*&( !#$( '!%%(-(. En 7o#i'i5n -! (7!%$&%( $o$() ( *á*&( !&i*(! (7%oxi+(-(+!n$! !n $(+(3o ( @ -! $(+(3o -! ( $&6!%1(. L( *á*&( -! 6o( #! !+7!( 7%in'i7(+!n$! !n ! 'on$%o -! '(&-( -! 9&i-o# n!2%o#) o 6i!n !n 9&i-o# 'on 2%(n 7o%'!n$(8! -! #5i-o# !n #!n#i5n.

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FUNCIONAMIENTO E '&!%7o -! ( *á*&( 'on$i!n! !n #& in$!%io% ! o6$&%(-o% y o# (#i!n$o# y !#$á 7%o*i#$o -! %o#'(# o -! 6%i-( 7(%( 'on!'$(% ( *á*&( ( ( $&6!%1(. E o6$&%(-o% !# &i!n %!(iz( ( 9&n'i5n -! 'on$%o -! 7(#o -! 9&i-o y 7&!-! ('$&(% !n ( -i%!''i5n -! #& 7%o7io !8! o 6i!n $!n!% &n +o*i+i!n$o %o$($i*o. E#$á &ni-o ( &n *á#$(2o &! 7(#( ( $%(*# -! ( $(7( -! '&!%7o y &! !# (''ion(-o 7o% &n #!%*o+o$o%. S& 9&n'i5n 'on#i#$! !n *(%i(% ! 'on$%o -! 9&i-o &! +o-i9i'( ( #& *!z ! *(o% -! ( *(%i(6! +!-i-() 'o+7o%$án-o#! 'o+o &n( %!#$%i''i5n *(%i(6!. E #!%*o+o$o% n!&+á$i'o 'on#i#$! !n &n -i(9%(2+( 'on %!#o%$! &! $%(6(8( "'on (2&n(# !x'!7'ion!# !n$%! > y ;@ 7#i) !# -!'i% &! (# 7o#i'ion!# !x$%!+(# -! ( *á*&( 'o%%!#7on-!n ( > y ;@ 7#i "<)=  ; 6(%. A (7i'(% &n( 'i!%$( 7%!#i5n #o6%! ! -i(9%(2+() ! %!#o%$! #! 'o+7%i+! -! $( +o-o &! ! +!'(ni#+o !+7i!z( ( +o*!%#! y #i2&! +o*in-o#! 0(#$( &! #! !2( ( &n !&ii6%io !n$%! ( 9&!%z( !8!%'i-( 7o% ( 7%!#i5n -! (i%! #o6%! ! -i(9%(2+( y ( 9&!%z( !8!%'i-( 7o% ! %!#o%$!. I-!(+!n$! 'on &n( 7%!#i5n -! > 7#i "<)= 6(% ( *á*&( -!6! !#$(% !n ( 7o#i'i5n '!%o -! #& '(%%!%( y 7(%( &n( #!3( -! ;@ 7#i "; 6(% !n ( 7o#i'i5n ;<<. A#1 +i#+o -!6! !xi#$i% &n( 7%o7o%'ion(i-(- !n$%! (# #!3(!# in$!%+!-i(# y #&# 'o%%!#7on-i!n$!# 7o#i'ion!#. En ( 7%á'$i'( (# *á*&(# #! -!#*1(n -! !#$! 'o+7o%$(+i!n$o -!6i-o ( (# '(&#(# #i2&i!n$!#:

4K Roz(+i!n$o !n ( !#$o7(-( 24K i#$%!#i# y 9($( -! in!(i-(- -! %!#o%$! 4K Á%!( !9!'$i*( -! o6$&%(-o% &! *(%1( 'on ( '(%%!%( -! *á#$(2o -! ( *á*&(.

4K E#9&!%zo !n ! o6$&%(-o% -! ( *á*&( '%!(-o 7o% ( 7%!#i5n -i9!%!n'i( -! 9&i-o

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Mcroco#"ro!a$or : !# &n !&i7o !!'$%5ni'o 7%o2%(+(6! &! +(n!8( &n !n2&(8! !#7!'19i'o -! 7%o2%(+('i5n ! '&( *(%1( #!2,n ( +(%'( -! 9(6%i'(n$!.

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8!o"a$or Di#7o#i$i*o -!#$in(-o ( 9o$(% !n &n 1&i-o 'on ( 9in(i-(-! in-i'(% ( ($&%( ('(nz(-( 7o% &n -!75#i$o o $(n&!.

• I#s"r(me#"o $e me$c&# $e "empera"(ra E# ! !!+!n$o #!n#o% -! (

$!+7!%($&%( -! 7%o'!#o y #! '(#i9i'( #!2,n ! %(n2o -! $!+7!%($&%( ( #!n#(%. Po% !8!+7o: $!%+5+!$%o# -! +!%'&%io) $!%+5+!$%o# 6i+!$ái'o#) $!%+5+!$%o# -! %!#i#$!n'i( -! %!#i#$!n'i() $!%+i#$o%!#) $!%+o7(%!#) 7i%5+!$%o# -! %(-i('i5n !n$%! o$%o#.

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• I#s"r(me#"o $e me$c&# $e #)e! E# ! !!+!n$o #!n#o% -! ni*! -!

7%o'!#o y #! '(#i9i'( #!2,n ! +$o-o &$iiz(-o) ! '&( 7&!-! #!%: Di%!'$o) 7o% 7%!#i5n 0i-%o#$á$i'( o 7o% (# '(%('$!%1#$i'(# !'$%i'(# -! 1&i-o. • I#s"r(me#"ac&# I#$(s"ra! E# ! 'ono'i+i!n$o -! ( 'o%%!'$( (7i'('i5n

-! o# !&i7o# !n'(+in(-o# 7(%( (7oy(% ( &#&(%io !n ( +!-i'i5n) %!2&('i5n) o6#!%*('i5n y $%(n#9o%+('i5n -! &n( *(%i(6! -(-() !n &n 7%o'!#o 7%o-&'$i*o. • Vara%!es $e Proceso E# ( '(n$i-(- o 'on-i'i5n -! 7%o'!#o) *(%i(-(

7o% ! !!+!n$o o !!+!n$o# 9in(!# -! 'on$%o. • E! error $e a#'(!ar$a$ D!#*i('i5n -! o# 7&n$o# -! ( '&%*( -! o#

*(o%!# -! #(i-( -! in#$%&+!n$o 'on %!('i5n ( ( %!'$( &! %!('ion( ( *(%i(6! -! !n$%(-( 'on ( #(i-( -! &n in#$%&+!n$o i-!( #in !%%o% y 'oin'i-i!n-o o# -o# !n o# 7&n$o# < y ;<< -! '(+7o -! +!-i-(. • E! Error $e Cero E# ! -!#7(z(+i!n$o 'on#$(n$! -! $o-o# o# *(o%!#

-! #(i-( -! in#$%&+!n$o 'on %!('i5n ( ( %!'$( &! %!('ion( ( *(%i(6! -! !n$%(-( 'on ( #(i-( -! &n in#$%&+!n$o i-!( #in !%%o%. • E! Error $e Amp!"($ A&+!n$o 7%o2%!#i*o -! $o-o# o# *(o%!# -! #(i-(

-! in#$%&+!n$o 'on %!('i5n ( ( %!'$( &! %!('ion( ( *(%i(6! -! !n$%(-( 'on ( #(i-( -! &n in#$%&+!n$o i-!( #in !%%o%. • So<"are $e Ca!%rac&# E #o9$Y(%! -! '(i6%('i5n -! o# $%(n#+i#o%!#

-! 7%!#i5n -i9!%!n'i( !# &n #i#$!+( -!#(%%o(-o 7(%( (&$o+($iz(% y 'on$%o(% ! 7%o'!#o -! '(i6%('i5n.

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ILIO*RA8IA

C%!&#) So!. I#s"r(me#"ac&# I#$(s"ra!. Coo+6i(. E-i$. A! 8(#$ame#"os $e! Co#"ro! $e Procesos4 M(n&( -! E#$&-i(n$!) C5-i2o ><?<=. C(n(-á. Ro-%12&!z) R(9(!.;< Tra%a;o $e Asce#so Prese#"a$o a! IUTLV4 L( Vi'$o%i(.

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*LOSARIO DE TRMINOS TCNICOS •

Ca!%rac&#: A8&#$! -! ( #(i-( -! &n in#$%&+!n$o ( *(o%!# -!#!(-o# -!n$%o -! &n( $o!%(n'i( !#7!'i9i'(-( 7(%( *(o%!# 7(%$i'&(%!# -! ( #!3( -! !n$%(-(.

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Tra#smsor : E# &n in#$%&+!n$o &! '(7$( ( *(%i(6! -! 7%o'!#o ( $%(*# -! !!+!n$o 7%i+(%io y ( 'on*i!%$! ( &n( #!3( -! $%(n#+i#i5n !#$án-(%.

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F$ros""ca E# &n( 7%o7i!-(- &! 7o#!!n o# 1&i-o# !n %!7o#o) -on-! no i+7o%$( ( 9o%+( -! %!'i7i!n$! &! o# 'on$i!n!) ( 7%!#i5n !8!%'i-( !n ! 9on-o -! %!'i7i!n$! #i!+7%! !# ( +i#+(.

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Vara%!e co#"ro!a$a: E# ( *(%i(6! &! #! '(7$( ( $%(*# -! $%(n#+i#o% y &! o%i2in( &n( #!3( -! %!(i+!n$('i5n.

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Mcroco#"ro!a$or : !# &n !&i7o !!'$%5ni'o 7%o2%(+(6! &! +(n!8( &n !n2&(8! !#7!'19i'o -! 7%o2%(+('i5n ! '&( *(%1( #!2,n ( +(%'( -! 9(6%i'(n$!.

•

8!o"a$or Di#7o#i$i*o -!#$in(-o ( 9o$(% !n &n 1&i-o 'on ( 9in(i-(-! in-i'(% ( ($&%( ('(nz(-( 7o% &n -!75#i$o o $(n&!.

• I#s"r(me#"o $e me$c&# $e "empera"(ra E# ! !!+!n$o #!n#o% -!

( $!+7!%($&%( -! 7%o'!#o y #!

'(#i9i'( #!2,n ! %(n2o -!

$!+7!%($&%( ( #!n#(%. Po% !8!+7o: $!%+5+!$%o# -! +!%'&%io) $!%+5+!$%o# 6i+!$ái'o#) $!%+5+!$%o# -! %!#i#$!n'i( -! %!#i#$!n'i() $!%+i#$o%!#) $!%+o7(%!#) 7i%5+!$%o# -! %(-i('i5n !n$%! o$%o#.

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Manual Instrumentacion y Control de Procesos Industriales

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