MIKROORGANISME

ABA O VINLBCYKYBN

B. Kb|b Kb|bqq Aikb Aikbdb dbnm nm

Godqhhqmbnougi+ lbkbg konmdynmbn bkbgobcnb jbqbnm |iqlbvb| uiabmbo aobdbn gyqno. Aiqabmbo uviuogin |bnbc b|by boq ahkic jblo ginmbnlynm aiqgbebg'gbebg uviuoiu einlb}bn+ vqh|hzhb+ bkmbi+ abd|iqo lbn poqyu. Abod uiebqb kbnmuynm gbyvyn |bd kbnmuynm+ abcbn aybnmbn lbqo gbnyuob lbn ci}bn+ jbubl giqidb+ uiq|b jbqonmbn |ygayc'|ygaycbn loaybnm b|by lodyayq lbkbg |bnbc. |bnbc. Ui|ikb Ui|ikbc c aiaiqbv aiaiqbvbb kbgb+ kbgb+ abcbn'a abcbn'abcbn bcbn |iquia |iquiay| y| aiqyabc aiqyabc ginjbl ginjbloo dhgvhni dhgvhnin n hqmbnod hqmbnod lbn aiaiqbvb aiaiqbvb dhgvhnin bnhqmbnod bnhqmbnod |bnbc. Viqyabcbn'viqyabc Viqyabcbn'viqyabcbn bn ono lokbdydbn hkic hkic godq godqhhq hhqmbn mbnou ougi gi bo| bo|y y viqyab viqyabcbn cbn abcbn abcbn hqmbn hqmbnod od ginj ginjblo blo uyau uyau|b |bnu nuoo bnm bnm ginil ginilobd obdbn bn ny|qoi ny|qoin| n| abmo lynob lynob |ygaycb |ygaycbn. n. \bnvb \bnvb bd|opo bd|opo|bu |bu godqha godqhabb gbdb gbdb uimbkb uimbkb dicolyvbn lo aygo ono kbgab| kbyn bdbn |iqcbgab|. Gbdb+ viqyabcbn hqmbnod lbn bnhqmbnod lo lbkbg |bnbc blbkbc lokbdydbn hkic godqhhqmbnougi bnm lodinbk uiabmbo godqhab lo |bnbc . A. \yjybn

\yjy \yjybn bn viga vigayb yb|b |bn n

gbdb gbdbkb kbc c uikb uikbon on lbqo lbqo ubq ubqb| b| vinb vinb}b }bqb qbn n Gb|b Gb|b Dyko Dykobc bc

Godqhaohkhmo Kbnjy|+ bn|bqb kbon blbkbc : 2. Yn|yd Yn|yd ginmi|b ginmi|bcyo cyo lonbgo lonbgodb db vhvykbuo vhvykbuo godqh godqhab ab |bnbc. |bnbc. 1. Ginmi| Ginmi|bcyo bcyo viqbnbn viqbnbn godq godqhhq hhqmbno mbnougi ugi |bnbc |bnbc 5. Ginmolin|o` Ginmolin|o`odbuo odbuo uviuoiu uviuoiu'uviuo 'uviuoiu iu godqhab godqhab bnm aiqon|i aiqon|iqbduo qbduo lo |bnbc.

ABA OO VIGABCBUBN

B. Diblbbn Diblbbn Konmdynm Konmdynmbn bn \bnbc \bnbc

\bnbc lbvb| lovbnlbnm uiabmbo viqgydbbn kbcbn lo b|bu aygo bnm ginilobdbn uyau|qib| uyau|qib| abmo dicolyvbn dicolyvbn |ygayc'|ygaycb |ygayc'|ygaycbn n lbn ci}bn. Eoqo'eoqo Eoqo'eoqo konmdynmbn konmdynmbn |bnbc   aiqpbqobuo aiqpbqobuo ginyqy| ki|bd lbn odkognb. odkognb. \bnbc jymb gigokodo dilbkbgbn+ uo`b|'uo`b| uo`b|'uo`b| `ouod+ dhgvhuouo dogob}o lbn bubk bnm aiqailb'ailb. Blb kogb db|imhqo y|bgb ynuyq  |bnbc+ bo|y: vbq|odik+ goniqbk+ abcbn hqmbnod+ boq+ mbu lbn jbubl colyv. A. @khq @khqb b Godq Godqhab hab \bnbc \bnbc

Cbnb blb aiaiqbvb konmdynmbn lo aygo ono bnm ginmbnlynm uiligodobn abnbd  gbebg qbmbg godqhhqmbnougi uiviq|o bnm |iqdbnlynm lbkbg |bnbc uyayq. Abd|iqo+ einlb}bn+ bkmbi+ vqh|hzhb lbn poqyu uiebqb aiqubgb'ubgb gigain|yd  dygvykbn godqhhqmbnougi bnm lbvb| ginebvbo jygkbc |h|bk ubgvbo aiqgokbq'gokbq  hqmbnougi viq mqbg |bnbc. \baik : Viqabnlonmbn Viqabnlonmbn jygkbc aiqabmbo aiqabmbo dikhgvhd godqhhqmbnougi godqhhqmbnougi lo Qozhuviq #lbiqbc #lbiqbc  viqbdbqbn/ mbnlyg gyuog uigo lbn lo |bnbc dhn|qhk #|bnvb uou|ig viqbdbqbn |bnbgbn/. Godqhhqmbnougi Abd|iqo Bd|onhgoui|iu Einlb}bn Vqh|hzhb Bkmbi

\bnbc Qozhuviq

\bnbc Dh|qhk

2.166 s 260 <0 s 260 21 s 269 1< s 261 9 s 265

95 s 260 = s 260 2 s 269 26 s 261 1= s 265

Dikhgvhd Abd|iqo : 966 s 260 < s 260 Vikbdy bghnododbuo 5? s 26< 5 s 26< Bnbiqha vinmcbuok mbu 21 s 260 0 s 260 Bnbiqha 210 s 260 2 s 269 Vikbdy lino|qo`odbuo = s 269 2 s 269 Vikbdy lidhgvhuouo uikykhui biqhaod  ? s 26 5 5 s 265 Vikbdy lidhgvhuouo uikykhui bnbiqhaod  ?56 s 265 929 s 265 Vigain|yd uvhqb 2= s 260 2 s 26< \ovi'|ovi qblohabd|iqo  ; 2.666 ; 2.666 Bzh|habd|iq Goeqhhqmbnougu+ Cb`niq Vyakouconm Uygaiq: lbqo \.Q.M. Mqb+ bnl U.\. ]okkobgu+ Uhok Goeqhhqmbnougu+

Ehgvbn+ Ni} _hqd+ 2?=2

Dibnidbqbmbgbn bnm kybu `khqb godqhab |iquiay| giqyvbdbn gbubkbc lo lbkbg ui|obv yubcb yn|yd ginmco|ynm vhvykbuo |h|bk godqhhqmbnougi bnm colyv lbkbg uyb|y ehn|hc |bnbc. Gi|hli'gi|hli aobdbn lo kbahqb|hqoyg cbnb bdbn ginbgvbddbn |ovi' |ovi `ouohkhmou lbn ny|qouohnbk bnm lbvb| |ygayc lo lbkbg konmdynmbn bnm louilobdbn lo kbahqb|hqoyg. Goubknb+ aokb blb uyb|y ehn|hc |bnbc lonhdykbuodbn vblb bmbq ny|qoin |olbd bdbn |ygayc obkbc |iqgh`ok hakomb|+ loubgvonm vuodqh`ok+ bnbiqha+ lbn by|h|qh`. Vqh|hzhb |olbd bdbn |ygayc+ lbn cbnb aiaiqbvb bkmbi lbn einlb}bn bdbn |ygayc. Cbk ono  aiqbq|o  aiqbq|o abc}b aokb uyb|y ehn|hc |bnbc loaobddbn loaobddbn lo kbahqb|hqoyg kbahqb|hqoyg++ gbdb uyb|y vqhuilyq    vigaobdbn |iq|in|y cbnb bdbn gigynmdondbn |ygaycnb uiabmobn dieok ubjb lbqo  vhvykbuo |h|bk godqhhqmbnougi. Ubkbc Ubkbc ub|y ub|y ebqb ebqb yn|yd yn|yd ginmiga ginmigabnmd bnmdbn bn vinmiq| vinmiq|obn obn bnm bnm kiaoc kiaoc abod abod ginminb ginminboo kybunb diqbmbgbn dicolyvbn godqhai lo lbkbg |bnbc obkbc linmbn ginokbo viqbnbn bnm logbondbn logbondbn hkic aiqabmbo dikhgvhd dikhgvhd godqhai godqhai lo lbkbg gi}yjyldbn |iqjblon |iqjblonb b  viqyabcbn'viqyabcbn dogob}o lo lbkbg |bnbc. E. Viqb Viqbnbn nbn Godq Godqhab hab \bnb \bnbc c

Uiviq|o vblb cbkbgbn uiaikygnb lodb|bdbn abc}b godqhhqmbnougi |iqlbvb| vblb |bnbc bnm uyayq. Ginmbvb ubgvbo godqhhqmbnougi aiqviqbn lbkbg ginin|ydbn |bnbc bnm uyayq8 Bkbubnnb blbkbc dbqinb: 2. Godqhhq Godqhhqmbno mbnougi ugi aiqvi aiqviqbn qbn lbkbg lbkbg uodky uodkyuu iniqmo iniqmo 1. Godqhhq Godqhhqmbno mbnougi ugi aiqvi aiqviqbn qbn lbkbg lbkbg uodky uodkyuu cbqb cbqb 5. Godqhhqmbnou Godqhhqmbnougi gi aiqviqbn aiqviqbn lbkbg vigain|ydbn vigain|ydbn bmqimb| |bnbc

 #uyvvqiuuopi(ehnlyeopi / <. Ginin Ginin|y |ydb dbn n diui diuicb| cb|bn bn |bnbc |bnbc  uyvvqiuuopi(ehnlyeopi

\bnbc lodb|bdbn uyayq aokb gigvynbo dbnlynmbn lbn diqbmbgbn aohkhmo bnm |onmmo

\baki \baki 2. Gbsogyg Gbsogyg nygaiq nygaiq bnl aohgbuu aohgbuu #kopi #kopi }iomc|/ }iomc|/ h` uhok hqmbnoug hqmbnouguu on b comck comck `iq|oki mqbuukbnl uhok Donl h` hqmbnoug

Baynlbnei #nh(g1/ 5 s 262<

Abe|iqob @ynmo Vqh|hzhb 9 s 263 Nigb|hliu 26= Ibq|c}hqgu bnl qikb|il `hqgu 269 Go|iu 1 s 269 Uvqonm|boku 9 s 26< 1 265 H|ciq onpiq|iaqb|iu #unboku+ gokkoviliu+ i|e/ @qhg: A.N. Qoecbqlu #2?=
Aohgbuu #m(g1/ 566 <66 53 21 251 5 9 50

Hqmbnougi #godqhhqmbnougi/ |bnbc vin|onm lbkbg diuyayqbn |bnbc dbqinb 2. aiqv aiqviq iqbn bn lbkb lbkbg g uodk uodkyu yu iniq iniqmo mo 1. aiqv aiqviq iqbn bn lbk lbkbg bg uod uodky kyuu cbqb cbqb 5. aiqviq aiqviqbn bn lbkbg lbkbg vigain| vigain|ydbn ydbn bmqi bmqimb| mb| |bnb |bnbc c <. gini ginin| n|yd ydbn bn diui diuicb cb|b |bn n |bnb |bnbc c #uyv #uyvvq vqiu iuuo uopi pi ( ehnl ehnlye yeop opii |iqc |iqcbl blbv bv gyne gyneyk ykn nbb  vinbdo| |iqy|bgb vinbdo| |ykbq |bnbc'uhok ahqni vb|chmin/ 2. Uodkyu dkyu Iniq Iniqmo mo '

Uygaiq Uygaiq iniqm iniqmoo y|bgb y|bgb blbkbc blbkbc gb|b gb|bcbq cbqoo bnm loya loyabc bc hkic hkic |bnbgbn |bnbgbn gikbk gikbkyo yo vqhuiu vqhuiu `h|huon|iuou ginjblo abcbn hqmbnod 

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Aiaiqb Aiaiqbvb vb godqhhq godqhhqmbno mbnougi ugi gbgvy gbgvy gikbd gikbdydbn ydbn `h|huo `h|huon|i n|iuou uou #ginb #ginbnmdb nmdbv v iniqmo iniqmo gb|bcbqo: bkmbi/

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Uygaiq Uygaiq iniqmo iniqmo bnm bnm kbon kbon blbkbc blbkbc abuok abuok hduolbuo hduolbuo'qi 'qilydu lyduoo goniqb goniqbkk bnhqmbno bnhqmbnod: d: U lbn @i

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Iniqmo Iniqmo lbkbg lbkbg abcbn abcbn hqmbno hqmbnod d logbn`b logbn`bb|d b|dbn bn hkic hqmbno hqmbnougi ugi(go (godqhh dqhhqmb qmbnou nougi gi '

Hqmbnougi lidhgvhuiq: gokovili lok.

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Godqhh dqhhqqmbnou nougi li lidhg dhgvhuiq: jbgyq lb lbn ab abd|i d|iqo

Godqhh Godqhhqmb qmbnou nougi gi bnm bnm |ygayc |ygayc lo qcozhu qcozhu`iq `iq gigbn gigbn`bb `bb|dbn |dbn iniqm iniqmoo lbkbg lbkbg iduylb| iduylb| bdbq: abd|iqo Bzh|habe|iq 

1. Uodkyu dkyu Cbqb Godqhhqmbnougi gigvynbo viqbn bnm ubnmb| vin|onm lbkbg uodkyu cbqb dbqinb: 2/ ydyq ydyqbnn bnnb b bnm bnm dieok dieok uico uiconmm nmmbb gigv gigvyn ynbo bo qbuo qbuoh h viqg viqgydb ydbbn: bn:phk phkygi ygi bnm bnm ubnmb| aiubq 

7> gigynmdondbn viq|ydbqbn gb|iqobk #cbqb/ lbqo uik di konmdynmbnnb linmbn ubnmb| eivb| 1/ qivqhlyduo qivqhlyduo bnm ubnmb| ubnmb| eivb| eivb| #lbkbg #lbkbg co|ynmbn co|ynmbn gino|/ gino|/ 5/ lou|qo lou|qoayu ayuoo diaiqbl diaiqblbbn bbn bnm bnm ubnmb| ubnmb| kybu kybu Gbebg'gbebg uodkyu cbg vin|onm b. Uodk odkyu No No|qhm |qhmin in '

Vhhk Vhhk N |iq |iqaiu aiubq bq lo ylbqb ylbqb uiabm uiabmbo bo mbu N1

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N ginjblo ginjblo |iquil |iquilob ob gikbky gikbkyoo vqhuiu vqhuiu `odub `odubuo uo #dogob #dogob gbyvyn gbyvyn godqh godqhaohk aohkhmo hmou/ u/

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#no| #no|qh qhmi min n `osi `osiq: q: qco qcozh zhao aoyg yg lkk lkk//

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N hqmbno hqmbnod d #lbkbg #lbkbg jbqon jbqonmbn mbn gbdck gbdckyd yd colyv colyv ' ain|yd ain|yd vqh| vqh|ion ion++ bubg bgon bgonh h lbn bubg nydkib|/ ginjblo N bnhqmbnod gikbkyo vqhuiu goniqbkoubuo NC<$ 77 #bgghnoyg/ GH lidhgvhuiq 

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NC<$ ginmbk ginmbkbgo bgo No|qo` No|qo`odb odbuo uo hkic hkic   No|qhuh No|qhuhghnb ghnbu+ u+ No|qhuhe No|qhuheheey heeyuu lbn

 No|qhuhpoaqoh '

NH1' ginjblo NH5$ hkic No|qhabe|iq  lbn No|qheheeyu

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NH5' ginmbkbgo Lino|qo`odbuo ginjblo NH1' hkic  Vuiylhghnbu +  Abeokkyu lbn Bkebkominiu

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N bnhqmbn bnhqmbnod od lbvb| lbvb| lobuo lobuogok gokbuo buo hkic hkic godqh godqhhqmb hqmbnou nougi gi 77 Ogha Oghaoko okoubu ubuoo

 a.  a. Uodk odkyu Uyk Uyk``yq  '

Hduo Hduolb lbuo uo uyk` uyk`yq yq ginj ginjblo blo uyk` uyk`b| b| hkic hkic \cohabeokkyu+ Bq|cqhabe|iq  lbn Abeokkyu 1C1U $ H1 ↑ 1U $ 1C1H 1U $ 1C1H $ 5H1 ↑ 1UH<1' $
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Qilyduo Qilyduo Uyk`b Uyk`b|| ginjblo ginjblo uyk`ol uyk`olbb #U1'/ #U1'/ hkic Liuykv Liuykvchpo chpoaqo aqoh h liuykvcyq liuykvcyqoeb oebnu nu 1UH<1' $
e. Uodk odkyu `hu`h hu`hq  q  '

@hu`hq @hu`hq lo bkbg bkbg lbkbg lbkbg ain|y ain|yd d |iqodb| |iqodb| uiabmb uiabmboo Eb'`hu` Eb'`hu`b|+ b|+ @i' @i' b|by Bk'`h Bk'`hu`b u`b|+ |+ `o|b| b|by vqh|ion

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Godqhhqmbnougi

#  Abeok Abeokkyu kyu++

Vuiyl Vuiylhgh hghnbu nbu++

Sbn|ch Sbn|chghn ghnbu+ bu+

biqhminiu / lbvb| gikbqy|dbn V ginjblo |iquilob abmo |bnbgbn.

Biqha Biqhabe| be|iq  iq 

5. Viga Vigain| in|ydb ydbn n bmqi bmqimb mb|| |bnbc |bnbc '

hqmb hqmbno noug ugii |bnbc |bnbc ginmc ginmcbu buok okdbn dbn vhkog vhkogiq iq hqmbno hqmbnod d #gou #goubk bk cygoe cygoe lbn `ykpo `ykpoee

beolu/ bnm ginmodb| vbq|odik kigvynm ginjblo godqh bmqimb|. '

viga vigain| in|ydb ydbn n godq godqhbm hbmqi qimb mb|| ginj ginjbl bloo gbdq gbdqh h bmqimb bmqimb|| logi logilo lobu buoo hkic hkic abcbn abcbn

hqmbnod lbn aiqabmbo jinou godqh lbn gbdqhhqmbnougi #abd|iqo+ jbgyq'|iqy|bgb  jbgyq PBG+ bkmbi+ ebeonm+ uigy|+ uiqbnmmb lua./ <. Diui Diuicb cb||bn \bn \bnbc bc '

|bnbc |bnbc uyvvqi uyvvqiuuo uuopi pi |iqcblb |iqcblbv v vb|hmin vb|hmin |ykbq |ykbq |bnbc |bnbc ygygnb ygygnb gigvy gigvynb nboo |h|bk |h|bk

godqhhqmbnougi bnm kiaoc aiubq lbn |bnbc bnm dhnlyuo`  '

dhgvi| vi|ouo ny|qouo

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Bgyab gigbdbn jb jbgyq 

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Vhvykb Vhvykbuo uo Vuiylhg Vuiylhghnbu hnbu uvv #bn|bm #bn|bmhno hnou|o u|oee abd|iq abd|iqob/ ob/ b|by b|by \qoechliqgb |onmmo.

L. Lonbg Lonbgodb odb Vhvyk Vhvykbuo buo

Ui|obv uviuoiu godqhhqmbnougi bdbn |ygayc linmbn abod lo lbkbg konmdynmbnnb cbn cbnbb

uikb uikbgb gb

dhnl dhnlou ouon onb b

ginm ginmyn yn|y |ynm nmdb dbn n

abmo abmo

viq| viq|yg ygay aycb cbnn nnb b

lbn lbn

yn|y yn|yd  d 

gigviq|bcbndbn loqonb+ ubgb cbknb linmbn godqhab'godqhab bnm blb lo lbkbg |bnbc. |bnbc. Aimo|y Aimo|y |iqjbl |iqjbloo viqyabc viqyabcbn bn `ouod `ouod b|by b|by dogob} dogob}o+ o+ uiviq|o uiviq|o cbaoun cbaounbb ny|qoi ny|qoin n b|by b|by |iqjblonb viqyabcbn qblodbk lbkbg cbk uycy b|by vC+ bnm gigayb| dhnlouo abmo  viq|ygaycbn uviuoiu kbon kiaoc ginmyn|ynmdbn+ gbdb hqmbnougi bnm |ikbc |iqblbv|buo linmbn linmbn abod abod lo lbkbg lbkbg diblbbn diblbbn |bnbc |bnbc |iqlbcy |iqlbcyky ky |iqvbdu |iqvbdubb giniq giniqbcdb bcdbn n |igvb| |igvb|nb nb divblb hqmbnougi hqmbnougi bnm lbvb| aiqblbv|buo linmbn abod lo lbkbg dhnlouo bnm abqy o|y. Linmbn ligodobn `bd|hq'`bd|hq konmdynmbn gigokodo vinmbqyc uikid|o`+ bq|onb gigokoc  vhvykbuo godqhai.

ABA OOO VINY\YV

B. Diuog iuogvy vykb kbn n

Diuogvykbn bnm vinyuyn |bqod lbqo ouo gbdbkbc ono bn|bqb kbon: 2/ Godqhhqmbnou Godqhhqmbnougi gi gigimbnm gigimbnm viqbnbn vin|onm vin|onm lbkbg lbkbg bd|opo|bu bd|opo|bu viqhgabdb viqhgabdbn n lo lbkbg |bnbc dbqinb |bnvb bd|opo|bu godqhab gbdb uimbkb dicolyvbn lo aygo ono kbgab| kbyn bdbn |iqcbgab|. |iqcbgab|. Uikbon o|y+ godqhab godqhab jymb aiqviqbn lbkbg uodkyu iniqmo+ uodkyu cbqb+ vigain|ydbn bmqimb| |bnbc+ lkk. 1/ b.   No|qhughnbu+ No|qhuheheeyu lbn No|qhuhpoaqoh #Ny|qo`odbuo/ NC<$  a . No|qhabe|iq  lbn No|qheheeyu #giqyabc NH1' ↑ NH5'/ e.  Qcozhaoyg #@odubuo No|qhmin/ l.   Vuiylhghnbu+ Abeokkyu lbn Bkebkominiu #Lini|qo`odbuo NH5' ↑ NH1'/ i.   Liuykvchpoaqoh liuykvcyqoebnu #Qilyduo Uyk`b| ↑ Uyk`olb/+ `. lbn kbon kbon'k 'kbo bonn nnb. b. 5/ Jodb Jodb ui|o ui|obv bv godq godqhh hhqm qmbno bnoug ugii gbgvy gbgvy yn|yd yn|yd aiqb aiqblb lbv| v|bu buoo linmbn linmbn abod abod |iqc |iqcbl blbv bv  viqyabcbn konmdynmbn #|bnbc/ gbdb vhvykbuonb aoub kiu|bqo b|by |i|bv aiq|bcbn colyv colyv.. Jodb Jodbkb kby y |olbd |olbd gbdb gbdb vhvyk vhvykbu buon onb b lombn lombn|o |o linmbn linmbn godq godqhab hab kbon kbonn nb. b. Viqyabcbn konmdynmbn o|y aoub ubjb viqyabcbn `ouod gbyvyn dogob}o. A. Ubqbn

Vinebqobn Vinebqobn qi`iqinuo ubnmb| vin|onm vin|onm lbkbg ginyuyn gbdbkbc+ gbdb vigbn`bb|bn vigbn`bb|bn |idnhkhmo jymb cbqyu lokoab|dbn uiviq|o gilob on|iqni|. Uikbon o|y+ vinyuyn ubqbndbn bmbq bmbq lbkbg lbkbg vigayb| vigayb|bn bn gbdbkbc gbdbkbc yubcbdb yubcbdbn n uigyb uigyb bnmmh|b bnmmh|b dikhgv dikhgvhd hd ody| ody| |iqkoa |iqkoab| b| uiconm uiconmmb mb aokb aokb }bd|yn }bd|ynbb vqiuin| vqiuin|bui bui++ gbuonm gbuonm'gb 'gbuon uonm m bnmmh|b bnmmh|b aoub aoub gigviq gigviq|bn |bnmmyn mmynm m  jb}badbn ouo gbdbkbcnb.

LB@\BQ VYU\BDB

Vikizbq lbn Ecbn+ 2?33. Lbubq'Lbubq Godqhaohkhmo 1. Jbdbq|b: YO Vqiuu. c||v:((mhhmki.eh.ol.+ c||v:((mhhmki.eh.ol .+ 166?. Godqhhqmbnougi \bnbc . MFnFZ.ehg: Bgahn. Bq|odik Uonk Ipbn Vy|qb.+ 1663. Cygyu+ Gb|iqobk Hqmbnod Vinyayq \bnbc .