MOST COMMON COM MON IN PATHOLOGy ATHOLOGy
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GIT 1-3 MC patho pathology logy of the the esophag esophagus us = dysphagi dysphagia a MC site site of atresia/agenesis atresia/agenesis of the esophagus = at/near at/near tracheal tracheal bifurca bifurcation tion MC site site of ectopic ectopic tissue tissue rests rests = upper upper third third of the the esophagu esophagus s MC time time for stul stula a formati formation on = embryon embryonic ic develop development ment MC type type of stula stula = h!type " upper segment# blind$ lo%er segment# segment# sture sture in bet%een& MC site of esoph esophageal ageal %ebs %ebs and rings rings = upper/p upper/pro ro(ima (imall esophagu esophagus s MC type of achal achalasia asia = primar primary y achala achalasia sia MC anatomic pattern of hiatal hernia = a(ial/sliding a(ial/sliding hernia/pulsion hernia/pulsion type ,ingle most important important risris- factor for esophageal esophageal adenocarc adenocarcinoma inoma = arretts 0sophagus MC of esophageal varices varices = liver cirrhosis/alcoholic cirrhosis/alcoholic liver liver cirrhosis cirrhosis MC benign cancer of the the esophagus esophagus = leiomyoma MC type of cancer cancer in the esophagus esophagus = ,CC ,CC MC location of ,CC in the the esophagus esophagus = middle 1/3 Maority of adenocarcin adenocarcinomas omas arise from = arretts arretts Mucosa Mucosa Most important important heterotropic heterotropic rest = pancreatic pancreatic heterotopia heterotopia 2nd MCC of chronic gastritis = immunologic /autoimmune gastritis MCC of acute gastritis gastritis = immunologic/autoimmu immunologic/autoimmune ne gastritis MCC of chronic chronic gastritis = helicobacter helicobacter pylori pylori infection MC morphology morphology in autoimmune gastritis gastritis = inammatory inltrates of lymphocytes lymphocytes and plasma cells MC site of 56 = gastric antrum antrum and rst portion of of duodenum Complication Complication of 56 more commonly associated %ith %ith the duodenum a7ecting the posterior posterior %all = bleeding MC ulcer in shoc-$ shoc-$ sepsis$ severe severe trauma = stress ulcer ulcer MC site of adenoma adenoma of the stomach stomach = distal portion portion 2nd MC tumor %orld%ide = gastric carcinoma MC malignancy malignancy of the stomach stomach = gastric gastric carcinoma carcinoma MC used classication classication systems of gastric gastric malignancies malignancies = 8auren and and 9:; Most important pathogenesis pathogenesis in gastric malignancies malignancies = environmental environmental MC form of of gastric lymphoma lymphoma = sporadic sporadic MC site for e(tranodal e(tranodal lymphoma lymphoma = stomach stomach MC involved locations locations of :irschsprungs :irschsprungs disease = rectum and sigmoid sigmoid Most serious predisposing predisposing factor for
uired ac>uired < emergency in neonates = necroti?ing necroti?ing enterocolitis enterocolitis MC clinical presentation presentation of Malabsorption Malabsorption = chronic diarrhea diarrhea :allmar- of of malabsorption malabsorption = steatorrh steatorrhea ea MC a7ected segments in Celiac ,prue ,prue = duodenum and pro(imal pro(imal eunum :allmar- of 9hipples 9hipples 6isease = distended macrophages macrophages in lamina propria propria MC segment location of colonic colonic diverticulosis diverticulosis = left side of colon "particularly the sigmoid& sigmoid& MCC of intestinal intestinal obstruction obstruction = post!op adhesion adhesion MC type of cancer in large large intestine intestine = adenocarcinoma adenocarcinoma MC acute abdominal abdominal condition condition = acute acute appendicitis appendicitis
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GIT INFECTIONS MC source source of salmonella salmonella in the 5, = poultry and poultry poultry products products "some "some notes say dairy@& MC sour source ce of salmonel salmonella la in in the the < = seafood seafood Ahe characteristic characteristic pathology pathology of ,almonella ,almonella is most most prominent prominent in = ileum$ appendi($ appendi($ and and colon Ariad in ,almonella ,almonella infection infection = radycardia$ radycardia$ remittent fever$ and leu-openia leu-openia MC site site of involv involvement ement in B Bmebi mebiasis asis = cecum cecum MC route route for for ibr ibrio io Chole Cholera ra = oral!fec oral!fecal al MC ! human human patho pathogen gen= = 0. 0. coli coli :5, "hemolytic "hemolytic uremic uremic syndrom syndrome& e& = hemolytic hemolytic anemia and and acute -idney failure rincip rincipal al cause cause of Aravelers ravelers 6iarrhe 6iarrhea a = 0A0C :ighest infectivity infectivity rate of all enteric ! bacteria bacteria = ,higella ,higella MC stool isolate in the 5, = Campylobacter Campylobacter MC associated %ith %ith food!borne food!borne gastroenteritis gastroenteritis = campylobacter campylobacter MC agents of bacterial bacterial enteritis in %estern and and northern 0urope 0urope = Dersinia Dersinia Most potent to(igenic to(igenic bacteria bacteria in e(istence = Clostridium Clostridium
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LIVER 1-3, CP ortal ortal Ariad = hepatic hepatic arter artery$ y$ portal portal vein$ vein$ and bile bile duct duct EBrchetypalF BrchetypalF Most specic specic necrosis necrosis of the liver liver = coagulative coagulative necrosis MC viral viral etiolog etiology y of cirr cirrhosi hosis s in the the < = :epatiti :epatitis s MC etiol etiology ogy of of cirrh cirrhosi osis s = alcoho alcoholis lism m Most important important characteristic characteristic of Cirrhosis Cirrhosis "caused by by the collageni?ation collageni?ation of ,pace of of 6isse& 6isse& = reorgani reorgani?ation ?ation of vascular architecture Ahe ultimate ultimate mechanism mechanism of deaths deaths in most cirrhotic cirrhotic patients patients = progress progressive ive liver failure MC type type of porta portall hyperten hypertension sion = intrah intrahepati epatic c Clinical Clinical land landmarmar- of porta portall hyperten hypertension sion = caput caput medusa medusa rimary disease entity/ manifestation manifestation of bile accumulation accumulation = aundice aundice and cholestasis cholestasis Most li-ely mechanism mechanism of hepatocyte inury inury in :ep B = cell!mediated immune mechanism mechanism ;nly :epatitis :epatitis irus irus that is is 6GB = :allmar- of :C = persistent persistent infection infection and chronic chronic hepatitis MC chronic chronic blood!born blood!born infection infection = :C Maor route of transmission transmission for :C = inoculation and blood blood transfusion Most reliable reliable indicator of recent :6 e(posure e(posure =
2. Most characteristic feature of neonatal hepatitis = presence of giant cells$ transformed hepatocytes containing at least 4 nuclei in the center of each cell 21. :allmar- lesion of rimary iliary Cirrhosis = destructive cholangitis 22. Most fre>uent type of large regenerative nodule =HG: "focal nodular hyperplasia& 23. MC primary malignant tumor in the liver = hepatocellular carcinoma 24. MC primary hepatic tumor in children = hepatoblastoma 2. MC diagnosed genetic liver disease in infants and children = alpha1 antitrypsin 2'. :allmar- of 9ilsons disease = accumulation of to(ic levels of copper in the tissues and organs "brain$ liver$ eye& 2). MC presentation of 9ilsons disease = acute or chronic liver disease 2*. :allmar- of :emochromatosis = e(cessive accumulation of body iron mostly in liver and pancreas 2+. MCC of secondary hemochromatosis = hemolytic anemia associated %ith ine7ective erythropoiesis 3. MC benign lesion in the liver = cavernous hemangioma 31. Most characteristic feature of hepatic adenoma = portal triads are absent 32. 9orst among liver lesions = :CC 33. MC :CC histologic pattern = trabecular pattern BILIARY TRACT AND EXOCRINE PANCREAS 1. MC Congenital anomaly = hrygian cap "folded fundus& 2. MC gallbladder anomaly = cholelithiasis 3. MC type of stone = cholesterol 4. Composition of bile = cholesterol$ bile salts$ and lecithin . MC reason for emergency cholecystectomy/primary complication of gallstones = cholecystitis '. Most important morphology of biliary atresia = ductal proliferation at portal triad "hepatic artery$ portal vein$ biliary duct& ). MCC precursor to cholangitis = choledocholithiasis *. Most probable site of entry to the biliary tract for microorganisms = ,phincter of ;ddi +. MCC of pancreatitis = alcoholism "*I& 1. Most characteristic morphologic nding of acute pancreatitis = necrosis of fat by lipases 11. MC altered oncogene in pancreatic cancer = -!ras *FROM THE EVAL 1. MC benign tumor of the esophagus = leiomyoma a-a <,A 2. MCC of unconugated hyperbilirubinemia = hemolysis 3. MC outcome in patients %ith acute :epatitis = complete recovery %ithout residual dysfunction 4. MC site of carcinoid tumor = appendi( . MCC of intestinal obstruction = post!operative adhesions '. MCC of lo%er gastrointestinal bleeding = hemorrhoids ). :allmar- of Bcute of appendicitis = neutrophils in muscular propria *. asic defect in gallstone formation = supersaturation of bile %ith cholesterol +. 2 most important factors associated %ith pancreatitis = biliary tract disease and alcoholism 1. Most fre>uently altered oncogene associated %ith pancreatic carcinoma = J!ras gene 11. Cornerstone for diagnosis of chronic relapsing pancreatitis = serum amylase determination and serum lipase determination 12. Maor cause of conugated post!hepatic aundice = gallstone$ biliary structure$ pancreatic head cancer BREAST 1. MC symptom in clinical presentation of breast disease = palpable mass 2. MC time of occurrence for acute mastitis= 1st month of breast feeding 3. MC "lifestyle& association %ith periodical mass = smo-ing 4. Most li-ely caused by secondary e7ect of the underlying inammation$ brosis$ and scarring = inverted nipple . Jey histologic feature of periductal mastitis = -eratini?ing s>uamous metaplasia '. Hibrocystic Change primarily a7ects = A685 "terminal duct lobular unit& ). 3 principle morphologic changes in non!proliferative breast change = 1. Cystic change 2. Hibrosis 3. Bdenosis *. lue dome cysts associated %ith = cystic change +. 2 cell types that line normal breast ducts and lobules = myoepithelial and luminal 1. MC benign tumor of the female breast = broadenoma 11. MC non!s-in malignancy in %oman = carcinoma of the breast 12. Most important ris- factor of carcinoma of the breast = gender "female& 13. MC type of carcinoma of the breast = adenocarcinoma "+I$ in situ carcinoma and invasive carcinoma& 14. 2 maor ris- factors for the development of breasts cancer = hormonal "sporadic& and genetic "hereditary& 1. MC pattern of gene e(pression in invasive ducal carcinoma = 8uminal B "4!I&
STD 1. Co%dry Aype B inclusion usually in neonates born by vaginal delivery by %omen %ith active primary :, general infection = :, meningitis 2. 5sual pattern of lesion in : in cervi( = at condyloma "types '$ 11$ 1'$ 1*& 3. Chlamydia virulence factors= 1. Cell %all lac-s muramic acid 2. Contains 8, 3. inds sialic acid receptors 4.
3. MC precursor lesion for testicular CA = uivalent to dysgerminoma of the ovary& . 2nd MC testicular CA "1!3I& = embryonal carcinoma '. MC testicular tumor in infants and children up to 3 years of age but %ith very good prognosis = Dol- ,ac Aumor ). Hound in I of Dol- ,ac Aumor cases = ,chiller 6uval bodies *. Most uent pituitary hormone deciency = : assay 1. MCC of primary adrenal insuNciency = BddisonOs disease 11. MCC of goitrous hypothyroiditis in regions suNcient %ith iodine = :ashimotoOs Ahyroiditis 12. Maor cause of non!endemic goiter in children = :ashimotoOs Ahyroiditis 13. raveOs 6isease Ariad = 6ermopathy$ ;phthalmopathy$ :yperthyroidism 14. uamous cell carcinoma of the penis = : 2. ,tructure a7ected rst by A = epididymis 3. MC germ cell tumor of the testis = seminoma 4. MC route of germ cell tumor metastasis = lymphatics . MC form/type of prostatitis = chronic abacterial prostatitis '. MC site of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer = peripheral ?one
). MC site of metastasis of prostatic adenocarcinoma = bone *. ilateral malignant ovarian neoplasm is most li-ely a = metastatic carcinoma +. MC site of A of the female genital tract = Hallopian tube 1. MC primary benign neoplasm of the ovary = mature cystic teratoma 11. "
. Most fre>uent chemical analysis performed in urine because of 6M = glucose '. reatest source of false negative glucose = allo%ing urine to stand at room temperature for prolonged period "glucose undergoes glycolysis& ). Most common and most important cause of glucosuria %ith hyperglycemia= 6M *. 8argest cells in the urine sediment %ith abundant$ irregular cytoplasm and and prominent nuclei = s>uamous epithelial +. Most clinically signicant of the epithelial cells = renal tubular cells 1. Most common bacterial shape = cocci or bacilli 11. ;nly elements found in the urinary sediment that are uni>ue to the -idney = casts 12. Most fre>uently seen cast "composed entirely of Aamm!:orsfall protein&= hyaline casts 13. Maor constituent of mucus = Aamm!:orsfall protein * FROM THE EVAL 1. MCC of nephrotic syndrome in adults = membranous glomerulosclerosis 2. MCC of nephrotic syndrome in children = minimal change disease 3. MCC of chronic glomerulonephritis = rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis "G& 4. MC type of stone in the urinary system = calcium o(alate stone . Most important ris- factor in the development of renal cell carcinoma = cigarette smo-ing '. enal cell carcinoma most often metastasi?es to the = lungs ). MCC of renal artery stenosis = atheromatous pla>ues *. +I of bladder malignancies are = urothelial rumors +. MCC in urinary bladder carcinoma = cigarette smo-ing 1. Most indicative urine chemical test of renal disease = protein 11. Maor cause of d%arsm = achondroplasia 12. MC form of osteoporosis = senility 13. MC form of s-eletal malignancy = metastatic lesion CHILDHOOD AND INFANCY 1. Most :a?ardous period of life because o7 complications of child birth$ if patient is premature = neonatal period "1st month of life& 2. 8eading cause of death in 1!4$ !14 yo = inuries/accidents@@@ 3. MC cause of neonatal mortalities = congenital anomalies 4. 2nd MC cause of neonatal mortalities = prematurity . ,ingle MC identiable cause of prematurity = ;M "preterm premature rupture of membranes& '. MC organisms associated %ith funisitis = ureaplasma urealyticum$ mycoplasma$ g. aginalis$ trichimonas$ gonorrhea and chlamydia ). MC factor causing ro%th retardation = mother/maternal condition *. Most important trimester %hen organogenesis happens = 1st +. 8east li-ely cause of gro%th retardation = chromosomal abnormality 1. MC inuries = clavicular fracture L facial nerve inury L brachial ple(us inury L intracranial inury L humeral fractureLlacerations 11. Most serious complication of intracranial hemorrhage = depression of vital medullary centers 12. Most vulnerable time for congenital malformations = 1st 3 months "!*/+ %ee-s %hen organogenesis begins 13. MC underlying factor for deformation = uterine constraint 14. MC cause are defects in gametogenesis = 6o%n ,yndrome "Arisomy 21& 1a. MC fetal viral infection = cytomegalovirus "2nd trimester& 1b. Maor feature of CM= involvement of CG, 1'. Most important factor regarding mechanisms of malformations = timing of insult 1). Aime of highest susceptibility to teratogenesis = bet%een 3rd and +th %ee- B; "pea- sensitivity= 4th !th %ee-& 1*. erinatal infections transcervical# ascending = mostly bacterial transplacental# hematologic = mostly parasitic and viral 1+. MC organism in early onset sepsis = group streptococcus 2. MC cause of bacterial meningitis = group streptococcus 21. MC cause of respiratory distress = 6,/:yaline membrane disease 22. Hundamental defect of 6, = deciency of pulmonary surfactant 23. Maor cause of h incompatibility = 6 antigen 24. MC cause of 0rythroblastosis Hetalis = B; incompatibility 2. Most severely a7ected organs in galactosemia = liver$ eyes$ brain 2'a. MC organ abnormality in cystic brosis = pancreas "*!+I&$ 2'b.Most seriously a7ected organ in cystic brosis = lungs 2). 2 MC organisms responsible for lung infection = staph and pseudomonas 2*. MC site of hemangiomas = face and scalp 2+. MC tumor of infancy = hemangioma 3. MC site of teratomas = sacrococcygeal area 31. MC site of neoplasms in adults = lung$ breast$ s-in$ prostate$ colon 32. MC site of neoplasms in children = hematopoietic system "B88 MCT&$ Gervous tissue "CG,$ ,G,$ retina$ adrenal medulla&$ soft tissue$ bone$ -idney 33. MC tumor diagnosed in infants less than 1 year of age = neuroblastoma/ganglioneuroma 34. MC history of a malignancy of adrenal gland = bump/bull in the abdomen "usually accompanied by fever and %eight loss& 3. MC site of neuroblastoma/ganglioneuroma = adrenal medulla 3'. 2nd MC site of neuroblastoma/ganglioneuroma = sympathetic chain 3). MC primary renal tumor of childhood = 9ilms tumor# nephroblastoma 3*. MC symptom of 9ilms tumor/nephroblastoma = :ematuria "also %ith abdominal pain$ intestinal obstruction$ and hypertension 3+. MC presentation of 9ilms tumor/nephroblastoma = large abdominal mass ! causes of malformation = maority are un-no%n 4!'I
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CNS 2 MC types of cerebral edema = vasogenic "e(tracellular& and cytoto(ic "intracellular& MC intracranial hemorrhage due to hypertension = intracerebral "asso. Charcot!ouchard&
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MC site of hypertensive hemorrhage = putamen MC route of CG, infections = hematogenous MC site of tuberculoma = cerebellum MC type of demyelinating disease = Multiple ,clerosis Most severely a7ected site of :untingtons 6isease = caudate )I of neoplasms in adults = supratentorial )I of neoplasms in children are = infratentorial Maority of primary brain neoplasms arise from this = astrocytes Meningeal carcinomatosis usually associated %ith %hich types of cancer = breast and lung
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CSF MC complication of lumbar taps = headache MC type of meningitis that causes an increase in MG = bacterial redominating cell in bacterial infections = MG neutrophils redominating in viral infections/chronic nervous diseases/ tertiary syphilis = lymphocytes or mononulcears '!)I of plasma concentration = C,H glucose
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ENVIRONMENTAL MCC e(ogenous cancer = tobacco use MC preventable cause of human death = tobacco use Maor complication of atherosclerosis = M< Most %idely used and abused agent throughout the %orld = alcohol MC CG, e7ects of cocaine = hyperpyre(ia and sei?ure MC a7ected sites of infection %ith :eroin = s-in and subcutaneous$ heart valves$ liver and lungs MCC cause of endocarditis = ,. Bureus MC infection among heroin addicted persons and is ac>uired by sharing dirty needles = iral hepatitis Most fre>uent telltale sign of heroin addiction = cutaneous lesion Most serious complication of abuse of amphetamines = sei?ures$ cardiac arrhythmias$ hyperthermia "CB!,!:& Maor component of smog = o?one :allmar- of C; acute poisoning = cherry!red discoloration of s-in and mucous membranes Most %idely used industrial solvents and dry cleaning agents = aliphatic hydrocarbons rototype of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons = ben?opyrene MC hyperthermic syndrome = heat e(haustion
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NUTRITIONAL :ighest death rate of any psychiatric disorder = anore(ia nervosa MCC of death in bulemia = fatal arrhythmia ic-ets occur in children most often in %hat year"s& life = rst year itamin 1 "thiamine& deciency = dry beri$ %et beri beri$ 9ernic-e!Jorsa-o7 itamin 2 "riboavin& deciency = photophobia itamin 3 "niacin& deciency = pellagra itamin ' "pyrido(ine& = Cheilosis$ glossitis$ dermatitis$ peripheral neuropathy itamin 12 "cobalamine& deciency = pernicious/megaloblastic anemia$ spinal cord degeneration itamin C deciency = scurvy itamin + "folate& = megaloblastic anemia$ neural tube defects if during pregnancy itamin C deciency = minerali?ation problem itamin 6 deciency = osteoid matri( formation problem
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*FROM THE EVAL MC type of vascular malformation of the brain = arterio!venous malformation MC location of hypertensive hemorrhage = putamen Maority of primary barin neoplasm rise from = astrocytes Maority of primary brain neoplasms in adults are located = cerebral hemisphere MC source metastatic carcinoma to the brain in a female = breast MCC of dementia in the elderly = Bl?eimers MC heat syndrome = heat e(haustion MCC of mortality in the rst year life = congenital anomalies Most vulnerable period for preventable teratogenic insult to occur = 4!th %eeMC malignancy in children = leu-emia
