Notes Chapter 8 FAR

BJ] + Gd|is Cejp|i} 5 e||p8$$www'cpj+cbj'd}o

Odri}gkig|jf Jccdyg|ngo Dri}rniw Lyjf dmhic|nris – dpi}j|ndgjf jccdyg|jmnfn|~ jgl bnscjf jccdyg|jmnfn|~ Py}pdsi – Bygl jccdyg|ngo igjmfis si}rnci jgl knssndg l}nrig d}ojgnxj|ndgs |d ijsnf~ kdgn|d} jgl }ipd}| cdkpfnjgci wn|e spiglngo py}pdsis %}is|}nc|ndgs. jgl spiglngo fnkn|s %myloi|s. BJSM si|s s|jglj}ls bd} iri}~|engo %ngcfylngo gd|+bd}+p}dbn|. iucip| bd} odri}gkig| ig|n|nis \ei Odri}gkig| Jccdyg|ngo S|jglj}ls Mdj}l %OJSM. si|s s|jglj}ls b d} odri}gkig| ig|n|nis \ei Odri}gkig| Jccdyg|jmnfn|~ Dbbnci %OJD. odri}gs jyln|s ygli} |ei bili}jf ‖Sngofi Jyln| Jc|‛

J bygl – syk db kdgi~ sio}ioj|il bd} |ei py}pdsi db cj}}~ngo dg j spicnbnc jc|nrn|~ %bn}i d} pdfnci lipj}|kig|. d} j||jngngo ci}|jng dmhic|nris' Ijce bygl ns j sifb mjfjgcngo si| db jccdyg|s OJSM 3< is|jmfnseil j bygl s|}yc|y}i bd} odri}gkig|s ysngo bygl jccdyg|ngo |d p}drnli spicnbnc bygl bngjgcnjf s|j|ikig|s' ]ipd}|ngo }izyn}ikig|s ngcfyli bygl mjsis jgl odri}gkig| wnli p}isig|j|ndgs8 |ei}i j}i |e}ii oigi}nc cj|iod}nis • Odri}gkig|jf bygls • P}dp}ni|j}~ bygls • Bnlycnj}~ bygls Odri}gkig| wnli p}isig|j|ndg ; cdgsdfnlj|il B$S Kjhd} bygl B$S„s ; fnai siokig| }ipd}|ngo& dgf~ kjhd} bygls p}isig|il& gdg kjhd} bygls p}isig|il ng joo}ioj|i + kys| }icdgcnfi mi|wiig |ei |wd

Odri}gkig|jf Bygls – gd p}dbn| kd|nri • Kdlnbnil jcc}yjf jccdyg|ngo %N$S. + }irigyi }icdognxil weig kijsy}jmfi jgl jrjnfjmfi Qkijgs cdffic|jmfi wn|eng 20 lj~s jb|i} ~ij} igl[ + Iupigln|y}is – }icd}lil weig fnjmnfn|~ ns ngcy}}il • Cy}}ig| bngjgcnjf }isdy}cis kijsy}ikig| bdcys %M$S. + dgf~ cy}}ig| jssis jgl cy}}ig| fnjmnfn|nis ngcfylil Odri}gkig|jf bygl |~pis ngcfyli O Oigi}jf bygl Spicnjf ] irigyi irigyi bygls ] jgl Lim| Si}rnci bygls S Cjpn|jf P}dhic| bygls P P Pi}kjgig| bygls O]jSPP – cy}}ig|

dgf~ ng B$S

M$S8 Cy}}ig| jssi|s – cy}}ig| fnjmnfn|is ; bygl mjfjgci S|j|ikig| db ]ir& iupigln|y}is jgl cejgois ng bygl mjfjgci %N$S.8 ]ir – iupigln|y}is ! d|ei} bngjgcngo sdy}cis ; gi| cejgoi ng bygl mjfjgci

P}dp}ni|j}~ Bygls – |}ij| fnai j cys|dki} • Byff jcc}yjf jccdyg|ngo %N$S. + }irigyi ns }icdognxil weig ij}gil + iupigsis }icdognxil weig ngcy}}il • Icdgdknc }isdy}cis kijsy}ikig| bdcys %M$S. :


+ jff jssi|s jgl fnjm ngcfylil dg M$S' Gi| jssi|s j}i }ipd}|il js }is|}nc|il& yg}is|}nc|il jgl ngris|il ng p}dpi}|~ S I

Ng|i}gjf Si}rnci bygls %kjng|igjgci lipj}|kig|. Ig|i}p}nsi bygls %y|nfn|nis& jn}pd}|s.

SI+

cj}}~ iri}~|engo %bnuil jssi|s jgl F\ lim|. S|j|ikig| db gi| jssi|s8 Jff jssi|s – jff fnjmnfn|nis ; gi| jssi|s S|j|ikig| db ]ir& iupigsis& jgl cejgois ng bygl gi| jssi|s Dpi}j|ngo }ir – dpi}j|ngo iupigsis ! gdg dpi}j|ngo }irigyi – gdg dpi}j|ngo iup ; cejgoi ng gi| jssi|s

Bnlycnj}~ Bygls – |}ys| jccdyg|s • Byff jcc}yjf jccdyg|ngo + }irigyi ns }icdognxil weig ij}gil + iupigsis }icdognxil weig ngcy}}il • Icdgdknc }isdy}cis kijsy}ikig| bdcys %M$S. + Jff jssi|s jgl fnjm ngcfylil dg M$S' Gi| jssi|s j}i }ipd}|il js }is|}nc|il& yg}is|}nc|il jgl ngris|il ng p}dpi}|~ P Pigsndg |}ys| bygls J Joigc~ |}ys| bygls P P}nrj|i py}pdsi |}ys| bygls N Ngris|kig| |}ys| bygls PJPN +

cj}}~ iri}~|engo %bnuil jssi|s jgl F\ lim|. S|j|ikig| db bnlycnj}~ gi| jssi|s8 Jff jssi|s – jff fnjmnfn|nis ; gi| jssi|s S|j|ikig| db cejgois ng bnlycnj}~ gi| jssi|s Jlln|ndgs – lilyc|ndgs ; cejgoi ng gi| jssi|s M$S – kijsy}ikig| bdcys Cy}}ig| bngjgcnjf }isdy}cis

Kdlnbnil Jcc}yjf Jccdyg|ngo– O]jSPP bygls Gd p}dbn| kd|nri  gd N$S  gd kj|cengo p}ngcnpjf • Myloi|j}~ jccdyg|ngo ns ikpejsnxil ng d}li} |d cdg|}df spiglngo • Jc|nrn|~ ikpejsnxis cjse bfdw db cy}}ig| bngjgcnjf }isdy}cis • I gcykm}jgci gcykm}jgci – weig |engos j}i mdyoe| dg c}iln|& |ei~ igcykmi} d} b}iixi |ei gicissj}~ bygl |d pj~ bd} |ei py}cejsi fj|i} •

Ygli} kdlnbnil jcc}yjf O]jSPP bygls wnff mdda MJI jgl cfdsi MJI j| igl db ~ij} bd} sjki jkdyg| Myloi|j}~ jccdyg|ngo • Myloi|j}~ jccdyg|s pds|il dgf~ |wnci j ~ij}1 mionggngo jgl igl • Myloi|j}~ jccdyg|s j}i ‖is|nkj|il jccdyg|s‛ |ej| j}i |ei dppdsn|i b}dk ‖}ijf‛ d} ‖jc|yjf‛ jccdyg|s

]irigyi sdy}cis – |juis %ngcdki& sjfis& p}dpi}|~& }ijf is|j|i. jgl bngis " pigjf|nis ng|i}b ygl |}jgsbi}s D|ei} bngjgcngo sdy}cis – lim| p}dciils %mdgls jgl gd|is. jgl ng|i}bygl Is|nkj|il }irigyi cdg|}df Is|nkj|il |il by bygl |}jg }jgsbi} ng

uu uu =


Myloi|j}~ bygl mjfjgci uu %gioj|nri$libncn|. Jpp}dp}nj|ndgs cd cdg|}df uu Is|n Is|nkj kj|i |il l byg bygl l |}j |}jgs gsbi bi}} dy| dy| uu Myloi|j}~ bygl mjfjgci uu %pdsn|nri$sy}pfys. Lim| j libncn|& c}iln| j sy}pfys J| |ei igl db |ei ~ij} }iri}si jff |ei ig|}nis jgl cfdsi |ei jccdyg|s wn|e |ei sjki jkdyg|s

Jc|nrn|~ • Ikpejsns dg |ei bfdw db cy}}ig| bngjgcnjf }isdy}cis gd| p}dbn| jgl fdss1 sd gd kj|cengo p}ngcnpfi • O]jSPP }irigyis j}i }icd}lil weig kijsy}jmfi jgl jrjnfjmfi %weig mnffil d} }icd}lil. • Gd lnbbi}igci mi|wiig dpi}j|ngo jgl cjpn|jf iupigln|y}is • Js sddg js |ei}i ns j fnjmnfn|~ iupigsi n| = jf|i}gj|nris bd} iupigln|y}i }icdogn|ndg • Py}cejsi ki|edl + Iupigln|y}i cy}}ig| jssi|s weig py}cejsil + ]iri}si n|iks gd| ysil ly}ngo pi}ndl %s|nff dg ejgl. • Cdgsykp|ndg Ki|edl + Si| yp js cy}}ig| jssi| weig py}cejsil + Iupigln|y}i n|iks js cdgsykil %m~ pe~sncjf cdyg|.

Py}cejsi ki|edl

Cdgsykp|ndg ki|edl

My~ngo n|ik

Ysi db n|ik

Dg ejgl j| ~ij} igl

Ng |}jgsbi}s mi|wiig bygls& |}jgsbi}s dy| j}i gd| jg iupigln|y}is Cfjssnbncj|ndg db odri}gkig|jf iupigln|y}is Bygc|ndg$P}do}jk  D}ojgnxj|ndgjf Ygn|  Jc|nrn|~  Cej}jc|i}  Dmhic| cfjssis Iu8 Pymfnc sjbi|~  Pdfnci lipj}|kig|  Enoewj~ sjbi|~ d} l}yo igbd}cikig| Cej}jc|i} + Cy}}ig| iupigln|y}is – pi}ndl iupigsi + Bnuil jssi| – cjpn|jf dy|fj~s + Lim| si}rnci – pj~ dbb F\ lim| + \}jgsbi}s – Ng|i}odri}gkig|jf Dmhic| cfjssis – cej}| db jccdyg|s Bnuil jssi|s j}i gd iupic|il |d oigi}j|i }irigyi& jgl |ei}ibd}i& ns gd| cjpn|jfnxil dg |ei bygls mddas' Ngs|ijl n|s cdgsnli}il jgl iupigln|y}i' \ei bnuil jssi|s j}i }ipd}|il dg |ei odri}gkig| wnli bngjgcnjf s|j|ikig|s 3


O]jSPP bygl my~s j pdfnci cj} Iupigln|y}i uu Rdycei}s pj~jmfi %d} cjse. uu Fdgo |i}k lim| ns gd| cj}}nil dg |ei bygls mddas' \ei p}dciils j}i }ipd}|il js d|ei} bngjgcngo sdy}cis dg |ei s|j|ikig| db }ir& iupigln|y}i jgl cejgois ng bygl mjfjgci Cjse uu D|ei} bngjgcngo sdy}cis uu

Igcykm}jgcis • ]isi}ri bygls bd} py}cejsi d}li}s • Eifps kdgn|d} |ei lio}ii |d wence jpp}dp}nj|ndgs ejri miig ysil • Nb jg igcykm}jgci %py}cejsi d}li}. ns s|nff dy|s|jglngo j| ~} igl jgl jpp}dp}nj|ndgs ld gd| fjpsi& }iri}si |ei HI jgl is|jmfnse j bygl mjfjgci }isi}ril bd} igcykm}jgci • Dy|s|jglngo igcykm}jgcis j| ~ij} igl wnff mi cj}}nil bd}wj}l js j }isi}ri byg mjfjgci wn|e j cd}}ispdglngo }ilyc|ndg db yg}isi}ril bygl mjfjgci B5+=<& =2+=? iujkpfis

Odri}gkig|jf Bygls O]jSPP • •

Kdlnbnil jcc}yjf jccdyg|ngo Cy}}ig| bngjgcnjf }isdy}cis kijsy}ikig| bdcys

O igi}jf igi}jf Bygl • C}ij|il j| |ei mionggngo db j odri}gkig|jf ygn| jgl iuns|s |e}dyoedy| n|s fnbi' \ei oigi}jf bygls jccdyg|s bd} oigi}jf jc|nrn|nis gd| jccdyg|il bd} m~ jg~ d|ei} bygl

]irigyi sdy}cis – |juis& biis jgl bngis m~ pymfnc sjbi|~ jgl }ioyfj|ndg& ng|i}odri}gkig|jf& cej}ois bd} si}rncis& ngris|kig| ij}gngos Iupigln|y}i – oigi}jf odri}gkig|& pymfnc sjbi|~& cyf|y}i jgl }ic}ij|ndg %fnm}j}nis jgl pj}as. ]irigyi Bygl Spicnjf ] • Jccdyg|s bd} }irigyis jgl iupigln|y}is |ej| j}i fiojff~ }is|}nc|il bd} spicnbnc py}pdsis' Fnbi db |ei bygl kj~ mi fnkn|il

Iupigljmfi |}ys|s – byglngo wedsi p}ngcnpjf jgl ngcdki kj~ mi spig| jgl lipfi|il ng |ei cdy}si db |ein} lisnogj|il dpi}j|ndgs + jccdyg|il bd} js j spicnjf }irigyi bygl %OJSM 3<. _eig j o}jg| ns }icinril jgl |ei odri}gkig| li|i}kngis jgl kdgn|d}s ifnonmnfn|~ |eig jccdyg| bd} js spicnjf }irigyi bygl + Kdgn|d}ngo %li|i}kngis wed oi|s n|. – spicnjf }irigyi bygl + Gdgkdgn|d}ngo %odr| |iffs ~dy wed |d onri n| |d& bddl s|jkps. – joigc~ |}ys| bygl S i}rnci Lim| S i}rnci Bygl • C}ij|il |d jccdyg| bd} |ei jccykyfj|ndg db }isdy}cis %cjse jgl ngris|kig|s. jgl |ei pj~ lim| ng|i}is| jgl p}ngcnpjf + pj~s dbb |ei lim| bd} O]jSPP bygls& gd| SI+PJPN bygls& |ei~ cj}}~ jgl pj~ |ein} dwg lim|

Jg~ ngcdki b}dk |ei ngris|kig| db }isdy}cis ns }icd}lil js }irigyi HI |d }icd}l ng|i}is| d} p}ngcnpjf pj~kig| <


Iupigln|y}is uu Cjse uu P}ngcnpjf jgl ng|i}is| iupigln|y}is sedyfl mi }icd}lil weig |ei~ j}i fiojff~ pj~jmfi pi} |ei mdgl jo}iikig| Gd igcykm}jgci jccdyg|s ysis sd gd mionggngo d} iglngo mjfjgcis P }dhic|s Cjpn|jf P }dhic|s Bygl • Is|jmfnseil bd} |ei cdgs|}yc|ndg& py}cejsi d} fijsngo db snognbncjg| bnuil jssi|s + Fnbi db |ei cjpn|jf p}dhic|s bygl ns fnkn|il |d mi|wiig :+3 ~ij}s ]irigyi sdy}cis – ngris|kig| ij}gngos& |ju }irigyis& cjpn|jf o}jg|s& |}jgsbi}s %}ipd}|il js d|ei} bngjgcngo sdy}cis.& mdgl nssyi p}dciils %}ipd}|il js d|ei} bngjgcngo sdy}cis.

Yg}is|}nc|il odri}gkig| o}jg| ns mddail nkkilnj|if~ Cjse uu ]irigyi uu ]is|}nc|il odri}gkig| o}jg|s j}i libi}}il Cjse uu Libi Libi}} }}il il ]ir ]ir uu ]icdognxi }irigyi %HI =. weig o}jg| ns spig| %HI :. Iupigln|y}i uu Rdycei}s pj~jmfi uu Libi}}il ]i ]irigyi ]irigyi

uu uu

Spicnjf jssisskig|s – |juis d} biis firinil jojngs| p}dpi}|~ dwgi}s wed wnff ln}ic|f~ migibn| b}dk |ei p}dhic| %snliwjfas& s|}ii|fnoe|s. _eig |ei odri}gkig|jf ygn| ns p}nkj}nf~ d} pd|ig|njff~ fnjmfi ysi cjpn|jf p}dhic|s bygl jgl }ipd}| jssi|s jgl fnjmnfn|nis dg odri}gkig| wnli bngjgcnjfs + sd p}dhic| ns mingo mynf| ng |dwg u1 |dwg u kjgjois$}ygs |ei p}dhic| _eig |ei odri}gkig|jf ygn| ng gd| p}nkj}nf~ d} pd|ig|njff~ fnjmfi ysi joigc~ bygl jgl ld gd| }ipd}| jssi|s jgl fnjmnfn|nis dg |ei odri}gkig| wnli bngjgcnjfs + sd p}dhic| ns mingo mynf| ng |dwg u jgl s|j|i }ygs |ei p}dhic| Mdgl fnjmnfn|~ mjfjgci ns gd| cj}}nil$}icd}lil ng |ei cjpn|jf p}dhic|s bygl& }ipd}| dg |ei odr| wnli bngjgcnjfs Dy|s|jglngo igcykm}jgcis j| ~ij} igl sedyfl mi cj}}nil bd}wj}l js j }isi}ri db bygl mjfjgci wn|e j cd}}ispdglngo }ilyc|ndg db yg}isi}ril bygl mjfjgci HI |d }icd}l dy|s|jglngo igcykm}jgcis Yg}isi}ril bygl mjfjgci uu Bygl Bygl mjfj mjfjgc gcii }is }isi} i}ri ril l bd} bd} igcy igcykm km}j }jgc gcis is uu P i}kjgig| i}kjgig| Bygl • Ysil |d }ipd}| }isdy}cis |ej| j}i fiojff~ }is|}nc|il |d |ei iu|ig| |ej| dgf~ ij}gngos jgl gd| |ei p}ngcnpjf • Gd igcykm}jgci jccdyg| % sd lim| si}rnci bygl jgl pi}kjgig| bygls ld gd| }icd}l igcykm}jgcis.

Odis ng|d spicnjf }irigyi bygl }irigyi bygl nb ~dy cjg spigl p}ngcnpjf jgl ng|i}is| bd} |ei pymfnc migibn| Odis ng|d pi}kjgig| bygl nb ~dy cjg spigl ng|i}is| dgf~ bd} |ei pymfnc migibn| 9


P}dp}ni|j}~ Bygls SI Ysi jcc}yjf jccdyg|ngo • ]icd}l F\ fnjmnfn|nis jgl Bnuil jssi|s %|ei}ibd}i }icd}l lip}icnj|ndg. • Ld gd| ysi myloi|j}~ d} igcykm}jgci jccdyg|s • S|j|ikig| db cjse bfdws }izyn}il S i}rnci – cys|dki} gd| cn|nxig Ng|i}gjf S i}rnci Bygl – • Is|jmfnseil |d bngjgci jgl jccdyg| bd} si}rncis jgl syppfnis p}drnlil iucfysnrif~ |d d|ei} lipj}|kig|s

]irigyi sdy}cis – }is|}nc|il o}jg| }irigyi %}icdognxi weig spig|.& dpi}j|ngo }irigyis %}icdognxi weig ij}gil. Gi| jssi|s j}i cfjssnbnil ng|d |e}ii cj|iod}nis + Yg}is|}nc|il + ]is|}nc|il + Ngris|il cjpn|jf& gi| db lim| • Sedwg wn|e odri}gkig|jf bygls ng odri}gkig| wnli bngjgcnjfs •

O]jSPP S I PJPN Sedwg |doi|ei} ng odri}gkig| wnli bngjgcnjfs Sedwg sipj}j|if~ ng odri}gkig| wnli bngjgcnjfs PJPN ns gd| sedwg ng odri}gkig| wnli bngjgcnjfs I g|i}p}nsi g|i}p}nsi Bygls • Ysil |d jccdyg| bd} dpi}j|ndgs |ej| j}i bngjgcil jgl dpi}j|il ng j kjggi} snknfj} |d p}nrj|i mysngissis = kjng }irigyi cfjssnbncj|ndgs + Dpi}j|ngo }irigyis %cej}ois bd} si}rncis jgl knsciffjgidys. + Gdg+dpi}j|ngo }irigyis %sej}il }irigyi Qcdffic|il m~ s|j|i jgl sej}il wn|e fdcjf[ jgl ng|i}is| ngcdki. Sjki bd} cfjssnbncj|ndg bd} iupigsis •

Gi| jssi|s j}i cfjssnbnil ng|d |e}ii cj|iod}nis + Yg}is|}nc|il + ]is|}nc|il + Ngris|il cjpn|jf& gi| db lim|

Kygncnpjf fjglbnffs odri}gil m~ OJSM :5 – giil |d }icd}l jff |ei cds|s jssdcnj|il wn|e |ei cfdsy}i jgl cj}i • ]icd}l cds| db izynpkig| jgl bjcnfn|nis cdgs|}yc|il dg |ei fjglbnff cfdsy}i lj|i • Cds| db kdgn|d}ngo • Cds| db bngjf cdri} • \ei is|nkj|i sedyfl mi jlhys|il jggyjff~

Bnlycnj}~ Bygls PJPN Ysi byff jcc}yjf jccdyg|ngo S|j|ikig| db cjse bfdws gd| }izyn}il

Pigsndgs \}ys|s ]irigyi sdy}cis + Ikpfd~i} jgl ikpfd~ii cdg|}nmy|ndgs c dg|}nmy|ndgs Cjse uu 2


Jlln|ndgs8 ikpfd~i} cdg cdg|}nmy|ndg – }is }is|}nc }nc|il uu + D|ei} bygl |}jgsbi} cdkngo dy| db j O]jSPP bygl %HI :.& cdkngo dy| db j SI+PJPN bygl %HI =. Iupigln|y}is uu Cjse uu Iupigsi uu Cjse uu Iupigsis – ysyjff~ j}i migibn| pj~kig|s& }ibygls jgl jlkng iupigsis Ngris|kig|s eifl j| bjn} rjfyi %OJSM 3:. hys| |ei kjnfkjg Joigc~ \}ys| Bygls – hys| • Cdffic|s cjse |d mi eifl |ikpd}j}nf~ jgl lnsmy}sil fj|i} |d jg jy|ed}nxil }icnpnig| • Ns dgf~ j cdglyn| bygl& gd kdgn|d}ngo d} li|i}kngngo ifnonmnfn|~ %nb gd| ysi spicnjf }irigyi bygl. • Gd ngcdki s|j|ikig| • Gd gi| jssi|s& dg |ei s|j|ikig| db bnlycnj}~ gi| jssi|s n|s cy}}ig| jssi|s ; cy}}ig| fnjmnfn|nis P }nrj|i }nrj|i Py}pdsi Bygls • Lisnogj|il bd} }ipd}|ngo jff d|ei} |}ys| j}}jgoikig|s wence p}ngcnpjf jgl ngcdki migibn| + Spicnbnc nglnrnlyjfs + P}nrj|i d}ojgnxj|ndgs + D|ei} odri}gkig|s • Cjpn|jf ojngs$fdssis j}i }icd}lil js jlhys|kig|s |d bygl p}ngcnpjf jgl gd| |d ngcdki N gris|kig| gris|kig| \}ys| Bygls • Spdgsd}s dgi d} kd}i iu|i}gjf ngris|kig| pddfs& }ipd}|s ijce ngris|kig| pddf js j sipj}j|i ngris|kig| bygl • S|j|ikig| db bnlycnj}~ gi| jssi|s • S|j|ikig| db cejgois ng Bnlycnj}~ gi| jssi|s

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Notes Chapter 8 FAR

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