The Civil Code of the Philippines AN ACT TO ORDAIN AND INSTITUTE THE CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
BOOK IV OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS Title. I. - OBLIGATIONS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS Art. 1156. An obli!tion i" ! #$ri%i&!l ne&e""it' to i(e) to %o or not to %o. *n+ Art. 115,. Obli!tion" !ri"e ro/ *1+ L!0 *2+ Contr!&t" *3+ 4$!"i-&ontr!&t" *+ A&t" or oi""ion" $ni"7e% b' l!0 !n% *5+ 4$!"i-%eli&t". *189:!+ Art. 1159. Obli!tion" %eri(e% ro l!0 !re not re"$e%. Onl' t7o"e e;re""l' %eterine% in t7i" Co%e or in "e&i!l l!0" !re %e!n%!ble) !n% "7!ll be re$l!te% b' t7e re&et" o t7e l!0 07i&7 e"t!bli"7e" t7e !n% !" to 07!t 7!" not been ore"een) b' t7e ro(i"ion" o t7i" Boo<. *18:8+ Art. 115:. Obli!tion" !ri"in ro &ontr!&t" 7!(e t7e or&e o l!0 bet0een t7e &ontr!&tin !rtie" !n% "7o$l% be &olie% 0it7 in oo% !it7. *18:1!+ Art. 116 1168. 8. Obl Obli! i!tio tion" n" %er %eri(e i(e% % ro ro =$! =$!"i-& "i-&ont ontr!&t r!&t" " "7! "7!ll ll be "$b#e&t to t7e ro(i"ion" o C7!ter 1) Title >VII) o t7i" Boo<. *n+ Art. 1161. Ci(il obli!tion" !ri"in ro &riin!l oen"e" "7!ll be o(erne% b' t7e en!l l!0") "$b#e&t to t7e ro(i"ion" o Arti Ar ti&l &le e 21 21,, ,,)) !n !n% % o t7 t7e e e erti rtine nent nt r ro( o(i" i"io ion" n" o C7 C7! !te ter r 2)
Preliin!r' Title) on H$!n Rel!tion") !n% o Title >VIII o t7i" Boo<) re$l!tin %!!e". *18:2!+ Art. 11 Art. 1162 62.. Ob Obli li!t !tio ion" n" %e %eri ri(e (e% % ro ro =$ =$!" !"i-% i-%el eli& i&t" t" "7 "7!l !lll be o(e o (ern rne% e% b' t7 t7e e r ro( o(i" i"io ion" n" o C7 C7! !te ter r 2) Ti Title tle >V >VII II o t7 t7i" i" Boo<) !n% b' "e&i!l l!0". *18:3!+
CHAPTER 2 NAT?RE AND E@@ECT O@ OBLIGATIONS Art. 11 Art. 1163 63.. E( E(er er' ' e er" r"on on ob obli lie e% % to i i(e (e "o "oe et7 t7in in i" !l !l"o "o oblie% to t!
Preliin!r' Title) on H$!n Rel!tion") !n% o Title >VIII o t7i" Boo<) re$l!tin %!!e". *18:2!+ Art. 11 Art. 1162 62.. Ob Obli li!t !tio ion" n" %e %eri ri(e (e% % ro ro =$ =$!" !"i-% i-%el eli& i&t" t" "7 "7!l !lll be o(e o (ern rne% e% b' t7 t7e e r ro( o(i" i"io ion" n" o C7 C7! !te ter r 2) Ti Title tle >V >VII II o t7 t7i" i" Boo<) !n% b' "e&i!l l!0". *18:3!+
CHAPTER 2 NAT?RE AND E@@ECT O@ OBLIGATIONS Art. 11 Art. 1163 63.. E( E(er er' ' e er" r"on on ob obli lie e% % to i i(e (e "o "oe et7 t7in in i" !l !l"o "o oblie% to t!
Art. 1169. 7en t7e obli!tion &on"i"t" in not %oin) !n% t7e obli ob lio or r %o %oe" e" 07 07!t !t 7! 7!" " be been en o orb rbi% i%%e %en n 7i 7i) ) it "7 "7!l !lll !l !l"o "o be $n%one !t 7i" e;en"e. *18::!+ Art. 116:. T7o"e oblie% to %eli(er or to %o "oet7in in&$r in %el!' %el !' ro ro t7e ti tie e t7e obl oblie iee e #$% #$%i&i! i&i!ll' ll' or e;t e;tr!# r!#$%i $%i&i! &i!ll' ll' %e!n%" ro t7e t7e $lillent o t7eir obli!tion. Ho0e(er) t7e %e!n% b' t7e &re%itor "7!ll not be ne&e""!r' in or%er t7!t %el!' !' e;i"t/ *1+ 7en t7e obli!tion or t7e l!0 e;re""l' "o %e&l!re or *2+ 7en ro t7e n!t$re !n% t7e &ir&$"t!n&e" o t7e obli ob li! !tio tion n it ! !e e!r !r" " t7 t7!t !t t7 t7e e %e %e"i "in! n!tio tion n o t7 t7e e ti tie e 07en t7e t7in i" to be %eli(ere% or t7e "er(i&e i" to be ren%ere% 0!" ! &ontrollin oti(e or t7e e"t!bli"7ent o t7e &ontr!&t or *3+ 7en %e!n% 0o$l% be $"ele"") !" 07en t7e oblior 7!" ren%ere% it be'on% 7i" o0er to eror. In re&iro&!l obli!tion") neit7er !rt' in&$r" in %el!' i t7e ot7er %oe" not &ol' or i" not re!%' to &ol' in ! roer !nner 0it7 07!t i" in&$bent $on 7i. @ro t7e oent one on e o t7 t7e e ! !rt rtie ie" " $ $li lill ll" " 7i 7i" " ob obli li!ti !tion on)) %e %el! l!' ' b' t7 t7e e ot ot7e 7er r bein". *1188!+ Art. 11,8. T7o"e 07o in t7e eror!n&e o t7eir obli!tion" !re $ilt' o r!$%) nelien&e) or %el!') !n% t7o"e 07o in !n' !nner &ontr!(ene t7e tenor t7ereo) !re li!ble or %!!e". *1181+ Art. 11,1. Re"on"ibilit' !ri"in ro r!$% i" %e!n%!ble in !ll obli!tion". obli!tion". An' 0!i(er o !n !&tion or $t$re r!$% i" (oi%. *1182!+ Art. 11 Art. 11,2 ,2.. Re Re" "on on"i "ibi bili lit' t' !r !ri" i"in in r ro o ne nel li ien en&e &e in t7 t7e e eror!n&e o e(er'
Art. 11,3. T7e !$lt or neli nelien&e en&e o t7e oblior &on"i"t" in t7e oi""ion o t7!t %ilien&e 07i&7 i" re=$ire% b' t7e n!t$re o t7e obli!tion !n% &orre"on%" 0it7 t7e &ir&$"t!n&e" o t7e er"on") o t7e tie !n% o t7e l!&e. 7en nelien&e "7o0" b!% !it7) t7e ro(i"ion" o Arti&le" 11,1 !n% 2281) !r!r!7 2) "7!ll !l'. I t7e l!0 or &ontr!&t %oe" not "t!te t7e %ilien&e 07i&7 i" to be ob"er(e% in t7e eror!n&e) t7!t 07i&7 i" e;e&te% o ! oo% !t7er o ! !il' "7!ll be re=$ire%. *118!+ Art. 11,. E;&et in &!"e" e;re""l' "e&iie% b' t7e l!0) or 07en 07 en it i" ot ot7e 7er0 r0i" i"e e %e %e&l &l!r !re% e% b' "t "ti i$l $l!t !tio ion) n) or 07 07en en t7 t7e e n!t$re n!t $re o t7e obli!tio obli!tion n re= re=$ir $ire" e" t7e !""$tio !""$tion n o ri" ri"<) <) no er"on "7!ll be re"on"ible or t7o"e e(ent" 07i&7 &o$l% not be ore"een) or 07i&7) t7o$7 ore"een) 0ere ine(it!ble. *1185!+ Art. 11,5. ?"$rio$" tr!n"!&tion" "7!ll be o(erne% b' "e&i!l l!0". *n+ Art. 11,6. T7e re&eit o t7e rin&i!l b' t7e &re%itor 0it7o$t re"er(!tion 0it7 re"e&t to t7e intere"t) "7!ll i(e ri"e to t7e re"$tion t7!t "!i% intere"t 7!" been !i%. T7e re&eit o ! l!ter in"t!llent o ! %ebt 0it7o$t re"er(!tion !" to rior in"t!llent") "7!ll li
CHAPTER 3 DI@@ERENT KINDS O@ OBLIGATIONS SECTION 1. - P$re !n% Con%ition!l Obli!tion"
Art. 11,:. E(er' obli!tion 07o"e eror!n&e %oe" not %een% $on ! $t$re or $n&ert!in e(ent) or $on ! !"t e(ent $n
I no tie 7!" been i;e%) t7e &on%ition "7!ll be %eee% $lille% !t "$&7 tie !" !' 7!(e rob!bl' been &ontel!te%) be!rin in in% t7e n!t$re o t7e obli!tion. *1119+ Art. 1196. T7e &on%ition "7!ll be %eee% $lille% 07en t7e oblior (ol$nt!ril' re(ent" it" $lillent. *111:+ Art. 119,. T7e ee&t" o ! &on%ition!l obli!tion to i(e) on&e t7e &on%ition 7!" been $lille%) "7!ll retro!&t to t7e %!' o t7e &on"tit$tion o t7e obli!tion. Ne(ert7ele"") 07en t7e obli!tion io"e" re&iro&!l re"t!tion" $on t7e !rtie") t7e r$it" !n% intere"t" %$rin t7e en%en&' o t7e &on%ition "7!ll be %eee% to 7!(e been $t$!ll' &oen"!te%. I t7e obli!tion i" $nil!ter!l) t7e %ebtor "7!ll !rori!te t7e r$it" !n% intere"t" re&ei(e%) $nle"" ro t7e n!t$re !n% &ir&$"t!n&e" o t7e obli!tion it "7o$l% be inerre% t7!t t7e intention o t7e er"on &on"tit$tin t7e "!e 0!" %ierent. In obli!tion" to %o !n% not to %o) t7e &o$rt" "7!ll %eterine) in e!&7 &!"e) t7e retro!&ti(e ee&t o t7e &on%ition t7!t 7!" been &olie% 0it7. *1128+ Art. 1199. T7e &re%itor !') beore t7e $lillent o t7e &on%ition) brin t7e !rori!te !&tion" or t7e re"er(!tion o 7i" ri7t. T7e %ebtor !' re&o(er 07!t %$rin t7e "!e tie 7e 7!" !i% b' i"t!
*3+ 7en t7e t7in %eterior!te" 0it7o$t t7e !$lt o t7e %ebtor) t7e i!irent i" to be borne b' t7e &re%itor *+ I it %eterior!te" t7ro$7 t7e !$lt o t7e %ebtor) t7e &re%itor !' &7oo"e bet0een t7e re"&i""ion o t7e obli!tion !n% it" $lillent) 0it7 in%enit' or %!!e" in eit7er &!"e *5+ I t7e t7in i" iro(e% b' it" n!t$re) or b' tie) t7e iro(eent "7!ll in$re to t7e beneit o t7e &re%itor *6+ I it i" iro(e% !t t7e e;en"e o t7e %ebtor) 7e "7!ll 7!(e no ot7er ri7t t7!n t7!t r!nte% to t7e $"$r$&t$!r'. *1122+ Art. 11:8. 7en t7e &on%ition" 7!(e or t7eir $ro"e t7e e;tin$i"7ent o !n obli!tion to i(e) t7e !rtie") $on t7e $lillent o "!i% &on%ition") "7!ll ret$rn to e!&7 ot7er 07!t t7e' 7!(e re&ei(e%. In &!"e o t7e lo"") %eterior!tion or iro(eent o t7e t7in) t7e ro(i"ion" 07i&7) 0it7 re"e&t to t7e %ebtor) !re l!i% %o0n in t7e re&e%in !rti&le "7!ll be !lie% to t7e !rt' 07o i" bo$n% to ret$rn. A" or t7e obli!tion" to %o !n% not to %o) t7e ro(i"ion" o t7e "e&on% !r!r!7 o Arti&le 119, "7!ll be ob"er(e% !" re!r%" t7e ee&t o t7e e;tin$i"7ent o t7e obli!tion. *1123+ Art. 11:1. T7e o0er to re"&in% obli!tion" i" ilie% in re&iro&!l one") in &!"e one o t7e oblior" "7o$l% not &ol' 0it7 07!t i" in&$bent $on 7i. T7e in#$re% !rt' !' &7oo"e bet0een t7e $lillent !n% t7e re"&i""ion o t7e obli!tion) 0it7 t7e !'ent o %!!e" in eit7er &!"e. He !' !l"o "ee< re"&i""ion) e(en !ter 7e 7!" &7o"en $lillent) i t7e l!tter "7o$l% be&oe io""ible. T7e &o$rt "7!ll %e&ree t7e re"&i""ion &l!ie%) $nle"" t7ere be #$"t &!$"e !$t7oriin t7e i;in o ! erio%. T7i" i" $n%er"too% to be 0it7o$t re#$%i&e to t7e ri7t" o t7ir% er"on" 07o 7!(e !&=$ire% t7e t7in) in !&&or%!n&e 0it7 Arti&le" 1395 !n% 1399 !n% t7e ort!e L!0. *112+
Art. 11:2. In &!"e bot7 !rtie" 7!(e &oitte% ! bre!&7 o t7e obli!tion) t7e li!bilit' o t7e ir"t inr!&tor "7!ll be e=$it!bl' teere% b' t7e &o$rt". I it &!nnot be %eterine% 07i&7 o t7e !rtie" ir"t (iol!te% t7e &ontr!&t) t7e "!e "7!ll be %eee% e;tin$i"7e%) !n% e!&7 "7!ll be!r 7i" o0n %!!e". *n+
SECTION 2. - Obli!tion" 0it7 ! Perio% Art. 11:3. Obli!tion" or 07o"e $lillent ! %!' &ert!in 7!" been i;e%) "7!ll be %e!n%!ble onl' 07en t7!t %!' &oe". Obli!tion" 0it7 ! re"ol$tor' erio% t!
In e(er' &!"e) t7e &o$rt" "7!ll %eterine "$&7 erio% !" !' $n%er t7e &ir&$"t!n&e" 7!(e been rob!bl' &ontel!te% b' t7e !rtie". On&e i;e% b' t7e &o$rt") t7e erio% &!nnot be &7!ne% b' t7e. *1129!+ Art. 11:9. T7e %ebtor "7!ll lo"e e(er' ri7t to !
7en
t7e
%ebtor
!ttet"
to
!b"&on%.
*112:!+
SECTION 3. - Altern!ti(e Obli!tion" Art. 11::. A er"on !ltern!ti(el' bo$n% b' %ierent re"t!tion" "7!ll &oletel' eror one o t7e. T7e &re%itor &!nnot be &oelle% to re&ei(e !rt o one !n% !rt o t7e ot7er $n%ert!
Art. 1282. T7e %ebtor "7!ll lo"e t7e ri7t o &7oi&e 07en !on t7e re"t!tion" 07ereb' 7e i" !ltern!ti(el' bo$n%) onl' one i" r!&ti&!ble. *113+ Art. 1283. I t7ro$7 t7e &re%itor" !&t" t7e %ebtor &!nnot !
T7e "!e r$le" "7!ll be !lie% to obli!tion" to %o or not to %o in &!"e one) "oe or !ll o t7e re"t!tion" "7o$l% be&oe io""ible. *1136!+ Art. 1286. 7en onl' one re"t!tion 7!" been !ree% $on) b$t t7e oblior !' ren%er !not7er in "$b"tit$tion) t7e obli!tion i" &!lle% !&$lt!ti(e. T7e lo"" or %eterior!tion o t7e t7in inten%e% !" ! "$b"tit$te) t7ro$7 t7e nelien&e o t7e oblior) %oe" not ren%er 7i li!ble. B$t on&e t7e "$b"tit$tion 7!" been !%e) t7e oblior i" li!ble or t7e lo"" o t7e "$b"tit$te on !&&o$nt o 7i" %el!') nelien&e or r!$%. *n+
SECTION . - oint !n% Soli%!r' Obli!tion" Art. 128,. T7e &on&$rren&e o t0o or ore &re%itor" or o t0o or ore %ebtor" in one !n% t7e "!e obli!tion %oe" not il' t7!t e!&7 one o t7e orer 7!" ! ri7t to %e!n%) or t7!t e!&7 one o t7e l!tter i" bo$n% to ren%er) entire &oli!n&e 0it7 t7e re"t!tion. T7ere i" ! "oli%!r' li!bilit' onl' 07en t7e obli!tion e;re""l' "o "t!te") or 07en t7e l!0 or t7e n!t$re o t7e obli!tion re=$ire" "oli%!rit'. *113,!+ Art. 1289. I ro t7e l!0) or t7e n!t$re or t7e 0or%in o t7e obli!tion" to 07i&7 t7e re&e%in !rti&le reer" t7e &ontr!r' %oe" not !e!r) t7e &re%it or %ebt "7!ll be re"$e% to be %i(i%e% into !" !n' "7!re" !" t7ere !re &re%itor" or %ebtor") t7e &re%it" or %ebt" bein &on"i%ere% %i"tin&t ro one !not7er) "$b#e&t to t7e R$le" o Co$rt o(ernin t7e $ltili&it' o "$it". *1139!+ Art. 128:. I t7e %i(i"ion i" io""ible) t7e ri7t o t7e &re%itor" !' be re#$%i&e% onl' b' t7eir &olle&ti(e !&t") !n% t7e %ebt &!n be enor&e% onl' b' ro&ee%in !!in"t !ll t7e %ebtor". I one o t7e l!tter "7o$l% be in"ol(ent) t7e ot7er" "7!ll not be li!ble or 7i" "7!re. *113:+ Art. 1218. T7e in%i(i"ibilit' o !n obli!tion %oe" not ne&e""!ril' i(e ri"e to "oli%!rit'. Nor %oe" "oli%!rit' o it"el il' in%i(i"ibilit'. *n+
Art. 1211. Soli%!rit' !' e;i"t !lt7o$7 t7e &re%itor" !n% t7e %ebtor" !' not be bo$n% in t7e "!e !nner !n% b' t7e "!e erio%" !n% &on%ition". *118+ Art. 1212. E!&7 one o t7e "oli%!r' &re%itor" !' %o 07!te(er !' be $"e$l to t7e ot7er") b$t not !n't7in 07i&7 !' be re#$%i&i!l to t7e l!tter. *111!+ Art. 1213. A "oli%!r' &re%itor &!nnot !""in 7i" ri7t" 0it7o$t t7e &on"ent o t7e ot7er". *n+ Art. 121. T7e %ebtor !' !' !n' one o t7e "oli%!r' &re%itor" b$t i !n' %e!n%) #$%i&i!l or e;tr!#$%i&i!l) 7!" been !%e b' one o t7e) !'ent "7o$l% be !%e to 7i. *112!+ Art. 1215. No(!tion) &oen"!tion) &on$"ion or rei""ion o t7e %ebt) !%e b' !n' o t7e "oli%!r' &re%itor" or 0it7 !n' o t7e "oli%!r' %ebtor") "7!ll e;tin$i"7 t7e obli!tion) 0it7o$t re#$%i&e to t7e ro(i"ion" o Arti&le 121:. T7e &re%itor 07o !' 7!(e e;e&$te% !n' o t7e"e !&t") !" 0ell !" 7e 07o &olle&t" t7e %ebt) "7!ll be li!ble to t7e ot7er" or t7e "7!re in t7e obli!tion &orre"on%in to t7e. *113+ Art. 1216. T7e &re%itor !' ro&ee% !!in"t !n' one o t7e "oli%!r' %ebtor" or "oe or !ll o t7e "i$lt!neo$"l'. T7e %e!n% !%e !!in"t one o t7e "7!ll not be !n ob"t!&le to t7o"e 07i&7 !' "$b"e=$entl' be %ire&te% !!in"t t7e ot7er") "o lon !" t7e %ebt 7!" not been $ll' &olle&te%. *11!+ Art. 121,. P!'ent !%e b' one o t7e "oli%!r' %ebtor" e;tin$i"7e" t7e obli!tion. I t0o or ore "oli%!r' %ebtor" oer to !') t7e &re%itor !' &7oo"e 07i&7 oer to !&&et. He 07o !%e t7e !'ent !' &l!i ro 7i" &o-%ebtor" onl' t7e "7!re 07i&7 &orre"on%" to e!&7) 0it7 t7e intere"t or t7e !'ent !lre!%' !%e. I t7e !'ent i" !%e beore t7e %ebt i" %$e) no intere"t or t7e inter(enin erio% !' be %e!n%e%. 7en one o t7e "oli%!r' %ebtor" &!nnot) be&!$"e o 7i" in"ol(en&') reib$r"e 7i" "7!re to t7e %ebtor !'in t7e obli!tion) "$&7 "7!re "7!ll be borne b' !ll 7i" &o-%ebtor") in roortion to t7e %ebt o e!&7. *115!+
Art. 1219. P!'ent b' ! "oli%!r' %ebtor "7!ll not entitle 7i to reib$r"eent ro 7i" &o-%ebtor" i "$&7 !'ent i" !%e !ter t7e obli!tion 7!" re"&ribe% or be&oe ille!l. *n+ Art. 121:. T7e rei""ion !%e b' t7e &re%itor o t7e "7!re 07i&7 !e&t" one o t7e "oli%!r' %ebtor" %oe" not rele!"e t7e l!tter ro 7i" re"on"ibilit' to0!r%" t7e &o-%ebtor") in &!"e t7e %ebt 7!% been tot!ll' !i% b' !n'one o t7e beore t7e rei""ion 0!" ee&te%. *116!+ Art. 1228. T7e rei""ion o t7e 07ole obli!tion) obt!ine% b' one o t7e "oli%!r' %ebtor") %oe" not entitle 7i to reib$r"eent ro 7i" &o-%ebtor". *n+ Art. 1221. I t7e t7in 7!" been lo"t or i t7e re"t!tion 7!" be&oe io""ible 0it7o$t t7e !$lt o t7e "oli%!r' %ebtor") t7e obli!tion "7!ll be e;tin$i"7e%. I t7ere 0!" !$lt on t7e !rt o !n' one o t7e) !ll "7!ll be re"on"ible to t7e &re%itor) or t7e ri&e !n% t7e !'ent o %!!e" !n% intere"t) 0it7o$t re#$%i&e to t7eir !&tion !!in"t t7e $ilt' or nelient %ebtor. I t7ro$7 ! ort$ito$" e(ent) t7e t7in i" lo"t or t7e eror!n&e 7!" be&oe io""ible !ter one o t7e "oli%!r' %ebtor" 7!" in&$rre% in %el!' t7ro$7 t7e #$%i&i!l or e;tr!#$%i&i!l %e!n% $on 7i b' t7e &re%itor) t7e ro(i"ion" o t7e re&e%in !r!r!7 "7!ll !l'. *11,!+ Art. 1222. A "oli%!r' %ebtor !') in !&tion" ile% b' t7e &re%itor) !(!il 7i"el o !ll %een"e" 07i&7 !re %eri(e% ro t7e n!t$re o t7e obli!tion !n% o t7o"e 07i&7 !re er"on!l to 7i) or ert!in to 7i" o0n "7!re. it7 re"e&t to t7o"e 07i&7 er"on!ll' belon to t7e ot7er") 7e !' !(!il 7i"el t7ereo onl' !" re!r%" t7!t !rt o t7e %ebt or 07i&7 t7e l!tter !re re"on"ible. *119!+
SECTION 5. - Di(i"ible !n% In%i(i"ible Obli!tion" Art. 1223. T7e %i(i"ibilit' or in%i(i"ibilit' o t7e t7in" t7!t !re t7e ob#e&t o obli!tion" in 07i&7 t7ere i" onl' one %ebtor !n% onl' one &re%itor %oe" not !lter or o%i' t7e ro(i"ion" o C7!ter 2 o t7i" Title. *11:+
Art. 122. A #oint in%i(i"ible obli!tion i(e" ri"e to in%enit' or %!!e" ro t7e tie !n'one o t7e %ebtor" %oe" not &ol' 0it7 7i" $n%ert!
SECTION 6. - Obli!tion" 0it7 ! Pen!l Cl!$"e Art. 1226. In obli!tion" 0it7 ! en!l &l!$"e) t7e en!lt' "7!ll "$b"tit$te t7e in%enit' or %!!e" !n% t7e !'ent o intere"t" in &!"e o non&oli!n&e) i t7ere i" no "ti$l!tion to t7e &ontr!r'. Ne(ert7ele"") %!!e" "7!ll be !i% i t7e oblior re$"e" to !' t7e en!lt' or i" $ilt' o r!$% in t7e $lillent o t7e obli!tion. T7e en!lt' !' be enor&e% onl' 07en it i" %e!n%!ble in !&&or%!n&e 0it7 t7e ro(i"ion" o t7i" Co%e. *1152!+ Art. 122,. T7e %ebtor &!nnot e;et 7i"el ro t7e eror!n&e o t7e obli!tion b' !'in t7e en!lt') "!(e in t7e &!"e 07ere t7i" ri7t 7!" been e;re""l' re"er(e% or 7i. Neit7er &!n t7e &re%itor %e!n% t7e $lillent o t7e obli!tion !n% t7e "!ti"!&tion o t7e en!lt' !t t7e "!e tie)
$nle"" t7i" ri7t 7!" been &le!rl' r!nte% 7i. Ho0e(er) i !ter t7e &re%itor 7!" %e&i%e% to re=$ire t7e $lillent o t7e obli!tion) t7e eror!n&e t7ereo "7o$l% be&oe io""ible 0it7o$t 7i" !$lt) t7e en!lt' !' be enor&e%. *1153!+ Art. 1229. Proo o !&t$!l %!!e" "$ere% b' t7e &re%itor i" not ne&e""!r' in or%er t7!t t7e en!lt' !' be %e!n%e%. *n+ Art. 122:. T7e #$%e "7!ll e=$it!bl' re%$&e t7e en!lt' 07en t7e rin&i!l obli!tion 7!" been !rtl' or irre$l!rl' &olie% 0it7 b' t7e %ebtor. E(en i t7ere 7!" been no eror!n&e) t7e en!lt' !' !l"o be re%$&e% b' t7e &o$rt" i it i" ini=$ito$" or $n&on"&ion!ble. *115!+ Art. 1238. T7e n$llit' o t7e en!l &l!$"e %oe" not &!rr' 0it7 it t7!t o t7e rin&i!l obli!tion. T7e n$llit' o t7e rin&i!l obli!tion &!rrie" 0it7 it t7!t o t7e en!l &l!$"e. *1155+
CHAPTER E>TING?ISHENT O@ OBLIGATIONS GENERAL PROVISIONS Art. 1231. Obli!tion" !re e;tin$i"7e%/ *1+ B' !'ent or eror!n&e/ *2+ B' t7e lo"" o t7e t7in %$e/ *3+ B' t7e &on%on!tion or rei""ion o t7e %ebt *+ B' t7e &on$"ion or erer o t7e ri7t" o &re%itor !n% %ebtor *5+ B' &oen"!tion *6+ B' no(!tion. Ot7er &!$"e" o e;tin$i"7ent o obli!tion") "$&7 !" !nn$lent) re"&i""ion) $lillent o ! re"ol$tor' &on%ition) !n% re"&rition) !re o(erne% el"e07ere in t7i" Co%e. *1156!+
SECTION 1. - P!'ent or Peror!n&e Art. 1232. P!'ent e!n" not onl' t7e %eli(er' o one' b$t !l"o t7e eror!n&e) in !n' ot7er !nner) o !n obli!tion. *n+ Art. 1233. A %ebt "7!ll not be $n%er"too% to 7!(e been !i% $nle"" t7e t7in or "er(i&e in 07i&7 t7e obli!tion &on"i"t" 7!" been &oletel' %eli(ere% or ren%ere%) !" t7e &!"e !' be. *115,+ Art. 123. I t7e obli!tion 7!" been "$b"t!nti!ll' erore% in oo% !it7) t7e oblior !' re&o(er !" t7o$7 t7ere 7!% been ! "tri&t !n% &olete $lillent) le"" %!!e" "$ere% b' t7e obliee. *n+ Art. 1235. 7en t7e obliee !&&et" t7e eror!n&e)
ro(i"ion" o Arti&le Obligations.F *1168!+
12,
$n%er
t7e
Title
on
FNatural
Art. 128. P!'ent "7!ll be !%e to t7e er"on in 07o"e !(or t7e obli!tion 7!" been &on"tit$te%) or 7i" "$&&e""or in intere"t) or !n' er"on !$t7orie% to re&ei(e it. *1162!+ Art. 121. P!'ent to ! er"on 07o i" in&!!&it!te% to !%ini"ter 7i" roert' "7!ll be (!li% i 7e 7!"
Art. 126. 7en t7e obli!tion &on"i"t" in t7e %eli(er' o !n in%eterin!te or eneri& t7in) 07o"e =$!lit' !n% &ir&$"t!n&e" 7!(e not been "t!te%) t7e &re%itor &!nnot %e!n% ! t7in o "$erior =$!lit'. Neit7er &!n t7e %ebtor %eli(er ! t7in o inerior =$!lit'. T7e $ro"e o t7e obli!tion !n% ot7er &ir&$"t!n&e" "7!ll be t!
t7e
oriin!l
Art. 1258. In &!"e !n e;tr!or%in!r' inl!tion or %el!tion o t7e &$rren&' "ti$l!te% "7o$l% "$er(ene) t7e (!l$e o t7e &$rren&' !t t7e tie o t7e e"t!bli"7ent o t7e obli!tion "7!ll be t7e b!"i" o !'ent) $nle"" t7ere i" !n !reeent to t7e &ontr!r'. *n+ Art. 1251. P!'ent "7!ll be !%e in t7e l!&e %e"in!te% in t7e obli!tion.
T7ere bein no e;re"" "ti$l!tion !n% i t7e $n%ert!
S?BSECTION 1. - Ali&!tion o P!'ent" Art. 1252. He 07o 7!" (!rio$" %ebt" o t7e "!e
*11,!+
S?BSECTION 2. - P!'ent b' Ce""ion Art. 1255. T7e %ebtor !' &e%e or !""in 7i" roert' to 7i" &re%itor" in !'ent o 7i" %ebt". T7i" &e""ion) $nle"" t7ere i" "ti$l!tion to t7e &ontr!r') "7!ll onl' rele!"e t7e %ebtor ro re"on"ibilit' or t7e net ro&ee%" o t7e t7in !""ine%. T7e !reeent" 07i&7) on t7e ee&t o t7e &e""ion) !re !%e bet0een t7e %ebtor !n% 7i" &re%itor" "7!ll be o(erne% b' "e&i!l l!0". *11,5!+ S?BSECTION 3. - Ten%er o P!'ent !n% Con"in!tion Art. 1256. I t7e &re%itor to 07o ten%er o !'ent 7!" been !%e re$"e" 0it7o$t #$"t &!$"e to !&&et it) t7e %ebtor "7!ll be rele!"e% ro re"on"ibilit' b' t7e &on"in!tion o t7e t7in or "$ %$e. Con"in!tion !lone "7!ll ro%$&e t7e "!e ee&t in t7e ollo0in &!"e"/ *1+ 7en t7e &re%itor i" !b"ent or $n
Art. 1259. Con"in!tion "7!ll be !%e b' %eo"itin t7e t7in" %$e !t t7e %i"o"!l o #$%i&i!l !$t7orit') beore 07o t7e ten%er o !'ent "7!ll be ro(e%) in ! roer &!"e) !n% t7e !nno$n&eent o t7e &on"in!tion in ot7er &!"e". T7e &on"in!tion 7!(in been !%e) t7e intere"te% !rtie" "7!ll !l"o be notiie% t7ereo. *11,9+ Art. 125:. T7e e;en"e" o &on"in!tion) 07en roerl' !%e) "7!ll be &7!re% !!in"t t7e &re%itor. *11,9+ Art. 1268. On&e t7e &on"in!tion 7!" been %$l' !%e) t7e %ebtor !' !"< t7e #$%e to or%er t7e &!n&ell!tion o t7e obli!tion. Beore t7e &re%itor 7!" !&&ete% t7e &on"in!tion) or beore ! #$%i&i!l %e&l!r!tion t7!t t7e &on"in!tion 7!" been roerl' !%e) t7e %ebtor !' 0it7%r!0 t7e t7in or t7e "$ %eo"ite%) !llo0in t7e obli!tion to re!in in or&e. *1198+ Art. 1261. I) t7e &on"in!tion 7!(in been !%e) t7e &re%itor "7o$l% !$t7orie t7e %ebtor to 0it7%r!0 t7e "!e) 7e "7!ll lo"e e(er' reeren&e 07i&7 7e !' 7!(e o(er t7e t7in. T7e &o-%ebtor") $!r!ntor" !n% "$retie" "7!ll be rele!"e%. *1191!+
SECTION 2. - Lo"" o t7e T7in D$e Art. 1262. An obli!tion 07i&7 &on"i"t" in t7e %eli(er' o ! %eterin!te t7in "7!ll be e;tin$i"7e% i it "7o$l% be lo"t or %e"tro'e% 0it7o$t t7e !$lt o t7e %ebtor) !n% beore 7e 7!" in&$rre% in %el!'. 7en b' l!0 or "ti$l!tion) t7e oblior i" li!ble e(en or ort$ito$" e(ent") t7e lo"" o t7e t7in %oe" not e;tin$i"7 t7e obli!tion) !n% 7e "7!ll be re"on"ible or %!!e". T7e "!e r$le !lie" 07en t7e n!t$re o t7e obli!tion re=$ire" t7e !""$tion o ri"<. *1192!+ Art. 1263. In !n obli!tion to %eli(er ! eneri& t7in) t7e lo"" or %e"tr$&tion o !n't7in o t7e "!e
Art. 126. T7e &o$rt" "7!ll %eterine 07et7er) $n%er t7e &ir&$"t!n&e") t7e !rti!l lo"" o t7e ob#e&t o t7e obli!tion i" "o iort!nt !" to e;tin$i"7 t7e obli!tion. *n+ Art. 1265. 7ene(er t7e t7in i" lo"t in t7e o""e""ion o t7e %ebtor) it "7!ll be re"$e% t7!t t7e lo"" 0!" %$e to 7i" !$lt) $nle"" t7ere i" roo to t7e &ontr!r') !n% 0it7o$t re#$%i&e to t7e ro(i"ion" o !rti&le 1165. T7i" re"$tion %oe" not !l' in &!"e o e!rt7=$!
SECTION 3. - Con%on!tion or Rei""ion o t7e Debt Art. 12,8. Con%on!tion or rei""ion i" e""enti!ll' r!t$ito$") !n% re=$ire" t7e !&&et!n&e b' t7e oblior. It !' be !%e e;re""l' or ilie%l'. One !n% t7e ot7er
t7e ren$n&i!tion o t7e !&tion 07i&7 t7e orer 7!% !!in"t t7e l!tter. I in or%er to n$lli' t7i" 0!i(er it "7o$l% be &l!ie% to be inoi&io$") t7e %ebtor !n% 7i" 7eir" !' $7ol% it b' ro(in t7!t t7e %eli(er' o t7e %o&$ent 0!" !%e in (irt$e o !'ent o t7e %ebt. *1199+ Art. 12,2. 7ene(er t7e ri(!te %o&$ent in 07i&7 t7e %ebt !e!r" i" o$n% in t7e o""e""ion o t7e %ebtor) it "7!ll be re"$e% t7!t t7e &re%itor %eli(ere% it (ol$nt!ril') $nle"" t7e &ontr!r' i" ro(e%. *119:+ Art. 12,3. T7e ren$n&i!tion o t7e rin&i!l %ebt "7!ll e;tin$i"7 t7e !&&e""or' obli!tion" b$t t7e 0!i(er o t7e l!tter "7!ll le!(e t7e orer in or&e. *11:8+ Art. 12,. It i" re"$e% t7!t t7e !&&e""or' obli!tion o le%e 7!" been reitte% 07en t7e t7in le%e%) !ter it" %eli(er' to t7e &re%itor) i" o$n% in t7e o""e""ion o t7e %ebtor) or o ! t7ir% er"on 07o o0n" t7e t7in. *11:1!+
SECTION . - Con$"ion or erer o Ri7t" Art. 12,5. T7e obli!tion i" e;tin$i"7e% ro t7e tie t7e &7!r!&ter" o &re%itor !n% %ebtor !re ere% in t7e "!e er"on. *11:2!+ Art. 12,6. erer 07i&7 t!
SECTION 5. - Coen"!tion Art. 12,9. Coen"!tion "7!ll t!
Art. 12,:. In or%er t7!t &oen"!tion !' be roer) it i" ne&e""!r'/ *1+ T7!t e!&7 one o t7e oblior" be bo$n% rin&i!ll') !n% t7!t 7e be !t t7e "!e tie ! rin&i!l &re%itor o t7e ot7er *2+ T7!t bot7 %ebt" &on"i"t in ! "$ o one') or i t7e t7in" %$e !re &on"$!ble) t7e' be o t7e "!e
t7e %ebtor !t t7e tie 7e !(e 7i" &on"ent) t7!t 7e re"er(e% 7i" ri7t to t7e &oen"!tion. I t7e &re%itor &o$ni&!te% t7e &e""ion to 7i b$t t7e %ebtor %i% not &on"ent t7ereto) t7e l!tter !' "et $ t7e &oen"!tion o %ebt" re(io$" to t7e &e""ion) b$t not o "$b"e=$ent one". I t7e !""inent i" !%e 0it7o$t t7e
SECTION 6. - No(!tion Art. 12:1. Obli!tion" !' be o%iie% b'/
*1+ C7!nin t7eir ob#e&t or rin&i!l &on%ition" *2+ S$b"tit$tin t7e er"on o t7e %ebtor *3+ S$bro!tin ! t7ir% er"on in t7e ri7t" o t7e &re%itor. *1283+ Art. 12:2. In or%er t7!t !n obli!tion !' be e;tin$i"7e% b' !not7er 07i&7 "$b"tit$te t7e "!e) it i" ier!ti(e t7!t it be "o %e&l!re% in $ne=$i(o&!l ter") or t7!t t7e ol% !n% t7e ne0 obli!tion" be on e(er' oint in&o!tible 0it7 e!&7 ot7er. *128+ Art. 12:3. No(!tion 07i&7 &on"i"t" in "$b"tit$tin ! ne0 %ebtor in t7e l!&e o t7e oriin!l one) !' be !%e e(en 0it7o$t t7e
Art. 12::. I t7e oriin!l obli!tion 0!" "$b#e&t to ! "$"en"i(e or re"ol$tor' &on%ition) t7e ne0 obli!tion "7!ll be $n%er t7e "!e &on%ition) $nle"" it i" ot7er0i"e "ti$l!te%. *n+ Art. 1388. S$bro!tion o ! t7ir% er"on in t7e ri7t" o t7e &re%itor i" eit7er le!l or &on(ention!l. T7e orer i" not re"$e%) e;&et in &!"e" e;re""l' entione% in t7i" Co%e t7e l!tter $"t be &le!rl' e"t!bli"7e% in or%er t7!t it !' t!
07o
i"
*2+ 7en ! t7ir% er"on) not intere"te% in t7e obli!tion) !'" 0it7 t7e e;re"" or t!&it !ro(!l o t7e %ebtor *3+ 7en) e(en 0it7o$t t7e
Title II. - CONTRACTS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS Art. 1385. A &ontr!&t i" ! eetin o in%" bet0een t0o
er"on" 07ereb' one bin%" 7i"el) 0it7 re"e&t to t7e ot7er) to i(e "oet7in or to ren%er "oe "er(i&e. *125!+ Art. 1386. T7e &ontr!&tin !rtie" !' e"t!bli"7 "$&7 "ti$l!tion") &l!$"e") ter" !n% &on%ition" !" t7e' !' %ee &on(enient) ro(i%e% t7e' !re not &ontr!r' to l!0) or!l") oo% &$"to") $bli& or%er) or $bli& oli&'. *1255!+ Art. 138,. Innoin!te &ontr!&t" "7!ll be re$l!te% b' t7e "ti$l!tion" o t7e !rtie") b' t7e ro(i"ion" o Title" I !n% II o t7i" Boo<) b' t7e r$le" o(ernin t7e o"t !n!loo$" noin!te &ontr!&t") !n% b' t7e &$"to" o t7e l!&e. *n+ Art. 1389. T7e &ontr!&t $"t bin% bot7 &ontr!&tin !rtie" it" (!li%it' or &oli!n&e &!nnot be let to t7e 0ill o one o t7e. *1256!+ Art. 138:. T7e %eterin!tion o t7e eror!n&e !' be let to ! t7ir% er"on) 07o"e %e&i"ion "7!ll not be bin%in $ntil it 7!" been !%e
Art. 1313. Cre%itor" !re rote&te% inten%e% to %er!$% t7e. *n+
in &!"e"
o
&ontr!&t"
Art. 131. An' t7ir% er"on 07o in%$&e" !not7er to (iol!te 7i" &ontr!&t "7!ll be li!ble or %!!e" to t7e ot7er &ontr!&tin !rt'. *n+ Art. 1315. Contr!&t" !re ere&te% b' ere &on"ent) !n% ro t7!t oent t7e !rtie" !re bo$n% not onl' to t7e $lillent o 07!t 7!" been e;re""l' "ti$l!te% b$t !l"o to !ll t7e &on"e=$en&e" 07i&7) !&&or%in to t7eir n!t$re) !' be in
CHAPTER 2 ESSENTIAL RE4?ISITES O@ CONTRACTS GENERAL PROVISIONS Art. 1319. T7ere i" no &ontr!&t $nle"" t7e ollo0in re=$i"ite" &on&$r/ *1+ Con"ent o t7e &ontr!&tin !rtie" *2+ Ob#e&t &ert!in 07i&7 i" t7e "$b#e&t !tter o t7e &ontr!&t *3+ C!$"e o t7e obli!tion 07i&7 i" e"t!bli"7e%. *1261+ SECTION 1. - Con"ent
Art. 131:. Con"ent i" !nie"te% b' t7e eetin o t7e oer !n% t7e !&&et!n&e $on t7e t7in !n% t7e &!$"e 07i&7 !re to &on"tit$te t7e &ontr!&t. T7e oer $"t be &ert!in !n% t7e !&&et!n&e !b"ol$te. A =$!liie% !&&et!n&e &on"tit$te" ! &o$nter-oer. A&&et!n&e !%e b' letter or teler! %oe" not bin% t7e oerer e;&et ro t7e tie it &!e to 7i"
*2+ In"!ne or %eente% er"on") !n% %e!-$te" 07o %o not
T7ere i" intii%!tion 07en one o t7e &ontr!&tin !rtie" i" &oelle% b' ! re!"on!ble !n% 0ell-ro$n%e% e!r o !n iinent !n% r!(e e(il $on 7i" er"on or roert') or $on t7e er"on or roert' o 7i" "o$"e) %e"&en%!nt" or !"&en%!nt") to i(e 7i" &on"ent. To %eterine t7e %eree o intii%!tion) t7e !e) "e; !n% &on%ition o t7e er"on "7!ll be borne in in%. A t7re!t to enor&e one" &l!i t7ro$7 &oetent !$t7orit') i t7e &l!i i" #$"t or le!l) %oe" not (iti!te &on"ent. *126,!+ Art. 1336. Violen&e or intii%!tion "7!ll !nn$l t7e obli!tion) !lt7o$7 it !' 7!(e been elo'e% b' ! t7ir% er"on 07o %i% not t!
Art. 132. i"rere"ent!tion b' ! t7ir% er"on %oe" not (iti!te &on"ent) $nle"" "$&7 i"rere"ent!tion 7!" &re!te% "$b"t!nti!l i"t!
oo%
!it7
i"
not
Art. 13. In or%er t7!t r!$% !' !
SECTION 2. - Ob#e&t o Contr!&t" Art. 13,. All t7in" 07i&7 !re not o$t"i%e t7e &oer&e o en) in&l$%in $t$re t7in") !' be t7e ob#e&t o ! &ontr!&t. All ri7t" 07i&7 !re not intr!n"i""ible !' !l"o be t7e ob#e&t o &ontr!&t". No &ontr!&t !' be entere% into $on $t$re in7erit!n&e e;&et in &!"e" e;re""l' !$t7orie% b' l!0. All "er(i&e" 07i&7 !re not &ontr!r' to l!0) or!l") oo% &$"to") $bli& or%er or $bli& oli&' !' li
Art. 13:. T7e ob#e&t o e(er' &ontr!&t $"t be %eterin!te !" to it"
SECTION 3. - C!$"e o Contr!&t" Art. 1358. In onero$" &ontr!&t" t7e &!$"e i" $n%er"too% to be) or e!&7 &ontr!&tin !rt') t7e re"t!tion or roi"e o ! t7in or "er(i&e b' t7e ot7er in re$ner!tor' one") t7e "er(i&e or beneit 07i&7 i" re$ner!te% !n% in &ontr!&t" o $re benei&en&e) t7e ere liber!lit' o t7e bene!&tor. *12,+ Art. 1351. T7e !rti&$l!r oti(e" o t7e !rtie" in enterin into ! &ontr!&t !re %ierent ro t7e &!$"e t7ereo. *n+ Art. 1352. Contr!&t" 0it7o$t &!$"e) or 0it7 $nl!0$l &!$"e) ro%$&e no ee&t 07!te(er. T7e &!$"e i" $nl!0$l i it i" &ontr!r' to l!0) or!l") oo% &$"to") $bli& or%er or $bli& oli&'. *12,5!+ Art. 1353. T7e "t!teent o ! !l"e &!$"e in &ontr!&t" "7!ll ren%er t7e (oi%) i it "7o$l% not be ro(e% t7!t t7e' 0ere o$n%e% $on !not7er &!$"e 07i&7 i" tr$e !n% l!0$l. *12,6+ Art. 135. Alt7o$7 t7e &!$"e i" not "t!te% in t7e &ontr!&t) it i" re"$e% t7!t it e;i"t" !n% i" l!0$l) $nle"" t7e %ebtor ro(e" t7e &ontr!r'. *12,,+ Art. 1355. E;&et in &!"e" "e&iie% b' l!0) le"ion or in!%e=$!&' o &!$"e "7!ll not in(!li%!te ! &ontr!&t) $nle"" t7ere 7!" been r!$%) i"t!
CHAPTER 3 @OR O@ CONTRACTS Art. 1356. Contr!&t" "7!ll be obli!tor') in 07!te(er or t7e' !' 7!(e been entere% into) ro(i%e% !ll t7e e""enti!l re=$i"ite" or t7eir (!li%it' !re re"ent. Ho0e(er) 07en t7e l!0 re=$ire" t7!t ! &ontr!&t be in "oe or in or%er t7!t it !' be (!li% or enor&e!ble) or t7!t ! &ontr!&t be ro(e% in ! &ert!in
0!') t7!t re=$ireent i" !b"ol$te !n% in%i"en"!ble. In "$&7 &!"e") t7e ri7t o t7e !rtie" "t!te% in t7e ollo0in !rti&le &!nnot be e;er&i"e%. *12,9!+ Art. 135,. I t7e l!0 re=$ire" ! %o&$ent or ot7er "e&i!l or) !" in t7e !&t" !n% &ontr!&t" en$er!te% in t7e ollo0in !rti&le) t7e &ontr!&tin !rtie" !' &oel e!&7 ot7er to ob"er(e t7!t or) on&e t7e &ontr!&t 7!" been ere&te%. T7i" ri7t !' be e;er&i"e% "i$lt!neo$"l' 0it7 t7e !&tion $on t7e &ontr!&t. *12,:!+ Art. 1359. T7e ollo0in $"t !e!r in ! $bli& %o&$ent/ *1+ A&t" !n% &ontr!&t" 07i&7 7!(e or t7eir ob#e&t t7e &re!tion) tr!n"i""ion) o%ii&!tion or e;tin$i"7ent o re!l ri7t" o(er io(!ble roert' "!le" o re!l roert' or o !n intere"t t7erein ! o(erne% b' Arti&le" 183) No. 2) !n% 185 *2+ T7e &e""ion) re$%i!tion or ren$n&i!tion o 7ere%it!r' ri7t" or o t7o"e o t7e &on#$!l !rtner"7i o !in" *3+ T7e o0er to !%ini"ter roert') or !n' ot7er o0er 07i&7 7!" or it" ob#e&t !n !&t !e!rin or 07i&7 "7o$l% !e!r in ! $bli& %o&$ent) or "7o$l% re#$%i&e ! t7ir% er"on *+ T7e &e""ion o !&tion" or ri7t" ro&ee%in ro !n !&t !e!rin in ! $bli& %o&$ent. All ot7er &ontr!&t" 07ere t7e !o$nt in(ol(e% e;&ee%" i(e 7$n%re% e"o" $"t !e!r in 0ritin) e(en ! ri(!te one. B$t "!le" o oo%") &7!ttel" or t7in" in !&tion !re o(erne% b' Arti&le") 183) No. 2 !n% 185. *1298!+ CHAPTER RE@ORATION O@ INSTR?ENTS *n+ Art. 135:. 7en) t7ere 7!(in been ! eetin o t7e in%" o t7e !rtie" to ! &ontr!&t) t7eir tr$e intention i" not e;re""e% in t7e in"tr$ent $rortin to ebo%' t7e !reeent) b' re!"on o i"t!
I i"t!
Art. 136,. 7en one o t7e !rtie" 7!" bro$7t !n !&tion to enor&e t7e in"tr$ent) 7e &!nnot "$b"e=$entl' !"< or it" reor!tion. Art. 1369. Reor!tion !' be or%ere% !t t7e in"t!n&e o eit7er !rt' or 7i" "$&&e""or" in intere"t) i t7e i"t!
CHAPTER 5 INTERPRETATION O@ CONTRACTS Art. 13,8. I t7e ter" o ! &ontr!&t !re &le!r !n% le!(e no %o$bt $on t7e intention o t7e &ontr!&tin !rtie") t7e liter!l e!nin o it" "ti$l!tion" "7!ll &ontrol. I t7e 0or%" !e!r to be &ontr!r' to t7e e(i%ent intention o t7e !rtie") t7e l!tter "7!ll re(!il o(er t7e orer. *1291+ Art. 13,1. In or%er to #$%e t7e intention o t7e &ontr!&tin !rtie") t7eir &onteor!neo$" !n% "$b"e=$ent !&t" "7!ll be rin&i!ll' &on"i%ere%. *1292+ Art. 13,2. Ho0e(er ener!l t7e ter" o ! &ontr!&t !' be) t7e' "7!ll not be $n%er"too% to &ore7en% t7in" t7!t !re %i"tin&t !n% &!"e" t7!t !re %ierent ro t7o"e $on 07i&7 t7e !rtie" inten%e% to !ree. *1293+ Art. 13,3. I "oe "ti$l!tion o !n' &ontr!&t "7o$l% !%it o "e(er!l e!nin") it "7!ll be $n%er"too% !" be!rin t7!t iort 07i&7 i" o"t !%e=$!te to ren%er it ee&t$!l. *129+ Art. 13,. T7e (!rio$" "ti$l!tion" o ! &ontr!&t "7!ll be interrete% toet7er) !ttrib$tin to t7e %o$bt$l one" t7!t "en"e 07i&7 !' re"$lt ro !ll o t7e t!
Art. 13,6. T7e $"!e or &$"to o t7e l!&e "7!ll be borne in in% in t7e interret!tion o t7e !bi$itie" o ! &ontr!&t) !n% "7!ll ill t7e oi""ion o "ti$l!tion" 07i&7 !re or%in!ril' e"t!bli"7e%. *129,+ Art. 13,,. T7e interret!tion o ob"&$re 0or%" or "ti$l!tion" in ! &ontr!&t "7!ll not !(or t7e !rt' 07o &!$"e% t7e ob"&$rit'. *1299+ Art. 13,9. 7en it i" !b"ol$tel' io""ible to "ettle %o$bt" b' t7e r$le" e"t!bli"7e% in t7e re&e%in !rti&le") !n% t7e %o$bt" reer to in&i%ent!l &ir&$"t!n&e" o ! r!t$ito$" &ontr!&t) t7e le!"t tr!n"i""ion o ri7t" !n% intere"t" "7!ll re(!il. I t7e &ontr!&t i" onero$") t7e %o$bt "7!ll be "ettle% in !(or o t7e re!te"t re&iro&it' o intere"t". I t7e %o$bt" !re &!"t $on t7e rin&i!l ob#e&t o t7e &ontr!&t in "$&7 ! 0!' t7!t it &!nnot be
CHAPTER 6 RESCISSIBLE CONTRACTS Art. 1398. Contr!&t" (!li%l' !ree% $on !' be re"&in%e% in t7e &!"e" e"t!bli"7e% b' l!0. *12:8+ Art. 1391. T7e ollo0in &ontr!&t" !re re"&i""ible/ *1+ T7o"e 07i&7 !re entere% into b' $!r%i!n" 07ene(er t7e 0!r%" 07o t7e' rere"ent "$er le"ion b' ore t7!n one-o$rt7 o t7e (!l$e o t7e t7in" 07i&7 !re t7e ob#e&t t7ereo *2+ T7o"e !ree% $on in rere"ent!tion o !b"entee") i t7e l!tter "$er t7e le"ion "t!te% in t7e re&e%in n$ber
*3+ T7o"e $n%ert!
"$i&ient roert' to !' !ll %ebt" &ontr!&te% beore t7e %on!tion. Alien!tion" b' onero$" title !re !l"o re"$e% r!$%$lent 07en !%e b' er"on" !!in"t 07o "oe #$%ent 7!" been i""$e%. T7e %e&i"ion or !tt!&7ent nee% not reer to t7e roert' !lien!te%) !n% nee% not 7!(e been obt!ine% b' t7e !rt' "ee
CHAPTER , VOIDABLE CONTRACTS Art. 13:8. T7e ollo0in &ontr!&t" !re (oi%!ble or !nn$ll!ble) e(en t7o$7 t7ere !' 7!(e been no %!!e to t7e &ontr!&tin !rtie"/ *1+ T7o"e 07ere one o t7e !rtie" i" in&!!ble o i(in &on"ent to ! &ontr!&t *2+ T7o"e 07ere t7e &on"ent i" (iti!te% b' i"t!
Art. 13:1. T7e !&tion or !nn$lent "7!ll be bro$7t 0it7in o$r 'e!r". T7i" erio% "7!ll bein/ In &!"e" o intii%!tion) (iolen&e or $n%$e inl$en&e) ro t7e tie t7e %ee&t o t7e &on"ent &e!"e". In &!"e o i"t!
Art. 13:9. An obli!tion 7!(in been !nn$lle%) t7e &ontr!&tin !rtie" "7!ll re"tore to e!&7 ot7er t7e t7in" 07i&7 7!(e been t7e "$b#e&t !tter o t7e &ontr!&t) 0it7 t7eir r$it") !n% t7e ri&e 0it7 it" intere"t) e;&et in &!"e" ro(i%e% b' l!0. In obli!tion" to ren%er "er(i&e) t7e (!l$e t7ereo "7!ll be t7e b!"i" or %!!e". *1383!+ Art. 13::. 7en t7e %ee&t o t7e &ontr!&t &on"i"t" in t7e in&!!&it' o one o t7e !rtie") t7e in&!!&it!te% er"on i" not oblie% to !
CHAPTER 9 ?NEN@ORCEABLE CONTRACTS *n+ Art. 183. T7e ollo0in &ontr!&t" !re $nenor&e!ble) $nle"" t7e' !re r!tiie%/ *1+ T7o"e entere% into in t7e n!e o !not7er er"on b' one 07o 7!" been i(en no !$t7orit' or le!l rere"ent!tion) or 07o 7!" !&te% be'on% 7i" o0er"
*2+ T7o"e t7!t %o not &ol' 0it7 t7e St!t$te o @r!$%" !" "et ort7 in t7i" n$ber. In t7e ollo0in &!"e" !n !reeent 7ere!ter !%e "7!ll be $nenor&e!ble b' !&tion) $nle"" t7e "!e) or "oe note or eor!n%$) t7ereo) be in 0ritin) !n% "$b"&ribe% b' t7e !rt' &7!re%) or b' 7i" !ent e(i%en&e) t7ereore) o t7e !reeent &!nnot be re&ei(e% 0it7o$t t7e 0ritin) or ! "e&on%!r' e(i%en&e o it" &ontent"/ *!+ An !reeent t7!t b' it" ter" i" not to be erore% 0it7in ! 'e!r ro t7e ! o t7i" Boo<.
Art. 185. Contr!&t" inrinin t7e St!t$te o @r!$%") reerre% to in No. 2 o Arti&le 183) !re r!tiie% b' t7e !il$re to ob#e&t to t7e re"ent!tion o or!l e(i%en&e to ro(e t7e "!e) or b' t7e !&&et!n&e o beneit $n%er t7e. Art. 186. 7en ! &ontr!&t i" enor&e!ble $n%er t7e St!t$te o @r!$%") !n% ! $bli& %o&$ent i" ne&e""!r' or it" rei"tr!tion in t7e Rei"tr' o Dee%") t7e !rtie" !' !(!il t7e"el(e" o t7e ri7t $n%er Arti&le 135,. Art. 18,. In ! &ontr!&t 07ere bot7 !rtie" !re in&!!ble o i(in &on"ent) e;re"" or ilie% r!tii&!tion b' t7e !rent) or $!r%i!n) !" t7e &!"e !' be) o one o t7e &ontr!&tin !rtie" "7!ll i(e t7e &ontr!&t t7e "!e ee&t !" i onl' one o t7e 0ere in&!!&it!te%. I r!tii&!tion i" !%e b' t7e !rent" or $!r%i!n") !" t7e &!"e !' be) o bot7 &ontr!&tin !rtie") t7e &ontr!&t "7!ll be (!li%!te% ro t7e in&etion. Art. 189. ?nenor&e!ble &ontr!&t" &!nnot be !""!ile% b' t7ir% er"on".
CHAPTER : VOID AND INE>ISTENT CONTRACTS Art. 18:. T7e ollo0in &ontr!&t" !re ine;i"tent !n% (oi% ro t7e beinnin/ *1+ T7o"e 07o"e &!$"e) ob#e&t or $ro"e i" &ontr!r' to l!0) or!l") oo% &$"to") $bli& or%er or $bli& oli&' *2+ T7o"e 07i&7 !re !b"ol$tel' "i$l!te% or i&titio$" *3+ T7o"e 07o"e &!$"e or ob#e&t %i% not e;i"t !t t7e tie o t7e tr!n"!&tion *+ T7o"e 07o"e ob#e&t i" o$t"i%e t7e &oer&e o en *5+ T7o"e 07i&7 &ontel!te !n io""ible "er(i&e *6+ T7o"e 07ere t7e intention o t7e !rtie" rel!ti(e to t7e rin&i!l ob#e&t o t7e &ontr!&t &!nnot be !"&ert!ine%
*,+ T7o"e e;re""l' ro7ibite% or %e&l!re% (oi% b' l!0. T7e"e &ontr!&t" &!nnot be r!tiie%. Neit7er &!n t7e ri7t to "et $ t7e %een"e o ille!lit' be 0!i(e%. Art. 118. T7e !&tion or %een"e or t7e %e&l!r!tion o t7e ine;i"ten&e o ! &ontr!&t %oe" not re"&ribe. Art. 111. 7en t7e n$llit' ro&ee%" ro t7e ille!lit' o t7e &!$"e or ob#e&t o t7e &ontr!&t) !n% t7e !&t &on"tit$te" ! &riin!l oen"e) bot7 !rtie" bein in !ri %eli&to) t7e' "7!ll 7!(e no !&tion !!in"t e!&7 ot7er) !n% bot7 "7!ll be ro"e&$te%. oreo(er) t7e ro(i"ion" o t7e Pen!l Co%e rel!ti(e to t7e %i"o"!l o ee&t" or in"tr$ent" o ! &rie "7!ll be !li&!ble to t7e t7in" or t7e ri&e o t7e &ontr!&t. T7i" r$le "7!ll be !li&!ble 07en onl' one o t7e !rtie" i" $ilt' b$t t7e inno&ent one !' &l!i 07!t 7e 7!" i(en) !n% "7!ll not be bo$n% to &ol' 0it7 7i" roi"e. *1385+ Art. 112. I t7e !&t in 07i&7 t7e $nl!0$l or orbi%%en &!$"e &on"i"t" %oe" not &on"tit$te ! &riin!l oen"e) t7e ollo0in r$le" "7!ll be ob"er(e%/ *1+ 7en t7e !$lt i" on t7e !rt o bot7 &ontr!&tin !rtie") neit7er !' re&o(er 07!t 7e 7!" i(en b' (irt$e o t7e &ontr!&t) or %e!n% t7e eror!n&e o t7e ot7er" $n%ert!
t7e &o$rt" !') i t7e $bli& intere"t 0ill t7$" be "$b"er(e%) !llo0 t7e !rt' re$%i!tin t7e &ontr!&t to re&o(er t7e one' or roert'. Art. 115. 7ere one o t7e !rtie" to !n ille!l &ontr!&t i" in&!!ble o i(in &on"ent) t7e &o$rt" !') i t7e intere"t o #$"ti&e "o %e!n%" !llo0 re&o(er' o one' or roert' %eli(ere% b' t7e in&!!&it!te% er"on. Art. 116. 7en t7e !reeent i" not ille!l er "e b$t i" erel' ro7ibite%) !n% t7e ro7ibition b' t7e l!0 i" %e"in!te% or t7e rote&tion o t7e l!inti) 7e !') i $bli& oli&' i" t7ereb' en7!n&e%) re&o(er 07!t 7e 7!" !i% or %eli(ere%. Art. 11,. 7en t7e ri&e o !n' !rti&le or &oo%it' i" %eterine% b' "t!t$te) or b' !$t7orit' o l!0) !n' er"on !'in !n' !o$nt in e;&e"" o t7e !;i$ ri&e !llo0e% !' re&o(er "$&7 e;&e"". Art. 119. 7en t7e l!0 i;e") or !$t7orie" t7e i;in o t7e !;i$ n$ber o 7o$r" o l!bor) !n% ! &ontr!&t i" entere% into 07ereb' ! l!borer $n%ert!
Title III. - NAT?RAL OBLIGATIONS Art. 123. Obli!tion" !re &i(il or n!t$r!l. Ci(il obli!tion" i(e ! ri7t o !&tion to &oel t7eir eror!n&e. N!t$r!l
obli!tion") not bein b!"e% on o"iti(e l!0 b$t on e=$it' !n% n!t$r!l l!0) %o not r!nt ! ri7t o !&tion to enor&e t7eir eror!n&e) b$t !ter (ol$nt!r' $lillent b' t7e oblior) t7e' !$t7orie t7e retention o 07!t 7!" been %eli(ere% or ren%ere% b' re!"on t7ereo. Soe n!t$r!l obli!tion" !re "et ort7 in t7e ollo0in !rti&le". Art. 12. 7en ! ri7t to "$e $on ! &i(il obli!tion 7!" l!"e% b' e;tin&ti(e re"&rition) t7e oblior 07o (ol$nt!ril' eror" t7e &ontr!&t &!nnot re&o(er 07!t 7e 7!" %eli(ere% or t7e (!l$e o t7e "er(i&e 7e 7!" ren%ere%. Art. 125. 7en 0it7o$t t7e
Art. 138. 7en ! 0ill i" %e&l!re% (oi% be&!$"e it 7!" not been e;e&$te% in !&&or%!n&e 0it7 t7e or!litie" re=$ire% b' l!0) b$t one o t7e inte"t!te 7eir") !ter t7e "ettleent o t7e %ebt" o t7e %e&e!"e%) !'" ! le!&' in &oli!n&e 0it7 ! &l!$"e in t7e %ee&ti(e 0ill) t7e !'ent i" ee&ti(e !n% irre(o&!ble.
Title IV. - ESTOPPEL *n+ Art. 131. T7ro$7 e"toel !n !%i""ion or rere"ent!tion i" ren%ere% &on&l$"i(e $on t7e er"on !