JU Univerzitet u Tuzli Prirodno-matematički fakultet Studijski odsek : Hemija
Organska hemija Nomenklatura
Asistent :
Maida Srabović
Student :
Nenad Džanić 0
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Imenovanje (nomenklatura) jedinjenja IUPAC – meĎunarodna unija za čistu i primenjenu hemiju (utemeljitelj pravila za sistematsku nomenklaturu) Ugljovodonici : 1. alifatski (aciklički ili jedinjenja sa otvorenim lancem) 2. aciklički 3. aromatski
Alkani – Alkani – Parafini Parafini Opšta formula CnH2n+2 Prema IUPAC-u temeljno pravilo za imenovanje je izbor osnovnog niza (ime).Temelj za osnovni naziv alifatskih ugljovodonika je najduži kontinuirani (neprekinuti) niz C-atoma u molekulu.
Osnovno ine jedinjenja se izvodi iz korena reči(grčkog porekla) koji označava broj atoma u najdužem kontinuiranom lancu. Ukoliko jedinjenje ima prstenastu (cikličnu) str ukturu ukturu ispred osnovnog naziva stavlja se prefiks CIKLO. CIKLO. Za numerisanje alkana korenu se dodaje nastavak AN. AN.
Za obeležavanje strukture ogranka (supstituenta,odnosno alkil -grupe;misli se na bočni lanac) vezanog na glavni lanac koristimo koren reči i nastavak IL. IL. Položaj supstituenta se odreĎuje numerisanjem sa onog kraja neprekinutog lanca tako da C-atom na koji je vezan supstituent dobije što je moguće manji broj.Taj broj se stavlja neposredno ispred naziva supstituenta na koji se odnosi i brojevi (ako ih ima više) se meĎusobno odvajaju zarezom.Uz broj se piše crtica koja ga odvaja od naziva,dok se nazivi osnovnog lanca i supstituenta pišu zajedno. CH3 H3C
1
H2 C
2
C H
3
H2 C
4
5 H C
6 CH2
CH3
3,5-dimetiloktan
PRAVILNO
4,6-dimetiloktan 3-metil-5-propilheksan 2-etil-4-propilpentan
NEPRAVILNO
7 CH2 8 CH3
CH3 – metil CH3CH2 – etil 2 –metilpentan
H3C
3-etil-3-metilpentan
H
H
H
C
C
C
CH 3
H
H
CH 3
H3C
H
CH 2CH 3
H
C
C
C
H
CH 3
H
CH 3
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2,2-dimetilbutan
H3C
CH 3
H
C
C
CH 3
H
ciklopropan
4-etil-3-metilheptan
CH 3
H3C
ciklobutan
ciklopentan
H
CH 3
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
CH 2CH 3
H
H
CH 3
cikloheksan
Ako je za osnovni lanac lanac vezano više jednakih ogranaka,onda ogranaka,onda se oni imenuju imenuju pomoću grč.numeričkog prefiksa :
di za di za dva tri za tri za tri tetra za četiri
MeĎutim,ovi prefiksi nisu referentni za abecedni redosled (npr: 5-etil-4,4-dimetildekan).Ako su za osnovni lanac vezana dva različita supstituenta ili više njih,oni se pri imenovanju spoje i nabrajaju abecednim redosledom.
V e zi zi v a n j e s u p s t i t u e n t a s a s u p s t i t u e n t o m
3,3-dietil-4-metil-5(1-metiletil)-oktan
H3C
H
CH 2CH 3
CH 3
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
CH 2CH 3
H
HC
H
H
H3C
CH 3
CH 3
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Mogući supstituenti : Izopropil
Izobutil
CH 2 HC
HC
H3C
CH 3
H3C
Sekundarni butil H
H
C
C
CH 3
H
Tercijerni butil CH 3 C
CH 3
5-(1-metiletil)-3-metiloktan
H
H
CH 3
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
CH 3
H
CH 2CH 3
H
H
10-(1-metiletil)-eikosan H 1
H3C
C H
H 2
CH 3
CH 3
4-etil-2,4-dimetilheptan
H3C
CH 3
C
H 3
H H3C
C HC
CH 3
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
CH 3
H
HC
H3C
CH 3
H CH 3
1-etil-3-metilciklopentan H
10
H3C
H
C
CH2CH3 19
20
CH 3
H CH 3
CH3
Ako se i na supstituentu nalaze nalaze supstituentu (ogranci) se numerišu tako :
da se supstituent numeriše od mesta spajanja na glavni lanac naziv supstituenta zajedno sa njegovim ogrankom se piše unutar zagrade u imenu jedinjenja,a mesto njegovog njegovog vezivanja na glavni glavni lanac se označava brojem ispred zagrade.
1-(1-metiletil)-3-metil-cikloheksan H3C
CH 3
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Alkeni Alkeni i cikloalkeni su ugljovodonici ugljovodonici koji imaju jednu ili više veza C-C. hibridizovan (sp2).Često se nazivaju olefinima. CnH2n je opšta formula.C atom hibridizovan IUPAC 1. kao osnovna struktura odabere se najduži lanac atoma ugljenika koji sadrži dvostruku
vezu.Zatim korenu reči dodamo nastavak EN. 2. Položaj dvostruke veze označava se numeracijom osnovnog lanca od kraja koji će dvostrukoj vezi dati najmanji mogući broj 3. Kod cikloalkana numeracija počinje od atoma sa dvostrukom vezom 1-buten
2-buten
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
CH 3
H
H
H
HC
C
C
H
H
H
CH 3
Ako ogranak sadrži dvostruku dvostruku vezu naziv naziv dobija završetak ENIL .U ogranku se zadržava oznaka dvostruke veze EN kojoj EN kojoj se dodaje nastavak IL.Numerisanje ogranka počinje od mesta vezivanja za glvani lanac.Numerisanje u ciklu počinje od dvostruke veze,tako da i bočni lanci dobiju što je moguće manji broj. 3-propil-1-heksen
4-etil-3-metilcikloheksen CH 3
H C H
H C H
H
H
C
H
C
C
CH 2CH 2CH 3 H
3
H3CH 2C 4
2
5
1
CH 3
H
6
1-(3-butenil)cikloheksen
Radikali H C
CH 2
vinil (etenil)
H
H2 C
H C
CH 2
CH 2
izopropen izopropenilil ( 1-meti 1-metile leten tenilil )
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
CH 3 H2 C
C H
C H
alil alil ( 2-propenil) 2-propenil)
CH3
2-butenil
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CH3 H3C
C H
CH3 C H
CH2
H3C
3-metil-1-buten (3-metilbut-1-en)
H2 C
C
CH2
2-metil-1-buten (2metilbut-1-en)
Dieni su alkeni sa 2 dvostruke veze,trieni sa 3 dvostruke veze.Nezasićeni ugljovodonici sa više dvostrukih veza nazivaju se polieni. 1,5 heksadien
4-vinil-2,4-heptadien
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H3C
C
C
C
H
H
HC
CH 2
C
C
H
H
CH 3
Alkini Su nezasićeni ugljovodonici sa jednom ili više trostrukih veza.Ugljenik je hibridizovan po sp hibridizaciji.Osnovni naziv alkina izvodi se iz naziva najdužeg neprekinutog lanca atoma ugljenika u kome se nalazi trostruka veza.Korenu naziva dodaje se nastavak IN,a IN,a trivijalna imena dodatkom imenu radikala reč ACETILEN. ACETILEN. propin (metil-acetilen) H3C
C
CH
5-metil-1-heksin H3C
H C
H2 C
H2 C
C
C
CH
CH
CH3
2-butin (dimetil-acetilen)
4-metil-1-pentin
H3C
H3C
C
C
CH3
CH 3
H
C
C
H
H
Ako glavni lanac sadrži sadrži i dvostruku i trostruku tr ostruku vezu onda se u nazivu nalaze nastavci EN i EN i IN. IN. Numerisanjem C-atoma dvostruke i trostruke veze trebaju dobiti što je moguće manji broj bez obzira na to koje će od njih imati manji broj.Ako obe veze mogu dobiti isti broj,prednost manjeg broja ima dvostruka veza (EN (EN). ). 3-penten-1-in
1-penten-4-in H
H
H
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Ako supstituent (radikal) sadrži trostruku vezu njegov naziv dobij a nastavak INIL. INIL. HC
H3C
HC
etinil
C
C
C
1-propinil
C H2 C
2-propinil
Alkini koji u svom sastavu sastavu sadrže OH-grupu nose naziv a l k i n o l i . H3C
H C
H2 C
H2 C
C
CH
5-heksin-2-ol
OH
Aromatski ugljovodonici Su grupa poliena koji se razlikuju r azlikuju od alkena.Imaju specifična hemijska svojstva što je posledica aromatičnosti.Generičko ime im je ARENI . Aromatični
Derivati benzena
Benzen
Naften
Antracen H3C HC
CH 3
Metilbenzen
CH2
CH3 CH
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1,2 dimetil benzen (orto ksilen)
1,3-dimetilbenzen (meta ksilen) CH 3
CH 3 CH 3
CH 3
1,4-dimetilbenzen (para ksilen)
1-hlor-2-metil-benzen (o-hlor-toluen) (o-hlor-toluen)
CH 3
CH3 Cl
CH 3
Supstituent koji se izvodi zamišljenim uklanjanjem jednog H atoma iz benzena: Fenil
H C
Benzil
Benzen H
1,3-difenilpropan
Trifenilmetan H
C
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Organo – Organo – halogeni halogeni spojevi Su jedinjenja gde je C atom vezan za atom halogena,ili više njih .Oni se označavaju kao supstituenti ugljovodonika jer nema sufiksa koji bi bio označen kao halogen.Pri numerisanju prednost imaju dvostruke i trostruke veze,supstituenti (osim zasićenih),pa onda halogen. Hlor metan
Trihlormetan (Hloroform)
H H
Cl
C
H
H
C Cl
Cl
2,4 dihlor 5 metil heksan
H3C
1-jod-butan (n-butil-jodid)
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
Cl
H
Cl
CH 3
CH 3 H3C
2-brom-propan (izopropil-bromid) H C
H3C
Cl
H2 C
H2 C
H2 C
I
2-hlor-butan (sec .butil-hlorid) .butil-hlorid)
CH3
H3C
Br
H2 C
H C
CH3
Cl
Alkil-halogenidi mogu biri primarni,sekundarni primarni,sekundarni i tercijerni,u zavisnosti od broja broja alkil-grupa vezanih za isti C-atom na kome se nalazi halogen : H R
R X
H
primarni
R
R X
H
sekundarni sekundarni
R
X R
tercijerni
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Alkoholi,fenoli i tioli Monohidroksilni derivati alkana i cikloalkana nazivaju se alkoholi,a prisustvo hidroksilne grupe u
molekulu se označava prefiksom „hidroksi ” ili nastavkom „ol” u sistematskom imenu. Funkcionalna grupa alkohola je OH vezana za alkil grupu. il i supstituisana alkil grupa. R – OH opšta fom ula gde R može biti alkilna grupa ili Alkohol je odreĎen prema vrsti vrsti C atoma Razlikujemo primarne,sekundarne i tercijerne alkohole. Alkohol na kojem se nalazi OH grupa. primarni
sekundarni
H
R
tercijerni
H
C
OH
R
H
C
R
OH
R
C
R
OH
R
IUPAC nomenklatura : 1. Odrediti najduži lanac C atoma koji sadrži OH grupu.Nazivu ugljovodonika dodajemo nastavak OL 2. brojem (što je moguće manjim ) numerisati OH grupu u glavnom lancu 3. brojem označimo mesta na osnovnom lancu gde su smeštene ostale grupe (supstituenti) Metanol
1-butanol
H
H
C
OH
H3C
H
2-hidroksipentan (2-pentanol)
H2 C
H2 C
C H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
CH3 CH3
OH
4-hidroksi-2-metilheksan (2-metil-4-heksanol)
OH H3C
H
H3C
C H
OH H2 C
C H
H2 C
CH3
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Alkoholi imaju prednost nad dvostrukim i trostrukim vezama. Ako u jedinjenju ima više
različitih grupa, treba odlučiti koja će se od njih uzeti kao glavna za imenovanje i menovanje datog alkohola. Spoj se numeriše tako da OH grupa dobije što manji broj, bez obzira na to da li će dvostruka veza biti deo glavnog lanca ili neće. Ako u spoju postoji grupa koja koja ima prednost,OH grupa označava označava se kao HIDROKSI . Hidroksilnu grupu imaju vrlo složena jedinjenja biljnog i životinjskog porekla.Zbog složenosti složenosti strukture obično se nazivaju TRIVIJALNIM IMENIMA. IMENIMA. Mentol
(iz ulja metvice)
Geranol
(iz ružinog ulja i geranina)
CH 3
OH
H3C
H
H
CH 3
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CH 3
H
H
H
OH
HC H3C
CH 3
H
Fenoli Aromatična hidroksilna jedinjenja jedinjenja kod kojih je hidroksilna grupa vezana za aromatični prsten prsten nazivaju se fenoli,a ime „FENOL” se takoĎe koristi za najprostije jedinjenje ove klase, hidroksibenzen. OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH OH
Hidroksibenzen
1,2-dihidroksibenzen (Katehol)
1,3-dihidroksibenzen (Rezorcinol)
1,4-dihidroksibenzen (Hidroksikinon)
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Tioli Su sumporovi analozi alkohola gde je kiseonikov atom funkcionalne grupe alkohola zamenjen zamenjen atomom supmora.Naziv nastaje tako da se osnovnom imenu doda nastavak TIOL. TIOL. Metan tiol
2-propen-1-tiol
H
H
C
SH
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
3-metil-1-butantiol
H3C
H
SH
H
1-propantiol
H
H
H
C
C
C
CH 3
H
H
SH
H3C
H
H
C
C
H
H
SH
Eteri i tioeteri Eteri su organska jedinenje u kojima se nalaze dve supstituisane grupe,vezabe preko jednog atoma kiseonika, sadrže C – O – C vezu. R
O
R
Nomenklatura etera je zamršena.
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1-metoksi-propan H3C
H2 C
O
3-metoksi-heksan H2 C
CH3
H2 C
H3C
H2 C
H2 C
H C
CH3
OCH3
CH3O – metoksi CH3CH2O – etoksi
Treći način : najbliži sistematskoj nomenklaturi je pristup gde se kiseonik smatra članom osnovnog lanca.Pri odreĎivanju imena jedinjenja kiseonikov atom se numeriše kao u ljenikov atom,a uz broj koji označava kiseoniko atom dodaje se nastavak OKSA. OKSA. CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH3
3 oksa heksan (etilpropileter,etoksipropan)
Eteri su najčešće nereaktivna grupa,pa se često koriste kao organski rastvarači.
Tioeteri Su sumporovi analozi etera. Imenuju se kao sulfidi ili alkil tio derivati. Dimetilsulfid (Metiltiometan) H H
C H
R
S
Dietilsulfid (Etiltioetan)
H S
C H
H
R
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
S
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
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N-etiletanamin (Dietilamin) H H3C
N,N-dimetilheksanamin
H
C
N
C
H
H
H
N
CH 3
CH 3
CH 3
2-propanamin (Izopropilamin)
1-propilamin
H
H3C
C
NH 2
H3C
H
H2 C
H2 C
NH2
Ako je amin u nekom osnovnom osnovnom molekulu njegov naziv naziv se dobija prefiksom AMINO ili AMINO ili N – alkil amin. A l k o h o l i i m a j u p r ed ed n o s t n a d am am i n i m a . OH N
1 5
CH 3
2 4
3
CH 3
2-(N,N-dimetilamino)ciklopentanol
U analogiji sa oksa eterima imamo i aza metod,gde se azot u osnovnom lancu naziva AZA. AZA.
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N-metildifenilamin
N,N-dietilanilin (N,N-dietilfenilamin , dietilaminobenzen) H3C
CH3
CH3 N
N
Spojevi gde H atom amonijaka zamenjen amino grupom nazivaju se HIDRAZIN. HIDRAZIN. NH2 – NH2 hidrazin C6H5 – NH – NH2 – fenil hidrazin
Aldehidi i ketoni Često se nazivaju karbonilnim jedinjenjima jer sadrže karbonilnu grupu. grupu. Opšta formula ketona : O R
C
R
.Položaj karbonilne Prema IUPAC-u naziv ketona se tvori pomoću osnovnog imena i sufiksa O N .Položaj grupe ketona u lancu se označava brojem. Naziv ketona često se dobija navoĎenjem dvaju supstituenata vezanih za karbonil,a potom se stavlja reč keton ( reči se odvajaju crticama ). Ako neka grupa ima nomenklaturnu nomenklaturnu prednost tada se karbonilna karbonilna grupa označava označava prefiksom OKSO .
Dietil-keton (3-pentanon)
3-metil-2-butanon (Izopropil-metil-keton)
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3-hlorheksanon
2-oksopentan (metil-propil-keton)
O
1 2
O
3
H3C
Cl
C
H2 C
H2 C
CH3
Oksocikloheksan (cikloheksanon) O
Keton u kome je karbonilna grupa vezana direktno za benzensku jezgru označava označava se kao FENON .
Difenil-keton (Benzofenon) O C
Fenil-2-propanon (Benzilmetilketon) H
H
C
C
C
H
O
H
H
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Benzaldehid
4-metilbenzaldehid O
3-nitrobenzaldehid
O
C
O
C H
H2N
H
H3C
Aldehidi imaju prednost nad ketonima. ketonima. Metanal (Formaldehid)
Etanal (Acetaldehid)
O H
C
H3C H
Propanal
O C H
4-okso-pentanal
C H
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5,5-dimetil-3-okso-heksan-kiselina 5,5-dimetil-3-okso-heksan-kise lina CH 3
H
O
Metan-kiselina (Mravlja kiselina)
H O
H3C
C
C
C
C
C
O OH
CH 3
H
H
C
H
Etan-kiselina (Sirćetna kiselina)
OH
Propan-kiselina (Propionska kiselina)
H
H
H
O H
C
C
O H
C
C
OH H
H
OH H
Butan-kiselina (Maslačna kiselina) H
H
C
H
2-metilpropan-kiselina (Izomaslačna kiselina) H
H O
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2-hidroksietan-kiselina (Glikozna kiselina)
2-hidroksipropan-kiselina (Mlečna kiselina) H
H
H O
O HO
C
C
H
C
C
C
OH
OH
H
H
OH
Prema starijem sistemu inenovanja u karboksilnim kiselinama se položaj supstituenta označavao grčkim slovima,a ne brojevima.C atom u susedstvu karboksilne grupe označava se kao α-položaj,sledeći β itd. β -hlorheksan-kiselina H
H
H
2-aminopentan-kiselina (α-aminopentanska kisel.) H
H3C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
NH 2
O H3C
C
C
C
C
C
H
Cl
H
O C OH
OH H
H
H
H
H
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Benzoil-hlorid
Butanoil-hlorid O
O C
H3C Cl
H2 C
H2 C
C Cl
4-metilcikloheksankarbonil-bromid H3C
O C Br
Anhidridi karboksilnih kiselina dobijaju naziv stavljanjem reči ANHIDRID ispred ANHIDRID ispred imena odgovarajućih kiselina, abecednim redom. Ako su obe grupe jednake, navodi se naziv kiseline bez prefiksa DI. Anhidrid etan kiseline (Acetanhidrid)
Anhidrid ciklopropankarboksilne ciklopropankarboksilne kiseline i
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Cikloheksil-propanoat
Metil-etanoat
H O H3C
C
C O
H
O H3C
C O
Etil-acetat (Etil-etanoat)
CH 3
Fenil-cikloheksankarboksilat Fenil-cikloheksankarbo ksilat O C
O H3C
C O
C2H5
Amidi – naziv nastaje tako da se osnovi kiseline doda nastavak AMID.Amidi AMID.Amidi su acil derivati
amina,i nazivaju se ili kao derivati odgovarajuće kiseline,ili se amidna funkcionalna grupa naziva „aminokarbonil”.
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Nitrili – se smatraju derivatima karboksilnih kiselina,jer se njihova cijano grupa ( lako prevodi u COOH.
Opšta formula :
R
C
C
N)
N
Ime dobijamo kada osnovnom nazivu dodamo nastavak NITRIL ili NITRIL ili ONITRIL.Ako ONITRIL.Ako se nitrilna grupa smatra supstituentom dodaje se prefiks CIJANO.Pri numerisanju uključujemo u osnovu
najdužeg lanca i nitrilni C atom. 3-hlorbutanonitril Cl
H
Heksandinitril H
H
H
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spiro [ 2.4 ] heptan
6-hlor spiro [ 2,5 ] oktan
1
7
7
8 1
6
3
5
2
Cl
6
3 5
4
2
4
Policiklički spojevi
Su spojevi sa dva ili više prstena koji imaju najmanje dva zajednička atoma.Ti atomi su mesta
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8-hlor biciklo [3,2,1] oktan Cl 8 1 7
6
2
3
5 4
Ciklični spoj koji se naziva dekalin(deka hidro naftalin) ima dva spojena šestoročlana prstena.Javlja se u cis i trans obliku što je odreĎeno konformacijama u premoštenju.
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A i B – doprinoseće rezonantne strukture koje učestvuju u strukturi rezonantnog hibrida pomoću koje prikazuje stvarne strukture acetatnog iona. Rezonantni hibrid je stvarna sturktura jedne vrste molekula sa delokaliziranim elektronom i energetski je povoljnija od bilo koje rezonantne strukture. Delokalizirani elektroni predstavljaju elektronske parove koji sudeluju u vezi izmeĎu više jezgara i samim time zauzima veći prostor od onoga koji im pririsujemo u običnim struktu rama. Kod rezonancije se ne radi o smeši strukturno različitih molekula koje brzo prelaze jedna u drugu. Ako posmatramo acetatnu kiselinu postoje 2 rezonantne rezonantne strukture: -
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Stereoizomeri su spojevi koji imaju istu molekulsku formulu,isti redosled vezivanja atoma u
molekuli,ali njihovu različitu prostornu usmerenost. Stereoizomere smo podelili u dve grupe: konformacijski – na sobnoj temperaturi rotacijom oko jednostruke j ednostruke veze lako prelaze iz jednog u drugi konfiguracijski – mogu se izdvojiti,jer pri normalnim uslovima teško prelaze iz jednog u drugi(geometrijski cis i cis i trans i trans i R i i S)
Enantiomeri su izomeri koji su jedan drugom ogledalna slika t.j. koji se odnose kao predmet i njegov odraz u ogledalu i ne mogu se prekopiti: H
NH 2
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Diastereoizomeri su izomeri koji nisu meĎusobno ogledalne slike,te samim time imaju različita
hemijska svojstva.Obično su to spojevi sa dva ili više hiralnih centara.
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IDH – IDH – Indeks Indeks manjka vodonika
Se koristi za odreĎivanje broja višestrukih veza i prstena prisutnih u nekom spoju. Pri