PEDAL OPERATED WATER PUMPING SYSTEM
SYNOPSIS
Water plays an important role in the material, social and cultural life of man kind. The water water needs are increasing increasing day by day. This is the result of population growth and and incr increa ease se in the the stan standa dard rd of livi living ng whic which h is dire direct ctlly prop propor orti tion onal al to wate waterr consumption.
The lifting of water for drinking or irrigation purposes is of great importance in widely distributed villages with little or no rural electrification and where under ground water is available.
INTRODUCTION
The aim of the project is Pedal operated water pumping system. Radial plunger Pedal operated reciprocating water pumping system are reciprocating pump in which the piston is provided for the pumping action. The piston is reciprocated with the help of a pneumatic cylinder, cylinder, pedal with chain sprocket sprocket mechanism mechanism and Cam mechanism. mechanism.
pump is a !echanical device which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. This pump is is classified classified into two types"
i.
Positive #isplacement and
ii.
$on%Positive #i #isplacement pu pump
&n positive positive displacem displacement ent pump is the one, in which which the li'uid li'uid is transferr transferred ed positively from one stage to another stage by the to and fro motion of the plunger or piston of the pump.
&n non%positive displacement pump the li'uid is transferred by the centrifugal force. This force is cause cause due to the rotary movement movement of an impeller. &n this, this, our project, pedal operated reciprocating water pump is of positive displacement pump. The salient features of a pedal operated reciprocating water pump have been retained in our project model and this has been achieved with great care.
#ue to high precision work involved in producing pedal operated reciprocating water pump besides higher cost these pumps are not widely manufactured by most of the industrie industries. s. The very name itself itself indicates indicates that it works with the help of a piston. piston. This piston is reciprocated reciprocated with the help help of a solenoid valve and electronic timing timing control unit.
LITERATURE SURVEY
PNEUMATICS
The word word (pneum (pneuma) a) comes comes from from *reek *reek and means breather breather wind. wind. The word pneumatics is the study of air movement and its phenomena is derived from the word pneuma. Today pneumatics is mainly understood to means the application of air as a working medium in industry especially the driving and controlling of machines and e'uipment.
Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for carrying out the simplest mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a more important role in the development of pneumatic technology for automation.
Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air which must be made available in sufficient 'uantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system. When the pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed the necessary to deal with the 'uestion of compressed air supply.
The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using reciprocating compressor. compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered delivered the air at a high high pressure.
Compressor capacity is the actual 'uantity of air compressed and delivered and the volume e+pressed is that of the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature.
The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robert oyle in -/0 and that found that the product of pressure and volume of a particular 'uantity of gas.
The usual written as
P1 2 C
3or4 P515 2 P010
&n this e'uation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is about -6.7 Psi and is of courage capable of maintaining a column of mercury, nearly 89 inches high in an ordinary barometer. ny gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is the mostly used system now a days.
SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS
!ech !echan ani: i:at atio ion n is broa broadl dly y defi define ned d as the the repl replac acem emen entt of manu manual al effo effort rt by mecha mechanic nical al power. power. Pneuma Pneumatic tic is an attrac attractiv tivee mediu medium m for low cost cost mechan mechani:a i:atio tion n particularly for se'uential 3or4 repetitive operations. !any factories and plants already have a compressed air system, which is capable of providing the power 3or4 energy re'uirements and the control system 3although e'ually pneumatic control systems systems may be economic and can be advantageously applied to other forms of power4.
The The main main adva advant ntag agee of an all all pneu pneuma mati ticc syst system em are are usua usuall lly y econ econom omic ic and and simplicity the latter reducing maintenance to a low level. &t can also have out standing advantages in terms of safety.
PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSED AIR
Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air, which must be made available. &n sufficient 'uantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system. When pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed the necessary to deal with the 'uestion of compressed air supply.
The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using reciprocating compressor. compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered delivered the air at a high high pressure.
Compressor capacity is the actual 'uantity of air compressed and delivered and the volume e+pressed is that of the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature. Clean condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which decides the life of a compressor. Warm and moist suction air will result in increa increased sed precip precipita itatio tion n of conde condense nse from from the compre compress ssed ed air. air. Compre Compresso ssorr may be classified in two general types.
-. Positi Positive ve displac displaceme ement nt compres compressor sor.. 0. Turb Turbo o comp compre ress ssor or
Posi Positi tive ve disp displa lace ceme ment nt comp compre ress ssor orss are are
most most fre' fre'ue uent ntly ly empl employ oyed ed for for
compressed air plant and have proved highly successful and supply air for pneumatic control application.
The types of positive compressor -. Recipr Reciproca ocatin ting g type comp compre resso ssor r 0. Rota Rotary ry type type com compr pres esso sor r
Turbo compressors are employed where large capacity of air re'uired at low discharge discharge pressures pressures.. They cannot cannot attain attain pressure pressure necessary necessary for pneumatic pneumatic control appl applic icat atio ion n unle unless ss buil builtt in mult multis ista tage ge desi design gnss and and are are seld seldom om enco encoun unte tere red d in pneumatic service. service.
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
uilt for either stationary 3or4 portable service the reciprocating compressor is by far the most common type. Reciprocating compressors lap be had is si:es from the smallest capacities to deliver more than ;99 m<=min. &n single stage compressor, the air pressure may be of / bar machines discharge of pressure is up to -; bars. #ischarge pressure in the range of 0;9 bars can be obtained with high pressure reciprocating compressors that of three > four stages.
?ingle ?ingle stage stage and -099 -099 stage stage models models are partic particula ularly rly suitab suitable le for pneuma pneumatic tic applications , with preference going to the two stage design as soon as the discharge pressure e+ceeds / bar , because it in capable capable of matching the performance performance of single stage stage machine at lower costs per driving powers in the range .
COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
Pneumatic cylinder
n air air cyli cylind nder er is an oper operat ativ ivee devi device ce in whic which h the the stat statee inpu inputt ener energy gy of compressed air i.e. pneumatic power is converted in to mechanical output power, by reducing the pressure of the air to that of the atmosphere.
Single acting cylinder
?ingle acting cylinder is only capable of performing an operating medium in only one direction. ?ingle acting cylinders e'uipped with one inlet for the operating air pressure, can be production production in several fundamentally fundamentally different designs.
?ingle cylinders develop power in one direction only. Therefore no heavy control e'uipment should be attached to them, which re'uires to be moved on the piston return stoke single action cylinder re'uires only about half the air volume consumed by a double acting for one operating cycle.
Do!le acting cylinder"#
double acting cylinder is employed in control systems with the full pneumatic cushioning and it is essential when the cylinder itself is re'uired to retard heavy messes. This can only be done at the end positions of the piston stock. &n all intermediate position a separate e+ternally mounted cushioning derive most be provided with the damping feature.
The normal escape of air is out off by a cushioning piston before the end of the stock is re'uired. s a result the sit in the cushioning chamber is again compressed since it cannot escape but slowly according to the setting made on reverses. The air freely enters the cylinder and the piston stokes in the other direction at full force and velocity.
$%$%&% Part" o' Pne(atic Cylinder
Pi"ton
The piston is a cylindrical member of certain length which reciprocates inside the cylind cylinder. er.
The diamet diameter er of the piston piston is slightl slightly y less less than that of the cylind cylinder er bore
diameter and it is is fitted to the top of the piston piston rod. &t is one of the important part which converts the pressure energy into mechanical power.
The piston is e'uipped with a ring suitably proportioned and it is relatively soft rubber which is capable of providing good sealing with low friction at the operating pressure. The purpose of piston is to provide means of conveying the pressure of air inside the cylinder to the piston of the oil cylinder.
*enerally piston is made up of
luminium alloy%light and medium work.
rass or bron:e or C&%@eavy duty.
The piston piston is double double acting acting type. type.
The piston piston moves moves forward forward when the high%
pressure air is turned from the right side of cylinder. The piston moves backward when high pressure acts acts on the piston from the the left side of the cylinder. The piston should be as strong and rigid as possible.
The efficiency and economy of the machine primarily depends on the working of the piston. &t must operate in the cylinder cylinder with a minimum of friction friction and should be able to withstand the high compressor force developed in the cylinder and also the shock load during operation.
The piston should posses the following 'ualities. a. The movem movement ent of the the piston piston not not creates creates much noise. noise. b. &t should be frictionless. frictionless. c. &t shoul should d withs withstan tand d high high pressu pressure. re.
Pi"ton Rod
The piston rod is circular in cross cross section. &t connects piston piston with piston piston of other cylinder. cylinder. The piston piston rod rod is made made of mild mild steel steel ground ground and polis polished. hed. high finish finish is is essential essential on the outer rod surface surface to minimi:e minimi:e wear on the rod seals. seals. The piston piston rod is connected connected to the piston piston by mechanic mechanical al fastening. fastening. The piston piston and the piston rod can be separated if necessary.
Ane end of the piston piston rod is connected to the bottom of the piston. piston. The other end of the piston piston rod is connected connected to the other piston piston rod by means of coupling coupling.. The piston piston transmits the working working force to the oil cylinder through the piston piston rod. The piston rod is designed to withstand withstand the high compressive compressive force. &t should avoid bending bending and withstand shock loads caused by the cutting force. The piston moves inside the rod seal fi+ed in the bottom cover plate of the cylinder. The sealing arrangements prevent the leakage of air from the bottom of the cylinder while the rod reciprocates through it.
Cylinder Co)er Plate"
The cylinder should be enclosed to get the applied pressure from the compressor and act on the pinion. pinion. The cylinder cylinder is thus closed closed by the cover plates plates on both the ends such that there there is no leakage leakage of air. n inlet port is is provided on the top cover plate and an outlet ports on the the bottom cover plate. plate. There is also also a hole drilled for the the movement of the piston.
The cylinder cover plate protects the cylinder from dust and other particle and maintains maintains the same same pressure pressure that is taken taken from the compressor. compressor. The flange flange has to hold the piston in both both of its e+treme e+treme positions. The piston hits hits the top plat during the return stroke and hits the bottom plate plate during end of forward forward stroke. ?o the cover plates plates must be strong enough to withstand withstand the load.
Cylinder Monting Plate"#
&t is attached to the cylinder cover plates and also to the carriage with the help of (B) bends and bolts.
SPRAC*ET AND C+AIN DRIVE MEC+ANISM#,
This This is a cycl cyclee chai chain n spro sprock cket et.. The The chai chain n spro sprock cket et is coup couple led d with with anot anothe herr generator shaft.
The The chai chain n conv conver erts ts rota rotati tion onal al powe powerr to pull pullin ing g powe power, r, or pull pullin ing g powe powerr to rotational power, by engaging with the sprocket.
The sprocket looks like a gear but differs in three important ways
-. ?prockets have many engaging teeth" teeth" gears usually have only one or two. 0. The teeth of a gear touch and slip slip against each other" other" there is basically no slippage slippage in a sprocket. 8. The shape of the teeth is different in gears and and sprockets.
Digure Types of ?prockets
+OUSE AND FITINGS#
&t is provided for the passage of compressed air from the compressor outlet to the operating valve.
Two separate pipes also connect the operating valve with the working cylinder pressure drop through and air line depends on the flow rate, pipe diameter, pipe length and pipe geometry. geometry. &t can be determined determined directly for straight pipes of any given length. length. small chaining bore si:e can have marked effect on pressure drop, where as even doubling the pipe length, will only result in doubling the pressure drop.
Pressure drop through bends and fittings can only be determined by empirical tests, since it is specific specific to the internal internal geometry involved. involved. Rigid pipes however however are less manipulated through remain form of bends with arrangements increase and variable air have to flow and the flow itself itself may be of fluctuating fluctuating or pulsating nature. nature. &n this case it is thus normally based on practical recommendation. recommendation.
SEALS#
?eal is an important component of a pneumatic system and is used to prevent the air leakage through the joint.
This project passes passes the static static seal which are used to prevent prevent the leakage leakage through the stationary surface.
!aterial of the seal seal is Teflon tape. tape. Teflon has the following following properties
Withstand the system pressure and temperature without any damage.
Resist the wear and abrasion.
Recover from deformation.
Resist Resistss the advers adversee effect effectss such such as deteri deteriora oratio tion n and shrin shrinkin king g caused by the system air.
?eals are devices for closing gaps to prevent leakage or make pressure joints and also to prevent the entry of air and dirt from outside into the system. system. The material of seal must be compatible compatible with the fluid medium. medium. &t is a circular ring ring made of synthetic rubber. rubber. &t is used for providing tight sealing sealing between the piston piston and the cylinder wall. wall. &t prevents air leakage from the top and bottom of the cylinder.
?eals for air cylinder and valves are not normally called upon to seal pressure higher higher than about 0 bars. ?ince ?ince the fluid to be seated seated is a gas, 3in our case case air4 rubbing rubbing speeds tends to be high and the seal the seal may have to be operated under dry conditions with minimal lubrication.
NON,RETURN VALVE#,
T+EORY OF OPERATION
The non%return valve is employed in all those circuits where the fluid must flow in one way only, avoiding the flow in the opposite direction.
TO O-TAIN PERFECT SEALING
&. !ake sure that all tubes are perfectly clean
and that there are no impurities in the system where the fluid will flow. .% Remove protective caps only when ready to
assem assemble ble,, making making sure sure that that in the assemb assembly ly phase no impurities impurities enter the system. system.
TEC+NICAL C+ARACTERISTICS &. The non%return valve assures a perfect tightness of the circuit, provided that the
indicated nominal working pressures are kept as recalled in this catalogue. .% The particular profile of its inner elements assures the correct flow with a minimum
pressure drop.
/% The valve is a compact, particularly sturdy element" the seal is obtained by a plain seat
metal to metal plug with an electrometric seal gasket assuring tightness at low working pressures. $% basic body allows to interchange different types of non return valves applying from
time to time the different engaged stud ends as chosen by the customer allowing an easy logistic of the stock. 0% The valve may be used for convoying mineral oils, fuels, compressed air or gases. 1% The nominal working temperature is between E09F and G-09F Celsius degrees for
carbon carbon steel, steel, and between between E/9F and G099F Celsius Celsius degrees for stainles stainlesss steel. steel. The limit limit may change according to the type of gasket used.
COMPONENT TESTING
1alves are checked for leakages at low pressure and at high pressure 3nominal working pressures plus 88H4.
SAFETY FACTORS
?afety factor is 0.;- at static load with temperature within range. FINIS+ TREATMENT
ll valves are treated with a chemical polishing with steel spheres which eliminate all o+ides and burrs due to the machining phase, without altering or damaging the product. ll valves valves are plugged to avoid internal internal damages. damages.
DESIGN OF E2UIPMENT AND DRA3ING
Pne(atic Pne(atic co(4onent" and it" "4eci'ication
The pneumatic cutting and Diling machine consists of the following components to full fill the re'uirements of complete operation of the machine.
-. #ouble acting pneumatic cylinder 0. Connectors 8. @oses
&% Do!le Do!le acti acting ng 4ne( 4ne(ati aticc cylind cylinder er Tec5nical Data
?troke length
Cylinder stoker length -/9 mm 2 9.-/ m
Piston rod
-I mm 2 -I + -9J< m
Kuantity
0
?eals
$itride 3una%$4 Llastomer
Lnd cones
Cast iron
Piston
L$ E I
!edia
ir
Temperature
9%I9 M C
Pressure Range
I $=mN
.% Connector"
Tec5nical data
!a+ working pressure
-9 + -9 ⁵ $=mN
Temperature
9%-99 M C
Dluid media
ir
!aterial
rass
/% +o"e"
Tec5nical date
!a+ pressure
-9 + -9 ⁵ $=mN
Auter diameter
/ mm 2 / + -9 J
&nner diameter
8.; mm 2 8.; + -9 J
DESIGN CALCULATION PNEUMATIC CYLINDER#
De"ign o' Pi"ton rod# Boad due to air Pressure. #iameter of the Piston 3d4
2
69 mm
Pressure acting 3p4
2
/ kgf=cm²
!aterial used for rod
2
C 6;
Oield stress 3 σy4
2
8/ kgf=mm²
ssuming factor of safety
2
0
Dorce acting on the rod 3P4 2
P #esign ?tress3 σy4
∴ d
Pressure + rea
2
p + 3Πd² = 64
2
/ + 3 Π + 6² ) = 6 Q
2
78.8/ gf
2
σy = D9 ?
I gf=mm²
2
8/ = 0
2
2
P = 3Π d² = 6 4
2
√ 6 p = Π S σy
2
√ 6 + 7;.8/ = Π + -IQ
2
√ ;.88
2
0.8 mm
!inimum ∴ !i
diameter re'uired for the load
2
0.8 mm
2
-; mm
!aterial used
2
Cast iron
ssuming internal diameter of the cylinder
2
7; mm
We assume diameter of the rod
DISTRI-UTION C+AM-ER# De"ign o' cylinder t5ic6ne""#
Ultimate tensile stress
2
0;9 $=mm²
Working ?tress
2
Ultimate tensile stress = factor of safety
2
6
2
0;99 = 6
2
ri √ 3f t G p4 = 3f t E p 4 %- Q
ssuming factor of safety Working stress 3 f t 4
2
2
0;99 gf=mm²
/0; gf=cm²
ccording to (B!L? LKUT&A$)
!ini !inimu mum m thic thickn knes esss of cyli cylind nder er 3 t 4
Where, ri
2
inner radius of cylinder in cm.
f t
2
Working stress 3gf=cm²4
p
2
Working pressure in in gf=cm²
?ubstituting ∴ ?ubstituting
values we we get,
t
2
8.7; √ 3/0; G /4 = 3 /0; E /4 %-Q
t
2
9.98/ cm
2
We assume thickness of cylinder
2
7.; mm
&nner diameter of barrel
2
7; mm
Auter diameter of barrel
2
7; G 0t
2
7; G 3 0 + 7.; 4 2
9.8/ mm
9 mm
De"ign o' Pi"ton rod# Dia(eter o' Pi"ton Rod#
Dorce of piston Rod 3P4
lso, force on piston rod 3P4
2
Pressure + area 2
2
/ + 3Π = 64 + 37.;4²
2
0/; gf
2
3Π=64 3d p4² + f t
P
2
3V=64 + 3dp4² + /0;
0;/
2
3V=64 + 3dp4² + /0;
∴ dp²
2
0;/ + 36=V4 + 3-=/0;4
2
9.;0
2
-.I7 cm
dp
2
p + Π/4 3d²4
-I.7 mm
y standardi:ing dp
2
09 mm
Lengt5 o' 4i"ton rod#
pproach stroke
2
;9 mm
Bength of threads
2
0 + 09 2
L+tra length due to front cover
2
-0 mm
L+tra length of accommodate head
2
09 mm
Total length of the piston rod
2
;9 G 69 G -0 G 09
2
-0.0 cm
2
-09 mm
y standardi:ing, length of the piston rod
69mm
3OR*ING PRINCIPLE
&nitia &nitially lly start starting ing with with cycle cycle pedali pedaling ng operat operation ion is manual manually. ly. The sprock sprocket et is coupled to another sprocket with the help of chain drive. The second sprocket shaft is coupled to the Cam plate with the help of Lnd bearings. The Cam plate is coupled to the pneumatic cylinder with the help of Cam shaft
The 0 outlet outlet ports ports are connec connected ted to an actuat actuator or 3Cylinde 3Cylinder4. r4.
The pneuma pneumatic tic
3OR*ING PRINCIPLE
&nitia &nitially lly start starting ing with with cycle cycle pedali pedaling ng operat operation ion is manual manually. ly. The sprock sprocket et is coupled to another sprocket with the help of chain drive. The second sprocket shaft is coupled to the Cam plate with the help of Lnd bearings. The Cam plate is coupled to the pneumatic cylinder with the help of Cam shaft
The 0 outlet outlet ports ports are connec connected ted to an actuat actuator or 3Cylinde 3Cylinder4. r4.
The pneuma pneumatic tic
activates is a double double acting, single rod cylinder. cylinder. The cylinder output is coupled coupled to further purpose. The piston end has a water horning effect to prevent sudden thrust at e+treme ends. The end of the cylinder two $on return valve is connected for both of the side. Ane $on return valve for suction suction side and another another one non return valve are are for delivery side. side.
The pedaling operation done by manually with the help of man and this power is transferred to the Cam mechanism. This Cam and cam shaft is used to activate the pneumatic cylinder. The pneumatic cylinder forward stroke is suction the water and return stroke will deliver the water.
FA-RICATION COMPONENTS#
Piston
ctuating rod
ase Plate
ush
Dle+ible hoses
Cylinder block
Pi"ton#
The piston piston is fitted fitted in the cylind cylinder er block block and recipro reciproca cates tes inside inside..
When When the
solenoid valve supplies the air in the front end of the piston, the piston is pushed forward. This moves the hacksaw and the cutting stroke takes place. Then the solenoid solenoid valve supplies supplies air to the the rear end of the piston. The pressure is same but the contact area is less due to the presence of the piston rod and pushes the piston at a greater pressure thus resulting in a fast return stroke. The material for the piston is luminum. luminum.
Actating Rod#
The actuating rod is fitted inside the bush. &t is connected at one end to the piston rod and at the other other end it is connected to the hacksaw frame. frame. &t reciprocates reciprocates inside the bush. The material for the the actuating rod is mild steel.
-a"e Plate#
ll the components components of the machine machine are mounted on the base plate. &t withstands the vibrations encountered encountered during machining. machining. &t is mounted on the bench. bench.
Fle7i!le +o"e#
The fle+ible fle+ible hoses connect connect the solenoid solenoid valve valve and the cylinder cylinder block. @oses @oses are made of in layer of elastomer 3or4 synthetic rubber and braided fabric which takes up the higher pressure. &f the hose is subjected subjected to rubbing, it should be enclosed enclosed in a protective sleeve.
Cylinder !loc6#
The The cyli cylind nder er bloc block k has has two two open openin ing g for for admi admitt ttin ing g air air insi inside de the the bloc block k for for achieving achieving the reciproc reciprocation ation motion motion of the piston. piston. The material material for cylinder cylinder block block is luminium.
-"5# &t is cylindri cylindrical cal in shape shape with with a central central hole. hole. &t supports supports the the actuating actuating rod. rod. The actuating rod reciprocates reciprocates in the bore at the bush. The material for the bush is mild steel. steel.
APPLICATIONS
?ince the Pedal operated reciprocating water Pump is more efficient it is used for pumping the water or oil mostly. •
#omestic pplications
•
&ndustrial pplications
&t is widely applicable in industrial practices. &t is used, -. &n hydr hydraul aulic ic lift liftss and and acks acks 0. &n hydr hydrau auli licc pres presss 8. &n load load transf transfer er appl applica icatio tions ns 6. &n hydr hydrau auli licc pul pulle ler r ;. &n serv servic icee cen cente ters rs /. &n mechanica mechanicall clamping clamping applicati applications ons 7. &n deep deep drawin drawing, g, shea shearin ring g etc etc I. &n machine machine shops shops for actuati actuating ng various various machines machines . &n whee wheell mechan mechanism ism of of an aero aero crafts crafts
nd it is used used in all places places wherever wherever positive positive displacement displacement is re'uired. re'uired. There it has a wide range of application in all fields.
NEED FOR AUTOMATION
$owadays almost all the manufacturing process is being atomi:ed in order to deliver the products at a faster rate. rate. The manufacturing manufacturing operation is being atomi:ed atomi:ed for the following reasons.
To achieve achieve mass mass production production
To reduce man power
To increase the efficiency of the plant
To reduce the work load
To reduce the production cost
To reduce the production time
To reduce the material handling
To reduce the fatigue of workers
To achieve good product 'uality
Bess !aintenance
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
ADVANTAGES#
Lven if all the other pumps are similar in use the Pedal operated reciprocating water pump is more advantageous than the other pumps.
-. This This is is of compac compactt in in si:e si:e 0. Bess Bess !ain !ainten tenan ance ce is is enou enough gh 8. The oil oil or water water pumped pumped is is of highe higherr pressur pressuree 6. Kuite Kuite running running and smooth smooth operation operation is achiev achieved. ed. ;. @igh @igher er effi effici cien ency cy /. Dull efficient efficient positive positive displace displacement ment pump 7. Lffect Lffective ive workin working g princ principl iplee I. &t does not have have any Prime Prime mover, mover, like elect electric ric motor motor relate related d to the unit. . s the air air is freely freely availab available, le, we can can utili:e utili:e the air air to pumping pumping the water and hence it is economical. -9. Bess !aintenance
LIMITATIONS
&t is costlier than the other types of pump because of compressor unit.
Bess efficiency when compressed to other device.
Beakage of air affects the working of the unit.
