Di Indonesia
Di Ind Indone onesi siaa te terd rdapa apatt > 400 ban bangun gunan an lep lepas as pan pantai tai
Banyak Bany ak se seka kali li di dian anta tarra ba bang ngun unan an le lepa pass pa panta ntaii te ters rseb ebut ut su suda dah h ha habi biss us usia ia tekn te knis isny nyaa da dan n at atau au ti tida dak k ek ekon onom omis is la lagi gi un untu tuk k di dila lanj njut utka kan n op oper eras asin inya ya
Secaraa um Secar umum um me menur nurut ut per peratu atura ran n ya yang ng ber berlak laku, u, instalas instalasii per pertam tamban bangan gan ya yang ng tida ti dak k di dipa paka kaii la lagi gi ha haru russ di dibo bong ngka karr
Penyimp Penyi mpang angan an dar darii per peratu atura ran n ya yang ng ber berlak laku u dap dapat at me menim nimbul bulkan kan ber berbag bagai ai resik res iko o yang tida tidak k dii diingink nginkan. an.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Legal Teknis Kese eselam lamata atan n dan Lin Lingku gkunga ngan n Finansial
1958 Geneva Convention Convention on the Continental Continental Shelf Article 5 (5) 1982 United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS ) Article 60 (3 ) 3. International Maritime Organization (IMO ) Guidelines 1989 4. 1972 London Dumping Convention 1. 2.
Per erat atur uran an Pem emer erin inta tah h (P (PP P) No. 17 tahun 1974 pa pasa sall 21 Suat Su atu u in inst stal alas asii pe pert rtam amba bang ngan an ya yang ng ti tida dak k di dipa paka kaii la lagi gi ha haru russ dibo di bong ngka karr se selu luruh ruhny nyaa da dala lam m ja jang ngka ka wa wakt ktu u ya yang ng di dite teta tapka pkan n Direktur Dire ktur Jendr Jendral.d al.dst st
Kom ompo pone nen n st stru rukt ktur ur ut utam amaa
Opsi-opsi pembong pembongkaran karan
Peralatan Per alatan yang digunakan digunakan
Deck
Jacket Jack et dan Condu Conductor ctor
Pipelines
1. 2. 3. 4.
Dirobohkan Dirobohka n ditem ditempat pat Pem embong bongkar karan an selu seluruh ruhny nyaa dan dibu dibuang ang kela elaut ut Pem embong bongkar karan an selu seluruh ruhny nyaa dan dibu dibuang ang dida didara ratt Pem embong bongkar karan an seb sebagi agian, an, dec deck k dibaw dibawaa ke dar darat at dan jac jack ket ditingg dit inggalk alkan an dit ditem empat pat ata atau u dib dibong ongkar kar seb sebagi agian. an.
Sheer leg Crane Vessel Mono hull Rotary Crane Vesse essell Semisubmersible Crane Vessel Cutting Devices Transport barge & Tug
Explosive
Cutting Devices
Non explosive Cutting Devices
Bulk Explosive Charge Configured Bulk Charge Cutting Charges Fracturing Frac turing Charges Shock wave Fracturing Charges Radial Hollow Charge
Mechanical cutter Abrasive cutter Hydraulic cutter Diamond wire cutter Diver cut Pyrotechnic cutter Cryogenics Chemical cutter
Usi siaa ban angu guna nan n J Jen enis is / keg eguna unaan an ba bangu nguna nan n Lokasi Loka si ge geogr ografis afis Kedal Ke dalama aman n lau lautt Laju La ju er eros osii at atau au la lajju end ndap apan an Berat Ber at ban bangun gunan an Karrak Ka akte teri rist stik ik ta tana nah h di da dasa sarr la laut ut Perlatan Per latan yang tersed tersedia ia
Komposisi Kompo sisi mat materia eriall yang yang terd terdapat apat pad padaa ban banguna gunan n Metode Met ode dec decommis ommissioning sioning Med edia ia lingk lingkun unga gan n da dan n lo loka kasi si geo eogr grafi afiss te tempa mpatt pem pembu buan anga gan n Sika Si kap p pub publi lik k
Kwa walita litass air Karakt Kar akteri eristik stik ge geolo ologis gis dan hid hidrog rogra rafis fis Keb eber erad adaa aan n spe spesi sies es ya yang ng tera teranc ncam am pun punah ah at atau au ya yang ng perlu perlu dilindungi Jeniss habita Jeni habitatt yang yang ada ada Sumb Su mber er da daya ya per perik ikan anan an lo loka kall Pot oten ensi si po polu lusi si ka karren enaa si sisa sa at ataau ker erus usaaka kan n in inst stal alal alas asii
Meng enguru uruss ij ijin in ya yang ng di diper perlu luka kan n Peren Pe rencan canaan aan dan eng enginee ineering ring Site survey Plug & abandonment sumur Platform decommissioning Membong Mem bongkar kar deck Membo Me mbongk ngkar ar Pil Pilee dan Ja Jack cket et Membe Me mbersih rsihkan kan Lok Lokasi asi
Men enyi yiapk apkan an do doku kume men n per permi minta ntaan an pe pena nawa wara ran n pe pek kerj erjaa aan n engine eng ineerin ering, g, dan pel pelaks aksanaa anaan n fisik Pen enunj unjuk ukan an kons onsul ulta tan n da dan n kon ontr trak akto torr Penga Pe ngawas wasan an pela pelaksa ksanaa naan n pek pekerj erjaan aan Menyu Me nyususu susun n lapo lapora ran n pela pelaksa ksanaa naan n pek pekerj erjaan aan
Keda edalam laman an min minimu imum m pem pemoto otongan ngan ban bangun gunan an Prose osedu durr pen pengg gguna unaan an explosive 2. Pr embers ersihan ihan lok lokasi asi 3. Pemb 1.
Biaya pem Biaya pembon bongk gkar aran an stru struktu kturr Stru St rukt ktur ur pe pend ndan anaa aan n
Ratusa Ratu san n ba bang ngun unan an le lepa pass pa pant ntai ai di Gu Gulf lf of Mexico telah dibongkar dibon gkar,, data meng mengenai enai bia biaya ya pembon pembongkar gkaranny annyaa dapat digu di gunak nakan an se seba baga gaii ac acua uan n de deng ngan an pe peny nyesu esuai aian an ya yang ng di dipe perl rluk ukan an Beb Be ber erap apaa ba bang ngun unan an le lepa pass pa pant ntai ai di La Laut ut Jawa jug ugaa su suda dah h ad adaa yan y ang g dib dibong ongka karr. Data Data da datan tanya ya ju juga ga da dapat pat di dipak pakai ai se seba baga gaii ba bahan han pertimbangan Arco Ar co Ind Indones onesia ia dan dan Petr etronas onas Mal Malay aysia sia perna pernah h mel melaku akukan kan stu study dy estima est imasi si bia biaya ya pem pembon bongk gkar aran. an.
project ct managem management/ ent/ inspection inspection 7 % untuk proje untuk persiapa persiapan n platfo platform rm (platf (platform orm prepar preparation ation) 8% untuk abandonment ent (well (well) 12% untuk plug & abandonm pipelinee abando abandonment nment 5% untuk pipelin untuk pla platf tform orm re remo mova vall 51% untuk 4% untuk site clear clearanc ancee untuk k lai lain-la n-lain in 13% untu
Platform preparations costs costs are those related to cleaning a facility,, e.g., flushing facility f lushing piping and vessels and removing any material which might be hazardous during the decommissioning decomm issioning process. They also include making repairs necessary for safe operations such as well P&A and preparing equipment and production modules for lifting. These costs will will depend on the size and type of facility but generally are not difficult diff icult to estimate est imate accurately. accurately.
Overall, offshore facility decommissioning costs are are far more difficult to predict accurately compared to new construction const ruction costs. The reasons for this are very straight-forward: age of the facilities facil ities and lack l ack of accurate information. The latter issue particularly impacts the areas that can not be readily inspected: downhole downhole well conditions and pipelines. pipeli nes. These are the areas that have the greatest potential potentia l for cost variation when comparing comparing estimated and actual project cost.
PERBANDINGAN BIAYA PEMBONGKARAN PLATFORM DENGAN EXPLOSIVE
Kedalam an La Laut ut (ft)
Caisson
Well 4-Pile Protector Producti on platform
8-Pile drilling & producti on
50
100,000
180,000
470,000
760,000
150
-
-
780,000
1,030,000
250
-
-
1,275,000
1,945,000
Kedalam an Laut (ft)
Bulk Mechani Abrasive Explosive cal Cutting Cutting
Diver Cutting
50
470,000
662,000
60 5,000
785,000
10 0
620,000
871,000
780,000
1,070,000
150
780,000
1,079,000
950,000
1,415,000
200
960,000
1,295,000
1,185,000
n/a
250
1,275,000
1,660,000
1,520,000
n/a
The major cost element is platform removal services, ser vices, which involves involves all of the cost related to removal removal for the deck and jacket, including pile pi le severing and in most cases conductor severing and removal. The largest single contributor to platform removal is the cost related to derrick barge services. These may also be referred to as heavy-lift heav y-lift vessel services. The next most important activity is well plugging and abandonment (P&A ). It is important to note that the balance of cost contribution is very much dependent on the specific project. Well P&A cost can quickly become the major issue in facilities in relatively shallow water. Platform removal costs increase dramatically as water depth and, therefore, jacket weight increases.
Tak pe perl rlu u lag lagii me meng ngelu eluar arkan kan bia biaya ya pe peme melih lihara araan an dan pe penga ngawa wasan san ( Pe Pera rair iran an Indone Ind onesia sia ra rawa wan n pe pencu ncuria rian n te term rmasu asuk k ala alatt ban bantu tu nav naviga igasi si dan pe penc ncega egahan han kor korosi osi yan ang g te teta tap p ha haru russ ad adaa se sela lama ma ba bang ngun unan an ad adaa di dite temp mpat at )
Menghi Meng hila lang ngkan kan re resi siko ko ke kece cela lakaa kaan n te term rmasu asuk k ta tabr braka akan n de deng ngan an kap kapal al la laut ut ma maup upun un kapal kap al se sela lam m ( kapal kapal se sela lam m De Denm nmar ark k pern pernah ah me mena nabr brak ak pl plat atfo form rm di di Lau Lautt Ut Utar araa )
Meningka Menin gkatkan tkan cit citra ra bad badan an usa usaha ha te terka rkait it seb sebaga agaii ins instit titusi usi yan yang g pe pedul dulii ke kesel selama amatan tan dan lin lingku gkumga mgan n
Membant Memb antu u ke kelan lancar caran an aru aruss pe pelay layara aran n yan yang g tad tadin inya ya har harus us me menem nempu puh h jalu jalurr yan yang g lebi le bih h pa panj njan ang g un untu tuk k me meng nghi hind ndar arii ba bang ngun unan an le lepa pass pa pant ntai ai
International Law y y
195 1958
Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf Article 5(5) of the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf provides that: "Any installations which are abandoned or disused must be b e entirely removed". This Convention remains in full force and binding on the states that are party to to it, but b ut in relation to Article 5(5) states have taken the view that it no longer reflects customary international law, a view held since 1987 by the U.K. government.
1982
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea This Convention came into force in November 1994 and was ratified by the United Kingdom in 1997, although the United States has yet to ratify it. Notwithstanding the foregoing, its provisions in relation to the abandonment of installations have been accepted as representing customary international law, and that is the position of the U.K. government. Article 60.3 provides that "installations or structures which are abandoned or disused shall be removed to ensure safety of navigation, taking into account any generally accepted international standards established in this regard by the competent international organisation. Such removal shall also have due regard to fishing, the protection of the marine environment and the rights and duties of other States". The "competent international organisation" is the International Maritime Organisation ("IMO"), which in 1989, pursuant to a Resolution of the IMO, issued Guidelines and Standards (collectively, "Guidelines and Standards" and, individually, "Guidelines" and "Standards" ) for the Removal of Offshore Installations and Structures Structures on the Continental Shelf and in the Exclusive Economic Zone.
The IMO Resolution Resol ution recommends that member governments take take the Guidelines and Standards into account when making decisions regarding the removal removal of abandoned installations. installatio ns. The latter provide provide that an abandoned installation must be removed "except where nonremoval or partial removal is consistent with the following guidelines and standards". The Guidelines provide for the coastal state to consider each platform on a case-by-case basis and specify matters to be taken into consideration, including the "effect on the marine environment"; environmen t"; "the costs, technical feasibility, feasibility, and risks of injury to personnel"; and "the determination of a new use or other reasonable reasonable justification for allowing the installation ... to remain remain on the seabed."
The Standards provide for entire removal removal of installations in water depths of less than 75 metres, or 100 metres for installations installations installe installed d after 1 January 1998, and weig weighing hing less than 4,000 tonnes tonnes (excluding the deck and superstructure superstr ucture), unless removal is not technically feasible, feasibl e, would involve extreme cost, or is an unacceptable risk to personnel or the marine environment. environment. Installations in water depths exceeding 75 metres or a weight weight of 4,000 tonnes need not be remove removed d if they do not unjustifiably interfere with other uses of the sea. The Standards also allow for partial removal, provided an unobstructed unobstr ucted water column of 55 metres is left. The placement placement on the seabed of parts of an installation to create an artificial reef, as has occurred off the Florida coast to encourage fish breeding, is permitted, and all installations placed on any any Continental Shelf or in an Exclusive Economic Zone after 1 January 1998 are to be designed and built so that their entire removal is feasible.
Article 2 10 of the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention is also worth noting. This Article requires states to adopt rules "to prevent, reduce red uce and control pollution of the marine environment by dumping"; to establish global and regional rules and procedures to to prevent, reduce and control such pollution; and to adopt national laws no less effective effective than the global rules and and standards. Dumping is defined to include any deliberate deliberate disposal of platforms and man-made structures.
London Convention The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes W astes and Other O ther Matter was was signed sig ned on 2 9 December 1972 following an Inter-Governmental Conference held in London in the same year, and entered into i nto force on 30 August Augus t 1975. The IMO acts as the Secretariat Secretar iat to the Convention. There are 33 Contracting Contract ing Parties to the Convention, Conv ention, including Brazil, China, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway,, the Russian Norway Russia n Federation Federation,, the United Kingdom K ingdom and the United States.
The London Conv Convention ention applies to all seas worldwide and defines def ines "dumping" "dumpin g" as the deliberate disposal disposa l at sea of wastes or other matter (not incidental to normal operations) and of platforms and man-made structures. Article IV of the Convention prohibits the dumping of "any wastes or other matter" e xcept as specified in that Article, which prohibits the dumping of hazardous substances substances specified in Anne xe I; permits the dumping of substances listed in Anne xe II on issuanc issuancee of a special permit; and otherwise ot herwise grants grants the appropriate national authority authori ty a right to issue a general general permit per mit for the dumping of other wastes or matter, matter, subject to careful consideration consid eration of all the factors facto rs set out in Annexe III
