PHARMACOLOGY DRUG CHART – EXAM #2 ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Drug Name
NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents)
Salicylates
Disorder/Disease Treated
Affect inflammatory process Pain and inflammation Fever and headaches
Inflammation Used as an anti-platelet drug
Therapeutic Effects and Action
Side Effects and Contraindications
Relieve pain, reduce elevated body temperature, inhibit platelet aggregation Inhibit biosynthesis of prostaglandin
Gastric irritation if taken without food Sodium and water retention Alcoholic beverages should be avoided Peptic ulcers and gastric bleeding
Decreases inflammatory process by inhibiting prostaglandin Relieve pain by inhibiting enzyme COX
Should not be taken with other NSAIDs Risk for stroke and heart attack (makes blood thinner) so make sure not to take with other anticoagulants Do not take in last trimester of pregnancy Gastric irritation Sodium and water retention
Selective Cox-2 Inhibitors (Second Generation NSAIDs)
Decrease inflammation and pain Severe arthritic conditions Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis Relieves dysmenorrhea
Inhibits COX-2 (which normally promotes prostaglandin synthesis) but does not inhibit COX-1
Headaches, dzziness, sinusitis, nausea, flatulence, diarrhea, rash Peripheral edema
Corticosteroids
Antiinflammatory agents (prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone) used in arthritis and control of arthritic flareups (not drug of choice)
Suppressing various components of inflammatory process at injured site
Numerous serious side effects associated with prolonged use
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)
Alleviate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis; palliative rather than curative effects; results may take up weeks or months to see
Gold Therapy – Depressed migration of leukocytes and suppresses prostaglandin activity Inhibits lysosomal enzymes contained in leukocytes
Dermatitis, urticarial, erythema, alopecia, stomatitis, pharyngitis, gastritis, colitis, hepatitis, severe blood dyscrasias, anaphylactic shock; contraindicated in hemorrhagic conditions and lupus
Inhibits migration of leukocytes to the inflamed site
Gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain; contraindicated in renal, cardiac or GI problems
Used for gout prevention Helpful for patients with uric acid stones or with blood disorders like leukemia and polycythemia vera
Lowers uric acid levels
Diuresis, alkaline urine, anorexia, nausea, vomitin, diarrhea, stomatitis, dizziness, headache, rash, pruritis, malaise, metallic taste
Used for gout
Flushed skin, sore gums, headache Increase the rate of uric acid excretion Avoid aspririn because it causes uric by inhibiting reabsorption acid retention
Antigout Drugs Colchicine
Treats acute symptoms of gout, not effective in decreasing inflammation occurring in other disorders
Uric Acid Inhibitor
Uricosurics
NONOPIOID AND OPIOID ANALGESICS
Drug Name
NSAIDs
Acetaminophen
Morphine
Disorder/Disease Treated
Pain Inflammation Transient ischemic attacks (preventative)
Nonprescription reliever of pain
Relieves severe pain
Therapeutic Effects and Action
Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by different forms of COX
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and inhibition of hypothalamic heatregulator center
Depression of CNS and pain impulses because of binding to opiate receptor
Side Effects
Stomach and ulcer bleeding may occur because COX-1 inhibition decreases protection of stomach lining, severe GI problems may also occur, tinnitus, bronchospasm, urticarial (with hypersensitivity) Anorexia, nausea and vomiting as well as rash, severe hypoglycemia, oliguria and urticarial; could cause hemorrhage, hepatotoxicity, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia; contraindicated in severe hepatic or renal disease, alcoholism GI distress, drowsiness, dizziness, sedation, urinary retention, bradycardia, euphoria, hypotension
Meperidine
Hydromorphone
Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA)
Transdermal Opioid Analgesics
Adjuvant Analgesics
Opioid Agonists-Antagonists
synthetic opioid used for pain, used in pregnancy
CNS depressant
Decrease in blood pressure Contraindicated in patients with chronic pain, severe liver dysfunction, sickle cell, history of seizures, CAD and cardiac dysrhythmias
Relief of moderate to severe pain
Depressant
Make sure to watch respiration and provide adequate hydration
Self-administration of pain medication
Same as morphine
Oversedation
Treats chronic pain
Transdermal patch that is used during the skin, more potent than morphine
Irritation of skin, dependence, etc.
Relief of pain in neuropathy
Act on peripheral nerves and CNS by inhibiting spontaneous neuronal firing
Low dosages kept especially if in combination with other drugs
Pain relief
Used in the hopes of decreasing abuse
CNS toxicity from high doses
ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS
Drug Name
Phenothiazines
Nonphenothiazines
Atypical Serotonin/Dopamine Antagonists
Disorder/Disease Treated
Therapeutic Effects and Action
Side Effects
Treats psychotic behavior
Blocks dopamine receptors in the brain and controls psychotic symptoms
Sedation, dizziness, headache, dry mouth, nasal congestion, blurred vision, photosensitivity, nausea, constipation, urinary retention, polyuria and peripheral edema
Antipsychotic drug
Blocks dopamine receptors
Sedation and EPS may occur Drowsiness and anticholinergic effects
Interferes with binding of dopamine to dopamine (D2) and serotonin receptors
Weight gain, tremors, and occasional rigidity, orthostatic hypotension, EPS, ECG changes, convulsions, headache, dry mouth, photosensitivity, sexual dysfunction
Treat both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Anxiolytics
Treat anxiety and insomnia
Potentiate gamma-aminobutryic (GABA) effects by binding to specific benzodiazepine receptors and inhibit GABA neurotransmission
Drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, confusion, blurred vision, nausea, V, anorexia, sleep disturbance, restlessness, hallucinations
ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND MOOD STABILIZERS
Drug Name
Herbal Supplements
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Lithium (Mood Stabilizer)
Disorder/Disease Treated
Therapeutic Effects and Action
Side Effects
Treat depression, manage mild depression
St. John’s Wort – decrease reuptake of neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine
May interfere with SSRIs which cause serotonin syndrome—dizziness, headache, sweating, agitation
Treat major depression
Block uptake o the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin
Orthostatic hypotension, sedation, anticholinergic effects, cardiac toxicity and seizures
Major depressive disorders, anxiety, disorders like OC, panic, phobias, PTSD and other anxiety
Block reuptake of serotonin into the nerve terminal of CNS, do not block uptake of dopamine or norepinephrine
Dry mouth, blurred vision, insomnia, headache, nervousness, anorexia, N, D, suicidal ideation, sexual dysfunction
Treatment of depression
Inactivates norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine and serotonin
Hypertensive crisis from food-drug interactions, do not take with TCAs, CNS stimulation, agitation, orthostatic hypotension and anti cholinergic effects
Bipolar affective disorder
Calming effect without impairing intellectual activity, controls evidence of flight of ideas and hyperactivity, manic behavior may return of the person stops taking lithium. Alters ion transport in muscle and nerve cells and increases receptor sensitivity to serotonin
Headache, lethargy, drowsiness, dizziness, etc; urinary incontinence, hyponatremia, clonic movements, stupor, azotemia, leukocytosis, nephrotoxicity
ANTITUBERCULARS, ANTIFUNGALS, PEPTIDES AND METRONIDAZOLE
Drug Name
Antitubercular Drugs
Antifungal Drugs
Peptides
Disorder/Disease Treated
Therapeutic Effects and Action
Side Effects
Tuberculosis
Inhibits tubercle cell wall synthesis and blocks pyridoxine which is used for intracellular enzyme production
Drowsiness, tremors, rash, blurred vision, photosensitivity, tinnitus, dry mouth, constipation, N, V, psychotic behavior, peripheral neuropathy, etc.
Fungal infections; fungistatic or fungicidal depending on dose and susceptibility
Increase permeability of fungal cell membrane (fluconazole)
Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, headache, rash and burning sensation in vagina No adverse reactions known
Treat bacterial infections (Polymixin B)
Interfering with cell membrane of bacterium and cause cell death
High serum levels cause nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity and parasethesias, redness, rash, nausea and vomiting
ANTIVIRALS, ANTIMALARIALS AND ANTIHELMINTICS
Drug Name
Disorder/Disease Treated
Therapeutic Effects and Action
Side Effects
Antiviral Non-HIV Drugs
Prevent or delay the spread of a viral infection
Interference with the synthesis of viral DNA
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, tremors, lethargy, rash, increased bleeding at IV site, urticarial, anemia, gingival hyperplasia, neuropathy, seizures, nephrotoxicity and leukopenia
Antiviral HIV Drugs
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors
Prevents synthesis of DNA and allows T4 lymphocytes to increase initially
None noted
Antimalarial Drugs
Treats acute malaria; prophylaxis for malaria
Increased pH in the malaria parasite inhibits parasitic growth
Anorexia, N, V, D, abdominal cramps, fatigue, ECG changes, hypotension, psychosis
Antihelmintic Drugs
Treat parasitic worms
Expels them, I suppose
GI distress and neurologic problems like dizziness, weakness, headache and drowsiness
DRUGS FOR URINARY TRACT DISORDERS
Drug Name
Disorder/Disease Treated
Therapeutic Effects and Action
Side Effects
Treat acute and chronic UTIs
Inhibits bacterial enzymes and metabolism
Anorexia, N, V, D discoloration of urine, diarrhea, rash pruritus, dizziness, headache, superinfection, peripheral neuropathy, hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis
Urinary Analgesics
Relieves urinary pain and burning
Frequency and urgency of urination are relieved
GI disturbances, hemolytic anemia, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity
Urinary Stimulants
Helps with neurogenic bladders and when bladder function is decreased
Increase tone of detrusor urinal muscle which produces a strong enough contraction strong enough to stimulate urination
None noted
Urinary Antiseptics and Antiinfectives and Antibiotics
Urinary Antispasmodics/Antimuscarinics
Relief of urinary tract spasms resulting from infection or injury
Antimuscarinic – block parasympathetic nerve impulses Antispasmodics – direct action of smooth muscle of urinary tract
Contraindicated in urinary or GI obstruction or glaucoma Dry mouth, increased heart rate, dizziness, intestinal distension, constipation
