Trong những năm giữa thế kỉ XX, khi ngành Hóa học hữu cơ phát triển và đạt được nhiều thành tựu rực rỡ trong việc phát minh các sulfamit, aspirin, paracetamol, veronal, gardenal,… và tổng hợ…Full description
Alcohol and Phenol dpp for JEE M&A
How to produce phenol formaldehyde resin
KBR Technology Sheet - Phenol Production
Full description
cumene to phenol 2Full description
Bakelit
production of phenol from benzeneFull description
Full description
cumene to phenol
Cumene-to-phenol mechanismFull description
Bakelit
Full description
Full description
PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE
it is a mini project which covers the aspects such as why it is economical to produce aniline by this process, process chemistry and the process flow.Full description
it is a mini project which covers the aspects such as why it is economical to produce aniline by this process, process chemistry and the process flow.
Engineers guide on cumene peroxidation process thatFull description
Reactivity of phenol Solubility in Water
Ethanol is two-thirds alkyl chain and a nd one-third one-third water itself, so it is close enough to be completely soluble at any ratio with water by forming hydrogen bond with water molecule. However, phenol is only around one-seventh "water" with the rest of it trapped in a carbon ring. This prevents water being able to bond at all with most of the molecule, and is thus only slightly soluble. Phenol is more soluble in NaOH than in water is because phenol is slightly acidic. The Ka for phenol in water is 1e-10 which is not very strong. But by mixing with NaOH, it causes the phenol to release the H+ to form sodium phenoxide. The one negative charge on this compound can move to different locations in the phenol to form different resonances and create very stable compound. Furthermore, the reaction between NaOH and phenol is exothermic, and the equilibrium lies far to the right making the sodium phenoxide extra stable. Acidity of Phenol
Alcohols and phenol contain an -OH group attached t o a hydrocarbon which is a very weak acid. A hydrogen ion can break away from the -OH group and transfer to a base to form a Hydronium ion (H30).
+
The phenol molecule has weak tendencies to lose the H ion to from the hydroxyl group, resulting in the highly water-soluble phenolate anion C 6H5 Oí, called phenoxide phenoxide anion. Compared to aliphatic alcohols, phenol shows much higher acidity. The increased acidity a cidity of phenol phenol over alcohols is cause by the resonance stabilization of the phenoxide anion by the aromatic ring, the negative charge on oxygen is shared by the ortho and para carbon atoms.
With sodium hydroxide solution
Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to give a colourless solution containing sodium phenoxide.
In
this reaction, the hydrogen ion has been removed by the strongly basic hydroxide ion in the sodium hydroxide solution. Therefore the test did not give a positive result but changed to colourless. With metallic sodium
Acids react with the more reactive metals to give out hydrogen gas. The reaction of phenol with sodium is a slower reaction beca use phenol is a weak acid. Metallic sodium is added to phenol and then form in a water bath to speed up the reaction. The gases gives a pop sound when tested with burning splinter indicate the gas is hydrogen gas.
Making esters using carboxylic acids
Alcohol is reacted with carboxylic acids to produce ester but it doesn't work with phenols. Phenol is a compounds where the -OH group is attached directly to a benzene ring, therefore Phenols react with carboxylic acids so slowly that t he reaction is unusable for preparation purposes. Esters are produced when carboxylic acids are heated with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (concentrated sulphuric acid.). The esterification reaction is slow and reversible. The equation for the reaction between an acid RCOOH and an alcohol R'OH (where R and R' can be the same or different) is:
So, for example, if you were making ethyl ethanoate from ethanoic acid and ethanol, the equation would be:
Reaction with bromine water If
bromine water is added to a solution of phenol in water, the bromine water is decolourised and a white precipitate is formed which smells of antis eptic.
The precipitate is 2,4,6-tribromophenol.
Phenol is more reactive due to the presence of an electron donating hydroxyl group and reacts with bromine by a substitution reaction forming hydrogen bromide gas. The reaction between phenol and bromine is the reaction of an activated benzene ring - which is highly unsaturated - and the bromine reacts by electrophilic substitution. Ethanol is saturated, and never reacts by electrophilic substitution. T est
During Triiodomethane reaction ethanol will give a positive result which for m yellow precipitate but phenol will give a negative result which is the brown colour decolourises. The colour of ethanol remain unchanged when reaction with halogen indicate that no chemical reaction occur but phenol decolourises when react with halogen. These two tests can be used to distinguish between ethanol and phenol.