Workshop Practice Series 36 Photo etching for the model hobbyist.
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Descripción: La puerta es el terminal equivalente a la base del BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor), de cuyo funcionamiento se diferencia, ya que en el FET, el voltaje aplicado entre la puerta y la fuente control...
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El transistor igbt
PHOTOTRANSISTOR
Assigned by: Engr. USMAN ALI KHAN
:
Muhammad Muazzam (10ES26) Muhammad Bilal Nasir (10ES39) Muhammad Hamir (10ES38) Muhammad Rizwan Saeed (10ES42) Ahmad Hasan (10ES53)
PHOTOTRANSISTOR:
Introduction to phototransistor. Construction. Comparison with BJT. Principle & working of phototransistor. Advantages and disadvantages. Applications of phototransistor.
History Definition of phototransistor Recap of photodiode (definition , principle with diagram, difference) Symbol Material
The invention of the phototransistor was announced in NJ. This was a transistor operated by light l ight Murray Hill NJ. rather than electric current , invented by Dr. John Northrup Shive of the Bell Telephone Laboratories at Murray Hill, N.J.
An alternative photo-junction device to the photodiode is the Phototransistor which is basically a photodiode with amplification.
Basics:
Two-junctions. Operation. Gain. Sensitivity. BGT to phototr phototransisto ansistorr.
Photodiode: A photodiode consists of an active p-n junction which is operated in reverse bias. When light falls on the junction, a reverse current flows which is proportional to the luminance.
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Symbol:
Working and Characteristics:
:
Junction difference. Frequency Response . Gain.
Temperature Response.
A phototransistor is an electronic switching and current amplification component which relies on exposure to light to operate. Exposed-base Section. Depend on light to operate it .
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Configurations of Phototransistor:
The first phototransistors used single semiconductor materials such as germanium and silicone in their construction. Modern components use several differing material junctions including gallium and arsenide for higher efficiency levels. The physical structure of the transistor is also optimized to allow for maximum light exposure.
Construction of Phototr Phototransistor ansistor A photo transistor is nothing but an ordinary bi-polar transistor in which the base region is exposed to the illumination.
Window Base
Emitter
n
p-type n-type
Collector
Construction of Phototransistor Available in both the P-N-P and N-P-N types. Available Common emitter configuration is generally used. The base terminal is made open.
Different symbols of phototransistor
Difference between:
Collector base junction very sensitive to light.
Its working condition depends upon intensity of light on base.
Its symbol is with or without the base terminal.
Its collector base junction surface area comparatively greater.
There is a lens to focus the light.
Collector base junction not sensitive to light. Its working condition depends upon the input current or its input is base current. Its symbol is always with base terminal. Its collector base surface area comparatively smaller smaller.. There is no lens.
Function of circuit As a reverse biased collector base junction Resistor function Function of lens Increasing reverse current by light
Two light isolated devices Light emitting device Light sensitive device as phototransistor. Function of phototransistor.
Phototransistor as a AND gate. How it works? Vcc for providing a biasing Light as a input
Explanation of IC and VCE Dark current
Lumen per square meter. Unit of luminance. Measure the amount of visible light. Lux which measures apparent brightness (power multiplied by the human eye’s sensitivity). Phototransistor: 1 mA @ 1000 lux
IC = β IB + (1+ β) ICBO
Where β = Current amplification factor in CE conf
IB = base current
ICBO = Collector-to-base leakage current Since base terminal open, I B = 0 IC = (1+ β) ICBO When CB is illuminated by incident light, I CBO
increases
Common emitter. Common collector. Common base. Common base is seldom used. Choice on requirement.
Operation.
O/P of circuit before light.
O/P of circuit after light.
Operation.
O/P before light.
O/P after light.
Phototransistors work in a similar way to photoresistors. Phototransistor able to produce both current and voltage. Photo-resistor produce only current.
(LDR) is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor.
VIDEO:
PHOTOTRANSISTOR PHOTO TRANSISTOR SPECTRAL RESPONCE R ESPONCE
ADVANT ADV ANTAGES AGES OF PHOTOTRANSIS PHOTOTRANSISTOR: TOR:
Phototransistors produce a higher current than photodiodes. Phototransistors produce a voltage, that photoresistors cannot do so. Phototransistors are very fast and are capable of providing nearly instantaneous output. Phototransistors are relatively inexpensive, simple, and small enough to fit several of them onto a single integrated computer chip.
DISADVANTAGES OF PHOTOTRANSISTOR : Phototransistors that are made of silicon are not capable of handling voltages over 1,000 Volts. Phototransistors also do not allow electrons to move as freely as other devices do, such as electron tubes. Phototransistors are also more vulnerable to surges and spikes of electricity as well as electromagnetic energy. energy.
Some of the areas of application for the phototransistor include. Punch-card readers.
Computer logic circuitry circuitry..
Lighting control (highways etc).
Level indication Relays Counting systems IR detectors
Cut Off state: Base Emitter junction is not forward biased. Open circuit between collector and emitter.
Saturation state: Base Emitter and Base Collector junction forward biased. Base is current is made high to get Ic to its saturation value. Collector and Emitter are short. VCE( saturation) is obtained.
Conditions for Cutoff:
Conditions for Saturation:: Saturation
Base Emitter junction is not forward biased.
IB must be significantly greater to keep the transistor into operation. operation.
All currents are equal to zero.
AN AND GATE GATE. An Example of Application in switching circuits and Gates. The terminology high isolation simply refers to the lack of an electrical connection between the input and output circuits .
A high-isolation AND AND gate using three phototransistors and three LEDs (lightemitting diodes)
A photo Darlington consists of a phototransistor connected in a Darlington arrangement with a conventional conventi onal BJT BJT.. Higher current gain. Higher collector current. Greater light sensitivity.
An LASCR is a four layer semiconductor device that conducts current in one direction when activated by a sufficient amount of light and continues to conduct untill light falls below a specified value.
