Positive zero error inside jaws (measure internal diameter)
main scale
main scale
vernier scale measures depth zero error = +0.06 cm Negative zero error
vernier scale outside jaws (measure external diameter) object
main scale vernier scale zero error = –(0.10 – 0.07) cm = –0.03 cm
Main scale reading = 1.6 cm Vernier Ve rnier scale reading = 0.05 cm Size of object = 1.65 cm
Positive zero error anvil
ball bearing
sleeve (with main scale) ratchet knob
spindle lock
Negative zero error
10
0
5
45
0
40
thimble scale zero error = + 0.04 mm zero error = – 0.06 mm
frame Main scale reading = 7.50 mm Vernier scale reading = 0.37 mm Size of ball bearing = 7.87 mm
40 35
Length of pendulum, (cm)
Time for 10 oscillations, t (s (s)
Period of oscillation,
Mean, t
t
T 2 (s 2 )
t 1
t 2
10.0
6.2
6.4
6.3
0.63
0.40
20.0
8.9
8.9
8.9
0.89
0.79
30.0
10.7
10.9
10.8
1.08
1.17
40.0
12.4
12.6
12.5
1.25
1.56
50.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
1.40
1.96
= T =
—— (s)
10
Title of the graph
y -axis -axis is labelled
Responding variables Coordinates are plotted with a small cross mark ( )
Suitable even scale Best adjusted straight line
Manipulated variables
Suitable even scale
x -axis -axis is labelled
P
Darren’s house
Post office
s
s 1
Q
s 2
R
SMK Seri Perak
Time interval, t = 4 dot-spaces × 0.02 s = 0.08 s direction of motion Initial velocity velocity,, u 1.0 cm = = 50.0 cm s –1 0.02 s
Time for 1 dot-space (1 tick) 1 = = 0.02 s 50
Final velocity velocity,, v 1.4 cm = = 70.0 cm s –1 0.02 s
Object at rest
When a stationary bus starts to move with forward acceleration, the passengers lurch backwards.
Object in motion
When a moving bus stops suddenly, the passengers lurch forwards.
Type of collision
Situation
Important formula
Elastic u
A
u
v
B
m
A
•
Kinetic energy is conserved: 1 1 —m Au A2 + — m Bu B2 2 2
B
m
B
Momentum is conserved: m u + m u = m v + m v A A B B A A B B
v
A
m
• m
A
B
1 1 = —m Av A2 + — m Bv B2 2 2 Inelastic
u
A
m
A
u
B
v m
B
m
•
Momentum is conserved: m u + m u = (m + m )v A A B B A B
•
Kinetic energy is NOT conserved.
m
A
B
Explosion at rest
v A
v B
m B
m A
+ m Bv B = 0
m v A A
spring balance measure the gravitational attraction (weight) on the object m mg Earth
T
2
T 2
θ
θ θ
T 1
T
1
T
1
T
W
2
W
flowerpot
T
2
θ W
T
1
W
F
1
30º 30º F
2
2θ
Factors
Less stiff
More stiff
Small k
Big k
Long spring
Short spring
Thin wire
Thick wire
Big diameter
Small diameter
Copper wire
Steel wire
Series
Parallel
Value of spring constant, k
Length of spring
Diameter of wire
Diameter of coil
Type of material
Arrangement of spring
P
A
INPUT
OUTPUT
object being lifted input force, F 1 acting on the surface area, A1 of the small piston and produces high pressure
piston cylinder
fluid
high pressure is transmitted
a high output force, F 2 is produced because of the large surface area of the piston A2 which is acted by high pressure
purged air buoyant force equal pressure
weight floating
buoyant force
vent valve opens water enters the ballast tank diving
weight
buoyant force
compressed air
3
1
rising
The fast flowing gas produces a region of low pressure.
weight
The mixture of gas and air produces a complete combustion.
2
The high atmospheric pressure causes the air to be sucked in and mixed with the gas.
air from atmosphere flows in gas supply
Temperature (°C)
F
Gas
Liquid + Gas
Solid
Solid + Liquid
solid heating
solid melting
A
0
Liquid
liquid heating
liquid boiling
melting begins me melt ltin ing g co comp mple lete tes s boi boili ling ng be begi gins ns
gas heating
Time (s)
boil bo ilin ing g co comp mple lete tes s
A
B
condensation point freezing point
C
B
melting point
Temperature (°C)
E
D
boiling point
C
D
Gas gas cooling
Gas + Liquid
gas condensing
condensation begins
Liquid liquid cooling
condensation completes
E
Liquid + Solid liquid freezing
freezing begins
Solid solid cooling
freezing freezin g complete completes s
F
Time (s)
Boyle’s law Temperature = constant Action
Decrease in volume
Before
After
Result
Pressure increase
Relationship
Formula
P 1V 1 = P 2V 2
Pressure law
Charles’ law
Volume = constant
Pressure = constant
Increase in temperature
Increase in temperature
Pressure increase
Volume increase
P 1
P 2
T 1
T 2
—–– = —–––
V 1
V 2
T 1
T 2
—–– = —––
normal incident ray i
reflected ray r
i
r
apparent depth, d
I
real depth, D O
B
refracted ray D
C
semicircular glass block protractor
incident ray
A
reflected ray
ray box
B
protractor semicircular glass block
C
incident ray
D
A
totally refracted ray ray box
1
2
3
u
v
Image is formed behind the lens
i
i
o
i
•
h o
Image is formed on the same side of the lens
1
2
3
u
v
Image is formed behind the lens
i
i
o
i
•
h o
Image is formed on the same side of the lens
Camera
Shutter opens to allow light from the object to pass through the lens to the film.
The position of the lens can be adjusted to focus the light from the object to form a sharp image on the film.
Light sensitive film for recording the image.
object
image Image formed is real, inverted and diminished.
lens Focusing ring changes the distance between the lens and the film.
shutter
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