PLUMBING art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses SCOURGING cleaning of the water closet via additional water volume and pressure APPURTENANCE not classified as a fixture, fitting, or pipe NATURE OF WATER Inflow – adding water to the hydrological system Outflow – removing water from the hydrological system COMPONENTS OF FLOW Supply
Distribution
Use
Source
Collection Treatment
Disposal
AIR GAP distance between the mouth of the faucet and the rim of the sink or lavatory air gap for lavatory: 25mm. minimum WATER SOURCES Rainwater: collected from roofs of buildings Natural Surface Water: from ponds, lakes, and rivers Groundwater: from underground via mechanical and manual equipment WATER QUALITIES AND CORRECTION 1. Acidity: entrance of oxygen and CO2; corrodes ferrous pipes and clogs steel pipes correction: raised alkaline content 2. Hardness: presence of magnesium and calcium salts; clogs pipes and impairs laundry and cooking correction: boiling 3. Turbidity: silt or mud on surface; causes discoloration and bad taste correction: filtration 4. Color: presence of iron or manganese; causes discoloration of fixtures and laundry correction: oxidizing filter 5. Pollution: contamination by organic matter; causes disease correction: chlorination
TYPES OF WATER Pure Water: colorless, odorless water Natural Water Purified Water: treated physically and chemically Contaminated Water: with organic biological substances Polluted Water: undesirable due to dirt, color, odor and taste Black Water: from water closet, with fecal matter Gray Water: from laundry and floor drains TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION METHODS Aeration: water through atmosphere through jets to remove noxious gases Coagulation and Precipitation: addition of coagulants to form gelatinous mass Flocculation: slower combination of particles Coagulation: rapid mixing of dirty water Filtration: water passes through layers of sand and gravel Sedimentation: water passes through basins of sediment Chlorination: injection with chlorine gas Activated Carbon Filters: coal Reverse Osmosis: uses pressure to clean the water; may be used for product water and wastewater Fluoridation: introduction of fluoride into the water Distillation: purification through evaporation and condensation
TYPES OF WELLS Dug Wells Bored Wells: similar to dug well, constructed with an auger Jetted Wells: use of extreme water pressure, also called sand-point well Driven Wells: dug with sharp pointed hollow drill Wells should be more than 50 ft. away from pollution sources TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD (TDH):static head + pipe friction + velocity head at point of discharge Static Head: total discharge in elevation of water from suction level to discharge level Pipe Friction: friction in suction and discharge lines Velocity Head: kinetic energy change from source
TYPES OF PUMPS Rotodynamic Pump: rotating, centrifugal, and peripheral (to propel water) Positive Displacement Pump: reciprocating (piston and plunger) and rotary Special Pump: jet, gas lift, hydraulic ram, electromagnetic Piston Pump: water is sucked into a sealed vacuum via piston Single Action Piston Pump: one motion via suction stroke and delivery stroke Double Action Piston Pump: water is drawn in with either stroke Duplex or Twin Piston Pump Reciprocating Pump: piston pumps that operate at controlled speed Rotary Pump: piston pumps using pump driver Centrifugal Pump Jet Pump: centrifugal pump used for draining water up from a well o Deep Well Jet Pump: for high volume application o Shallow Well Jet Pump: for residential wells o Convertible Jet Pump: for deep wells and shallow wells Turbine Pump Jack Pump Submersible Pump: fully submersible Sump Pump: excess water must be pumped away from a particular area
TYPES OF TANKS Overhead Tank: relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures below (gravity supply pump) Cistern: reinforced concrete, underground connected to pump Pressure Tank Hot Water Tank Range Boiler: small, 30 – 60cm. Ø, 180cm. maximum length, made of G.I., copper, or stainless steel Storage Tank: large, 60 – 130cm. Ø, 5m. maximum length, made of heavy duty material with rustproof point Pneumatic Tank: centralized or per bathroom group, makes use of a pressure relief valve which relieves pressure automatically if necessary; helps water get to upper floors if pressure is low
VALVES controls water system by isolating a certain section of the distribution network TYPES OF VALVES Gate Valve (full-way valve):completely closes or opens a line, best suited for main supply and pump lines Wedge Shaped / Tapered Disc Double Disk Valve Globe Valve: controls flow of water via movable spindle, can reduce water pressure Plug Type: for throttling Conventional Type: for shuttling (ball type) Composition Type: for steam and hot water Check Valve: to prevent backflow and contamination Swing Type - Vertical Type Lift Type - Horizontal Type Angle Valve: operates like a globe valve; reduces number of joints Butterfly Valve: typically used to regulate fluid Foot Valve (retention valve) Safety Valve: for pipe lines with excessive pressure Ball Valve Full Port: ball size = port size Restrictive: ball size is less than port size
FAUCETS AND BIBBS Compression Cock: compression of soft packing Key Cock: round tapered plug Ball Faucet: ball connected to handle Disk Faucet
DEFECTS IN THE WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Water Hammer: knocking in pipes when faucets at lower level are shut off abruptly Expansion / Contraction: pipes expand and contract due to temperature shift Friction Head Loss: liquid flowing through pipe makes contact with pipe enclosures, reducing speed of water flow commonly occurs in long pipes, small Ø pipes, and lines with high number of valves and fittings COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 1. Direct Feed System (Upfeed):water supply is affected during peak load hours, eliminates extra cost 2. Air Pressure System (Pneumatic):used for inefficient pressure, uses compressed air to push the water, supply is affected by pressure loss Pressure Tank Types: Conventional Steel Pressure Tank Bladder/Membrane Tank 3. Downfeed (Overheadfeed) or Gravity System:water is pumped into the tank and distributed to fixtures by means of gravity, water is subject to contamination, high maintenance cost
HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 1. Upfeed & Gravity Return System:hot water rises on its own, continuing network of pipes provide constant circulation 2. Downfeed & Gravity Return System: hot water rises to highest point fixtures via gravity, distribution depends on hot water expansion and gravity 3. Pump Circuit System: pumps are used for efficient circulation MAXIMUM AND PROBABLE DEMAND Maximum Demand: maximum water discharge for plumbing fixtures in terms of units MD = total fixture units 1 unit = approx. 7.5 gallons Probable Demand: probable amount of water discharge in a given time Lesser fixtures = greater probability of simultaneous use
STANDPIPE TYPES 1. Dry Standpipe: water conveyor from fire hose located at stairway landings (maximum height at 1.22m); Siamese connection 2. Wet Standpipe: piping connected to main water line then to all levels, cross connection between the fire line and water line should have 2 check valves and 1 gate valve; Siamese connection SPRINKLER SYSTEMS 1. Automatic Wet: lines constantly filled with water 2. Automatic Dry: equipped with activating sensor which triggers operation SPRINKLER HEAD TYPES 1. Upright
SPRINKLER SYSTEM LAYOUTS 1. Tree
2. Pendent
2. Loop
3. Grid
PLUMBING FIXTURES Receptacles to provide, receive, and discharge water, liquid, and water carried wastes SOIL FIXTURES 1. Water Closets a. Classifications i. Flush Tank 1. Integral Flush Tank 2. Closed Couple Flush Tank 3. Low Flush Flush Tank 4. High Flush Flush Tank ii. Direct Flush Valve b. Types by Mount i. Floor Mounted ii. Wall Hung c. Types by Flush Action i. Wash Down: bulge at front, smaller standing water amount ii. Reverse Trap: siphon flushing iii. Siphon Jet: larger trapway iv. Siphon Vortex: whirlpool v. Direct Flush Valve vi. Squat Type vii. Washout
2.
Urinals a.
Types i. ii. iii. iv.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Wall Hung Stall Pedestal Through
Kitchen Sinks Bar Sinks Laundry Tubs Slop Sinks Lavatories a. Types
8.
i. Pedestal ii. Wall Hung iii. Through iv. Counter b. Mounting i. Flush ii. Self-rimming iii. Under counter Bathtubs / Whirlpool Baths (Jacuzzi)
9.
Bidets
BATHING FIXTURES 1. Floor Drains (total area of holes = total area of tailpiece)
2.
Shower Baths / Compartments
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS General Rules Waste Pipe: wastewater or liquid waste ONLY Vent Pipe: for circulation House / Building Drain: lowest horizontal piping House / Building Sewer: house drain to a point 0.60 m. outside face of foundation wall; less than 150mmØ only Trap Stack Branch
TRAPS AND INTERCEPTORS P-Trap: used in lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry tubs, urinals; prevents pre-entry of noxious gases Deep Seal P-Trap: 2x water size of P-trap, used for extreme conditions Stand Trap: used for slop sinks Running Trap: within line of house drain Drumtrap: fixture with large amount of wastewater discharge (e.g., bathtub) S-Trap: used before connection to ventilation TRAP REQUIREMENTS Each shall be separately provided with waterseal trap (except those with integral trap) Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm One trap may serve 3 single compartments where waste outlets are less than 0.75m. apart CLEAN OUT REQUIREMENTS at upper terminal of horizontal sewer / waste line at every 15 m. of total developed length -
o additional at horizontal line with aggregate offset angle more than 135 near connection between building line and sewer
VENTILATION Vent Pipe: opening for air circulation in a plumbing system o Main soil and waste vent:connected to main soil and waste stack, and continues to SVTR where waste does not travel through Main Vent (Vent Stack): collecting vent line; principal artery where vent branches are connected, relief point Individual Vent / Back Vent (Re Vent): pipe to vent a fixture trap; connects to VS or directly to open air o Ø of an individual vent shall not be less than 32 mm. (1 ¼”) nor less in size than ½ of the Ø of the drain it is connected to Unit, Common, or Dual Vent: one VS serves 2 traps Yoke / By-Pass Vent: upward pipe from soil or waste stack below the floor to adjacent VS above floor Relief Vent Loop Vent: stack vent Wet Vent: vent pipe portion where wastewater flows through AAV (Air Admittance Valve):cannot be substituted for relief vent Local Vent: shaft that conveys foul air from fixture to outer air Sovent -
Utility Vent
HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCES Grease Trap: for fixtures where grease may be introduced o Earth Cooled Grease Trap, Mechanical Grease Trap House Trap: placed in the house drain immediately inside building foundation Drain Tiles: prevents groundwater from seeping into the basement Garage Trap (Garage Catchbasin):water-filled tank under garage to collect waste Backflow Valve: used in house drains to prevent backflow Sewage Ejector: sump pump for sewage disposal at basement SEPTIC TANK: watertight covered receptacle designed to receive sewage discharge Sludge: solid organic matter Scum: lighter organic material/matter Effluent: liquid content of sewage SEWERS Combination Public Sewers: storm + sanitary Storm Sewers Sanitary Sewers: regular sanitary waste only, terminates in a disposal plant for treatment o Intercepting Sewers (collecting sewers): termination point of tributary sewers, with 1:50 slope (2%) o Tributary Sewers: termination of individual units CESS POOL: non-watertight lined excavation which receives sanitary system discharge
SEEPAGE UNITS: circular pit, termination of septic tank PRIVY: oldest form of organic waste disposal WASTE PIPE TYPES Indirect Waste Pipe: pipe that does not connect directly to the drainage system Direct Waste Pipe: pipe that connects directly to the drainage system WASTE PIPE P ROBLEMS Trap Seal Loss: inadequate ventilation of traps Siphonage Back Pressure Capillary Action Evaporation: extreme temperature, idleness Wind effects: strong winds blow the trap seal Retardation of flow:atmospheric pressure or gravity Deterioration of materials: formation of acids
PIPES AND FITTINGS Cast Iron Pipe: most common for structures less than 25 storeys o SV Type (general), XV Type (heavy duty and underground) o Standard pipe, single hub pipe, double hub pipe, hubless pipe Acid Resistant Cast Iron: cast iron + silicon, for chemistry labs Asbestos: asbestos fibers + Portland cement, joined by tar soak or cement mortar Lead: oldest pipe, highly acid-resistant, poisonous G.I.: 15 to 20 year life, subject to mineral deposits leading to friction head loss Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe:acid waste resistant Copper Pipe: durable, corrosion-resistant, installed by solder or flaring o K Type: heaviest, underground;green o L Type: lighter, residential water supply line;blue o M type: lightest, small water supply line;red Brass Pipe: most expensive, 15% zinc + 85% copper, acid resistant Plastic / Synthetic Pipe: rust and corrosion resistant o Rigid: PVC CPVC: Chlorinated PVC
UPVC: Unplasticized PVC PP: Polypropylene
ABS: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene SR: Styrene Rubber Plastic o Flexible (tubing): PE: Polyethylene coil form, for gas PB: Polybutadiene coil form, for chemicals and water supply Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe:cheapest pipe, for house sewers Vitrified Clay Pipe: oldest material, public sewers Galvanized Steel: from mild steel
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FIXTURE UNIT VALUES
R O O L F
N I A R D
/ Y R O T A V LA
N I S A B H S A W
B U T TH A B
N E H TC I K
K N I S
Y R D N U B A L U T
R E WH OT H A S B
K N I S P O L S
L A N I R U
PUBLIC 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 PRIVATE 1 2 2 2 2 3 WSFU (Water System Fixture Unit) = corresponding pipe Ø WSFU x 7.5 = gallons per minute
R E T A W
T E S O L C
6 4
M O O R H T A B
P U O R G
8
for maximum trap loading: FIXTURE UNITS PUBLIC PRIVATE
32 mm (1¼”)
38 mm (1½ ”)
51 mm (2”)
76 mm (3”)
102 mm (4”)
1
3
4
6
8
2 1
6 4
6 4
2 2 1 1 Lavatory: 0.45L / sec (28.3L / min)
Minimum slope: 2% or 20mm / m. (1/4” per foot)
for pipes: MAX FIXTURE UNIT PIPE SIZE MAX LENGTH (m)
1
8
24
48
84
256
600
1380
32
38
51
65
76
102
127
152
14
18
37
55
65
91
119
155
