Pull the plug on a sink full of water, and it bubbles as it labors down the drain. But in a moment the water begins to swirl, accelerating at the center, and the surface punctures into a vortex that spirals smoothly away. This distinctive phenomenon, common yet extraordinary, caught the eye of entrepreneur and inventor Paul Kouris when he was considering the world energy crisis in 1975. He thought, “Wow, that’s it.” Franz Zotloterer came up with the same idea when he was exploring ways to aerate water. The concept was to use the kinetic energy of a water vortex to generate clean renewable energy. Hydroelectric dams contribute a substantial percentage of the world’s power, and there are plans to build more dams along the Amazon and other developing areas. However, these projects have attracted a great deal of criticism. The Belo Monte dam in Brazil, planned as the third largest dam in the world, will divert 80% in the Xingu River’s flow, flood 1,500 sq km of old-growth forest, and displace 20,000 – 40,000 people. (1) The most vocal opponents of the project are the indigenous tribes of the nation, who know that the dam will make it impossible for them to pursue their traditional ways of life. The story echoes that of the Kinzua dam and the Seneca nation in NY, as well as countless other environmental justice cases around the world. Hydroelectric plants are sometimes considered sustainable power sources, however the energy they provide comes at grave cost to the environment. Rivers undergo seasonal changes in their flow regime that are essential to the health of the stream ecosystem, but dams completely disrupt this cycle. They also impose a physical barrier to migrating fish like salmon. The dam prevents silt from flowing downstream, which would flood habitats and agricultural fields and fertilize them. These nutrients instead build up in the stagnant pool that forms upstream from the dam, in a process called eutrophication. The nutrient overload causes algae to proliferate, choking out other life in the stream. When these plants die, bacteria break them down and pull oxygen from the water, often leaving toxic byproducts. When these plants are broken down in anoxic conditions, it releases greenhouse gases at levels comparable to fossil fuel combustion (2). We need electricity, however the future of life on earth demands that we find ways that work WITH nature, rather than against her. Is it possible to harness the energy of flowing water without crippling the ecosystem? Modern hydroelectric engineering is only concerned with the volume of water flow and the altitude differential. Unfortunately, dams completely halt the kinetic energy of flowing water, to the detriment of the environment as well as to their power-generating capacity. Paul Kouris discovered this when he teamed up with engineer David Sattler to prove his concept. Using the 4500-liter reservoir, the pair found that using a vortex to turn a turbine raised the power output from 1022W to 1112W for a total energy increase of 27%. (3) The plant does not alter the natural flow regime, nor does it provide a major block to the waterway. But why does it generate more power? For the answer, let us start by looking at the work of Viktor Schauberger, the visionary Austrian forester who pointed out as early as the 1920s that
the destruction of the forest would lead to the breakdown in the quality of water. Schauberger was a dedicated observer of nature, and some of his earliest insights came from watching trout. He wrote, "How was it possible for this fish to stand so motionlessly, only steering itself with slight movements of its tail-fins, in this wildly torrential flow, which made my staff shake so much that I could hardly hang onto it? What forces enabled the trout to overcome its own body-weight so effortlessly and quickly, and, at the same time, overcome the specific weight of the heavy water flowing against it?" He observed how trout, when disturbed, would always flee against the current, rather than being taken downstream. He also wondered how salmon were able to scale tall waterfalls and migrate hundreds of miles upstream. In his writings he described a trout spiraling about the base of a tall waterfall, coming out and “levitating” upwards. Though that observation will be hard to believe, there is independent evidence that these fish possess use of a force that we barely understand. According to Dr. Jason Dunham of the USGS, not only upstream migration but also nest digging of spawning fish is "amazingly hard work." The spawning female trout digs several nests or 'redds' for depositing the eggs by turning on her side and beating her tail against the bottom. He continues, "It's amazing these fish can do this. They're not physically digging out of the bottom, they're lifting these rocks by vacuum pressure. If you ever tried to do this with your hand, you'd probably end up in the emergency room." (4) Schauberger performed an experiment where he heated up a cauldron of water and poured it into a river where a trout was effortlessly floating stationary in the roaring current. The trout suddenly lost control and was carried downstream, and was not able to regain its composure for some time. From this and other experiments, Schauberger concluded that water temperature had much to do with the swimming ability of fish, and this was one reason that shade was important to healthy streams. He theorized that the trout’s smooth, egg-shaped body created vortices as it swam that propelled the fish forward – but heating the water made the motion of its molecules more chaotic, making it impossible to form these vortices. Recently, this extrapolation has been verified, for aquatic (5) as well as aerial (6) organisms. Schauberger’s ideas were looked down upon by academics of the day. Eager to prove himself, he accepted a job to build a log flume that could transport heavier-than-water timber down a mountainside. The log flume was not built in a straight line, but meandered like a mountain stream. Inspired by the winding movements of a snake, Schauberger had vanes installed on the inside of the flume that directed the water into a curving motion. The flumes were connected to a nearby river that continually recharged it with cool water. When the flume was completed, it was widely believed that it would not work. Schauberger was so confident, however, that he stood on top when it was first being tested, proclaiming that if it was not successful than he would go down with it. The water was fed in and a particularly heavy log dropped into the flume. The prevailing theories claimed that water didn’t have the carrying capacity to convey the log, yet the flume was a spectacular success. The academics were left
dumbfounded. Schauberger knew that water is at its densest as 4 degrees Celsius, and at the center of the vortex as created by the natural, curving flow of water. (7) This successful demonstration vindicated him, but it came at a heavy cost. The owners of the highly successful flume started rapaciously cutting down trees from the forest. Horrified, Schauberger resigned from their employ in protest, without pay. Far ahead of his time, he saw the early stages of our modern environmental calamities… but in his day, few would listen. He wrote, "The drying up of mountain springs, the change in the whole pattern of motion of the groundwater, and the disturbance in the blood circulation of the organism - Earth - is the direct result of modern forestry practices. The pulse-beat of the Earth was factually arrested by the modern timber production industry. Every economic death of a people is always preceded by the death of its forests. "The forest is the habitat of water and as such the habitat of life processes too, whose quality declines as the organic development of the forest is disturbed. Ultimately, due to a law which functions with awesome constancy, it will slowly but surely come around to our turn." (8) Schauberger insisted that our modern technology – such as fossil fuel combustion and nuclear fission - uses expansive, hot, pressure forces that nature only uses to break down and destroy. He believed that nature uses the opposite type of force to build up and create life. He called this Implosion – the cooling, contracting force that spirals towards the center. He likened the pulsation of running water to the heartbeat, alternating between expansion and contraction. A vortex contains these two opposing forces, centrifugal (outward) and centripetal (inward). As a result, whether in water or air, it contains layers that are spinning at different speeds, temperatures and densities. These layers are separated by boundaries with nearly zero friction, such that they resemble the layers in a tree trunk. This is partially why Viktor Schauberger stated that modern technologies create drag and resistance forces, and that the vortex should be used instead. The layers spinning at different rates create a pressure differential resulting in a vacuum moving towards the center. The faster the medium spins, the more pressure is reduced, resulting in a suction force moving from high to low pressure. Viktor Schauberger said this was the same drawing force that impelled blood and sap. “Water is a living organism!” he declared. The water molecule is slightly distorted, resulting in a charge separation that gives water special properties. The H 2O molecule has a positive and negative pole, so there is a slight electromagnetic attraction between water molecules, called hydrogen bonding. This causes the surface tension of water, which is why water forms beads on glass, and is the layer that certain aquatic insects and spiders can walk across. Hydrogen bonds also allow water to be drawn up tall tree trunks – without which land plants would not be able to grow above ground level. Indeed, hydrogen bond strength of water is essential for life on earth. Liquid and gaseous water is in a dance, the molecules spinning and constantly changing partners. When the water is heated by the sun, these vibrations become more intense, storing energy. Phase changes such
as melting and evaporation absorb heat energy, while condensation and freezing give this energy back out in equal amount. As a result, water moderates the climate of earth, absorbing excess thermal energy and releasing it slowly during cold periods - which is why deserts suffer such temperature extremes between night and day. This same property helps the body, which is approx. 70% salt water (the same percentage as Mother Earth), to regulate internal temperature. When we sweat, the perspiration contains tremendous body heat that it carries away when it evaporates. By the same token, water flows such as the gulf stream, and the jet stream – the enormous rivers of vaporous water flowing through earth’s atmosphere – store heat from the tropics and circulate it to the temperate zones. The formation, movement and dissipation of clouds itself is an electrical phenomenon, distinct from any other gas in the atmosphere such as oxygen, nitrogen or carbon dioxide - for unlike these gases, water molecules will align and travel along an electric field. Indeed, electromagnetism may be what suspends water vapor (which is 1,000 times denser than the surrounding air) against the force of gravity. (9) The polarity of the water molecule gives it a high specific heat, as mentioned, which is the resistance to changes in temperature, or molecular motion. This property is very much analogous to inertia, which measures the amount of work required to move an object, and is directly proportional to mass-gravity. Atoms consist of positively-charged protons in the nucleus, and negative electrons in the periphery. Physicist Ralph Sansbury hypothesized that these subatomic particles that make up atoms are themselves composed of a system of smaller electric charges. "As above, so below." So the mass of an electron approaches infinity as you accelerate it in an electric field because it increases the distance between these two polarities. (10) If we could manipulate this relationship, we could convert an object's mass into electrokinetic energy or motive force? Albert Einstein questioned his own Theory of Relativity at points in his life, and sought the unification of gravity with electromagnetism. (11) His student Erwin Saxl continued this work. "Saxl is most well known for a series of controversial experiments in which he measured unexpected changes in the period of a torsion pendulum under various conditions. In one series of experiments, the period of a torsion pendulum situated inside a Faraday cage, with the pendulum and the cage connected by a conducting path, was observed to increase as the voltage on the cage was increased. "In 1971, Saxl and Allen published a report of anomalous changes in the period of a torsion pendulum during a solar eclipse in 1970 and hypothesized that 'gravitational theory needs to be modified.' In addition, they observed unexplained diurnal variation in the period of the pendulum." (12) The Electric Universe theory, as proposed by Kristian Birkeland who described the Aurora Borealis, and other great scientists, makes sense of the preceding: "In the electric Sun hypothesis, the Sun is a glowing anode, or positively charged 'electrode.' The cathode is an invisible 'virtual cathode,' called the heliosphere. The heliosphere is at the
farthest limit of the Sun’s coronal discharge, billions of kilometers from its surface, where a 'double layer' isolates the Sun’s plasma cell from the galactic plasma that surrounds it. Galactic plasma is otherwise called the Interstellar Medium (ISM). "Electric forces occurring within the double charge layer above the Sun’s surface are responsible for the incredibly active plasma phenomena that we see. Since Electric Universe theory assumes that celestial bodies interact through conductive plasma and are connected by circuits, the Sun is also assumed to be electrically connected with the galaxy. "The Sun can be thought of as an electrically charged object seeking equilibrium with its environment. However, it is not stable. The charges flowing into and out of the Sun can sometimes increase to the point where it releases plasma discharges called solar flares." (13) Joseph Dwyer, from the Florida Institute of Technology has shown experimentally that electric fields cannot grow large enough to generate lightning in the atmosphere under conventional theories. Therefore, the cause of lightning is unknown. (14) Nikola Tesla wrote, "One day, as I was roaming in the mountains, I sought shelter from an approaching storm. The sky became overhung with heavy clouds but somehow the rain was delayed until, all of a sudden, there was a lightning flash and a few moments after a deluge. "This observation set me thinking. It was manifest that the two phenomena were closely related, as cause and effect, and a little reflection led me to the conclusion that the electrical energy involved in the precipitation of the water was inconsiderable, the function of lightning being much like that of a sensitive trigger." (15) Storms may be an effect of the charge separation (some 250,000 volts) equilibrating between the ionosphere and earth’s surface. Experiments with the electrical manipulation of weather and rainmaking have so far been more successful that conventional rain-seeding methods. (16) According to this theory, forests give off negative ions and attract rain; deserts are positively charged and repel it. Proteins in the body are given their special conformation, or shape, by the hydrogen bonds between their molecules. This same property allows proteins to interact with and fit into each other, driving body reactions. Hydrogen bonds form between the base pairs in DNA, causing it to spiral into a double helix. And this familiar vortex shape of hurricanes is what powers them as they travel over the warm ocean. The addition of heat increases the pressure differential within the vortex, causing an increase in angular velocity. This is how nature converts thermal into mechanical energy, and has the potential to generate electricity from waste heat. (17) In review, the vortex is a series of pressure gradients along the same axis. The center is cooling, compressive and increased in speed, while the outside is expansive and takes up the majority of the volume. Compression causes a release of thermal energy while expansion absorbs heat, so these two opposing forces interact with and enhance each other. According to Viktor Schauberger, "Naturally moving water augments itself. It improves its quality and matures considerably. Its boiling and freezing points change, and wise Nature makes use of this phenomenon to raise water, without using pumping equipment, to the highest mountain
peaks, to appear as mountain springs." The faster the vortex spins, the stronger the opposition between layers of pressure, which are separated by low-friction zones of laminar flow. The spiraling motion allows an unimpeded flow, which is why blood travels in a helical motion through the arteries and veins, why rivers curve, and why electricity travels in spiraling Birkeland currents Veins, river systems, and lightning all look the same. Part of the reason is that these systems are fractals, using self-repeating patterns across different dimensional scales. In the alveoli of the lungs, for example, this type of branching maximizes the surface area for gas exchange. Fractals follow the geometry of the logarithmic spiral, such as the nautilus shell or the ram's horn. This allows continuous growth without a change in shape, known as self-similarity. The most famous logarithmic growth pattern is the Fibonacci series, which is created by continuously adding the previous two numbers in the sequence together. 0+1=1, 1+1=2, 1+2=3, 2+3=5, 3+5=8, 5+8=13, etc. So, the Fibonacci numbers are: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144... Taking the ratio of each successive number in the sequence to the one before it leads one closer to the Golden ratio: 1 : 1.618033988 This proportion occurs frequently in nature, for example the spiralling of seeds on sunflowers and pinecones, or the arrangements of leaves on many plants. And it appears in less obvious forms. Callum Coats, a studen of Viktor Schauberger, observes, "Phi is also manifested in the structure of the human body. If the length of the hand has the value of 1, for instance, then the combined length of hand + forearm has the approximate value of 1.618. Similarly the proportion of upper arm to hand + forearm is in the same ratio of 1:1.618." (18) The Golden spiral is described by the shape of a chicken egg. Notes engineer Jay Harman, "If you think of an egg, a common old hen's egg, which is a masterpiece of design, it solves every problem associated with it. Humans usually solve a single problem when they design something, but then have difficulties related to the solution of this problem: by-products, waste, pollution, etc. The egg, however, solves all of its problems without creating any. "It's designed in an incredibly streamlined way so that the hen can lay it in the first place; it's using the minimum amount of material, it gets maximum amount of strength; it's got a recirculation pattern inside that is thermally the most efficient shape you can get so that this egg doesn't lose heat when the bird goes off to eat; it's also the best circulation pattern for distributing nutrients; the egg is shaped in a way that if it rolls out of the nest it rolls back in..." (19) Since the spiral or vortex is used so masterfully by nature, why don't we take a cue from the master? Ted Ewert has done so, using a simple piece of PVC pipe in an internal combustion engine that is slotted so as to direct the gas-air mixture into a vortex. He describes numerous
advantages of this system, which has greatly improved the efficiency of his old car and his motorcycle. By contrast, a typical modern engine tries to force hot gas in a straight line, which increases turbulence in proportion to velocity. Heat is random molecular motion, whereas the vortex is coherent, the molecules spiraling in one direction. Ewert explains, “The Bernoulli principal has a very interesting relationship with how a vortex behaves. The Bernoulli principal states in part: ‘for an inviscid [low-resistance] flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.’ “What this is saying is that when fluid in a pipe encounters a restriction, such as a narrowing of the pipe, the flow will increase in pressure and then velocity. Along with this increase in velocity, there will be a decrease in pressure, which maintains a constant state of kinetic energy... “As the vortex spins faster, the two opposing forces become stronger. This further laminates the flow as well as compressing the layers. The low-friction zones allow the compressed central air mass an unimpeded pathway for its axial flow through the pipe. This is the reverse of the flow conditions for a straight, non-coherent air mass which has a tendency to develop friction and resistance, due to turbulence, in direct proportion to its velocity through a pipe." (20) Because the vortex is a compressor, it causes an increase in speed as the volume is reduced like a jet engine accelerates air by forcing it through a narrower pipe, or how a stream squeezed through a valley or weir gains speed. In a nutshell, this is why the vortex hydroelectric generator is more efficient than a dam of comparable size. The water at the center of the vortex is 4 degrees Celsius, at its maximum density and speed to turn the turbine, even in a relatively calm stream. (21) But there are environmental benefits to the vortex hydroelectric plant as well. The vortex increases the surface area for contact with the air, allowing for improved oxygenation of the water. This aeration in a river promotes beneficial microorganisms, the base of the food chain, and it breaks down and disperses contaminants, making it easier for bacteria to consume them. (22) Viktor Schauberger stated that the spiraling motion of the bloodstream, in conjunction with temperature gradients, enable it to absorb O 2 and other dissolved gases. The vortex as a heat exchanger mixes the water and stabilizes its temperature, promoting biodiversity. (23) In warm months, it maximizes the surface area for absorption of heat from the atmosphere. In the winter, it promotes the formation of an insulating cover of ice. Another unique and necessary property of water is that it is less dense as a solid than as a liquid at +4 degrees C. The water molecules line up in an open hexagonal lattice structure. As a result, ice floats on top of liquid water, shielding overwintering aquatic organisms from extreme cold. Ideally, the generator turbine should be engineered to emulate the spiral, such as in a lilly flower or a conch shell. Schauberger criticized the geometry of traditional turbines, which suffer cavitation due to the turbulence they promote in water, however in his time it was not possible to
engineer these complex three-dimensional shapes. He wrote, "As best demonstrated by Nature in the case of the aerofoil maple-seed, today's propeller is a pressure-screw and therefore a braking screw, whose purpose is to allow the heavy maple-seed to fall parachute-like slowly towards the ground and to be carried away sideways by the wind in the process. "No bird has such a whirling thing on its head, nor a fish on its tail. Only man made use of this natural brake-screw for forward propulsion. As the propeller rotates, so does the resistance rise by the square of the rotational velocity. This is also a sign that this supposed propulsive device is unnaturally constructed and therefore out of place." More recently, Jay Harman has patented a process to “freeze a vortex”, by which his company has built water mixers, propellers, fans, etc. that are more efficient (less noise, less energy usage) than anything else on the market. (24) The vortex hydroelectric plant is compact, made of simple parts, and is easy to maintain. The only barriers to its success are political in nature. Franz Zotloterer managed to market the invention in Austria, the homeland of Viktor Schauberger, where progressive ideas about water management are more accepted. The pilot plant in the town of Obergrafendorf only needs a fall of 1.3 meters (4.25 feet) and, with a flow rate of 1 cubic meter per second (about 265 gallons per second), produces 8 kW of electricity. It has been successfully providing enough clean energy to the local grid to power 1015 average European households. (25) Bertrand Piccard has endorsed another vortex hydro generator in the village of Schöftland in Switzerland. This larger plant can generate between 10 and 15 kW, depending on the volume of water. This is equivalent to an annual output of 80,000 to 130,000 kWh, enough to cover the yearly electricity needs of around 20-25 Swiss households. (26) Paul Kouris independently patented the concept prior to Zotloterer, but experienced bigger obstacles to its realization in his native Australia. He finally managed to construct a working prototype of his Kouris Centri Turbine Generator (KCT) on the Steavensons River near Marysville, Victoria - suitable for one or two households. "It proves that the KCT can be a stand-alone unit making electricity when the topography isn't suitable for traditional hydro power," says Kouris. The concept has not only been practically harnessed, it is scalable. The plants need a minimum water drop of only 0.7 m (2.25 feet) and a minimum quantity of about 1,000 litres per second. The maximum capacity is up to about 150 kW, in contrast to a traditional hydroelectric dam that reaches up to 100 MW. The technology is ideal for more local, democratic power systems, as opposed to centralized energy monopolies. It would give greater independence and flexibility to those who are disenfranchised by modern power schemes, giving the freedom to integrate traditional community-based approaches with modern technology, rather than being forced to choose between them. "The one thing they have plenty of in the third world is water and people, but the water they have is flat water, and conventional turbines need waterfalls, and they need huge hydro schemes too," Mr. Kouris said. "It goes to a poor farmer and suddenly he puts it in his waterway, hooks it all up, he can irrigate his fields, feed his kids, light his home, cook his food from just the
natural flow of water." (27) Let us, however, heed Viktor Schauberger's warning: "Far back in history, there is evidence that men who have attempted to solve the riddle of water have been bitterly attacked. Every attempt to explain the nature of water in old books has been demolished in the later editions. In any case, maintaining the sense of mystery about water ensures the prosperity of the capital intensive economy, for financial interest thrives only on a defective economy. "If the riddle surrounding the origins of water were solved, it would be possible to make as much pure water available as required at any location; in this way vast areas of desert would become fertile. As a consequence, the selling values of the produce would sink so low that there would be no more incentive to speculate, or to develop agricultural machinery. "The concept of unrestricted production and cheap machine power is so revolutionary, that the way of life all over the world would experience a change. Maintaining the mystery of water, therefore, maintains the value of capital, so every attempt to come nearer to an explanation is attacked..." "The revelation of the secret of water will put an end to all manner of speculation or expediency and their excrescences, to which belong war, hatred, impatience and discord of every kind. The thorough study of water therefore signifies the end of monopolies, the end of all domination in the truest sense of the word and the start of a socialism arising from the development of individualism in its most perfect form." (28)
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