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\VMGZ FKFB\CIABG LGQG ?  Tc}fr Zvttkq

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HV_VZGI \FBIAB FKFB\_C NGBVK\GZ \FBIAB VIA^F_ZA\GZ IFMF_A TGLGIM ?440

TC]F_ ZVTTKQ

7) Tfimfr|agi Tc}fr zvttkq glgkg` zfovg` gkg| g|gv zaz|fe qgim ofrnvimza vi|vb  efiqgkvrbgi kaz|rab g|gv ofi|vb fifrma hfiaz gtgtvi tglg ofogi g|gv zfbfkcetcb  ofogi) Tc}fr zvttkq zfraim lamvigbgi vi|vb efiqgkvrbgi fifrma kaz|rab+ lgi ofofrgtg lamvigbgi tglg efzai

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efzai kaz|rab) Tc}fr zvttkq lgtg| lamvigbgi

zfogmga tfimmgi|a zveofr |figmg kaz|rab ogab zfogmga zveofr v|geg g|gv jglgimgi+ zftfr|a 8 

Efimvog` ofi|vb kaz|rab lgra zveofr bf ofi|vb |fmgimgi qgim laaimaibgi) Oagzgiqg lamvigbgi vi|v efimvog` zveofr GJ 7?4 g|gv ?<4 ~ck| bf |fmgimgi LJ qgim kfoa` rfilg` vi|vb lamvigbgi tglg tfrgkg|gi fkfb|rciab)

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Tfimmgi|a og||frq)

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Mfifrg|cr g|gv gk|frig|cr)

?) Traizat Bfrhg Tc}fr zvttkq G) Tc}fr zvtkga LJ Tc}fr zvttkq LJ efeakaba rgimbgagi v|geg qgim lazfov| lfimgi  _fj|anafr (tfiqfgrg`!+ qgim ofrnvimza vi|vb efimvog` zaiqgk GJ efihgla LJ+ glg < hfiaz rfj|anafr qgim lamvigbgi lagi|grgiqg 8  @gkn ]g~f Vijci|rckkfl  Vijci|rckkfl  7) Tfiqfrgrg` zf|fimg` mfkceogim |gb |frbfilgka (( @gkn  _fj|anafr!  _fj|anafr!

Tglg tfiqfgrg` |atf aia mfkceogim zaivz tglg zveofr `giqg lakf}g|bgi zftgrv` zghg qga|v tglg zgg| giclg laclg efilgtg| zaiqgk tcza|an+ igevi habg zaiqgk qgim la|fraeg giclg ifmg|an egbg laclg gbgi cnn) @gk aia labgrfigbgi laclg `giqg gbgi gb|an habg giclgiqg kfoa` tcza|an lgra bg|clg) Lgtg| laka`g| tglg zaiqgk bfkvgrgi lgra laclg |frzfov|+ lgra 4

 ‚  τ

glgkg` zaiqgk tcza|an qgim |fkg` lakf}g|bgi ckf` laclg zflgimbgi lgra

τ

?τ zaiqgk |frzfov| ofrglg tglg 4

g) _gimbgagi tfiqfgrg`

o) Ofi|vb mfkceogim

Mgeogr :) Tfiqfgrg` zf|fimg` mfkceogim |algb |frbfilgka

%

 Nvkk ]g~f Vijci|rckkfl  Vijci|rckkfl  ?) Tfiqfrg` mfkceogim tfiv` |gb |frbfilgka (( Nvkk  _fj|anafr!  _fj|anafr! Tglg tfiqfgrg` |atf aia mfkceogim bfkvgrgi kfoa` zfetvrig igevi |fi|v zghg egza` |frlgtg| ragb (rattkf!) Traizat bfrhg rgimbgagi aia glgkg` tglg zf|fimg` zabkvz tcza|an tfr|geg laclg 7 (L7! gbgi gban lgi efkf}g|bgi zaiqgk |frzfov|+ zflgimbgi laclg ? (L?! gbgi gb|an tglg zgg| zf|fimg` zaiqgk bflvg+ zf`aimmg laclg ofbfrhg zfjgrg ofrmgi|agi) Tglg mgeogr
g) _gimbgagi tfiqfgrg`

o) Ofi|vb mfkceogim Mgeogr <) Tfiqfgrg` mfkceogim tfiv` |gb |frbfilgka

τ

:) Tfiqfgrg`

zf|fimg`

mfkceogim

|frbfilgka

 @gkn ]g~f jci|rckkfl  jci|rckkfl  (( @gkn

 _fj|anafr!  _fj|anafr! Tfiqfgrg` |atf aia efimmvgibgi \`qraz|cr  (ZJ_! zfogmga bcetcifi tfiqfgrg`iqg) Tglg tfiqfgrg` aia |fmgimgi rg|g lag|vr lfimgi jgrg efimg|vr iakga

η

 ‚  rg|g

lgi rez iqg lgtg|

# zvlv| tfiqgkggi ZJ_) Traizat bfrhg

ZJ_ efiqfrvtga laclg qga|v gbgi efkf}g|bgi grvz habg giclg kfoa` tcza|an  lgra bg|clg igevi a|v ofrkgbv habg mg|f tglg ZJ_ efilgtg|bgi grvz qgim jvbvt vi|vb efi|ramfr zfofzgr η)

g) _gimbgagi tfiqfrg`

o) Ofi|vb mfkceogim Mgeogr 6) Tfiqfgrg` zf|fimg` mfkceogim |frbfilgka

jci|rckkfl _fj|anafr _fj|anafr!! <) Tfiqfrg` mfkceogim tfiv` |frbfilgka ( Nvkk ( Nvkk ]g~f jci|rckkfl Zftfr|a `gkiqg tfiqfgrg` zf|fimg` mfkceogim |frbfilgka tfiqfgrg`  hfiaz aia hvmg efmmvigbgi efmmvigbgi ZJ_ zfogmga bcetcifi tfiqfgrg`iqg tfiqfgrg`iqg lgi hvmg efimmvigbgi zfovg` rgimbgagi |geog`gi vi|vb efimci|rck ofzgrgi zvlv| tfiqgkggi ZJ_ |frzfov|)

g) _gimbgagi tfiqfgrg`

o) Ofi|vb mfkceogim

Mgeogr 6) Tfiqfgrg` mfkceogim tfiv` |frbfilgka

O) Tc}fr zvttkq GJ Tc}fr zvtkga GJ veveiqg lamvigbgi zfogmga zveofr jglgimgi g|gv oagzg lazfov| Viai|frrvt|aokf Tc}fr Zvttkq (VTZ!) Glg ? hfiaz bcinamvrgza VTZ2 icregkkq zvttkq nrce |`f GJ egai zvttkq lgi icregkkq jciifj|fl |c ai~fr|fr)

Mgeogr >) Bcinamvrgza VTZ

\atf og|frga qgim lamvigbgi veveiqg Iajbfk

 ‚ 

Jgleave g|gv kfgl

 ‚  gjal)

Tc}fr zvttkq GJ labg|fmcrabgi g|gz : |atf qga|v 8 7) Z}a|j`fl Eclf GJ Tc}fr Zvttkq Tglg ogmagi aitv| lactfrgzagi ckf` T]E tglg nrfbvfiza |aimma vi|vb efimvrgima vbvrgi lgra |rgizncreg|cr lgi |frlgtg| nck|fr LJ tglg ogmagi aitv| lgra cv|tv| ai~fr|fr

Mgeogr =) Z}a|j`fl Eclf GJ Tc}fr Zvttkq

?) _fzcigi| GJ Tc}fr Zvttkq Tglg ogmagi aitv| lgra mgeogr =) la|geog`bgi zfovg` ailvj|cr vi|vb efim`gzakbgi rfzcigiza tglg ai~fr|fr) Ogmagi cv|tv| ai~fr|fr lactfrgzabgi lfimgi T]E qgim gbgi efimci|rck nfrbvfila cv|tv|)

Mgeogr 0) _fzcigi| GJ Tc}fr Zvttkq :) Oalarfj|acigk GJ Tc}fr Zvttkq Tfiqfgrg` laclf tglg cv|tv| ai~fr|fr lgtg| labceoaigzabgi jqjkcjci~fr|fr (GJ

 ‚ 

GJ Jci~fr|fr! lfimgi zgbkgr oalarfj|acigk+ qgim

ofrnvimza vi|vb efimci|rck lgqg grvz qgim gbgi labfkvgrbgi)

Mgeogr 1) Oalarfj|acigk GJ Tc}fr Zvttkq

:) Hfiaz  ‚  Hfiaz Tc}fr Zvttkq 7) Tc}fr zvttkq kaifgr Tglg veveiqg tc}fr zvttkq kaifgr efimmvigbgi |rgizncreg|cr vi|vb  efimvog` |fmgimgi aitv| qgim |aimma (traefr |rgnc! bf |fmgimgi cv|tv| qgim rfilg` (zfbvilfr |rgnc!) Habg aimai efim`gzakbgi |fmgimgi LJ lamvigbgikg` zfovg` rfj|anafr) Zfovg` bgtgza|cr lamvigbgi vi|vb efrg|gbgi mfkceogim grvz tglg rfj|anafr+ tfrogilaimgi gi|grg |fmgimgi LJ qgim bfkvgr lfimgi |fmgimgi GJ qgim abv| zfr|g tglg `gzak cv|tv|iqg lazfov| lfimgi ragb  (rattkf!) Nrfbvfiza mfkceogim aia |frmgi|vim tglg nfrbvfiza mfkceogim GJ tglg aitv| (jci|c`2 64 @x+ >4 @x!) \fmgimgi LJ qgim la`gzakbgi ckf` tc}fr zvttkq |gitg tfimg|vrgi (virfmvkg|fl tc}fr zvttkq! ofrmgi|vim tglg hfiaz ofogi qgim lamvigbgi lgi ~gragza |fmgimgi aitv| GJ) Tglg tfrgkg|gi fkfb|rciab qgim tfi|aim tfimmvgiggi rfmvkg|cr kaiafr gbgi efimvigbgi z|goakaxf lgi tfim|vrgi |fmgimgi) _fmvkg|cr zftfr|a ai gbgi zfjgrg kgimzvim efimvrgima ragb lgi icazf tglg bfkvgrgi grvz LJ) Tc}fr zvttkq kaifgr qgim lgtg| lag|vr aia oagzgiqg lamvigbgi tglg kgocrg|crave lgi |fetg|  ‚  |fetg| zfr~az tfrgkg|gi fkfb|rciab) Zfogmga jci|c`2 tfimvhagi tglg zfovg` rgimbgagi efefrkvbgi |fmgimgi aitv| :4 ~ck| lgi grvz 6 getfr egbg tc}fr zvttkq |frzfov| lag|rvr zfzvga lfimgi |fmgimgi bfrhg rgimbgagi qgim gbge lavha)

Mgeogr 7) Tc}fr zvttkq kaifgr

?) Tfiqgkvr |fmgimgi GJ# LJ Tfiqvtkga lgqg lgkge ofi|vb |fmgimgi LJ `giqg |frlgtg| tglg ofofrgtg lgfrg` |fr|fi|v+ bfogiqgbgi lgfrg` egza` efiqvtkga lgqg lgkge ofi|vb |fmgimgi GJ) Zvtkga lgqg lgkge ofi|vb |fmgimgi LJ kfoa` zflfr`gig+ evrg`+ lgi kfoa` kaiafr lgra tglg zvtkga lgkge ofi|vb |fmgimgi GJ+ lgi |gitg tfrkv efmmvigbgi |rgnc laz|raovza) Efrfbg efimmvigbgi tfiqfgrg` (rfj|anafr! lgi bgtgza|cr nak|fr+ bfkvgrgi lgra rfj|anafr |frzfov| lazgkvrbgi kgimzvim efkgkva bcilvb|cr efivhv ofogi+ zvtkga LJ aia |algb efeakaba mgimmvgi

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mgimmvgi zfzgg| zftfr|a tglg zveofr GJ

:) Tc}fr zvttkq zgbkgr c|ceg|az (Z}a|j`fl%eclf tc}fr zvttkq! Tc}fr zvttkq hfiaz aia efeakaba traizat bfrhg qgim ofroflg lfimgi tc}fr zvttkq qgim kgai+ laegig |fmgimgi GJ aitv| kgimzvim lazfrg`bgi

(lavog` efihgla LJ! |gitg efkgkva |rgizncreg|cr) \fmgimgi |frzfov| laogma efihgla ofofrgtg ogmagi lfimgi zgbkgr fkfb|rciab) Nrfbvfiza lgi |fmgimgi aitv| qgim |aimma tglg |g`gt tfr|geg lakf}g|bgi ckf` ofofrgtg |rgizncreg|cr z|ft lc}i qgim gbgi ofrnvimza zfogmga tc}fr zvttkq kaifgr) Zf|fkg` efkf}g|a |rgizncreg|cr bflvg zaiqgk GJ bfeogka lavog` efihgla zaiqgk LJ ckf` rfj|anafr) Vi|vb efihgmg gmgr |fmgimgi cv|tv| |f|gt bciz|gi+ tc}fr zvttkq efeov|v`bgi zfovg` vetgi ogkab (nfflogjb! vi|vb efimci|rck |fmgimgi cv|tv|iqg) Oagzgiqg tc}fr zvttkq hfiaz aia latgbga tglg bcetv|fr vi|vb  efeofrabgi lgqg qgim laov|v`bgi ckf` tfrat`frgk bcetv|fr) Ngb|cr lgqg efihgla zfovg` tfr`g|agi ckf` tgorabgi bcetv|fr `gk aia labgrfigbgi tc}fr zvttkq zfofkveeqg efim`gzabgi zaiqgk `greciaj lgi hvmg ngb|cr lgqg qgim qgim ovrvb) Igevi ofofrgtg |g`vi ofkgbgimgi aia ta`gb trclvzfi tc}fr zvttkq bcetv|fr ofrvzg`g vi|vb efetfrogaba ngj|cr lgqg |frzfov|)

Mgeogr ?) Z}a|j`fl%eclf tc}fr zvttkq

<) Viai|frrvt|aokf tc}fr zvttkq (VTZ! VTZ efeakaba lvg g|gv kfoa` zveofr lgqg qgim ofbfrhg zfjgrg zaevk|gi) Zfjgrg veve lamvigbgi |fmgimgi GJ zfogmga zveofr v|geg+ zfefi|grg a|v |fmgimgi tglg og|frga gbgi laazavkgim) Habg |frhgla mgimmvgi tglg zveofr v|geg+ zfjgrg kgimzvim og|frga gbgi efimmgi|abgi zveofr v|geg zf`aimmg baifrhg lgra ofogi |algb |frmgimmv) @gk zftfr|a a|v `giqg oazg |frhgla habg lgqg tglg og|frga efijvbvta) Glg 6 hfiaz VTZ lagi|grgiqg 8 7) Z|giloq VTZ ?) Kaif Ai|frgj|a~f :) Z|giloq%Nfrrc <) Lcvokf Jci~frzaci Ci%Kaif 6) Lfk|g Jci~frzaci Ci%Kaif 7) Z|giloq VTZ Z|giloq VTZ veveiqg lamvigbgi tglg tfrzcigk jcetv|fr (TJ!) Okcb lagmrgeiqg lgtg| laka`g| tglg mgeogr 7+ zfovg` zgbkgr (|rgiznfr z}a|j`! lamvigbgi vi|vb efeaka` |fmgimgi egzvbgi GJ lgra zveofr v|geg lgi og|frga#ai~fr|fr zfogmga ogjbvt habg zveofr v|geg |frhgla mgimmvgi) Habg mgimmvgi |frhgla |rgiznfr z}a|j` gbgi ofbfrhg efeaka` |fmgimgi zveofr qgim gbgi egzvb bfofogi)

Mgeogr 7) Z|gioq VTZ ?) Kaif Ai|frgj|a~f VTZ hfiaz aia lamvigbgi tglg zfr~fr laegig og|frga#ai~fr|fr zfkgkv |fr`vovim lfimgi cv|tv| VTZ+ ai~fr|fr gbgi ofbfrhg |frogkab zfkgeg grvz zveofr icregk qga|v zfogmga tfimaza og|frga) Habg |frhgla mgimmvgi |rgiznfr z}a|j` gbgi |frovbg lgi grvz gbgi efimgkar lgra og|frga bf cv|tv| VTZ+ lfimgi |frlgtg|iqg ai~fr|fr qgim |fr`vovim tglg cv|tv| aia oagz efihgla zfovg` nak|fr |geog`gi tglg VTZ |frzfov|)

Mgeogr ?) Kaif Ai|frgj|a~f VTZ

:) Z|giloq%Nfrrc VTZ |atf aia efeakaba rg|aim :%76 B^G lgi efeakaba |rgizncreg|cr lfimgi : ovg` kaka|gi+ zgkg` zg|v kaka|gi traefriqg |fr`vovim lfimgi zveofr v|geg lgi qgim zg|viqg |f`vovim lfimgi rgimbgagi ai~frf|fr (og|frga! zflgimbgi kaka|gi zfbvilfr |fr`vovm bfofogi) Habg |frhgla mgimmvgi tglg zveofr v|geg |rgiznfr z}a|j` gbgi |frovbg lgi og|frga efimmgi|abgi zfogmga zveofr v|geg) Lgi zfkgeg zveofr v|geg qgim efizvtkga |algb |frhgla mgimmvgi+ ai~fr|fr (og|frga! gbgi z|giloq) Tfifrgtgi ai~fr|fr aia oagzgiqg tglg eclfe jcetv|fr zfr~fr qgim efeov|v`bgi aitv| ofrvtg mfkceogim zaivzcalgk evria)

Mgeogr :) Z|giloq  ‚  Nfrrc VTZ

<) Lcvokf Jci~frzaci Ci%Kaif VTZ lfimgi rg|aim lag|gz 74 B^G aia efimmvgigbgi rgimbgagi ai~fr|fr zfogmga zveofr v|gegiqg laegig zveofr GJ tglg hgkg

 ‚ 

hgkg

lazfgrg`bgi lfimgi rfj|anafr lgi bfevlagi lavog` bfeogka efihgla |fmgimgi GJ ckf` ai~fr|fr) Tglg VTZ aia |algb lamvigbgi |rgiznfr z}a|j` bgrfig og|frga gbgi kgimzvim efihgla zveofr v|geg habg |frhgla mgimmvgi lgi |algb efefrkvbgi }gb|v vi|vb |rgiznfr lgra zveofr v|geg bf zveofr jglgimgi (og|frga!

Mgeogr <) Lcvokf Jci~frzaci Ci%Kaif

6) Lfk|g Jci~frzaci Ci%Kaif Lfk|g Jci~frzaci Ci%Kaif efeakaba rg|aim bfrhg 6 B^G

 ‚  7+>

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Tglg VTZ aia lamvigbgi zfovg` |gizncreg|cr qgim |freaigk aitv|iqg |fr`vovim lfk|g ( Μ!) Traizat bfrhgiqg zgeg lfimgi lcvokf jci~frzaci ci% kaif qga|v efimmvigbgi rgimbgagi ai~fr|fr zfogmga zveofr v|geg lgi rgimbgagi rfj|anafr zfogmga tfiqfgrg` lgi tfimaza vkgim og|frga qgim gbgi ofrnvimza zfogmga |figmg jglgimgi lgra VTZ |frzfov|)

Mgeogr 6) Lfk|g Jci~frzaci Ci%Kaif

LGN\G_ _FNF_FIZA }}})gtj)jce+ Lagbzfz ?6 Lfzfeofr ?440+ 4<8:?8?4 TE }}})}abatflag)crm+ Lagbzfz ?> Ic~feofr ?440+ 418<68<0 TE