Pre-Informe de Porosidad

UNIVERSIDAD DE ORIENTE NÚCLEO ANZOÁTEGUI ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA Y CIENCIAS APLICADAS. DEPARTAMENTO DEPARTAMENTO DE PETRÓLEO. PET RÓLEO. LABORATORIO DE YACIMIENTOS

PRE-INFORME DE POROSIDAD

Profeor! Lore"#o Ar$%&%. Pre'(r($or! L()re("% Tr%(

B(*5%++ere! E"r%6)e L7'e# C.I. 89:32 89:32  A+e;% P?)e# C.I. 49@39@ Sección 04

B(r*e+o"(,  $e No/%e01re $e+ 234.

1.- Definir:

Roca Madre: E )"( )"%$($ e$%0e"&(r%( 6)e 5( ?e"er($o  e;')+($o 'e&r7+eo o

?( '(r( 6)e e (*)0)+e  for0e" (*%0%e"&o $e 5%$ro*(r1)ro. E" +( ro*( 0($re "o 5( 'er0e(1%+%$($, o+o 'oro%$($. Ge"er(+0e"&e +( +)&%&( o" e;*e+e"&e ro*( 0($re, o" $e ?r("o f%"o (o*%($o ( 0(&er%( or?"%*(  $e (01%e"&e e"er?<&%*o &r("6)%+o, 'ero *o" e$%0e"&(*%7" %"%"&err)0'%$(. T(01%<" +( *(+%#(  +( *(+*%+)&%&( o" 1)e"( ro*( 0($re. L( 0(or>( $e +( ro*( 0($re o" $e (01%e"&e 0(r%"o, $e *%r*)+(*%7" re&r%"?%$(, $e fo"$o *err($o  ()e"*%( $e o;>?e"o e&( *o"$%*%o"e 'er0%&e" 6)e +( 0(&er%( or?"%*( e 'reer/e  ')e$( ?e"er(r 5%$ro*(r1)ro. Roca almacén: o" (6)e++( e" +( 6)e e (+o( e+ 5%$ro*(r1)ro +)e?o $e )" 'ro*eo

$e 0%?r(*%7" $e$e +( ro*( 0($re, *o" +( *(r(*&er>&%*( f)"$(0e"&(+ 6)e e 'oro(  'er0e(1+e, &(+e *o0o +( (re"%*(, ()"6)e &(01%<" ')e$e" er +o *(r1o"(&o, e'e*%(+0e"&e 'or ) fr(*&)r(  #o"( $e $%o+)*%7". Lo 0(ore reer/or%o o" +o $e ?r("o 0e$%o ( ?r)eo  *o" (+&o ?r($o $e e*o?%0%e"&o. Núcleo: U" "*+eo *o"%&e e" )"( 0)e&r( $e ro*( &o0($( $e+ 'o#o ( )"(

'rof)"$%$($ e'e*>f%*(, 'or 0e$%o e'e*%(+e, 'reer/("$o ) e&r)*&)r( ?eo+7?%*(  ) *(r(*&er>&%*( f%%*o6)>0%*( $e +( 0eor 0("er( 'o%1+e, *o" +( f%"(+%$($ $e re(+%#(r ("+%% 'e&rof>%*o  ?eo+7?%*o. Se o1&%e"e" ?e"er(+0e"&e 0e$%("&e +( 'erfor(*%7" $e +( for0(*%7" *o" )" &(+($ro ro&(&or%o $e e**%7" &r("/er(+ 5)e*(, *or&e $e 'or*%o"e $e '(re$e, *or&e *o" 5err(0%e"&( $e *(1+e  *o" f+)%$o $e 'erfor(*%7". Se o1&%e"e" (> 0)e&r( e" for0( *%+>"$r%*( $e 0 $e 32 0 $e +o"?%&)$  33 *0 $e $%0e&ro. Poros: So" +o e'(*%o /(*>o e"&re +o ?r("o e" +o *)(+e e ')e$e" (+o(r f+)%$o

*o0o (?)(, 'e&r7+eo o ?(, %e"$o *('(*e $e *%r*)+(r e" e&e 0%0o e'(*%o. Porosidad: L( 'oro%$($ e )"( 'ro'%e$($ 'e&rof>%*( e&&%*( f)"$(0e"&(+ '(r( +(

e/(+)(*%7" $e &o$o (*%0%e"&o  e )"( 0e$%$( $e +( *('(*%$($ $e (+0(*e"(0%e"&o $e f+)%$o 6)e 'oee )"( ro*(. L( 'oro%$($ e e;'re( *o0o +( fr(**%7" $e+ /o+)0e" &o&(+ $e +( ro*( 6)e re'ree"&( e'(*%o /(*>o 6)e ')e$e" (+0(*e"(r o "o f+)%$o. E&( 'ro'%e$($ ')e$e e;'re(re e" fr(**%7", /(r%("$o ) /(+or e"&re 2  3, ()"6)e &(01%<" e e;'re( 'or e+ 'or*e"&(e $e /o+)0e" $e 'oro re'e*&o (+ /o+)0e" &o&(+ $e +( ro*( 'oro%$($ &o&(+ o 1r)&(. Grano: '(r&e 'e6)eH(  re$o"$( $e (+?)"( *o(, fr(?0e"&o ('e"( 'er*e'&%1+e $e

ro*(. Porosímetro: U" %"&r)0e"&o '(r( 0e$%r e+ /o+)0e" 'or(+,  'or e"$e +( 'oro%$($ $e

)"( 0)e&r( $e ro*(. E+ &o e;%&e"&e e"&re

*r%&(+e $e *%er&( ro*(. M)*5o $e e&o e'(*%o /(*>o o" )1*('%+(re, e $e*%r  'oro 0e"ore $e 2.22 00 $e $%0e&ro. Porosidad Intergranular: E e+ e'(*%o /(*>o 6)e 6)e$( e"&re ?r("o 6)e *o"&%&)e

+( ro*(. E+ r("?o $e e'(*%o %"&er&%*%(+e /( $e$e &(0(Ho )1*('%+(re 5(&( )'er*('%+(re, 'ero 0(ore $e 2.9 00 $e $%0e&ro.

Porosidad Efica: E +( re+(*%7" e"&re e+ /o+)0e" $e 5)e*o %"&er*o"e*&($o Ve  e+

/o+)0e" &o&(+ $e +( ro*( V&. E +( *("&%$($ $e (?)( 6)e )"( ro*( o )e+o (&)r($o ')e$e +%1er(r )" (*)>fero 'or efe*&o $e +( ?r(/e$($. E +( 6)e &%e"e /er$($ero %"&er< e" %$ro?eo+o?>(, ( 6)e *o"$%*%o"( e+ 0o/%0%e"&o $e +( (?)( )1&err"e(. 0e J Ve K V&. T(01%<" e ++(0( *oef%*%e"&e $e (+0(*e"(0%e"&o. E ($%0e"%o"(+  e e;'re( e" . Porosidad Efecti!a: e +( fr(**%7" $e+ /o+)0e" &o&(+ *orre'o"$%e"&e (+ /o+)0e" $e

'oro *o"e*&($o e"&re >. E +( 6)e +e %"&ere( ( +o %"?e"%ero $e 'e&r7+eo '(r( +o *+*)+o $e reer/( $e 5%$ro*(r1)ro. Porosidad a"soluta: E +( fr(**%7" $e+ /o+)0e" &o&(+ $e +( ro*( *orre'o"$%e"&e (

'oro *o"e*&($o  "o *o"e*&($o.  #acimiento:  )"%$($ ?eo+7?%*( 'oro(  'er0e(1+e $e /o+)0e" +%0%&($o, *('(# $e

*o"&e"er f+)%$o e" e&($o +>6)%$o  ?(eoo.

$.- E%&li'ue los ti&os de &orosidad ( diga: )*u+l &orosidad usted considera 'ue es m+s im&ortante &ara el ingeniero de (acimientos,

L( 'oro%$($ $e )"( ro*( ')e$e er *+(%f%*($( $e $o 0("er(! Se?" ) or%?e"  e?" +( *o0)"%*(*%7" $e ) 'oro. egún su origen:

De (*)er$o ( ) or%?e", +( 'oro%$($ ')e$e er *+(%f%*($( e" 'r%0(r%( o %"&er?r(")+(r  e*)"$(r%( o %"$)*%$(. - a &orosidad &rimaria o intergranular:  E (6)e++( 6)e e or%?%"( $)r("&e e+

'ro*eo $e $e'o%*%7" $e 0(&er%(+ 6)e $( or%?e" ( +( ro*(. E" ?e"er(+ +( ro*( *o" 'oro%$($ 'r%0(r%( 'ree"&(" *(r(*&er>&%*( 0 )"%for0e 6)e (6)e++( 6)e 'ree"&(" '(r&e $e ) 'oro%$($ e*)"$(r%( o %"$)*%$(. - a &orosidad secundaria: e (6)e++( 6)e e or%?%"( 'or (+?)"o 'ro*eo "(&)r(+e

o (r&%f%*%(+e 'o&er%ore (+ 0o0e"&o e" e+ *)(+ +o e$%0e"&o 6)e $%ero" or%?e" ( +( ro*( f)ero" $e'o%&($o. E&e &%'o $e 'oro%$($ ')e$e er! 'oro%$($ 'or fr(*&)r( or%?%"($( e" ro*( o0e&%$( ( /(r%( (**%o"e $e $%(&rof%0o, 'or $o+o0%&%#(*%7" *)("$o +( *(+%#( e *o"/%er&e" e" $o+o0%&(, o e" o+)*%7" $%o+)*%7" $e 0(&er%(+ 7+%$o o+)1+e *o"&%&)&%/o $e +( ro*(.

egún la comunicaci/n de sus &oros:

De1%$o ( 6)e e+ 0(&er%(+ *e0e"&("&e ')e$e e++(r (+?)"o 'oro $e +( ro*(, (%+"$o+o $e+ re&o $e+ /o+)0e" 'oroo, +o 'oro e ')e$e" e"*o"&r(r )"%$o e"&re >, o (%+($o. De'e"$%e"$o $e *70o e( +( *o0)"%*(*%7" $e e&o 'oro, +( 'oro%$($ e ')e$e *+(%f%*(r $e +( %?)%e"&e 0("er(! - a &orosidad total o a"soluta: De )"( ro*( e $ef%"e *o0o +( fr(**%7" $e+ /o+)0e"

&o&(+ $e +( 0%0( 6)e "o e& o*)'($( 'or 0(&r%#. Re'ree"&( +( fr(**%7" $e+ /o+)0e" &o&(+ $e +( ro*( *orre'o"$%e"&e ( 'oro *o"e*&($o  "o *o"e*&($o. E %?)(+ ( +( )0(&or%( $e +( 'oro%$($ efe*&%/( 0 +( 'oro%$($ "o efe*&%/(.

D%&r%1)*%7" $e 'oro e" +( ro*( a &orosidad interconectada o efecti!a! Se $ef%"e *o0o e+ /o+)0e" &o&(+ $e +( ro*(

6)e re'ree"&( e'(*%o 6)e ')e$e" *o"&e"er f+)%$o  e e"*)e"&r(" *o0)"%*($o e"&re >. a &orosidad no interconectada o no efecti!a! E (6)e++( 6)e re'ree"&( +( fr(**%7"

$e+ /o+)0e" &o&(+ $e +( ro*( 6)e e& *o"for0($( 'or +o e'(*%o 6)e ')e$e" *o"&e"er f+)%$o, 'ero "o e&" *o0)"%*($o e"&re >. L( 'oro%$($ 0 %0'or&("&e '(r( e+ %"?e"%ero $e (*%0%e"&o e +( 'oro%$($ efe*&%/(, ( 6)e, e +( "%*( 6)e 'er0%&%r e+ 0o/%0%e"&o $e+ 5%$ro*(r1)ro $e"&ro $e+ e'(*%o 'oroo ($e0, 7+o +o /o+0e"e $e 5%$ro*(r1)ro (+0(*e"($o e" +o 'oro %"&er*o"e*&($o ')e$e" er e;&r(>$o '(r*%(+0e"&e $e+ (*%0%e"&o.

0.- )*u+les son los actores Geol/gicos ( 2uímicos 'ue afectan la &orosidad, - Grado de cementaci/n o consolidaci/n: +( *e0e"&(*%7" e e+ (?e"&e 6)e &%e"e

0(or efe*&o o1re +( 'oro%$($ or%?%"(+  (fe*&( e+ &(0(Ho, +( for0(  +( *o"&%")%$($ $e +o *("(+e 'oroo. E+ 0(&er%(+ *e0e"&("&e e& for0($o 'or e+ *e0e"&o 6)e )"e +o ?r("o e"&re >. Lo 0(&er%(+e *e0e"&("&e 0 *o0)"e o" e+ >+%*e, *(r1o"(&o $e *(+*%o, *(r1o"(&o $e 0(?"e%o, (r*%++(  5(&( )"( 0e#*+( $e +o ("&er%ore. De+ 0(&er%(+ *e0e"&("&e $e'e"$e +( f%r0e#(  *o0'(*&(*%7" $e +( ro*( e$%0e"&(r%( 'or  e++o +o e&r(&o e %$e"&%f%*(" *o0o *o"o+%$($o, 'o*o *o"o+%$($o  "o *o"o+%$($o. T("&o +( 'oro%$($ *o0o +( 'er0e(1%+%$($ $e*re*e *o" +( 0(or  *("&%$($ $e *e0e"&o. - *om&actaci/n:  e e+ efe*&o $e +( *o0're%7" 'ro/o*($o 'or e+ 'eo $e +( ro*(

)'r((*%e"&e. L( f)er#( $e +( *o0'(*&(*%7" e e" f)"*%7" $e +( 'rof)"$%$($ $e e"&err(0%e"&o $e +o e&r(&o, e $e*%r, ( 0(or 'rof)"$%$($ 0(or efe*&o $e +( *o0'(*&(*%7". +( *o0'(*&(*%7" or%?%"($( 'or +( 're%7" $e o1re*(r?( eer*%$( 'or e+ 'eo $e +( *('( )'r((*e"&e $e +( ro*( (fe*&( +( 'oro%$($, ( 6)e, ( 0e$%$( 6)e ()0e"&( +( 'rof)"$%$($, +( 're%7" eer*%$( 'or +( *o+)0"( $e e$%0e"&o ()0e"&(  e&o ?e"er( )"( f)er#( 6)e &%e"$e ( $efor0(r +o ?r("o  re$)*%r e+ /o+)0e" $e e'(*%o /(*>o, 'or +o &("&o, e or%?%"( )"( re$)**%7" e" +( 'oro%$($.

3.- )*/mo afecta la orientaci/n ( tama4o de los granos en el &roceso de des&laamiento del 5idrocar"uro en un (acimiento,

E+ &(0(Ho  for0( $e +o ?r("o e +( /(r%(1+e 6)e 0 (fe*&( +( 'er0e(1%+%$($  ')e$e /(r%(r e" /(r%o 7r$e"e $e 0(?"%&)$e e" )" 0%0o (*%0%e"&o. S% +( ro*( e& *o0')e&( e" ?r("o ?r("$e  *5(&o, )"%for0e0e"&e (rre?+($o *o" ?r("$e $%0e"%o"e 5or%#o"&(+e, ) 'er0e(1%+%$($ 5or%#o"&(+ er>( 0) (+&(, 0%e"&r( 6)e +( 'oro%$($ /er&%*(+ 0) 1((. S% +( ro*( e& *o0')e&( 0(or0e"&e $e ?r("o ?r("$e  )"%for0e0e"&e re$o"$e($o, ) 'er0e(1%+%$($ er *o"%$er(1+e0e"&e (+&(  $e 0(?"%&)$ %0%+(r e" (01( $%re**%o"e. L( 'er0e(1%+%$($ $e +( ro*( (*%0%e"&o e ?e"er(+0e"&e 0e"or, e'e*%(+0e"&e e" +( $%re**%7" /er&%*(+, % +o ?r("o o" 'e6)eHo  $e for0( %rre?)+(r.

6.- Entre un (acimiento 7omogéneo ( uno 7eterogéneo8 usted como futuro ingeniero8 )*u+l escogería &ara la &roducci/n de 5idrocar"uros ( cu+l &resentaría me9or &orosidad,

E"&re e&o $o &%'o $e (*%0%e"&o "o $e1er>(" e;%&%r 'refere"*%( (+?)"(, ( 6)e e+ 'r%0ero e $e*r%1e *o0o )" (*%0%e"&o %$e(+  e+ 5e&ero?<"eo e e+ 6)e re(+0e"&e e"*o"&r(0o ( +( 5or( $e 'erfor(r. I$e(+0e"&e e+ %"?e"%ero e*o?er>( )" (*%0%e"&o 5o0o?<"eo 6)e e&e *(r(*&er%#($o 'or 'oeer )" 1)e" e*o?%0%e"&o $e +o ?r("o, 6)e e&<" %"&er*o"e*&($o  o&ro f(*&ore 6)e %"*%$(" 'o%&%/(0e"&e e" +( 'oro%$($ $e+ (*%0%e"&o. P)e&o 6)e e+ (*%0%e"&o 0 'oroo %"$e'e"$%e"&e0e"&e $e 6)e e( 5o0o?<"eo o 5e&ero?<"eo er (6)e+ 6)e *)e"&e *o" +( *o"$%*%o"e 6)e r%?e" e+ 0eor r("?o $e 'ro$)*&%/%$($.

.- E%&li'ue al menos 0 formas de calcular la &orosidad. De e9em&los ( demuestre matem+ticamente si es &osi"le.

Método directo: E&e 0<&o$o *o"%&e e" +( 0e$%*%7" $e+ /o+)0e" $e )"( 0)e&r(

'oro(  e"&o"*e $e (+?)"( 0("er( $e&r)e +o 5)e*o  0%$e 7+o e+ 7+%$o. E&e 0<&o$o *o0're"$e +( )&%+%#(*%7" $e+ 'oro>0e&ro $e e+%o. Método /&tico: +( 'oro%$($ $e )"( 0)e&r( e %?)(+ ( +( 'oro%$($ (re(+. E&e

0<&o$o ')e$e &e"er 0)*5( /(r%(*%o"e *o" o&ro 0<&o$o $e1%$o ( 6)e 'oro 'e6)eHo ( +o +(r?o $e 'oro ?r("$e o" $%f>*%+e $e *)("&%f%*(r  )?%ere" errore. Método de im"i"ici/n: E&e 0<&o$o *o"%&e e" )0er?%r )" 0e$%o 'oroo

*o0'+e&(0e"&e e" )" f+)%$o 5)0e*&("&e e" /(*>o $)r("&e )f%*%e"&e &%e0'o '(r( *()(r 6)e e+ f+)%$o 5)0e*&("&e 'e"e&re e" &o$o +o 'oro. L( 0)e&r( e 'e($( ("&e  $e')< $e +( %01%1%*%7". E&o $o 'eo )"&o *o" +( $e"%$($ $e+ f+)%$o 'er0%&e" +( $e&er0%"(*%7" $e+ /o+)0e" $e 'oro. C)("$o +( 0)e&r( e& *o0'+e&(0e"&e (&)r($( *o" e+ +>6)%$o 5)0e*&("&e $( $%re*&(0e"&e e+ /(+or $e+ /o+)0e" $e +( 0)e&r(. De$e e+ /o+)0e" $e +( 0)e&r(  e+ 'oro, +( 'oro%$($ ')e$e er $%re*&(0e"&e $e&er0%"($(. L( I01%1%*%7" % e 5e*5( *o" )f%*%e"&e *)%$($o, er e+ 0eor /(+or $e +( 'oro%$($ efe*&%/(. Medici/n de la &orosidad en el la"oratorio: L( &<*"%*( $e 0e$%*%7" e" e+

+(1or(&or%o *o"%&e" e" $e&er0%"(r $o $e +o &re '(r0e&ro 1%*o $e +( ro*( /o+)0e" &o&(+, /o+)0e" 'oroo  /o+)0e" $e +o ?r("o. P(r( e++o e )&%+%#(" "*+eo $e ro*(, +o *)(+e o" o1&e"%$o $)r("&e +( e&('( $e 'erfor(*%7" $e+ 'o#o.

L( 0e$%*%7" $e +( 'oro%$($ e re(+%#($( ?e"er(+0e"&e e" &('o"e $e "*+eo, +o *)(+e o" 0)e&r( $e $%0e&ro 'e6)eHo e"&re 9  2 00 e;&r(>$( $e+ "*+eo o *oro"(, )&%+%#("$o 5err(0%e"&( $e *or&e e'e*%(+e. E" +( f%?)r( e ')e$e ('re*%(r *o0o )"( 0)e&r( $e "*+eo $e $%0e&ro 'e6)eHo e e;&r(>$o $e+ "*+eo o *oro"(.

*+lculos de &orosidad de manera &romedio en un (acimiento:

Promedio aritmético.

Co"%&e e" $e&er0%"(r +( 0e$%( (r%&0<&%*( $e +o /(+ore o1&e"%$o.

Promedio &onderado &or es&esor.

Se )&%+%#( *)("$o e $%'o"e $e /(+ore $e 'oro%$($  e'eor $e +( for0(*%7" '(r( $%/ero 'o#o $e+ 0%0o (*%0%e"&o, o *)("$o '(r( )" 0%0o 'o#o e &%e"e" /(+ore $e 'oro%$($ '(r( $%fere"&e e**%o"e $e e'eore $e&er0%"($o

 Promedio &onderado &or +rea

S% e &%e"e" +o /(+ore $e 'oro%$($ '(r( *($( 'o#o, e&o /(+ore ')e$e" *o"%$er(re re'ree"&(&%/o $e+ re( $e $re"(e $e *($( )"o $e $%*5o 'o#o,  ')e$e $ef%"%re )"( 'oro%$($ 'ro0e$%o )&%+%#("$o +( %?)%e"&e e*)(*%7"!

Promedio &onderado &or !olumen.

S% e *o"o*e e+ re( $e $re"(e $e *($( 'o#o, e ')e$e $e&er0%"(r )"( 'oro%$($ 'ro0e$%o 'o"$er($( 'or /o+)0e" % e *o"%$er( e+ e'eor $e +( for0(*%7" e" *($(

)"o $e +o 'o#o 0e$%("&e +( %?)%e"&e e*)(*%7"

 Promedio arm/nico.

E+ 'ro0e$%o (r07"%*o $e 'oro%$($ ')e$e er $e&er0%"($o )&%+%#("$o +( %?)%e"&e e*)(*%7"

E9em&lo:

U" (*%0%e"&o 'ree"&( /(r%( 'oro%$($e, $e&er0%"e +( 'oro%$($ 'ro0e$%o! Poro%$($3! 9  Poro%$($! 2  Poro%$($:! :2  Poro%$($ 'ro0e$%o! 92:2K:! :3,44= Se )&%+%#7 e+ 'ro0e$%o (r%&0<&%*o 6)e *o"%&e e" $e&er0%"(r +( 0e$%( (r%&0<&%*( $e +o /(+ore o1&e"%$o.

;.- )
E 0) 'ro1(1+e 6)e 'ree"&e 0(or 'oro%$($, ( 6)e ) ro*( &e"$r" )"( 0(or *('(*%$($ 'oro(, ')e&o 6)e (+ ro0'ere +o ?r("o *o" $%*5( fr(*&)r( o*)rre )" re(*o0o$(0%e"&o e" +o 'oro +o 6)e f(/ore*e e+ ()0e"&o $e e'(*%o /(*>o 6)e 'o$r>(" er o*)'($o 'or f+)%$o. A$e0, +o 'oro 6)e "o e e"*o"&r(1(" *o"e*&($o, 'or (**%7" $e +( fr(*&)r( ')e$e" (1r%r '(o e %"&er*o"e*&(re 5(*%e"$o 6)e ()0e"&e +( 'oro%$($ $e+ (*%0%e"&o.

=.- Entre los ti&os de rocas 'ue se &resentar+n a continuaci/n8 Diga cu+l de ellos &osee ma(or &orosidad ( cu+l &ro!ec5aría usted &ara o"tener una ma(or  &roducci/n de 5idrocar"uros> Dolomita8 utita ( ?renisca. E%&li'ue.

L( (re"%*( $e1%$o ( 6)e e&( e )"( $e +( 0 'oro( $e +( ro*( *o"o+%$($(. E++( o" +( %$e(+e '(r( 'ro0o/er +( 0(or 'ro$)**%7" $e 5%$ro*(r1)ro. S) 'oro%$($ o*%+( e"&re 32  2 $e'e"$%e"$o $e +( "(&)r(+e#( $e+ *e0e"&o  ) e&($o $e *o"o+%$(*%7", %e"$o e&( 0 'oro( 6)e +( *(+%#( 

$o+o0%&(, 'ero 0e"o 6)e +( (r*%++(, %" e01(r?o +( )+&%0( "o +e f(/ore*e" (+ %"?e"%ero $e (*%0%e"&o 'or6)e 'oee" )"( 1(( 'er0e(1%+%$($ $e1%$o ( 6)e ) 'oro o" '+("(re  e $e'o%&(" )"o e"*%0( $e o&ro.

@.- E%&li'ue c/mo funciona el Porosímetro de R<A?8 el fluido con 'ue tra"a9a8 los &ro"lemas 'ue &udiesen ocasionarse &or dic5o fluido ( &or'ue se utilia ese fluido.

E )" $%'o%&%/o 6)e 'er0%&e +( o1&e"*%7" $e+ /o+)0e" $e ?r("o  e+ /o+)0e" &o&(+ $e 0)e&r( $e ro*(. Co"%&e e" )" '%*"70e&ro ?r("$e $e (*ero %"o;%$(1+e $e (+&( 're%7"  ')e$e 0e$%r )" /o+)0e" &o&(+ $e 5(&( 92**, ($0%&e 0)e&r( $e 3 3K  33K $e $%0e&ro, *)e"&( *o" )" ("%++o e++("&e 6)e 'er0%&e e+ *%erre r'%$o  )"( /+/)+( $e (?)( 6)e (1re +( *0(r( ( +( (&07fer(, ( e&e '%*"70e&ro /( *o"e*&($o )" *%+%"$ro *o" )" e01o+o $e 0e$%*%o"e, e+ *)(+, &%e"e $o e*(+( $e 0e$%*%7" $ere*5( e %#6)%er$( (01( e" **, &%e"e )" 0(")1r%o ?r($)($o e" )1$%/%%o"e $e 2.23**, +( e*(+( $e +( $ere*5( e )&%+%#($( '(r( +e*&)r( $e /o+)0e" &o&(+  +( e*(+( %#6)%er$( e )&%+%#( '(r( $e&er0%"(r e+ /o+)0e" 'oroo "%*(0e"&e *)("$o e )&%+%#($o e+ 0<&o$o $e %"e**%7" $e 0er*)r%o. De+ Poro>0e&ro U"%/er(+ $e R)Q( e o1&%e"e" /(r%o /(+ore, )" Vf, Vf 3, Vf   V&. Co" Vf 3  Vf e o1&%e"e )" '(r0e&ro ++(0($o f(*&or $e 're%7" F' ( &r(/< $e +( %?)%e"&e e*)(*%7"!

D7"$e! F'J F(*&or $e 're%7" VfJVo+)0e" $e 2** $e 0er*)r%o ( (&0 Vf 3JVo+)0e" $e :2** $e 0er*)r%o ( (&0 E+ /(+or $e F' e $e1e )(r '(r( *(+*)+(r e+ /o+)0e" $e ?r("o 'or 0e$%o $e +( %?)%e"&e e*)(*%7"!

D7"$e! Vf J Vo+)0e" $e 0er*)r%o *o" +( 0)e&r( ( (&0 VfJVo+)0e" $e 0er*)r%o ( (&0 E+ &
D7"$e! V&J Vo+)0e" &o&(+ $e +( 0)e&r(

V?J Vo+)0e" $e ?r("o L( 'oro%$($ *(+*)+($( e (1o+)&(.

Partes del es'uem+tico de &orosímetro de RusBa.

A%0%0o, 'o$e0o $e*%r 6)e e+ f+)%$o *o" 6)e &r(1(( e&e 'oro>0e&ro e e+ 0er*)r%o, e+ *)(+ e )"( )&("*%( 1(&("&e &o;%*(  'er)$%*%(+, "o o+o '(r( e+ 5o01re %"o &(01%<" '(r( e+ 0e$%o (01%e"&e, e (++> $o"$e r($%*(" +o 'ro1+e0( 6)e ')$%ee o*(%o"(r e+ 0("eo $e e&e f+)%$o. E $(H%"o 'or %"5(+(*%7", %"?e&%7"  *o"&(*&o, e &r(&( $e )" 'ro$)*&o 0) %rr%&("&e '(r( +( '%e+, oo  />( re'%r(&or%(, ($e0 o&ro 'ro1+e0( er>( 6)e &r(&"$oe $e )"( 'r*&%*( 6)e e re(+%#( re'e&%$( /e*e, e 1)*( +( 0(or *o"er/(*%7"  'reer/(*%7" $e +( )&("*%(  e+e0e"&o $e+ +(1or(&or%o, e" e&e *(o +( 0)e&r( (+ e"&r(r e" *o"&(*&o *o" e+ 0er*)r%o e *o"&(0%"(  "o ')e$e er re)&%+%#($(. S%" e01(r?o, e )&%+%#( e&e f+)%$o 'or6)e <+ "o e ($5%ere ( +o 'oro $e +( ro*(, "o $e( r(&ro (+ f+)%r e"&re +o 'oro  &%e"e )"( *(r(*&er>&%*( e" *o0" *o" e+ 'e&r7+eo 6)e (01o e *o"o*e" *o0o )&("*%( "o 0o("&e.

1C.- *alidad de roca en funci/n de &orosidad.

Co0o +( 'oro%$($ e )"( 0e$%$( $e +( *('(*%$($ $e (+0(*e"(0%e"&o $e +( ro*(, +( *(+%$($ $e +( ro*( (*%0%e"&o ')e$e er $e&er0%"($( e" f)"*%7" ( +( 'oro%$($, *o0o e o1er/( e" +( &(1+( 0o&r($( ( *o"&%")(*%7". *alidad

 F

M) 1)e"( B)e"( Re?)+(r Po1re M) 'o1re

 2 39  2 32  39 9  32 9

11.- )*/mo le e%&licaría usted a un ni4o o familiar8 de la manera m+s sencilla8 el término de &orosidad de un (acimiento, Di"u9e si es necesario.

Le e;'+%*(r>( 6)e +( 'oro%$($ e" +( ro*( e %0%+(r ( +o 'e6)eHo 5)e*o ) or%f%*%o /(*>o 6)e 'oee" +( e'o"(, e" +o *)(+e e (+0(*e"(" +( ?o&( $e 5%$ro*(r1)ro.

1$.- )Diga cu+les son las características fundamentales de los (acimientos,

- Ser )1&err"eo. - Ser Poroo, e $e*%r, 'oeer )" /o+)0e" /(*>o $e"&ro $e ) )"%$($ f>%*(. - Ser Per0e(1+e, e $e*%r, 6)e ee e'(*%o /(*>o e&< *o"e*&($o e"&re > '(r( 6)e ')e$( e;%&%r 0o/%0%e"&o $e +o f+)%$o *o"&e"%$o e" <+. - Co"&%e"e f+)%$o, +o *)(+e o" 5%$ro*(r1)ro ?( Ko 'e&r7+eo  (?)(. - E $e Vo+)0e" L%0%&($o. - Poee e"er?>( 6)e 'er0%&e +( 0o/%+%#(*%7" $e +o f+)%$o *o"&e"%$o.

10.- )En 'ué a4o se realiaron los &rimeros estudios en cuanto a &orosidad,

U"o $e +o 'r%0ero e&)$%o o1re 'oro%$($ $e )"( for0(*%7" 'e&ro+>fer( f)e 'ree"&($o 'or . F. C(r++ e" )"( ')1+%*(*%7" $e+ Se*o"$ Pe""+/("%( S)r/e Se?)"$o E&)$%o $e Pe"%+/("%( e" 3=88. E&o e;'er%0e"&o f)ero" re(+%#($o *o" 0)e&r( $e ro*( *)o 'oro e&(1(" )" 'o*o o1&r)%$o *o" 'e&r7+eo re%$)(+ 6)e 5(1>( %$o re&e"%$o  *o" 0)e&r( "o (&)r($( 1(o 're%7". S%" e01(r?o, +( e;'er%e"*%( $e C(r++  ) *o"*+)%o"e $e&(*(ro" +( %$e( 6)e e &e">( e" (6)e+ e"&o"*e o1re +( e;%&e"*%( $e +(?o *orr%e"&e )1&err"eo $e 'e&r7+eo. O&ro e;'er%0e"&o f)e $e(rro++($o 'or or"er e" 3@, e" +( *)(+ )&%+%#7 )" 0<&o$o 6)e *o"%&>( e" +( %"e**%7" $e )" f+)%$o %"*o0're%1+e 0er*)r%o ( 're%7" e" )"( 0)e&r( $e for0(*%7", )("$o )" %"&r)0e"&o *o"o*%$o 5o e" $>( *o0o 'oro>0e&ro $e R)Q( $e (+&( 're%7".

13.- )actores 'ue rigen la magnitud de la &orosidad, Hi&os de em&a'ue: E e+ (rre?+o ?eo0<&r%*o o $%'o%*%7" e" +( 6)e e 'ree"&(" +o

?r("o $e +( ro*( e" *o")"&o. D)r("&e +o 'ro*eo ?eo+7?%*o e ')e$e" for0(r  /(r%o &%'o $e e0'(6)e&(0%e"&o 6)e &%e"e" $%fere"&e /(+ore $e 'oro%$($, $e'e"$%e"$o $e +( 're%7" $e *o"f%"(0%e"&o 'r%"*%'(+, e"&re +o *)(+e e e"*)e"&r(! T%'o C1%*o.

E e+ (rre?+o $e 0>"%0( *o0'(*&(*%7" 'or +o &("&o 0;%0( 'oro%$($. Lo ee e"&re +( efer( for0(" e"&re > "?)+o $e @2.

 Arre?+o *1%*o. T%'o r701%*o ) or&orr701%*o. L( efer( e (*o0o$(" for0("$o ) ee "?)+o e"&re > $e 42 e" )" '+("o  $e @2 e" o&ro '+("o.

 Arre?+o or&orr701%*o. E0'(6)e Te&r(?o"(+ Efe"o%$(+ Lo ee $e +( efer( for0(" e" &o$o +o e"&%$o "?)+o e"&re > $e 42.

E0'(6)e ro01o<$r%*o. Lo ee $e +( efer( for0(" "?)+o $e 9.

 Arre?+o ro01o<$r%*o

V(0o ( re(+%#(r e+ *+*)+o $e +( 'oro%$($ '(r( )" (rre?+o *1%*o  or&orr701%*o  (> o1er/(r +( $%fere"*%( e" ) /(+ore. P(r( e+ *+*)+o $e +( 'oro%$($ e" )" e0'(6)e &%'o *1%*o, e re(+%#(" +o %?)%e"&e *+*)+o! 2 r  ¿ ¿ ¿

V&J

4 π 

VJ

3

r

3

3

8

3 r  −

∅=

4 π r  3

= 1−

3 r 

8

π 

6

= 0,4764

∅= 47.64

P(r( *(+*)+(r +( 'oro%$($ e" )" e0'(6)e or&orr701%*o e 'ro*e$e $e +( %?)%e"&e for0(! 2

V&J ( 2 r ) 4

VJ

3

3

(

 x 2 r h=8 r Sen 60

πr

3 )=8 r √  = 4 r √ 3 3

3

2

3

3

4 ∅=

3 r 

√ 3 4

−

3 r 

4 π r 

√ 3

3

=

1

π  −

3 √ 3

=

0,3954

∅=39,54

 A+ *(+*)+(r +( 'oro%$($ $e )"( ro*( 6)e 'ree"&( )" e0'(6)e *1%*o e o1&)/o )" /(+or $e 'oro%$($ $e 8.4. S% e 0("&%e"e e+ &%'o $e e0'(6)e  e re$)*e e+ &(0(Ho $e +( efer( ( +( 0%&($, +( 'oro%$($ "o e /er>( (fe*&($(, ( 6)e e&o e $e1e ( 6)e +( /(r%(*%7" e" e+ &(0(Ho $e +o ?r("o "o (fe*&( +( 'oro%$($ $e +( ro*(, %e0're  *)("$o e 0("&e"?( e+ &%'o $e (rre?+o o e0'(6)e $e +o ?r("o. E+ e0'(6)e &%'o *1%*o 'ree"&( )"( 0(or 'oro%$($ *o0'(r($o *o" e+ (rre?+o $e+ &%'o or&orr701%*o  +o 0%0o )*e$e *o" +o $e+ &%'o ro01o<$r%*o, &e&r(?o"(+ efe"o%$(+, e&*., e&( $%0%")*%7" e" +( 'oro%$($ e $e1e ( )"( re$)**%7" e" e+ /o+)0e" 'oroo $e+ %&e0(, ( 6)e '(r&e $e +( efer( o*)'(" )" /o+)0e" 6)e ("&er%or0e"&e e e"*o"&r(1( /(*>o.

Hama4o8 uniformidad ( ti&o de grano: ( 0e"or &(0(Ho $e +o ?r("o 0e"ore +(

'oro%$($, ( 0(or /(r%(*%7" $e+ &(0(Ho 0e"or /( ( er +( 'oro%$($. Presencia de material cementante: L( *e0e"&(*%7" e e+ (?e"&e 6)e &%e"e 0(or 

efe*&o o1re +( 'oro%$($ or%?%"(+  (fe*&( e+ &(0(Ho, for0(  *o"&%")%$($ $e +o *("(+e 'oroo. Por e++o +o e&r(&o e %$e"&%f%*(" *o0o *o"o+%$($o, 'o*o *o"o+%$($o  "o *o"o+%$($o  e&o e 0) %0'or&("&e 'or6)e e++o $e&er0%"( e+ &%'o $e *o0'+e&(*%7" $e+ 'o#o 5)e*o (1%er&o, e"&)1($o, e0'(6)e *o" ?r(/(, e&*.. Lo ?r("o 6)e *o"for0(" +( 0(&r%# $e +( ro*( e e"*)e"&r(" )"%$o e"&re > 'or  0(&er%(+ *e0e"&("&e, e+ *)(+ e e"*)e"&r( *o0')e&o 'r%"*%'(+0e"&e 'or >+%*e, *(r1o"(&o $e *(+*%o  (r*%++(. L( 'ree"*%( $e 0(&er%(+ *e0e"&("&e (fe*&( +( f%r0e#(  *o0'(*&(*%7" $e +( ro*(, 'or +o &("&o (fe*&( +( 'oro%$($ $e +( 0%0(. A 0e$%$( 6)e ()0e"&( +( *("&%$($ $e 0(&er%(+ *e0e"&("&e, +( 'oro%$($ $e+ %&e0( $%0%")e, $e1%$o ( 6)e e&e 0(&er%(+ e (+o( e" +o e'(*%o $%'o"%1+e '(r( +( (*)0)+(*%7" $e f+)%$o. Por e&( r(#7", +( 'oro%$($ $e (re"( "o *o"o+%$($( +( *)(+e 'ree"&(" 'o*( *("&%$($ $e 0(&er%(+ *e0e"&("&e e 0)*5o 0(or 6)e +( 'oro%$($ $e (re"( (+&(0e"&e *o"o+%$($( o *o0'(*&($(. T("&o +( 'oro%$($ *o0o +( 'er0e(1%+%$($ $e*re*e" *o" e+ %"*re0e"&o $e +( *("&%$($ $e *e0e"&o. L( *e0e"&(*%7" &%e"e +)?(r &("&o (+ &%e0'o $e +( +%&%f%*(*%7"  $)r("&e +( (+&er(*%7" $e +( ro*( 'or *%r*)+(*%7" $e (?)(. E+ 'ro*eo e ee"*%(+0e"&e 6)e +o e'(*%o 'oroo e ++e"(" *o" 0(&er%(+ 0%"er(+ e+ *)(+ re$)*e +( 'oro%$($.

Efe*&o $e +( *e0e"&(*%7" o1re +( 'oro%$($.

16.- )E%iste la &orosidad ca&ilar, )En 'ué consiste,

E" 0(&er%( $e %"?e"%er>( $e 'e&r7+eo, "o e;%&e +( 'oro%$($ *('%+(r. P)e&o 6)e e&( e $ef%"e *o0o +( *('(*%$($ 6)e &%e"e ")e&ro *(1e++o '(r( (1or1er 5)0e$($  0("&e"er+( $e"&ro $e ")e&r( f%1r( *('%+(r 5e1r(,  e *+(%f%*( e?" +( %?)%e"&e e*(+(! $<1%+, "or0(+  (+&(.