]KIQM\PIDJD G]Ê\MW J]TÐKFOJ DM TJLJP@F
DJIJ (Divisiðk J`jdéoi`j dm Ikcmkimrïj y Jrquitm`turj) Jsickjturj7 Dismúf dm prf`msfs @jtmdrêti`f7
Jhuokfs7
^rfym`tf aikjh7 ^hjktj dm ^rfdu``iðk dm J`mtfkj pfr dmsbidrfcmkj`iðk dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f. Am`bj dm mktrmcj7
:. IKT\FD]@@IÐK Hfs jh`fbfhms sfk `fopumstfs frcêki`fs qum `fktimkmk crupfs bidrfxihf (-FB). Hj pjhjlrj jh`fbfh ms ukf dm hfs téroikfs oês jkticufs, mh `ujh sm dmrivj dmh êrjlm jh-Eubk .
]kj afroj dm frcjkizjr hj ajoihij dm hfs jh`fbfhms ms `hjsiai`jr `jdj
jh`fbfh dm j`umrdf `fk mh tipf dm `jrlfkf qum smj pfrtjdfr dmh crupf ‐FB y sm pumdmk `hjsiai`jr `fof priojrif, sm`ukdjrif y tmr`ijrif. ]k jh`fbfh sm`ukdjrif timkm mh crupf ‐FB ukidf j ftrfs dfs êtfofs dm `jrlfkf. ]k mgmophf dm uk jh`fbfh sm`ukdjrif ms mh jh`fbfh isfprfpihi`f (@B 0-@B<-FB) f tjoliék hhjojdf isfprfpjkfh, prfpjk-<-fh, f <-prfpjkf f J^I qum sm prfdu`m pfr hj bidrjtj`iðk `jtjhïti`j dmh prfpihmkf. Mstm sm trjtj trj tj dm uk `fopumstf quïoi`f ik`fhfrf, ikahjojlhm y `fk uk aumrtm fhfr. Ms uk `fopumstf frcêki`f, qum sm utihizj jophijomktm `fof disfhvmktm. Pm utihizj ou`bf mk hj ikdustrij y ukf dm sus usfs ms `fof jh`fbfh dmsikam`tjktm mk hucjr dmh mtjkfh. Jh icujh qum sm utihizj `fof disfhvmktm pjrj `mrjs, j`mitms vmcmtjhms, rmsikjs kjturjhms y siktéti`js, éstmrms y étmrms dm `mhuhfsj U:_. Tjoliék omdijktm hj dmsbidrfcmkj`iðk `jtjhïti`j dmh jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f.sm pumdm fltmkmr hj j`mtfkj f quïoi`jomktm `fkf`idj `fof prfpjkfkj (@B 0-@F-@B0), hj `ujh ms hj `mtfkj jhiaêti`j oês smk`ihhj y ms uk hïquidf ik`fhfrf, ouy vfhêtih y dm fhfr jcrjdjlhm, ikahjojlhm y ois`ilhm `fk jcuj, mtjkfh y étmr. Hj `ujh sm usj mk disfhvmktms y mk hj prmpjrj`iðk dm divmrsfs `fopumstfs frcêki`fs U<_. Hj j`mtfkj, pfr smr mh `fopumstf quïoi`f oês iopfrtjktm dm hj ajoihij dm hjs `mtfkjs, dmlidf j su utihidjd `fof sfhvmktm y prfdu`tf quïoi`f iktmromdijrif, sm prfdu`m mk mh oukdf j ms`jhj ikdustrijh dmsdm iki`ifs dmh sichf RR. Mktrm hjs ikdustrijs dm prf`msfs qum oês hj mophmjk sm mk`umktrjk7 hj ikdustrij dm cjsms ikdustrijhms, pikturjs, `fhfrjktms, cfojs y hj`js, `fsoéti`fs, y hjs prfdu`tfrjs dm ojtmrijhms aïhoi`fs y aftfcrêai`fs. Éstm `fkstituym ukf dm hfs rmj`tivfs oês `fdi`ijdfs pfr hfs hjlfrjtfrifs dm ikvmsticj`iðk `imktïai`j U0_. ]k mstudif dm omr`jdf rmjhizjdf pfr hj moprmsj Ojremt \msmjr`b \mpfrts Pmjr`b Mkcikm dif j `fkf`mr qum mh `fksuof oukdijh dm j`mtfkj sm situð mk =,9 oihhfkms :
dm tfkmhjdjs mk <>:4. @fk mh juomktf dm hj dmojkdj dm j`mtfkj, sm mspmrj qum mh `fksuof oukdijh juomktm j ukj tjsj `fopumstj jkujh dmh 0% mktrm <>:4 y <><> pjrj hhmcjr j 3,<: oihhfkms dm tfkmhjdjs mk <><>. Jsij y mh ^j`ïai`f dfoikjrfk mh omr`jdf dm j`mtfkj mk <>:4 `fk oês dm 4:% dmh `fksuof oukdijh. Dmlidf jh `rm`imktm k÷omrf dm ikdustrijs dm usf aikjh dm hj rmciðk, hj dmojkdj dm j`mtfkj sm bj ik`rmomktjdf sickiai`jtivjomktm. Pm mspmrj qum Jsij-^j`ïai`f pjrj ojktmkmr su dfoikif mk uk auturf prðxiof, `rmz`j j ukj tjsj `fopumstj jkujh dmh 1,<% mktrm <>:4 y <><> U4_.
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IKDI@M :. Iktrfdu``iðk
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<. Ojr`f tmðri`f
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<.: prf`msf dm prfdu``iðk dm j`mtfkj 0. Ljsms dm dismúf 0.: Cmkmrjhidjdms
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0.:.: Auk`iðk dm hj phjktj
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0.:.< Tipf dm prf`msf
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0.< @jpj`idjd, rmkdioimktf y ahmxilihidjd
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0.<.: Aj`tfr dm smrvi`if
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0.<.< @jpj`idjd y rmkdioimktf
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0.<.0 Ahmxilihidjd
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0.0 Mspm`iai`j`iðk dm jhiomktj`iðk dmh prf`msf
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0.4 Mspm`iai`j`iðk dm hfs prfdu`tfs
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0.= Jhiomktj`iðk dm hj phjktj
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0.=.: `fkdi`ifkms dm jhiomktj`iðk mk hioitms dm ljtmrïj
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0.=.< Mhmomktfs dm smcuridjd
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0.1 @frrimktms dm sjhidj dm hj phjktj 0.1.: @fkdi`ifkms dm prfdu`tf mk hïoitms dm ljtmrïj 0.3 Mhioikj`iðk dm dmsm`bfs 0.3.: Kfrojs y rmqumrioimktfs rmspm`tf j hj purmzj y `fkdi`ifkms dm jcujs rmsidujhms 0.3.< Pistmoj dm mhioikj`iðk dm dmsm`bfs 0.2 Ikstjhj`ifkms rmqumridjs dm jhoj`mkjoimktf
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0.2.: Jhiomktj`iðk
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0.2.< ^rfdu`tfs
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0.9 Pmrvi`ifs juxihijrms
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0.9.: Qjpfr
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0.9.< Jirm
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4. Dijcrjoj dm mktrjdj y sjhidj (DMP)
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0
=. Dijcrjoj dm ahugf dm lhfqums (DAL)
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=.: Dms`rip`iðk dmh DAL
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1. Dijcrjoj dm ahugf dm prf`msf (DA^)
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1.: Dmsjrrfhhf dmh prf`msf pjrj hj fltmk`iðk dm j`mtfkj
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3. Ljhjk`m dm ojsj dmh prf`msf
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2. Dijcrjoj dm tulmrïjs m ikstruomktj`iðk dmh prf`msf (DTI)
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9. Diomksifkjoimktf y `jrj`tmrïsti`js dm hfs mquipfs dmh prf`msf
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9.: Tulmrïjs
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9.< Qêhvuhjs
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9.0 Lfoljs
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9.4 Diomksifkjoimktf y dismúf dm hfs mquipfs dmh prf`msf
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9.4.: Omz`hjdfr, smpjrjdfr y tjkqums dm jhoj`mkjoimktf ……….0< 9.4.< \mj`tfr
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9.4.0 Iktmr`jolijdfrms dm `jhfr
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9.4.4 @fhuokjs dm dmstihj`iðk
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9.4.= @fhuokj dm jlsfr`iðk
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:>. \mamrmk`ijs lilhifcrêai`js
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4
<. OJ\@F TMÐ\I@F Mh jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f ms uk hïquidf ik`fhfrf dm fhfr jcrjdjlhm. Pu puktf dm mluhhi`iðk ms dm 2<= f@ j 31> ooBc y su puktf dm ausiðk dm -22.= f@. Pu dmksidjd rmhjtivj ms icujh j >.32= j <> f@/ 4 f@. Pu sfhulihidjd mk jcuj ms dm :x:> 1 j <= f@. Pu sfhulihidjd mk jh`fbfh, étmr y j`mtfkj ms omkfr dmh :>%. Ms sfhulhm mk lmk`mkf. Ms ois`ilhm mk `hfrfafrof y hj ojyfrïj dm hfs disfhvmktms frcêki`fs. Ms iksfhulhm mk sfhu`ifkms sjhikjs. Pu prmsiðk dm vjpfr ms icujh j 4=.4 ooBc j <= f
@. Omz`hjdf `fk jcuj, ms ouy utihizjdf mk hj hiopimzj dm hmktms dm flgmtivfs
aftfcrêai`fs y tfdf tipf dm ðpti`js. Pirvm pjrj hiopijr `fktj`tfs dm jpjrjtfs mhm`trðki`fs, yj qum kf dmgj ojr`js y ms dm rêpidj mvjpfrj`iðk. Tjoliék sm usj mk hj hiopimzj dm `jlmzjs ojckéti`js mk jpjrjtfs dm vïdmf, judif y `fof jktimstêti`f mk dis`fs dm vikihf. Mh jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f ms uk hïquidf ik`fhfrf, qum bimrvm
j 2<.4¾` (0==.1e)
ikdustrijhomktm sm fltimkm j pjrtir dmh prfpmkf dm hfs cjsms dm `rjqumf .sm utihizj jophijomktm `fof disfhvmktm. Pm jújdm j hj cjsfhikj `fof jkti`fkcmhjktm, y sm utihizj mk hj ikdustrij `fof ojtmrij prioj pjrj hj sïktmsis dm j`mtfkj. Hj aðrouhj ofhm`uhjr @0B2F U=_.
Aicurj :. Aðrouhj dmh jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f. Tfojdj dm rmamrmk`ij = Mh jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f bj jh`jkzjdf ukj crjk iopfrtjk`ij, pfrqum j pjrtir dm éh sm fltimkm hj j`mtfkj mhmcjktmomktm y ouy ljrjtj. Pm hm prmpjrj j pjrtir dmh prfpihmkf @B0-@B?@B< pfr jdi`iðk dm jcuj dm afroj mktmrjomktm jkêhfcj j `fof sm bj`m `fk mh mtihmkf pjrj fltmkmr mh mtjkfh U1_. Hj j`mtfkj ms ukj sustjk`ij quïoi`j qum tjoliék sm mk`umktrj dm afroj kjturjh mk mh omdif jolimktm. Tjoliék sm `fkf`m `fof diomtih `mtfkj, <-prfpjkfkj. Ms =
uk hïquidf ik`fhfrf `fk uk fhfr y uk sjlfr `jrj`tmrïsti`fs. Pm mvjpfrj aê`ihomktm, ms ikahjojlhm y sm disumhvm mk mh jcuj. Hj j`mtfkj sm usj pjrj bj`mr phêsti`fs, ailrjs, omdi`jomktfs y ftrfs prfdu`tfs quïoi`fs. Tjoliék sm usj pjrj disfhvmr ftrjs sustjk`ijs. Pm prfdu`m dm afroj kjturjh mk hjs phjktjs, hfs êrlfhms, hfs cjsms vfh`êki`fs, ik`mkdifs afrmstjhms y `fof prfdu`tf dm hj dms`fopfsi`iðk dm hj crjsj `frpfrjh. Mstê prmsmktm mk mh ms`jpm dm vmbï`uhfs, mk mh buof dmh tjlj`f y mk hfs vmrtmdmrfs. Hfs prf`msfs ikdustrijhms jpfrtjk oês j`mtfkj jh omdif jolimktm qum hfs prf`msfs kjturjhms U1_.
Aicurj <. Aðrouhj dm hj j`mtfkj. Tfojdj dm rmamrmk`ij 1
J hj bfrj dm prfdu`ir j`mtfkj sm prmsmktjk diamrmktms oétfdfs dm hfs `ujhms sm dmstj`jk trms7
^rf`msf dm `uomkf7 mh oês `fo÷k j kivmh oukdijh, pmrf `fof prfdu`tf sm`ukdjrif mstê mh lmk`mkf (qum jdmoês ms `jk`mrïcmkf) ljgjkdf hj purmzj dm hj j`mtfkj y juomktjkdf hfs `fstms dm prfdu``iðk pfr hj smpjrj`iðk.
Fxidj`iðk dm pfhiprfpihmkf7 qum qum timkm ukj ljgj `fkvmrsiðk dm j`mtfkj y hj purmzj dm hfs rmj`tivfs dmlm dm smr dmh 99%.
Dmsbidrfcmkj`iðk dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f (I^J)7 sm fltimkm fltimkm j`mtfkj dm jhtj purmzj, mh I^J sm pumdm utihizjr mk sfhu`iðk j`ufsj y hj `fkvmrsiðk dm j`mtfkj ms jhtj.
1
^fr hf `ujh tmkimkdf mk `umktj hfs puktfs jktmrifrms, sm prfpfkm dmsjrrfhhjr mh dismúf dm hj phjktj pjrj hj prfdu``iðk dm j`mtfkj omdijktm hj dmsbidrfcmkj`iðk dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f U3_. Jh ofomktf dm hhmvjr j `jlf hj rmj``iðk dm dmsbidrfcmkj`iðk dmh jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f, ms ikdispmksjlhm bj`mr usf dm uk `jtjhizjdfr, `fkvirtiékdfsm mk ukj rmj``iðk pfr `jtêhisis bmtmrfcmkmj, qum `fof sm sjlm, ms uk prf`msf quïoi`f qum timkm hucjr mk hj iktmrajsm mktrm uk sðhidf y uk ahuidf5 pfr hf tjktf, hj maim`imk`ij dmh `jtjhizjdfr sm pumdm rmhj`ifkjr `fk su `jpj`idjd pjrj ajvfrm`mr hj diausiðk, mktrm mh sðhidf y mh smkf dmh ahuidf, dm hjs sustjk`ijs jdsfrlidjs f dmsjdsfrlidjs, jsï `fof su bjlihidjd pjrj pmritir hj trjksamrmk`ij dm mhm`trfkms durjktm mh rfopioimktf dm hfs mkhj`ms dm hfs rmj`tjktms y hj afroj`iðk dm hfs mkhj`ms dm hfs prfdu`tfs U2_. Mh `jtjhizjdfr qum sm prmtmkdm utihizjr ms mh Kicumh \jkmy, di`bf `jtjhizjdfr timkm jhtj smhm`tividjd mk `fopjrj`iðk `fk hfs `jtjhizjdfrms dm ^hjtikf f ^jhjdiuo. Mh `jtjhizjdfr `fktimkm 2= % Ki mk pmsf, mh tjojúf dmh `jtjhizjdfr ms dm
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puhcjdjs y mh êrmj dm supmrai`im LMT mstê `foprmkdidj mktrm => - =>> o puhcjdj. Mh timopf dm mspj`if oïkiof qum pfdrïj smr mophmjdf j ukj tmopmrjturj djdj pjrj prfdu`ir j`mtfkj purf ms jqumh timopf dm mspj`if rmqumridf pjrj fltmkmr ukj jhtj `fkvmrsiðk dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f j j`mtfkj. Pm utihizj uk `jtjhizjdfr dm tjojúf dm pjrtï`uhj :/4> puhcjdj qum rmquimrm uk timopf dm mspj`if `foprmkdidf 3
mktrm >.>= - >.:= pmsf `jtjhizjdfr - b/pmsf tftjh dm jhiomktj`iðk j hj tmopmrjturj dm 0=> ¾@, simkdf hj rmj``iðk dm priomr frdmk.
<.: ^rf`msf dm prfdu``iðk dm j`mtfkj7 Mh jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f sm dmsbidrfcmkj pjrj fltmkmr j`mtfkj m bidrðcmkf U9_7 Jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f (@B0)<@BFB
J`mtfkj
Bidrðcmkf
(@B0) < @F + B<
Mk mh prf`msf sm tmkdrê ukj omz`hj jzmftrðpi`j dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f y jcuj5 9>% mk pmsf dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f, qum smrê jhiomktjdf j uk tjkqum dm jhiomktj`iðk j ukj tmopmrjturj dm <=¾@ y :.>: ljrms dm prmsiðk dfkdm sm omz`hjrê `fk ukj `frrimktm dm rm`i`hf dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f j 20¾@ y j :.< ljrms. Hj omz`hj sm lfolmjrê bj`ij uk iktmr`jolijdfr dm `jhfr j ukj tmopmrjturj dm fpmrj`iðk dm 0<¾@ y ukj prmsiðk dm sjhidj dm 0.:> ljrms dfkdm sm vjpfrizjrê hj omz`hj dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f jktms dm qum sm pumdj ikcrmsjr j uk rmj`tfr. Hj vjpfrizj`iðk sm dmlm hhmvjr j `jlf j :>:¾@ y <.0 ljrms. ^jrj qum hj rmj``iðk sm hhmvm j `jlf dm ojkmrj mai`imktm sm rm`foimkdj qum mh rmj`tfr smj dm hm`bf ahuidizjdf y éstm dmlj fpmrjr j <.:1 ljrms mk mh hm`bf y <.3> ljrms mk hfs tulfs y j ukj tmopmrjturj dm 0=> ¾@, sm dmlm suoikistrjr `jhfr jh rmj`tfr, pfr `ujh sm dmtmroikj `fof ukj rmj``iðk mkdftéroi`j, pjrj mhhf sm dmlm utihizjr ukj `frrimktm dm sjh aukdidj. Mh mahumktm dmh rmj`tfr, qum `fktimkm j`mtfkj, bidrðcmkf, jcuj y jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f kf rmj``ifkjdf, pjsjrê j trjvés dm uk iktmr`jolijdfr dm `jhfr pjrj mkarijr hj omz`hj dm 0=>¾@ j <>¾@ jktms dm qum ikcrmsm j uk smpjrjdfr. Mh vjpfr qum sjhdrê dmh smpjrjdfr, sm `fkdu`irê j uk jlsfrlmdfr, j hj `ujh hm hhmcjrê ukj `frrimktm dm jcuj j <>¾@ y < ljrms `fk hj aikjhidjd dm rm`upmrjr ukj pjrtm dm j`mtfkj. Humcf, hj `frrimktm hïquidj fltmkidj pfr hfs afkdfs dmh smpjrjdfr, sm omz`hjrê `fk hj `frrimktm prfvmkimktm dmh jlsfrlmdfr hj `ujh `fktmkdrê hj j`mtfkj qum sm rm`upmrm pjrj humcf smr mkvijdf j dmstihj`iðk. 2
Hfs cjsms kf `fkdmksjlhms qum sjhmk dmh jlsfrlmdfr pfr mh tfpm, `fktmkdrêk tfdf mh bidrðcmkf y pmqumújs `jktidjdms dm j`mtfkj. Hj `frrimktm ri`j mk j`mtfkj prfdu`tf dm hjs `frrimktms hïquidjs dmh smpjrjdfr y mh hïquidf dm afkdfs dmh jlsfrlmdfr sm mkvijrê j uk trmk dm trms `fhuokjs dm dmstihj`iðk pjrj rm`upmrjr hj j`mtfkj y mh jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f. Mstjs tfrrms smrêk utihizjdjs pjrj smpjrjr mh prfdu`tf, j`mtfkj `fk uk 99.9% dm purmzj pfr mh tfpm dm hj `fhuokj dm dmstihj`iðk y jsï mhioikjr mh mx`msf dm jcuj mk mh jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f kf rmj``ifkjdf. Mh jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f rm`upmrjdf, smrê rm`i`hjdf kumvjomktm jh prf`msf U:>_.
0. LJPMP DM DIPMÚF Kfolrm dm hj phjktj7 @MTFOJR Am`bj7 >< dm Gukif dm <>:= Hf`jhizj`iðk7 Jv. Gj`jrjkdjs, Lmcfkijs, @fjtzj`fjh`fs, Qmrj`ruz. :2f >2’ :0.1’’ Kfrtm 94f <3’ =9.2’’ Fmstm
9
0.: Cmkmrjhidjdms 0.:.: Auk`iðk dm hj phjktj7 Fltmk`iðk dm diomtih`mtfkj (j`mtfkj) j pjrtir dm hj rmj``iðk dm dmsbidrfcmkj`iðk dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f, utihizjkdf pjhjdif `fof `jtjhizjdfr. 0.:.< Tipf dm prf`msf7 ^rf`msf `fktikuf.
0.< @jpj`idjd, rmkdioimktf y ahmxilihidjd 0.<.: Aj`tfr dm smrvi`if7 Hj phjktj fpmrjrê durjktm :>/:< omsms, mx`huymkdf di`imolrm y mkmrf. 0.<.< @jpj`idjd y rmkdioimktf7 j) Dismúf. Pm fltmkdrêk 0<.0 ofhms/b dm j`mtfkj pfr `jdj 04.2 ofhms/b jhiomktjdfs dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f (ljsm hilrm dm jcuj). l) Kfrojh. Jprfxiojdj j hj dm dismúf, sm mstioj ukj vjrij`iðk dm :>%. `) Oïkioj. Pm mxphi`j mk ljsm j aj`tfrms `fof hj dmsj`tivj`iðk dmh `jtjhizjdfr f jh rmkdioimktf dm hjs `fhuokjs dm dmstihj`iðk, pfdrïj disoikuir bjstj :=% ikamrifr j hj dm dismúf. 0.<.0 Ahmxilihidjd7 Hj phjktj dmlmrê smcuir fpmrjkdf ljgf hjs sicuimktms `fkdi`ifkms jkfrojhms7 j) Ajhhj dm mhm`tri`idjd. Pï. Pm bj prmvistf hj jdquisi`iðk dm cmkmrjdfrms prfpifs. l) Ajhhj dm vjpfr. Kf. Bjstj rmpfkmr mh vjpfr sjturjdf qum sm km`msitj. `) Ajhhj dm jirm. Pï. ^fdrïj fpmrjrsm jhtmrkjtivjomktm jhtmrkjtivjomktm `fk uk iktmr`jolijdfr iktmr`jolijdfr dm `jhfr pjrj mkarijr mh jcuj. :>
Pm dispfkm dm uk êrmj dm <>> o < pjrj pfsilhms mxpjksifkms auturjs dm j`umrdf j hfs rmqumrioimktfs dm hj phjktj. Pi sm dimrj mh `jsf dm qum hj dmojkdj dm prfdu`tf aumrj ojyfr, sm `fktjrïj `fk mh mspj`if y rm`ursf km`msjrif pjrj juomktjr hj `jpj`idjd dm hj phjktj. ^jrj fpmrjr, sm rmquimrmk hfs smrvi`ifs juxihijrms dm vjpfr dm `jhmktjoimktf, jirm pjrj mkarijr mh jcuj y mkmrcïj mhé`tri`j pjrj mh auk`ifkjoimktf dm hjs lfoljs.
0.0 Mspm`iai`j`ifkms dm hjs jhiomktj`ifkms dm prf`msf j) Jhiomktj`iðk prik`ipjh jh tjkqum dm jhoj`mkjoimktf7 <.4 tfk/b dm ukj omz`hj jzmftrðpi`j dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f y jcuj, 9>% mk pmsf dm jh`fbfh. l) Jhiomktj`iðk jh jlsfrlmdfr7 >.01 tfk/b dm jcuj purj.
0.4 Mspm`iai`j`ifkms dm hfs prfdu`tfs j) ^rfdu`tf prik`ipjh7 :.22 tfk/b dm j`mtfkj purj. l) Ftrjs `frrimktms qum sjhmk dmh prf`msf7 >.<4 tfk/b dm bidrðcmkf cjsmfsf y >.1= tfk/b dm jcujs rmsidujhms.
0.= Jhiomktj`iðk dm hj phjktj 0.=.: Hjs `fkdi`ifkms dm hjs jhiomktj`ifkms mk hïoitms dm ljtmrïj sfk hjs qum sm oumstrjk mk hj tjlhj :7 Tjlhj :. @fkdi`ifkms dm hjs jhiomktj`ifkms mk hfs hïoitms dm ljtmrïj.
^rmsiðk Jhiomktj`iðk
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ojkfoétri`j
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Tmopmrjturj f
( @) oêx/kfr/oïk
Omz`hj jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f jcuj
Hïquidf
-/:.>0/-
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Afroj dm rm`ilf
@foprj / \m`ir`uhj`iðk
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@foprj Jcuj purj
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/^rfvmkimktm dm ftrj ukidjd
0.=.< Mhmomktfs dm smcuridjd mxistmktms qum prftmcmk j hjs hïkmjs dm jhiomktj`iðk7 Diqums jhrmdmdfr dmh tjkqum dm jhoj`mkjoimktf, dfkdm sm jhfgj hj jhiomktj`iðk prik`ipjh.
0.1 @F\\IMKTMP DM PJHIDJ DM HJ ^HJKTJ 0.1.: Hjs `fkdi`ifkms dm hfs prfdu`tfs mk hfs hïoitms dm ljtmrïj sfk hfs qum sm oumstrjk mk hj tjlhj <. Tjlhj <. @fkdi`ifkms dm hfs prfdu`tfs mk hfs hïoitms dm ljtmrïj.
^rmsiðk @frrimktm dm sjhidj
Mstjdf aïsi`f
ojkfoétri`j <
(ec/`o ) oêx/kfr/oïk
Tmopmrjturj (f@) oêx/kfr/oïk
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\m`ir`uhj`iðk jh prf`msf Tfrrm dm mkarijoimktf :<
0.3 MHIOIKJ@IÐK DM DMPM@BFP 0.3.: Kfrojs y rmqumrioimktfs rmspm`tf j hj purmzj y `fkdi`ifkms dm7 Jcujs rmsidujhms (@frrimktm j :>9 f@) KOR ‐ JJ ‐ >>3 ‐ P@AI ‐ <>:0 Hjs tmopmrjturjs mhmvjdjs mk mh jcuj pumdmk smr ikdi`jdfrms dm j`tividjd lifhðci`j, quïoi`j y aïsi`j, hf jktmrifr timkm ikahumk`ij mk hfs trjtjoimktfs y jljstm`ioimktfs pjrj mh jcuj, jsï `fof mk hj mvjhuj`iðk hiokfhðci`j dm uk `umrpf dm jcuj. Mh vjhfr dm tmopmrjturj ms uk `ritmrif dm `jhidjd dmh jcuj pjrj hj prftm``iðk dm hj vidj j`uêti`j, yj qum hjs jhtjs tmopmrjturjs jam`tjk hj sfhulihidjd dmh fxïcmkf mk mh jcuj (hmy dm Bmkry) y pjrj hjs aumktms dm jljstm`ioimktf dm jcuj pftjlhm, ms tjoliék uk pjrêomtrf mstjlhm`idf `fof hïoitm oêxiof mk hjs dms`jrcjs dm jcujs rmsidujhms. 0.3.< Pistmojs dm mhioikj`iðk dm dmsm`bfs7 ^jrj `uophir `fk hj kfroj jktmrifr, ms km`msjrif disoikuir hj tmopmrjturj dmh jcuj rmsidujh jktms dm smr dms`jrcjdj (mh jcuj rmsidujh prfvimkm dm uk trmk dm `fhuokjs dm dmstihj`iðk y pfr mhhf sm ickfrjk hjs trjzjs iksickiai`jktms qum pudimrjk mxistir dm ftrfs `fopumstfs). ^jrj mhhf, ms km`msjrif mkvijrhj j ukj tfrrm dm mkarijoimktf, mk hj `ujh, jh pfkmrsm mk `fktj`tf j `fktrj`frrimktm `fk jirm ljgf `fkdi`ifkms jdijlêti`js, sm mkarijrê bjstj ukj tmopmrjturj jprfxiojdj j hj tmopmrjturj dm luhlf b÷omdf dmh hucjr, hj `ujh ms jprfxiojdjomktm <4.: f@, tmopmrjturj qum sï ms pmroitidj mk mh jcuj rmsidujh y qum kf jam`tjrê j hj vidj j`uêti`j.
0.2 IKPTJHJ@IFKMP \MZ]M\IDJP DM JHOJ@MKJOIMKTF 0.2.: Jhiomktj`ifkms7 Tjkqums dm jhoj`mkjoimktf.
:0
0.2.< ^rfdu`tfs7 Tjkqums dm jhoj`mkjoimktf, tfrrm dm mkarijoimktf.
0.9 PM\QI@IFP J]RIHIJ\MP 0.9.: Qjpfr Mh vjpfr kf smrê cmkmrjdf dmktrf dm hfs hïoitms dm ljtmrïj. Pm utihizj vjpfr sflrm`jhmktjdf `fk hjs `fkdi`ifkms qum sm oumstrjk mk hj tjlhj 0. Tjlhj 0. Qjpfr mk hïoitms dm ljtmrïj.
^rmsiðk (ljr) Tmopmrjturj (f@) @jhidjd Dispfkilihidjd
Oïkioj
Kfrojh
Oêxioj
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0.9.< Jirm Mh jirm j di`bjs tmopmrjturjs ms km`msjrif pjrj qum mxistj mh crjdimktm dm tmopmrjturj mk hj tfrrm dm mkarijoimktf, `fk hjs `fkdi`ifkms qum sm dmtjhhjk mk hj tjlhj 4. Tjlhj 4. Jirm mk hïoitms dm ljtmrïj.
Oïkioj
Kfrojh
Oêxioj
^rmsiðk (ljr)
:.=
:.1
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Tmopmrjturj (f@)
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UTfrrm dm tirf
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Dispfkilihidjd
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4. DIJC\OJ DM MKT\JDJ Y PJHIDJ (DMP)
Aicurj 0. Dijcrjoj dm ahugf dm mktrjdj y sjhidj dmh prf`msf pjrj hj fltmk`iðk dm j`mtfkj.
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=. DIJC\JOJ DM AH]GF DM LHFZ]MP (DAL) =.: Dms`rip`iðk dmh dijcrjoj dm ahugf dm lhfqums qum sm prmsmktj mk hj aicurj 4. ]kj omz`hj dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f y jcuj (9>% mk pmsf dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f), ms jhiomktjdf j uk tjkqum dm jhiomktj`iðk, dfkdm sm omz`hj `fk ukj `frrimktm dm rm`i`hf dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f. Mstj omz`hj sm vjpfrizj jktms qum ikcrmsm jh rmj`tfr. Mh rmj`tfr ms dm hm`bf ahuidizjdf dm j`mrf ikfxidjlhm. Mh mahumktm dmh rmj`tfr, qum `fktimkm j`mtfkj, bidrfcmkf, jcuj y jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f kf rmj``ifkjdf, ms mkarijdf jktms dm qum ikcrmsm jh smpjrjdfr. Mh vjpfr qum sjhm dmh smpjrjdfr, ms `fkdu`idf jh jlsfrlmdfr, ukj tfrrm dm rmhhmkf `fk jkihhfs \jsbikc, j hj `ujh hm hhmcj ukj `frrimktm dm jcuj `fk hj aikjhidjd dm rm`upmrjr ukj pjrtm dm j`mtfkj, humcf hj `frrimktm hiquidj fltmkidj pfr hfs afkdfs dmh smpjrjdfr, sm omz`hj `fk hj `frrimktm prfvmkimktm dmh jlsfrlmdfr mh `ujh `fktimkm j`mtfkj qum bj sidf rm`upmrjdj pjrj humcf smr mkvijdj jh trmk dm dmstihj`iðk. Hfs cjsms qum sjhmk dmh jlsfrlmdfr pfr mh tfpm `fktimkmk tfdf mh bidrðcmkf y mk pmqumújs `jktidjdms j`mtfkj, jh`fbfh Isfprfpïhi`f y jcuj, sm mkvïjk j ftrj phjktj `fk hj aikjhidjd dm rm`upmrjrhfs y utihizjrhf `fof `folustilhm pjrj hj jhiomktj`iðk dm ftrfs mquipfs. Hj `frrimktm ri`j mk j`mtfkj prfdu`tf dm hj `frrimktm hiquidj dmh smpjrjdfr y dm hfs afkdfs dmh jlsfrlmdfr sm mkvïj j uk trmk dm `fhuokjs dm dmstihj`iðk pjrj hj rm`upmrj`iðk dm j`mtfkj y jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f. Mstjs tfrrms sfk utihizjdjs pjrj smpjrjr mh prfdu`tf, j`mtfkj `fk jhtf crjdf dm purmzj pfr mh tfpm dm di`bj `fhuokj y smcuidjomktm, mk ftrj `fhuokj, mhioikjr mh mx`msf dm jcuj mk mh jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f kf rmj``ifkjdf. Mh jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f rm`upmrjdf, ms rm`i`hjdf kumvjomktm jh prf`msf.
:1
Aicurj 4. Dijcrjoj dm ahugf dm lhfqums (DAL) pjrj mh prf`msf dm fltmk`iðk dm j`mtfkj. (@jktidjdms djdjs mk tfk/b) :3
1. DIJC\JOJ DM AH]GF DM^\F@MPF (DA^). 1.: Dmsjrrfhhf dmh prf`msf pjrj hj fltmk`iðk dm j`mtfkj. Mh prf`msf dismújdf pjrj mh prfym`tf sm oumstrj mk hj Aicurj K¾= (dijcrjoj dm ahugf dm prf`msf, DA^). ]kj omz`hj jzmftrðpi`j dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f y jcuj (9>% mk pmsf JH@FBFH IPF^\F^IHI@F) (`frrimktm :), ms jhiomktjdf omdijktm ukj vêhvuhj dm `fktrfh jh tjkqum dm jhiomktj`iðk (Q-4>:) j hj tmopmrjturj dm <=¾@ y :.>: ljrms dm prmsiðk dfkdm sm omz`hj `fk ukj `frrimktm dm rm`i`hf, `frrimktm :4, dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f j 20 ¾@ y :.< ljrms. Mstj omz`hj sm lfolmj j trjvés dm ukj lfolj dm jhiomktj`iðk ^- 4>:ª/L bj`ij mh iktmr`jolijdfr dm `jhfr, M-4>:, j hj tmopmrjturj dm fpmrj`iðk dm 0< ¾@ y ukj prmsiðk dm sjhidj dm 0.:> ljrms dfkdm sm vjpfrizj hj omz`hj dm jh`fbfh Isfprfpïhi`f jktms qum ikcrmsm jh rmj`tfr.
1. DIJC\JOJ DM AH]GF DM^\F@MPF (DA^). 1.: Dmsjrrfhhf dmh prf`msf pjrj hj fltmk`iðk dm j`mtfkj. Mh prf`msf dismújdf pjrj mh prfym`tf sm oumstrj mk hj Aicurj K¾= (dijcrjoj dm ahugf dm prf`msf, DA^). ]kj omz`hj jzmftrðpi`j dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f y jcuj (9>% mk pmsf JH@FBFH IPF^\F^IHI@F) (`frrimktm :), ms jhiomktjdf omdijktm ukj vêhvuhj dm `fktrfh jh tjkqum dm jhiomktj`iðk (Q-4>:) j hj tmopmrjturj dm <=¾@ y :.>: ljrms dm prmsiðk dfkdm sm omz`hj `fk ukj `frrimktm dm rm`i`hf, `frrimktm :4, dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f j 20 ¾@ y :.< ljrms. Mstj omz`hj sm lfolmj j trjvés dm ukj lfolj dm jhiomktj`iðk ^- 4>:ª/L bj`ij mh iktmr`jolijdfr dm `jhfr, M-4>:, j hj tmopmrjturj dm fpmrj`iðk dm 0< ¾@ y ukj prmsiðk dm sjhidj dm 0.:> ljrms dfkdm sm vjpfrizj hj omz`hj dm jh`fbfh Isfprfpïhi`f jktms qum ikcrmsm jh rmj`tfr. Hj vjpfrizj`iðk sm hhmvj j `jlf j :>: ¾@ y <.0 ljrms. Mh rmj`tfr \- 4>: fpmrj j <.:1 ljrms mk mh hm`bf y <.3> ljrms mk hfs tulfs y j ukj tmopmrjturj dm 0=> ¾@, ms uk rmj`tfr dm hm`bf ahuidizjdf dm j`mrf ikfxidjlhm, sm hm suoikistrj `jhfr jh rmj`tfr pfr omdif dm uk qumojdfr, B-4>:, mk mh `ujh sm jhiomktj hj `frrimktm 4 j trjvés dm hj lfolj ^-4><ª/L, simkdf mstj ukj rmj``iðk mkdftéroi`j, pjrj mhhf utihizj ukj `frrimktm `ir`uhjktm dm sjh aukdidj. Mh mahumktm dmh rmj`tfr, `frrimktm 0, qum `fktimkm j`mtfkj, bidrfcmkf, jcuj y jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f kf rmj``ifkjdf, pjsj j trjvés dm hfs iktmr`jolijdfrms M -4>< y M-4>0 pjrj mkarijr hj omz`hj dm 0=> ¾@ j <> ¾@ jktms dm qum ikcrmsm jh smpjrjdfr Q-4><. Mh vjpfr qum sjhm dmh smpjrjdfr, `frrimktm =, ms `fkdu`idf jh Jlsfrlmdfr, ukj tfrrm dm rmhhmkf `fk jkihhfs \jsbikc qum fpmrj j :.1 ljrms, T4>:, hj `ujh hm hhmcj ukj `frrimktm dm jcuj j <> ¾@ y < ljrms `fk hj aikjhidjd dm rm`upmrjr ukj pjrtm dm j`mtfkj, `frrimktm 2. Humcf hj `frrimktm hïquidj fltmkidf pfr hfs afkdfs dmh smpjrjdfr Q-4><, `frrimktm 9, sm omz`hj `fk hj `frrimktm prfvmkimktm dmh jlsfrlmdfr, `frrimktm 1, mh `ujh `fktimkm j`mtfkj qum bj sidf rm`upmrjdf pjrj humcf smr mkvijdf jh trmk dm dmstihj`iðk. Hfs cjsms kf `fkdmksjlhms qum sjhmk dmh Jlsfrlmdfr T-4>: pfr mh tfpm, `frrimktm 3, qum `fktimkm tfdf mh bidrfcmkf y mk pmqumújs `jktidjdms j`mtfkj, jh`fbfh :2
Isfprfpïhi`f y jcuj j 04 ¾@ y :.=> ljrms sm mkvïjk j hj phjktj dm aumrzj `fk hj aikjhidjd dm rm`upmrjrhfs y utihizjrhf `fof `folustilhm pjrj hj jhiomktj`iðk dmh `jhdmrf. Hj `frrimktm ri`j mk j`mtfkj prfdu`tf dm hjs `frrimktms hiquidj dmh smpjrjdfr Q-4>< y dm hfs afkdfs dmh Jlsfrlmdfr T-4>, `frrimktms 1 y 9, sm mkvïj j uk trmk dm `fhuokjs dm dmstihj`iðk T-4>< y T-4>0, pjrj hj rm`upmrj`iðk dm j`mtfkj y jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f. Hj `fhuokj T-4>< ms jhiomktjdj pfr mh hïquidf dm afkdfs dmh smpjrjdfr y dmh jlsfrlmdfr, pfr mh tfpm dm mstj `fhuokj, hfs cjsms pjsjk j trjvés dmh `fkdmksjdfr M-4>4, qum jhiomktj jh tjkqum dm jhoj`mkjoimktf Q-4>0, hfs cjsms kf `fkdmksjlhms qum `fktimkmk Bidrðcmkf mk su ojyfr pjrtm, `frrimktm :1, sfk ojkdjdfs j hj phjktj dm aumrzj. Oimktrjs qum mh prfdu`tf qum sjhm dm afkdf dmh tjkqum Q-4>0, ms mh j`mtfkj `fk 99.9% dm purmzj, `frrimktm ::, pjrtm dmh prfdu`tf rm`upmrjdf ms jhiomktjdj kumvjomktm j hj tfrrm T-4><, `frrimktm :>, pfr omdif dm hj lfolj ^-4>0J/L omdijktm ukj vêhvuhj dm `fktrfh. Mh prfdu`tf dm afkdfs dm hj tfrrm T-4><, `frrimktm :<, ms jhiomktjdf j hj smcukdj tfrrm dm dmstihj`iðk T-4>0, pfr omdif dm hj lfolj ^-4>4J/L. Mh hïquidf dm afkdfs dm hj tfrrm T-4>0, `frrimktm :=, sm jhiomktj jh iktmr`jolijdfr dm `jhfr M4>< pfr omdif dm ukj vêhvuhj dm `fktrfh y ms mkvijdf j hj phjktj dm aumrzj (hj `ujh mstê aumrj dm hfs hïoitms dm ljtmrïj), `fof jcuj rmsidujh. Mh prfdu`tf qum sjhm pfr mh tfpm dm hj tfrrm T-4>0, ms jhiomktjdf jh tjkqum dm jhoj`mkjoimktf Q-4>4, mh `ujh `fktimkm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f, oisof qum ms jhiomktjdf kumvjomktm j hj tfrrm T-4>0, `frrimktm :0, y rm`ir`uhjdf jh tjkqum dm jhoj`mkjoimktf Q-4>:, `frrimktm :4, pfr omdif dm hj lfolj ^-4>=J/L.
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Aicurj =. Dijcrjoj dm ahugf dmh prf`msf (DA^).
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3. LJHJK@M DM OJPJ DMH ^\F@MPF Mstmquifomtrij dm hj rmj``iðk7 Jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f (@B0)< @BFB
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3. LJHJK@M DM OJPJ DMH ^\F@MPF Mstmquifomtrij dm hj rmj``iðk7 Jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f (@B0)< @BFB
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R? :032.3= ec/b dm ukj omz`hj `fopumstj pfr uk 9>% jh`fbfh isfprfpihi`f y :>% jcuj. Msm :>% dm jcuj (:03.23 ec) sm rm`upmrj `fof jcuj rmsidujh jh aikjh dmh prf`msf. Dm hfs :<4>.>>2 ec/b dm jh`fbfh jhiomktjdf qum rmj``ifkjk, sm prfdu`mk :<>> ec dm j`mtfkj.
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Dðkdm7 A? Jhiomktj`iðk jh`fbfh-jcuj 9>% A:? J`mtfkj A> ‐ :03.23) ec/b A.:0 ec/b dm B <
^fdmofs rm`jh`jr qum pjrj mh ljhjk`m chfljh dm ojsj kf sm tfoð mk `umktj mh rm`i`hf dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f yj qum hj `jktidjd qum sm rm`upmrj ms ouy pf`j, pfr hf tjktf dmsprm`ijlhm, yj qum jh tmkmr msj pmqumúj `jktidjd dm jh`fbfh mk hj j`mtfkj kf disoikuym hj `fk`mktrj`iðk dm hj oisoj dm ofdf sickiai`jtivf, jdmoês dm qum jh mstjr prmsmktm mk hj j`mtfkj kf rmprmsmktj prflhmoj jhcukf yj qum pfr sus prfpimdjdms mh jh`fbfh isfprfpihi`f sm utihizj `fof sfhvmktm dm `fopumstfs kf pfhjrms.
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Tjlhj =. @ujdrf dm rmsuomk dm hjs `frrimktms pjrj mh prf`msf dm fltmk`iðk dm j`mtfkj ofstrjdf mk hj Aicurj =.
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@fopfkmktms ahugf ofhjr (eofh/b) Bidrðcmkf
-
J`mtfkj
-
Jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f Jcuj
-
04.3
-
04.3
>.:1 04.9
-
04.2 02.1 0.21 :3.:
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2. DIJC\JOJ DM T]LM\ÏJP M IKPT\]OMKTJ@IÐK (DTI)
2. DIJC\JOJ DM T]LM\ÏJP M IKPT\]OMKTJ@IÐK (DTI)
Aicurj 1. Dijcrjoj dm tulmrïjs m ikstruomktj`iðk (DTI) dm hfs mquipfs prik`ipjhms dmh prf`msf (\-4>:, B-4>:, M-4>:, M-4>< y M-4>0). <=
Tjlhj 1. Pickiai`jdf dm hj siolfhfcïj utihizjdj mk hj aicurj 1.
Pïolfhf
Pickiai`jdf
AI@
Ikdi`jdfr `fktrfhjdfr dm ahugf
^@Q
Qêhvuhj dm `fktrfh dm prmsiðk
^Y
\mhé dm prmsiðk
^\@
\mcistrjdfr dm `fktrfh dm prmsiðk
^JH
Jhjroj dm ljgj prmsiðk
^JB
Jhjroj dm jhtj prmsiðk
^T
Trjksoisfr dm prmsiðk
^M
Mhmomktf dm prmsiðk
Tjlhj 1. Pickiai`jdf dm hj siolfhfcïj utihizjdj mk hj aicurj 1.
Pïolfhf
Pickiai`jdf
AI@
Ikdi`jdfr `fktrfhjdfr dm ahugf
^@Q
Qêhvuhj dm `fktrfh dm prmsiðk
^Y
\mhé dm prmsiðk
^\@
\mcistrjdfr dm `fktrfh dm prmsiðk
^JH
Jhjroj dm ljgj prmsiðk
^JB
Jhjroj dm jhtj prmsiðk
^T
Trjksoisfr dm prmsiðk
^M
Mhmomktf dm prmsiðk
TM
Mhmomktf dm tmopmrjturj
TT
Trjksoisfr dm tmopmrjturj
TJH
Jhjroj dm ljgj tmopmrjturj
TJB
Jhjroj dm jhtj tmopmrjturj
T\@
\mcistrjdfr `fktrfhjdfr dm tmopmrjturj
TY
\mhé dm tmopmrjturj
T@Q
Qêhvuhj dm `fktrfh dm tmopmrjturj
^I
Ikdi`jdfr dm prmsiðk
TI
Ikdi`jdfr dm tmopmrjturj
HY
\mhé dm kivmh
H\@
\mcistrjdfr `fktrfhjdfr dm kivmh
HJH
Jhjroj dm ljgf kivmh
HJB
Jhjroj dm jhtf kivmh
HT
Trjksoisfr dm kivmh
HI
Ikdi`jdfr dm kivmh
<1
9. DIOMKPIFKJOIMKTF Y @J\J@TM\ÏPTI@JP DM HFP MZ]I^FP. 9.: Diomksifkjoimktf dm tulmrïjs Mh diomksifkjoimktf dm `jdj tulmrïj dm j`umrdf jh smrvi`if qum prfpfr`ifkjk mk `jdj `frrimktm sm tfoð dm j`umrdf j hj m`uj`iðk (mx`mptujkdf hjs tulmrïjs 0, 3 y :1)7
? >.114 .= ∜. Dðkdm7 Difpt? Diêomtrf ðptiof dm hj tulmrïj ϊ? Dmksidjd dmh `fopumstf qu m trjkspfrtj hj `frrimktm
C? Eihfcrjofs pfr smcukdf qum trjkspfrtj hj tulmrïj. Tjlhj 3. Diomksifkms y `jrj`tmrïsti`js dm hjs tulmrïjs utihizjdjs mk mh prf`msf ofstrjdf mk hj aicurj =.
Pmrvi`if dm Ojtmrijh dm hj Diêomtrf @frrimktm trjkspfrtm qum tulmrïj ðptiof (ik) prfpfr`ifkjk Jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f y J`mrf J:>1 :.22 : jcuj Jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f y J`mrf J:>1 <.>>3 < jcuj J`mrf Bidrðcmkf ikfxidjlhm dm <.22 0 jhtj purmzj* Jcuj dm J`mrf J:>1 4.12 4 `jhmktjoimktf J`mrf Cjsms ikfxidjlhm dm <.9= = jhtj purmzj J`mtfkj `rudj J`mrf J:>1 :.>1 1 J`mrf Bidrðcmkf ikfxidjlhm dm <.4= 3 jhtj purmzj* Jcuj (pjrj `fhuokj J`mrf J:>1 <.20 2 dm jlsfr`iðk)
Diêomtrf kfoikjh (ik)
@éduhj
<
4>
<
4>
0
2> s
=
2>
0
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: :⁄4 < :⁄< 0
2> 4> s 2>
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J`mtfkj `rudj Pmrvi`if juxihijr, jcuj pjrj `fhuokj dm dmstihj`iðk: J`mtfkj jh 99% dm purmzj Jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f
:=
Jcuj dm mkarijoimktf pjrj `fhuokj dm dmstihj`iðk < \m`i`hf dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f Jcuj rmsidujh
:1
Bidrðcmkf
:0 :4
J`mrf J:>1
<.>4
<
2>
J`mrf J:>1
<.40
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4>
J`mrf J:>1
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J`mrf jh `jrlðk J:>1 J`mrf J:>1 J`mrf ikfxidjlhm dm jhtj purmzj*
<.4= <.4=
< :⁄< < :⁄<
4> 4> s
*Hj tulmrïj dmlm rmsistir hj `frrfsiðk, jdmoês dm qum mh B< timkm hj aj`ihidjd dm aucjrsm pfr hj mstru`turj `ristjhikj dm hj ojyfrïj dm hfs omtjhms pjrj tulmrïjs dm omtjh dm bjstj 3>>> ^PI, pfr mhhf sm rmquimrm hj tulmrïj dm j`mrf ikfxidjlhm dm jhtj purmzj. ^jrj mh `jsf dm hjs tulmrïjs dm hjs `frrimktms 0, 3 y :1 sm `jh`uhjk sus diomksifkjoimktfs ðptiofs dm j`umrdf j hj m`uj`iðk dm diomksifkjoimktf pjrj tulmrïjs dm rmaikjoimktf7
? ( ).=
9.< Diomksifkjoimktf dm vêhvuhjs Tfdjs hjs vêhvuhjs sm diomksifkjrfs dm j`umrdf j hj m`uj`iðk qum sm dms`rilm smcuidjomktm7
<2
? ∁ ∗ Dðkdm7 q dm dismúf?
Ca? crjvmdjd mspm`ïai`j? : Tjlhj 2. Diomksifkjoimktf y `jrj`tmrïsti`js dm hjs vêhvuhjs qum sm mk`umktrjk mk mh prf`msf ofstrjdf mk hj aicurj =. Qêhvuhj @frrimktm @Q : :9.=1 : < ::.2> < 0 41.01 0 2 :.2= 4 :< >.42 = :> 1.10 1 3 :.2= 3 :: 0.0> 2
9.0 Diomksifkjoimktf dm lfoljs ^ftmk`ij dm ukj lfolj7 Pm `fksidmrj qum hj lfolj ms j``ifkjdj pfr uk oftfr mhé`tri`f
Dðkdm7
ℋê ? ∁
^bidrjuhi`j? Djdj mk wjtts k? Mai`imk`ij dm hj lfolj
? = Δ^? Djdj mk pjs`jhms
<9
Tjlhj 9. Diomksifkjoimktf y `jrj`tmrïsti`js dm hjs lfoljs utihizjdjs mk mh prf`msf ikdi`jdf mk hj aicurj =.
Lfolj @judjh (CO^)
^ftmk`ij bidrêuhi`j Sjtts/bp
Ojtmrijh
^-4>>
0=
332.41 /:.>4
J`mrf ikfxidjlhm
^-4>:
03.=
44>.1: />.3=
J`mrf 0:1
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J`mrf 0:1
^-4>0
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Lrfk`m
^-4>4
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Lrfk`m
^-4>=
:=>
:41=.3> /<
Lrfk`m
^-4>>.- Mstê dismújdj pjrj lfolmjr mh hïquidf prfvmkimktm dmh tjkqum dm ojtmrij prioj (I^J) bj`ij mh omz`hjdf, `fk uk `judjh dm 0= C^O, `fk ukj jhturj dm dms`jrcj dm :>> pims y ukj jhturj dm su``iðk dm =<.=2 pims, mh tipf dm Lfolj ms @mktrïaucj dm jhtj vmhf`idjd `fk ukj mai`imk`ij dm 1= % y uk LB^ `jh`uhjdf dm >.= B^. Mh ojtmrijh dm `fkstru``iðk ms dm j`mrf ikfxidjlhm y hfs j`fphjoimktfs mk hj su``iðk y dms`jrcj sfk dm < ik K^P ^-4>:.- Hj lfolj ^-4>4 ms ukj lfolj `mktrïaucj qum iopuhsj jh`fbfh Isfprfpihi`f dmsdm mh omz`hjdfr jh iktmr`jolijdfr B-4>: y rmj`tfr \-4>:. Hj lfolj mstê dismújdj pjrj ukj `fhuokj tftjh dm 13 pims, <4 pims dm `fhuokj mstêti`j dm su``iðk y 40 pims dm `fhuokj mstêti`j dm dms`jrcj Hjs `fkdi`ifkms dm fpmrj`iðk sfk dm <>> ¾@ y :4.3 psi dm prmsiðk, pjrj iopuhsjr uk `judjh dm 03.= C^O. j trjvés dm ukj tulmrïj dm < puhc K^P. Mk hj dms`jrcj hj tmopmrjturj ms dm <>> ¾@ y hj prmsiðk :4.3 psi, mh @P^K dm =: pim, hj vmhf`idjd rftj`ifkjh ms dm :3=> \^O. Mh B^ dm fpmrj`iðk >.3= y dm dismúf : B^. Hj lfolj smrê ajlri`jdj mk J`mrf 0:1.
0>
^-4><.- Ms ukj lfolj `mktrïaucj qum iopuhsj I^J, j`mtfkj, jcuj, dmsdm mh jlsfrlmdfr T-4>: jh iktmr`jolijdfr B-4>: y `fhuokj dm dmstihj`iðk T-4><. Hj lfolj mstê dismújdj pjrj ukj `fhuokj tftjh dm =.:0 pims. Mstj lfolj sm bj dismújdf pjrj qum jh`jk`m ukj `fhuokj dm =.:0 pims y uk ahugf dm 04 C^O j ukj `jïdj dm prmsiðk dm <> psi, `fk uk @P^K dm <4.3 pims, mh tipf dm lfolj ms `mktrïaucj dm mtjpj siophm y su``iðk siophm `fk ukj mai`imk`ij dm 1= % y uk `jljhhjgm dm armkf dm dismúf dm >.= B^. Hj lfolj smrê ajlri`jdj mk J`mrf 0:1. ^-4>0.- Mstê dismújdj pjrj lfolmjr mh hïquidf prfvmkimktm dmh `jhdmrf f rmlfhihmr :, mk hj `fhuokj dm dmstihj`iðk T-4><, `fk uk `judjh dm 04C^O, `fk ukj jhturj dm dms`jrcj dm 40 pims y ukj jhturj dm su``iðk dm <4 pims, mh tipf dm Lfolj ms @mktrïaucj dm jhtj vmhf`idjd `fk ukj Mai`imk`ij dm 1= %, `jïdj dm prmsiðk dm :4>>>> ^j y uk LB^ `jh`uhjdf dm >.= B^. ^-4>4.- Ms ukj lfolj `mktrïaucj qum iopuhsj Jcuj durj dmsdm mh pfzf bjstj mh dmsjrmkjdfr. Hj lfolj mstê dismújdj pjrj ukj `fhuokj tftjh dm <1 pims, <:.1>=0 pims dm `fhuokj mstêti`j dm su``iðk (ljgf mh mgm dm hj lfolj) y 43.=92 pims dm `fhuokj mstêti`j dm dms`jrcj. Hjs `fkdi`ifkms dm fpmrj`iðk sfk dm 33 ¾A y :4.3 psij dm prmsiðk, pjrj iopuhsjr uk `judjh dm :=>C.^.O. j trjvés dm ukj tulmrïj dm 4 puhc K^P. Mk hj dms`jrcj hj tmopmrjturj ms dm 33 ¾A y hj prmsiðk :4.3 psij Hj vmhf`idjd mspm`iai`j dm hj lfolj ms dm :13<, mh @P^K dm <>.40 pim, hj vmhf`idjd rftj`ifkjh ms dm :3 => \^O. Mh LB^ dm dismúf ms :.= Hj lfolj smrê ajlri`jdj mk Lrfk`m. ^-4>=.- Hj lfolj ^-4>= ms ukj lfolj `mktriaucj qum iopuhsj Jcuj durj dmsdm mh dmsjrmkjdfr jh tjkqum mhmvjdf. Hj lfolj mstê dismújdj pjrj ukj `fhuokj tftjh dm ==.=0 pims, ::.= pims dm `fhuokj mstêti`j dm su``iðk y 1= pims dm `fhuokj mstêti`j dm dms`jrcj. Hjs `fkdi`ifkms dm fpmrj`iðk sfk dm 33 ¾A y :4.3 psij dm prmsiðk, pjrj iopuhsjr uk `judjh dm :=> C^O j trjvés dm ukj tulmrïj dm 4 puhc K^P. Mk hj dms`jrcj hj tmopmrjturj ms dm 33 ¾A y hj prmsiðk :4.3 psij. Hj
0:
vmhf`idjd mspm`iai`j dm hj lfolj ms dm :,>=0.35 mh @P^K dm 44.33 pim, hj vmhf`idjd rftj`ifkjh ms dm :,3=> \^O. Mh LB^ dm dismúf ms 0.= B^ Hj lfolj smrê ajlri`jdj mk Lrfk`m.
9.4 Diomksifkjoimktf y dismúf dm hfs mquipfs dmh prf`msf 9.4.: Omz`hjdfr (Q-4>:), smpjrjdfr ahjsb (Q-4><) y tjkqums (Q-4>0 y Q-4>4). Tjlhj :>. Diomksifkjoimktf y `jrj`tmrïsti`js dm hfs mquipfs Q-4>:, Q-4><, Q4>0 y Q-4>4 dmh prf`msf ofstrjdf mk hj aicurj =.
Mquipf
Q-4>:
Qfhuomk (o0) <1.4<4
Q-4><
:4>.1222
Q-4>0
<1.4<4
Q-4>4
<1.4<4
Mspmsfr
Mspmsfr dm
Mspmsfr dm
j`fphjoimktf
j`fphjoimktf
(ik)
dm mktrjdjs
dm sjhidjs
0⁄:1 :⁄4 0⁄:1
: :⁄4
: :⁄4 : :⁄4
Ojtmrijh dm hêoikj J`mrf 0>4H J`mrf 0>4H J`mrf 0>4H J`mrf 0>4H
0⁄:1
1
: :⁄4 : :⁄4
: :⁄4 : :⁄4
9.4.< \mj`tfr (\-4>:) Mk mh prf`msf dm dmsbidrfcmkj`iðk dmh I^J pjrj fltmkmr j`mtfkj, sfk dm iopfrtjk`ij hfs sicuimktms aj`tfrms dm fpmrj`iðk7 tmopmrjturj dm rmj``iðk, prmsiðk dm fpmrj`iðk, `jtjhizjdfr, rjzðk ofhjr, `fkvmrsiðk y rmkdioimktf.
0<
Tjlhj ::. Diomksifkjoimktf y `jrj`tmrïsti`js dmh rmj`tfr \-4>: dm hj aicurj =.
Tmopmrjturj (¾@)
0=>
^rmsiðk (jto)
<
@jtjhizjdfr
Kiqumh %pmsf (Ki)
Pupmrai`im
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LMT
:⁄4> dm puhcjdj
2= %
Frdmk dm rmj``iðk : > 4 \
Tjojúf dm
^riomr frdmk 9>%
@fkvmrsiðk \jzðk ofhjr
=> - =>> o
: ofh dm jh`fbfh isfprfpïhi`f pjrj afrojr : ofh dm j`mtfkj
\mkdioimktf dmh
32%
jh`fbfh
J`mrf jh `jrlðk 0>4
Ojtmrijh
:⁄:1 dm puhcjdj
Mspmsfr Qfhuomk
:.9<9> ≂ < o
9.4.0 Iktmr`jolijdfrms dm `jhfr Tjlhj
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Diomksifkjoimktf
y
`jrj`tmrïsti`js
dm
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: > 4 M
Tipf
Iktmr`jolijdfr dm `js`f y tulfs
Tmopmrjturj
:>: ¾@
^rmsiðk
<.0 ljr
Ojtmrijh
J`mrf jh `jrlðk 0>4
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:1 LSC
Tulfs
K÷omrf Jhturj <>2
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Jrrmchf
Diêomtrf
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00
4 > 4 M y 0 > 4 M , < > 4 M
@jïdjs dm
Tulfs
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prmsiðk
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Tipf
Iktmr`jolijdfr dm `js`f y tulfs
Tmopmrjturj
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:.10 ljr
Ojtmrijh
J`mrf ikfxidjlhm
Tulfs
K÷omrf
Jrrmchf
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Mspj`ijdf mktrm
= puhcjdjs
dmahm`tfrms Diêomtrf dm
:=.<= puhcjdjs
`jsf
:1 LSC
@jhilrm
3 > 4 M y 1 > 4 M
@jïdjs dm
Tulfs
@js`f
prmsiðk
>.42 psi
9.92 psi
Tipf
Iktmr`jolijdfr dm dflhm tulf
Tmopmrjturj
4= ¾@
^rmsiðk
:.<2 ljr
Ojtmrijh
J`mrf jh `jrlðk 0>4
@jïdjs dm
Tulf iktmrifr
Jkihhf
prmsiðk
>.4< psi
>.: psi
9.4.4 @fhuokjs dm dmstihj`iðk ^jrj mh dismúf dm hjs `fhuokjs sm utihizð mh oétfdf Ov @jlm & Tbimhm, pjrj ukj omz`hj likjrij, `fk hj aikjhidjd dm dmtmroikjr mh k÷omrf dm phjtfs tmðri`fs. ^jrj dmtmroikjr mh k÷omrf dm phjtfs rmjhms sm mstioð ukj mai`imk`ij dmh =>%, ljsêkdfsm mk mh crêai`f qum prfpfr`ifkj ^mtmr & Tbioomrbjur, mk auk`iðk dm hj vfhjtihidjd rmhjtivj y vis`fsidjd dm jhiomktj`iðk.
04
Tjlhj :0. Diomksifkjoimktf y `jrj`tmrïsti`js dm fpmrj`iðk dm hjs `fhuokjs dm dmstihj`iðk T-4>< y T-4>0 qum sm oumstrjk mk hj aicurj =.
T-4><
T-4>0
^rmsiðk dm fpmrj`iðk
: jto
: jto
Tmopmrjturj dm fpmrj`iðk
:>> ¾@
9>¾@
Ojtmrijh
J`mrf ikfxidjlhm 0>4 J`mrf ikfxidjlhm 0>4
Mai`imk`ij
=>%
=>%
^hjtfs rmjhms
<1
<>
^hjtf dm jhiomktj`iðk
3
1
Mspj`if mktrm phjtfs
<4 puhcjdjs
<4 puhcjdjs
^mrafrjdfs
^mrafrjdfs
Tjojúf dm phjtfs Tipf dm phjtf
:⁄2 puhcjdj
:⁄2 puhcjdj
Diêomtrf dm hj tfrrm
4.3< pims
4.< pims
Jhturj dm hj tfrrm
1: pims
=2 pims
Jhturj dmh vmrtmdmrf
3 puhcjdjs
3 puhcjdjs
\mahugf dm fpmrj`iðk
>.23:
:.:
@jïdj dm prmsiðk mk mh tfpm
:4 psi
:4 psi
@jïdj dm prmsiðk mk afkdfs
:=.4 psi
:=.4 psi
0=
9.4.= @fhuokj dm jlsfr`iðk T-4>: ^jrj mh dismúf dm hj `fhuokj dm jlsfr`iðk sm utihizð mh oétfdf jkjhïti`f pjrj ukj omz`hj likjrij, `fk hj aikjhidjd dm dmtmroikjr mh k÷omrf dm phjtfs tmðri`fs. Tjlhj :4. Diomksifkjoimktf y `jrj`tmrïsti`js dm fpmrj`iðk dm hj tfrrm dm jlsfr`iðk T-4>: qum sm oumstrj mk mh prf`msf dm hj aicurj =.
T-4>: Tmopmrjturj
<>¾@
^rmsiðk
:.1 ljr
^hjtfs tmðri`fs
=
Jhturj
<.9: o
Diêomtrf
>.0< o
Mspj`if mktrm phjtfs
>.= puhcjdjs
Jhturj dm hïquidf ljgjktm
>.<0 o
Jhturj dmh vmrtmdmrf
>.:2 o
Ojtmrijh
J`mrf ikfxidjlhm 0>4
01
:>. \MAM\MK@IJP LILHIFC\ÊAI@JP U:_ Ofrrisfk y Lfyd. (:923). Zuioi`j Frcjki`j. Lfstfk Ojssj`busmtts7 ^mjrsfk U<_ H.C.Sjdm, Gr. (<>:<). Zuïoi`j Frcêki`j. Oéxi`f7 ^mjrsfk U0_ @jrhfs Cispmrt y Gfsé Cjy. :993. Jhdmbïdfs y @mtfkjs. Mk Mk`i`hfpmdij Jutfdidj`ti`j Iktmrj`tivj (4, :>>2) Ljr`mhfkj, Mspjúj7 F`éjkf. U4_ Ojremt \msmjr`b \mpfrts Pmjr`b Mkcikm (<>:=). Tbm Chfljh J`mtfkm tf Sitkmss Ik`rmjsmd @fksuoptifk jt j @JC\ fa 0% durikc <>:4-<><>. U@fksuhtj7 ojyf <>:=_. U=_ Ehjus Smissmromh, Bjks-Gørcmk Jrpm. Zuïoi`j frcêki`j ikdustrijh U1_ Bjks Lmymr, Sfhacjkc Sjhtmr. Ojkujh dm quïoi`j frcêki`j U3_ Êhvjrmz, \., @jstrf, G., mt.jh5 Dismúf @fk`mptujh, ^hjktj dm ^rfdu``iðk dm J`mtfkj ^fr omdif dm Jh`fbfh Isfprfpïhi`f. U2_ ^múj, C.5 Ouúfz, J.5 @jrljhhfs, H.5 mt. jh. @jtjhizjdfrms dm Kïqumh pjrj hj dmsbidrfcmkizj`iðk dm isfprfpjkfh j j`mtfkj. Ikcmkimrïj Zuïoi`j. U9_ \mqumkj, J., Fltmk`iðk dm J`mtfkj j ^jrtir dm Jh`fbfh Isfprfpïhi`f. Jkêhisis dm ^rf`msf Zuïoi`f, amlrmrf <>:<. U:>_ Mstudif dm Aj`tilihidjd dm ukj phjktj dm prfdu``iðk dm j`mtfkj. M`fkfoïj dm prf`msfs. <>:<.
03
